1.
Garden square
–
A garden square is an open space with buildings surrounding a garden, often located in fashionable urban areas. There are many squares in London, England, for example. The large estates in London, e. g. the Bedford Estate in Bloomsbury, originally the gardens were a private amenity for the residents of the houses in the square. Some remain private, while others are now open to the public, there may be levies to raise money for maintenance of the garden in a garden square. Normally the charge is set annually by a garden committee, however they are not only a British phenomenon, as the Place des Vosges in Paris and the Square de Meeûs and Square Orban in Brussels show. Dublin, Ireland contains several Georgian garden squares, including Merrion Square, private gardens in town squares are sometimes opened to the public on a temporary basis. Parks and open spaces in London List of garden squares in London Squares in London Town square
Garden square
–
Bloomsbury Square, a garden square in central London, England.
2.
Pimlico
–
Pimlico /ˈpɪmlᵻkoʊ/ is a small area within central London in the City of Westminster. Like Belgravia, to which it was built as an extension, Pimlico is known for its garden squares. At Pimlicos heart is a grid of streets laid down by the planner Thomas Cubitt beginning in 1825. The area has over 350 Grade II listed buildings and several Grade II* listed churches, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Manor of Ebury was divided up and leased by the Crown to servants or favourites. In 1623, James I sold the freehold of Ebury for £1,151 and 15 shillings, the land was sold on several more times, until it came into the hands of heiress Mary Davies in 1666. Marys dowry not only included The Five Fields of modern-day Pimlico and Belgravia, understandably, she was much pursued but in 1677, at the age of twelve, married Sir Thomas Grosvenor. The Grosvenors were a family of Norman descent long seated at Eaton Hall in Cheshire who until this auspicious marriage were, through the development and good management of this land the Grosvenors acquired enormous wealth. At some point in the seventeenth or early eighteenth century. While its origins are disputed, it is clearly of foreign derivation, supporting this etymology, Rev. Brewer describes the area as a district of public gardens much frequented on holidays. According to tradition, it received its name from Ben Pimlico and his tea-gardens, however, were near Hoxton, and the road to them was termed Pimlico Path, so that what is now called Pimlico was so named from the popularity of the Hoxton resort. In 1825, Thomas Cubitt was contracted by Lord Grosvenor to develop Pimlico, the land up to this time had been marshy but was reclaimed using soil excavated during the construction of St Katharine Docks. Cubitt developed Pimlico as a grid of white stucco terraces. The largest and most opulent houses were built along St Georges Drive and Belgrave Road, lupus Street contained similarly grand houses, as well as shops and, until the early twentieth century, a hospital for women and children. Smaller-scale properties, typically of three storeys, line the side streets, an 1877 newspaper article described Pimlico as genteel, sacred to professional men… not rich enough to luxuriate in Belgravia proper, but rich enough to live in private houses. Its inhabitants were more lively than in Kensington… and yet a cut above Chelsea, although the area was dominated by the well-to-do middle and upper-middle classes as late as Booths 1889 Map of London Poverty, parts of Pimlico are said to have declined significantly by the 1890s. Through the late century, Pimlico saw the construction of several Peabody Estates, charitable housing projects designed to provide affordable. Proximity to the Houses of Parliament made Pimlico a centre of political activity, prior to 1928, the Labour Party and Trades Union Congress shared offices on Eccleston Square, and it was here in 1926 that the general strike was organised. Completed in 1937, it became popular with MPs and public servants
Pimlico
–
Belgrave Road from
St George's Square
Pimlico
–
Greenwood's 1827 map showing parts of Pimlico and
Millbank prior to development
Pimlico
–
Belgravia and Pimlico in 1903
Pimlico
–
St Gabriel's Church in Warwick Square
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
Pimlico tube station
–
Pimlico is a London Underground station in Pimlico, City of Westminster. It is on the Victoria line between Victoria and Vauxhall in Zone 1, the station opened on 14 September 1972 – more than a year after the rest of the line had become fully operational. It is the station to be served exclusively by the Victoria line making it the least used station on the line. Pimlico was an addition to the final section of the Victoria line between Victoria and Brixton. It is the station on the line which does not have an interchange with another Underground and/or National Rail line. Pimlico was the last Underground station to open until the first section of the Piccadilly lines Heathrow extension was opened to Hatton Cross in 1975. In March 2015, the station was chosen to be the test for Wayfindr, the main entrance is on the corner of Bessborough Street and Rampayne Street. It is part of a block that until 2006 was entirely occupied by the Office for National Statistics apart from the station. There are two entrances, in Lupus Street and on the other side of Bessborough Street. These others have ramps as well as stairs, facilitating wheelchair access, however, there are still a few steps to walk down to enter the ticket hall. London Buses routes 2,24,36,87,88,185,360,436 and C10 and night route N2 serve the station
Pimlico tube station
–
Pimlico
Pimlico tube station
–
Drummond Gate entrance, no longer in use
Pimlico tube station
–
Southbound platform looking north
Pimlico tube station
–
Northbound platform looking south
5.
Belgrave Road
–
Belgrave Road is a street in the Pimlico area of London. It is situated in the city of Westminster and runs between Eccleston Bridge to the northwest and Lupus Street to the southeast, the widths of the properties were comparatively narrow. As a result, the area went into decline but has recently improved in both appearance and use. There are three green spaces along its length, which is only 750 metres long and these are Eccleston Square, Warwick Square, and St Georges Square. Belgrave Road is the home of HM Passport Office and two private schools, for the most part, both sides of the road are terraced stucco-fronted houses, giving the street an appearance of elegance from a previous age. Many of these houses have converted into hotels, some of which have combined three adjacent houses. There are over twenty hotels in a street where the numbers do not exceed 140. This gives rise to a mobile population. Except where Warwick Way crosses Belgrave Road, there are no shops, and even at this crossing there is only a convenience store and a public house. Its proximity to Victoria Station has made it a street for tourists. Michael Leapman, London — The evolution of a great city
Belgrave Road
–
Belgrave Road
6.
Grosvenor Road
–
South Tyneside College is a large further education college in South Tyneside in North East England. Its main site is in the town of South Shields, the college offers part-time and full-time courses for young students and adults. The college is one of the largest merchant navy training colleges in the United Kingdom. It offers courses in marine subjects marine education such as navigation, operations, mechanical and electrical engineering, communications, the Marine and Technical College was formerly based in Ocean Road, South Shields, in a purpose-built building opened in 1869. This is now a house called Kirkpatricks. The former planetarium was closed in 2008, despite local objection. The college also used to own a campus in Hebburn however this was closed in 2011 due to upkeep costs, also situated on the Westoe Campus, is the Dr Winterbottom Halls of Residence. Opening in 1978, Dr Winterbottom Halls of Residence comprises six residential blocks, the South Tyneside College Rugby Union Football Club currently plays in the Durham & Northumberland Three and in Cup competitions. The club has two senior sides and its home pitch is on the College campus. College website Historical records at Tyne & Wear Archives
Grosvenor Road
–
South Tyneside College
7.
River Thames
–
The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
River Thames
–
The Thames in London
River Thames
River Thames
–
A statue of Old Father Thames by
Raffaelle Monti at
St John's Lock, Lechlade.
River Thames
–
The marker stone at the official source of the River Thames near
Kemble.
8.
Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
–
Grosvenor was born at Millbank House, Westminster, London, the eldest of the three sons of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster and Lady Eleanor Egerton. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated MA and he undertook the Grand Tour in 1815. In 1818 Grosvenor was elected as Whig MP for Chester and was appointed as a Justice of the Peace. In 1830 he was elected MP for Cheshire until the constituency was divided in 1832 and he was Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire from 1845 to 1867 and Lord Steward of the Household between 1850 and 1852 in the Whig administration headed by Lord John Russell. On 22 March 1850 he was admitted to the Privy Council and he was presented with the Order of the Garter on 6 July 1857. Of his political activity it is said that he spoke in the House of Lords. To the improvement of his London property, and added to his properties in Dorset and Cheshire, Eaton Hall, Cheshire, had been rebuilt in flamboyant Gothic style for his father by William Porden. Grosvenor commissioned the Scottish architect William Burn to make alterations to it, Burn also designed Fonthill House, Wiltshire, for him in Scottish Baronial style. On his estates Grosvenor built farms, schools and numerous cottages, among his schools were the Bishopsfield Schools in Hoole, Chester. Grosvenor continued the family interest in racing and, when he was living in the country estate. He gave generously to charity, and built and restored churches and he was an early patron of the Chester architect John Douglas. In 1865–66 Douglas designed St Johns Church for him in his village of Aldford. About the same time, Grosvenor gave fields in Chester to the city council for the formation of Grosvenor Park, for this park Douglas designed a number of items, including the Entrance Lodge, the gates, and a cover for Billy Hobbys Well. The statue showing the marquess in his robes was designed by Thomas Thornycroft. Grosvenors parents had instilled high moral principles in their children, and he has been described as of austere character and unswerving devotion to duty as family man, politician and landlord. His obituary in The Times says he administered his vast estate with a combination of intelligence, Lord Westminster married Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, younger daughter of George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Stafford, in 1819. Following their marriage, Westminster and his wife lived at Eaton Hall, Cheshire. During the London season, from April each year, the family lived in Grosvenor House, in 1827 the couple visited Norway, Sweden and Russia and in 1835–36 they toured through Germany and Italy
Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
–
Painting of Lord Westminster when he was Viscount Belgrave by
Henry William Pickersgill
Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
–
Elizabeth, Marchioness of Westminster, by
Sir Thomas Lawrence.
Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
–
St Mary's Church, Eccleston - The enclosure which marks the site of the Grosvenor family vault within the demolished old church
Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
–
St Mary's Church, Eccleston - The tablet in the new church which lists the Grosvenors buried in the demolished old church
9.
Thomas Cubitt
–
Thomas Cubitt was an English master builder in the second quarter of the 19th century who mostly worked in London but also carried out several projects in other parts of England. Cubitts first major building was the London Institution in Finsbury Circus, after this he worked primarily on speculative housing at Camden Town, Islington, and especially at Highbury Park, Stoke Newington. His development of areas of Bloomsbury, including Gordon Square and Tavistock Square, began in 1820, notable amongst this development are the north and west sides of Eaton Square, which exemplify Cubitts style of building and design. After Cubitts workshops in Thames Bank were destroyed by fire, he remarked Tell the men they shall be at work within a week, Cubitt was also responsible for the east front of Buckingham Palace. He also built and personally funded nearly a kilometre of the Thames Embankment and he was employed in the large development of Kemp Town in Brighton, and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, completed in 1851. Cubitts public works included the provision of parks, including being an organiser of the Battersea Park Scheme. Cubitt had two brothers, the contractor and politician William and the civil engineer Lewis who designed many of the built by Thomas. His son by his wife Mary Anne Warner, George, who was created Baron Ashcombe in 1892, was the great-great-grandfather of Camilla and he died in 1855 and was taken from Dorking for burial at West Norwood Cemetery on 27 December 1855. After his death, Queen Victoria said, In his sphere of life, with the business he had in hand. A better, kindhearted or more simple, unassuming man never breathed, another statue of Cubitt can be seen in Dorking, opposite the Dorking Halls, as he was favoured there for his architecture on his Denbies estate. In 1883 the business was acquired by Holland & Hannen, a competitor. Restaurants, pubs and other places have been named in honour of him
Thomas Cubitt
–
Statue of Thomas Cubitt by William Fawke, 1995. Denbigh Street, London. The twin to this statue is in
Dorking, Surrey.
Thomas Cubitt
–
Thomas Cubitt
Thomas Cubitt
–
House built by Cubitt at
49 Belgrave Square, London
Thomas Cubitt
–
Plaque on Cubitt's house at 13 Lewes Crescent in the
Kemp Town estate at
Brighton
10.
Steamboat
–
A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS, S. S. or S/S or PS, the term steamboat is used to refer to smaller, insular, steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers, particularly riverboats. As using steam became more reliable, steam power became applied to larger, Early attempts at powering a boat by steam were made by the French inventor Denis Papin and the English inventor Thomas Newcomen. Papin invented the steam digester and experimented with closed cylinders and pistons pushed in by atmospheric pressure, Papin proposed applying this steam pump to the operation of a paddlewheel boat and tried to market his idea in Britain. He was unable to convert the piston motion into rotary motion. Newcomens design did solve the first problem, but remained shackled to the inherent limitations of the engines of the time, a steamboat was described and patented by English physician John Allen in 1729. In 1736, Jonathan Hulls was granted a patent in England for a Newcomen engine-powered steamboat, William Henry of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, having learned of Watts engine on a visit to England, made his own engine. In 1763 he put it in a boat, the boat sank, and while Henry made an improved model, he did not appear to have much success, though he may have inspired others. At its first demonstration on 15 July 1783, Pyroscaphe travelled upstream on the river Saône for some fifteen minutes before the engine failed, presumably this was easily repaired as the boat is said to have made several such journeys. Following this, De Jouffroy attempted to get the government interested in his work, De Jouffroy did not have the funds for this, and, following the events of the French revolution, work on the project was discontinued after he left the country. Similar boats were made in 1785 by John Fitch in Philadelphia and William Symington in Dumfries and this boat could typically make 7 to 8 miles per hour and traveled more than 2,000 miles during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a success, as this travel route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. The following year, a boat made 30-mile excursions, and in 1790. Miller sent King Gustav III of Sweden an actual version,100 feet long. Miller then engaged engineer William Symington to build his patent steam engine drove a stern-mounted paddle wheel in a boat in 1785. The boat was successfully tried out on Dalswinton Loch in 1788 and was followed by a steamboat the next year. The boat was built by Alexander Hart at Grangemouth to Symingtons design with a cylinder engine. Trials on the River Carron in June 1801 were successful and included towing sloops from the river Forth up the Carron and thence along the Forth, in 1801, Symington patented a horizontal steam engine directly linked to a crank
Steamboat
–
Look out (Transport Steamer) on
Tennessee River, ca. 1860 - ca. 1865
Steamboat
–
Denis Papin 's cylinder and piston apparatus, 1690
Steamboat
–
Model of steamship, built in 1784, by
Claude de Jouffroy.
Steamboat
–
Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat, built by
William Symington.
11.
Saint George
–
Saint George, according to legend, was a Roman soldier of Syrian origin and officer in the Guard of Roman emperor Diocletian, who ordered his death for failing to recant his Christian faith. As a Christian martyr, he became one of the most venerated saints in Christianity. In hagiography, as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most prominent military saints, he is immortalised in the myth of Saint George and his memorial, Saint Georges Day, is traditionally celebrated on April 23. Numerous countries, cities, professions and organisations claim Saint George as their patron, accounts differ regarding whether George was born in Cappadocia or Syria Palaestina, but agree that he was raised at least partly in Lydda. There is little information on the life of Saint George. Two stories tell of his possible origins, one says that he was born in the region of Cappadocia, which is now located in central Turkey. Georges parents were both Christian, and they brought him up to be a Christian and his father died when he was fourteen, and his mother took George back to her homeland of Palestine. At seventeen, he joined the Roman army, a second story says that Georges father came from Cappadocia. His mother was from Lydda, in Palestine, and George was born in Lydda, both of his parents were from noble Syrian families and gave him the Greek name of Georgios. Georges father had been an officer in the Roman army, so George joined the Roman army as soon as he could, an earlier work by Eusebius, Church history, written in the 4th century, contributed to the legend but did not name George or provide significant detail. A critical edition of a Syriac Acta of Saint George, accompanied by an annotated English translation, was published by E. W. Brooks in 1925. Pope Gelasius I stated that George was among those whose names are justly reverenced among men. The traditional legends have offered a narration of Georges encounter with a dragon. The modern legend that follows below is synthesised from early and late hagiographical sources, chief among the legendary sources about the saint is the Golden Legend, which remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxtons 15th-century translation. At the age of 14, George lost his father, a few years later, George then decided to go to Nicomedia and present himself to Diocletian to apply for a career as a soldier. Diocletian welcomed him with arms, as he had known his father. By his late twenties, George was promoted to the rank of military tribune, however, George objected, and with the courage of his faith, approached the Emperor and ruler. Diocletian was upset, not wanting to lose his best tribune, but George loudly renounced the Emperors edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian
Saint George
–
Portrait by
Hans von Kulmbach, circa 1510
Saint George
–
Saint George Killing the Dragon, 1434/35, by
Martorell
Saint George
–
St George the dragon-slayer
Saint George
–
The martyrdom of Saint George, by
Paolo Veronese, 1564
12.
John Gibson (sculptor)
–
John Gibson RA was a Welsh Neoclassical sculptor who studied in Rome under Canova. Gibson was elected a Royal Academician in 1836, and left the contents of his studio to the Royal Academy, Gibson was born near Conwy, Wales, where his father was a market gardener. He became fascinated by the displays in the windows of the print shops. The painter and printseller John Turmeau lent him some drawings and plaster casts to copy, at the age of fourteen, Gibson was apprenticed to a firm of cabinet-makers. He soon took a violent dislike to this work, however and it was while apprenticed to the Franceys brothers that Gibson came to the attention of the historian William Roscoe, for whom he executed a terracotta bas-relief now in the Liverpool museum. Roscoe gave Gibson access to his library at Allerton, by which means he became acquainted with the designs of the great Italian masters, a cartoon of The Fall of the Angels marked this period. He studied anatomy, his lessons provided gratuitously by a medical man, Roscoe was an excellent guide to the his protegée, pointing to the Greeks as the only examples for a sculptor. Gibson here found his true vocation, a basso rilievo of Psyche carried by the Zephyrs was the result. He sent it to the Royal Academy, where John Flaxman, recognizing its merits and he arrived in Rome in October 1817, at a comparatively late age for a first visit. There he was received by Antonio Canova, to whom he had introductions. Up to this time, though his designs show a fire and power of imagination in which no teaching is missed, Gibson had had no instruction, in Rome he first became acquainted with the rules and technicalities of art. Canova introduced him into the Academy supported by Austria, and the first sense of his deficiencies in common matters of practice was depressing to him and he saw Italian youths already excelling in the drawing of the figure. But the tables were soon turned and his first work in marble, Sleeping Shepherd Boy, was completed in 1824. Gibson was soon launched, and distinguished patrons, initially sent by Canova and his aim was always purity of character and beauty of form. He rarely declined into the prettiness of Canova, and if he did not often approach the strength of Bertel Thorvaldsen. He was essentially classic in feeling and aim, but here his habit of observation enabled him to achieve a grace beyond the reach of a mere imitator. His subjects were gleaned from the actions of the Italian people noticed on his walks. Gibson was elected R. A. in 1836, and bequeathed all his property and the contents of his studio to the Royal Academy and he died at Rome on 7 January 1866 and was buried in the Protestant Cemetery there
John Gibson (sculptor)
–
John Gibson by Margaret Sarah Carpenter
John Gibson (sculptor)
–
Paris by John Gibson RSA 1824
John Gibson (sculptor)
–
Detail of statue of
William Huskisson by John Gibson in Pimlico Gardens, London.
John Gibson (sculptor)
–
Sleeping Shepherd Boy (1824)
13.
William Huskisson
–
William Huskisson PC was a British statesman, financier, and Member of Parliament for several constituencies, including Liverpool. He is best known as the worlds first widely reported railway casualty as he was run over, Huskisson was born at Birtsmorton Court, Malvern, Worcestershire, the son of William and Elizabeth Huskisson, both members of Staffordshire families. He was one of four brothers, after their mother Elizabeth died, their father William eventually remarried and had further children by his second wife. Huskisson was a student at Appleby Grammar School, a school designed by Sir Christopher Wren on the Leicestershire/Derbyshire borders. In 1783, Huskisson was sent to Paris to live with his maternal great-uncle Dr. Richard Gem and he remained in Paris until 1792, and his experience as an eyewitness to the prelude and beginning of the French Revolution gave him a lifelong interest in politics. Huskisson first came to notice while still in Paris. As a supporter of the party, he became a member of the Club of 1789. On 29 August 1790, he delivered a speech entitled Sur les Assignats and this speech gave him a reputation as an expert in finance. From 1790 to 1792, the Marquess of Stafford was the British ambassador to Paris, Huskisson became a protégé of the Marquess, and returned to London with him. Once in London, Huskisson quickly gained a two powerful political patrons, Henry Dundas, the Home Secretary, and William Pitt the Younger. Because of Huskissons fluency in French, Dundas appointed him in January 1793 to oversee the execution of the Aliens Act, in the discharge of his delicate duties, he manifested such ability that in 1795 he was appointed Under-Secretary at War. In the following year he entered parliament as member for Morpeth, in 1800 he inherited a fortune from Dr Gem. On the retirement of Pitt in 1801 he resigned office, after being elected for Harwich in 1807, he accepted the same office under the Duke of Portland, but he withdrew from the ministry along with Canning in 1809. In 1812 he was returned for Chichester, in 1823 he was appointed President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, and shortly afterwards he received a seat in the cabinet. In the same year he was returned for Liverpool as successor to Canning, as a pro-planter Secretary for Colonies in 1826, he proposed the revised Consolidated Slave Law which was accepted by Parliament. In 1826 after the Power-loom riots, a number of manufacturers subsequently agreed to pay a rate to the weavers. In accordance with his suggestion Canning in 1827 introduced a measure on the corn laws proposing the adoption of a scale to regulate the amount of duty. A misapprehension between Huskisson and the Duke of Wellington led to the duke proposing an amendment, the success of which caused the abandonment of the measure by the government
William Huskisson
–
The Right Honourable William Huskisson
William Huskisson
–
Question concerning the depreciation of our currency, 1810
William Huskisson
–
Page 1 of the last will of William Huskisson.
William Huskisson
–
Unveiling of the Huskisson Memorial, 1913
14.
Roman republic
–
It was during this period that Romes control expanded from the citys immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, by the following century, it included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation, Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. Over time, the laws that gave exclusive rights to Romes highest offices were repealed or weakened. The leaders of the Republic developed a tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military. Many of Romes legal and legislative structures can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states, the exact causes and motivations for Romes military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism and they argue that Romes expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors, and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, with some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened and thus able to resist Romanizing influences. It was also able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome and this growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this, it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire and this shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal. In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking, in the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. This had some important similarities to the events in Italy centuries earlier, with some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control
Roman republic
–
Route of Pyrrhus of Epirus
Roman republic
–
Roman consul accompanied by two
lictors
Roman republic
–
Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, presiding over the
Plebeian Council
Roman republic
–
A Roman
denarius struck in 56 BC showing on one side the bust of the
Goddess Diana, and on the reverse the Roman general
Lucius Cornelius Sulla is offered an olive branch by his ally
Bocchus I as the captive
Jugurtha kneels beside Sulla with his hands bound.
15.
Roman senate
–
The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, during the days of the kingdom, it was little more than an advisory council to the king. The last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was following a coup détat led by Lucius Junius Brutus. During the early Republic, the Senate was politically weak, while the executive magistrates were quite powerful, since the transition from monarchy to constitutional rule was most likely gradual, it took several generations before the Senate was able to assert itself over the executive magistrates. By the middle Republic, the Senate had reached the apex of its republican power, the late Republic saw a decline in the Senates power, which began following the reforms of the tribunes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. After the transition of the Republic into the Principate, the Senate lost much of its power as well as its prestige. Following the constitutional reforms of the Emperor Diocletian, the Senate became politically irrelevant, when the seat of government was transferred out of Rome, the Senate was reduced to a municipal body. This decline in status was reinforced when the emperor Constantine the Great created an additional senate in Constantinople, the Senate in Rome ultimately disappeared at some point after AD603, although the title senator was still used well into the Middle Ages as a largely meaningless honorific. However, the Eastern Senate survived in Constantinople, until the ancient institution finally vanished there c. 14th century, the senate was a political institution in the ancient Roman kingdom. The word senate derives from the Latin word senex, which means old man, the early Roman family was called a gens or clan, and each clan was an aggregation of families under a common living male patriarch, called a pater. When the early Roman gentes were aggregating to form a common community, over time, the patres came to recognize the need for a single leader, and so they elected a king, and vested in him their sovereign power. When the king died, that power naturally reverted to the patres. The senate is said to have created by Romes first king, Romulus. The descendants of those 100 men subsequently became the patrician class, Romes fifth king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, chose a further 100 senators. They were chosen from the leading families, and were accordingly called the patres minorum gentium. Romes seventh and final king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, executed many of the men in the senate. During the years of the monarchy, the senates most important function was to new kings. While the king was elected by the people, it was actually the senate who chose each new king
Roman senate
Roman senate
–
Ancient Rome
Roman senate
–
The
Curia Julia in the
Roman Forum, the seat of the imperial Senate.
16.
Toga
–
The toga, a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between 12 and 20 feet in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from wool, and was worn over a tunic. In Roman historical tradition, it is said to have been the favoured dress of Romulus, Romes founder, as Roman women gradually adopted the stola, the toga was recognised as formal wear for Roman citizen men. Women engaged in prostitution might have provided the main exception to this rule, the type of toga worn reflected a citizens rank in the civil hierarchy. Various laws and customs restricted its use to citizens, who were required to wear it for public festivals, from its probable beginnings as a simple, practical work-garment, the toga became more voluminous, complex and costly, increasingly unsuited to anything but formal and ceremonial use. When circumstances allowed, those otherwise entitled or obliged to wear it opted for more comfortable and it gradually fell out of use, firstly among citizens of the lower class, then those of the middle class. Eventually, it was only by the highest classes for ceremonial occasions. The toga was an approximately semi-circular woolen cloth, usually white, worn draped over the shoulders and around the body and it was considered formal wear, and was generally reserved for citizens. Toga virilis also known as toga alba or toga pura, A plain white toga, worn on occasions by adult male commoners. It represented adult male citizenship and its attendant rights, freedoms, toga praetexta, a white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border, worn over a tunic with two broad, vertical purple stripes. It was formal costume for, Curule magistrates in their functions, and traditionally. Freeborn boys, and some girls, before they came of age. It marked their protection by law from sexual predation and immoral or immodest influence, a praetexta was thought effective against malignant magic, as were a boys bulla, and a girls lunula. Some priesthoods, including the Pontifices, Tresviri Epulones, the augurs, toga candida, Bright toga, a toga rubbed with chalk to a dazzling white, worn by candidates for public office. Thus Persius speaks of a cretata ambitio, chalked ambition, toga candida is the etymological source of the word candidate. It was worn mainly by mourners, but could also be worn in times of danger or public anxiety. It was sometimes used as a protest of sorts—when Cicero was exiled, mourners with a toga praetexta could turn it inside out, to conceal the stripe, or wear a toga pura. Toga picta, Dyed solid purple, embroidered with gold, and worn over a similarly decorated tunica palmata, during the Empire, it was worn by consuls and emperors
Toga
–
Marcus Aurelius wearing a toga
Toga
–
A toga
Toga
–
The toga picta may have had an Etruscan origin, as in this portrayal of a cloaked figure identified as Vel Saties (from the
François Tomb,
Vulci. Circa 350 BCE).
17.
Royal Exchange (London)
–
The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London. The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers and it is trapezoidal in shape and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street, which converge at Bank junction in the heart of the City. The design was inspired by a bourse Gresham had seen in Antwerp and was Britains first specialist commercial building and it has twice been destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The present building was designed by William Tite in the 1840s, the site was notably occupied by the Lloyds insurance market for nearly 150 years. Today the Royal Exchange contains offices, luxury shops, and restaurants, traditionally, the steps of the Royal Exchange is the place where Royal Proclamations are read out by either a herald or a crier. The Royal Exchange was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I who awarded the building its royal title, only the exchange of goods took place until the 17th century. Stockbrokers were not allowed into the Royal Exchange because of their manners, hence they had to operate from other establishments in the vicinity. Greshams original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, a second complex was built on the site, designed by Edward Jarman and opened in 1669, but that also burned down, on 10 January 1838. It had been used by the Lloyds insurance market, which was forced to move temporarily to South Sea House following the 1838 fire, the internal works, designed by Edward IAnson in 1837, made use of concrete—an early example of this modern construction method. It features pediment sculptures by Richard Westmacott, and ornamental cast ironwork by Henry Grissells Regents Canal Ironworks and it was opened by Queen Victoria on 28 October 1844 though trading did not commence until 1 January 1845. In June 1844, just before the reopening of the Royal Exchange, the bronze used to cast it was sourced from enemy cannons captured during Wellingtons continental campaigns. Paul Julius Reuter established the Reuters news agency at No,1, Royal Exchange Buildings in 1851. It later moved to Fleet Street, the western end of the building consists of a portico of eight Corinthian columns topped by a pediment containing a tympanum with a sculptured frieze by Richard Westmacott. The central figure represents Commerce, above an inscription from the Bible, The Earth is the Lords, the Latin inscription states that the Exchange was founded in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, and restored in the seventh of Queen Victoria. Two statues stand in niches in the central courtyard, Charles II a copy of 1792 by John Spiller after Grinling Gibbons statue in the centre of the C17 courtyard, and Queen Elizabeth I by M. L. The Charles II statue survived the fire of 1838 that destroyed the previous Exchange, the Elizabeth I statue was commissioned as she was the monarch who had conferred the status ‘Royal’ on the Exchange. From 1892, twenty-four scenes from Londons history were painted on the walls by artists including Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Frank Brangwyn. The murals run as a sequence, at the wars end, the building had survived the Blitz, albeit with some near misses
Royal Exchange (London)
–
The Royal Exchange in 2014
Royal Exchange (London)
–
The Royal Exchange in 1955
Royal Exchange (London)
–
A statue of the
Duke of Wellington inaugurated in 1844 outside the Royal Exchange.
Royal Exchange (London)
–
Aerial view of the Royal Exchange
18.
St Saviour, Pimlico
–
St Saviours is an Anglo-Catholic Church of England church in Pimlico, Westminster, London, England, located at the north end of St Georges Square. It was constructed in the 1860s as part of Thomas Cubitts development of the area on behalf of the Marquess of Westminster, the church was designed by Thomas Cundy, who had previously built St Gabriels Pimlico a short distance away. As with St Gabriels, St Saviours was designed in the Gothic style, the church is Grade II* listed. The foundation stone was laid on 16 June 1863 and the church was consecrated on 16 July 1864, at 170 feet high, the spire was at the time one of the tallest in London. At that time, the interior looked rather bare. There were two long galleries extending from the chancel to the west end and there was no screen or pulpit, in 1871, the present organ by Hill & Son was installed. This work was possible by the generosity of the parishioners. Further stained glass windows were completed after 1882 and pictures added, between 1887 and 1912, a number of new additions were made which can be seen today. The side chapel was blessed in 1889, the sanctuary was decorated in 1891, in 1911, the coronation year of King George V, the church was specially cleaned and the steeple repaired at a cost of £250. The vicar at this time was Henry Washington. His life and ministry are commemorated by two stained glass windows, the screen and the oak pulpit. Merritt Fox, a churchwarden, published a history of St Saviours and he concluded his book by saying, people of the present day. In the 1930s the statues of the Madonna and Child, the Sacred Heart, in 1999 the south wall was cleaned and repaired and extensive areas of damaged plaster-work were restored. The church was completely redecorated. In the course of work the full extent of the decorative panels of the chancel ceiling was uncovered. These panels were cleaned and restored, at the same time a simple oak central altar was installed in the nave to the west of the choir screen. The lady chapel has been reinstated in the south chancel-transept and the transepts have been cleared of unwanted pews in order to create a feeling of spaciousness throughout the building. More recently, in 2007, the Pimlico Room, parish office, the Pimlico Room had been subsiding, this was attended to, and toilets added
St Saviour, Pimlico
–
St Saviour's, Pimlico
19.
Thomas Cundy (junior)
–
Thomas Cundy the younger was an English architect, son of another architect of the same name. He was eldest son of Thomas Cundy and his wife Mary Hubert and he worked with his father on many projects, and, following his fathers death in 1825 took over his practice, and his position as surveyor to Lord Grosvenors London estates. He held this position for 41 years, covering the period of Thomas Cubitts speculative developments. The buildings he designed or alterered included Hewell Grange, Tottenham Park, Moor Park, Hertfordshire, Fawsley Park and he also designed St Matthews Church, Normanton, Rutland. St Barnabas was built to suit the high church tendency, with a decorated interior. Cundy lived at Bromley in Kent in his years, and died on 15 July 1867. He left three sons and one daughter from his marriage to Arabella Fishlake of Salisbury and his third son, the third Thomas Cundy, took over the business. He was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, the picture gallery at Grosvenor House, the London residence of the Duke of Westminster. In 1842–3 he added a screen with to front the courtyard towards Upper Grosvenor Street, St Barnabas, St Barnabas Street, Pimlico. Completion of the tower and spire of St Mark, Hamilton Square, London N. W.8, H. M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840 ISBN 0-300-07207-4 L. H. Cust, ‘Cundy, Thomas, the younger ’, rev. Richard John, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,2004, accessed 3 Jan 2008
Thomas Cundy (junior)
–
Church of St Barnabas, Pimlico.
20.
Bram Stoker
–
Abraham Bram Stoker was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula. During his lifetime, he was known as the personal assistant of actor Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London. Stoker was born on 8 November 1847 at 15 Marino Crescent, Clontarf, on the northside of Dublin and his parents were Abraham Stoker from Dublin and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley, who was raised in County Sligo. Stoker was the third of seven children, the eldest of whom was Sir Thornley Stoker, Abraham and Charlotte were members of the Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf and attended the parish church with their children, who were baptised there. Stoker was bedridden with an unknown illness until he started school at the age of seven, of this time, Stoker wrote, I was naturally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave opportunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to their kind in later years. He was educated in a school run by the Rev. William Woods. After his recovery, he grew up without further serious illnesses, even excelling as an athlete at Trinity College, Dublin and he graduated with honours as a B. A. in Mathematics. He was auditor of the College Historical Society and president of the University Philosophical Society, Stoker became interested in the theatre while a student through his friend Dr. Maunsell. He became the critic for the Dublin Evening Mail, co-owned by the author of Gothic tales Sheridan Le Fanu. Theatre critics were held in low esteem, but he attracted notice by the quality of his reviews, in December 1876, he gave a favourable review of Henry Irvings Hamlet at the Theatre Royal in Dublin. Irving invited Stoker for dinner at the Shelbourne Hotel where he was staying, Stoker also wrote stories, and The Crystal Cup was published by the London Society in 1872, followed by The Chain of Destiny in four parts in The Shamrock. In 1876 while a servant in Dublin, Stoker wrote the non-fiction book The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland which remained a standard work. Furthermore, he possessed an interest in art, and was a founder of the Dublin Sketching Club in 1879, in 1878 Stoker married Florence Balcombe, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel James Balcombe of 1 Marino Crescent. She was a celebrated beauty whose former suitor was Oscar Wilde, Stoker had known Wilde from his student days, having proposed him for membership of the university’s Philosophical Society while he was president. Wilde was upset at Florences decision, but Stoker later resumed the acquaintanceship, the Stokers moved to London, where Stoker became acting manager and then business manager of Irvings Lyceum Theatre, London, a post he held for 27 years. On 31 December 1879, Bram and Florences only child was born, the collaboration with Henry Irving was important for Stoker and through him he became involved in Londons high society, where he met James Abbott McNeill Whistler and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Working for Irving, the most famous actor of his time and he was dedicated to Irving and his memoirs show he idolised him. In London Stoker also met Hall Caine, who one of his closest friends – he dedicated Dracula to him
Bram Stoker
–
Photograph of Bram Stoker circa 1906
Bram Stoker
–
Bram Stoker's former home,
Kildare Street, Dublin.
Bram Stoker
–
The first edition cover of Dracula
Bram Stoker
–
Bram Stoker Commemorative Plaque,
Whitby, England (2002)
21.
Stephen Potter
–
Stephen Meredith Potter was a British author best known for his mocking self-help books and their film and television derivatives. Finding his income inadequate to support himself and his family, he left the university and he remained with the BBC until after the Second World War, when he became a freelance writer, and remained so for the rest of his life. His series of books on how to secure an unfair advantage began in 1947 with Gamesmanship. This sold prodigiously and led to a series of sequels covering other aspects of life, the books were adapted for the cinema in the 1960s and for television in the 1970s. Potter was born in Battersea, London, the son of Frank Collard Potter, a chartered accountant. He attended Westminster School from age 13 to 18, during the First World War, as he reached school-leaving age he wrote in his diary, If this war doesnt end soon I shall have to join the beastly army and lay down my blooming life for my blinking country. He volunteered for the army, was trained as an officer and he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards as a second lieutenant just as the war was ending, and did not see active service. Potter was demobilised in 1919, and spent a few months in his fathers office learning book-keeping, before going to Merton College, Oxford, to study English. His family paid for his university education, a fact that put him in the shadow of his elder sister Muriel, who had won a scholarship to St Hughs College, Oxford, Potter achieved only a second-class degree in English language and literature. On the strength of this he was offered the post of producer at the BBC, but turned it down as it was based in the provincial city of Birmingham. Potter instead tried to earn a living as a teacher in London, advertising Cockney accents cured. He then tried his luck as a tutor and schoolmaster before becoming secretary to a well-known playwright. In 1926 Potter began teaching English literature at Birkbeck College, University of London, on 7 July 1927 he married Marian Anderson Attenborough, a painter professionally known as Mary Potter. There were two sons of the marriage, the family at first lived in Chiswick, London, before moving to a flat in Harley Street. Potters first book, The Young Man, was an autobiographical novel, the Manchester Guardian wrote, a brilliant performance. A distinguished contribution to intellectual fiction and it also suffered from a regrettable misprint, rendering the heading Sea and Sardinia, as Sex and Sardinia. This was soon amplified by rumour into Sex and Sardines, none of which helped Potters reputation as a serious writer, after this he concentrated in his next four works on Coleridge. He edited the Nonesuch Press Coleridge, praised in The Times as the best anthology that has ever shown Coleridge as poet, philosopher and critic
Stephen Potter
–
Stephen Potter
22.
Cram school
–
Cram schools or as a whole, crammers, are specialized schools that train their students to meet particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities. The English name is derived from the slang term cramming, meaning to study hard or to study a large amount of material in a period of time. Cram schools often specialize in a subject or subjects. Special cram schools that students who have failed their entrance examinations to take them the following year are also common. In extreme cases, such students may spend up to eighteen hours a day studying to retake their tests, students who attend regular after-school cram schools may study for four hours or more. As the name suggests, the aim of a school is generally to impart as much information to its students as possible in the shortest period of time. The goal is to enable the students to pass, or obtain a grade in. Cram schools are sometimes criticized, along with the countries in which they are prevalent, for a lack of training in critical thinking and analysis. Cram schools are referred to largely as coaching colleges, they are used primarily to achieve the results for the entrance exam for selective schools in New South Wales. They are also used extensively in mathematics courses for the Higher School Certificate, in Bangladesh, Cram Schools are known as Coaching Centers and to some extent Tutorials. Most cram schools provide help for admission tests of public universities and medical colleges, and public examinations like SSC, there are also some variants which have entered the market of ever increasing help seekers. For example, cram schools now also prepare students for language tests like IELTS and TOEFL, aptitude tests like GRE, GMAT, SAT, in recent years cram schools have also been extended to the tests for government civil services like BCS Examination. Cram schools are called Cursinhos in Brazil and are attended by students who will be taking an exam to be admitted into a university. Cram schools are called Preuniversitarios in Chile and are attended by students to revise before taking PSU in order to get onto undergraduate studies, Cram schools are popular in China due to the importance of standardized exams, such as, High school entrance exam. The National Higher Education Entrance Examination, or Gaokao, mandatory for college admission, passing the College English Test band 4 and 6 is sometimes a prerequisite for bachelors degree, and the certificates are often important to finding employment. The TOEFL and GRE tests from ETS are required for studying abroad in English-speaking countries, Entrance exams to domestic graduate program. Over recent years the competition has intensified, partially because many new college graduates fail to find satisfactory jobs, mainland China has a test-driven system. Education departments give entrance examinations to sort students into schools of different levels, examinations like the National Higher Education Entrance Examination are vital, deciding the academic future of the participants
Cram school
–
Taiwanese students studying English in an evening cram school
23.
William Makepeace Thackeray
–
William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist of the 19th century. He is known for his works, particularly Vanity Fair. Thackeray, a child, was born in Calcutta, British India. His mother, Anne Becher, was the daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher. Richmond died in 1815, which caused Anne to send her son to England in 1816, the ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St. Helena, where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick, and then at Charterhouse School, Thackeray disliked Charterhouse, and parodied it in his fiction as Slaughterhouse. Nevertheless, Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death, Thackeray then travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple and he also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. The Thackerays had three children, all girls, Anne Isabella, Jane and Harriet Marian, who married Sir Leslie Stephen, editor, Thackeray now began writing for his life, as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family. Between 1837 and 1840 he also reviewed books for The Times and he was also a regular contributor to The Morning Chronicle and The Foreign Quarterly Review. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created magazine Punch, in which he published The Snob Papers and this work popularised the modern meaning of the word snob. Thackeray was a regular contributor to Punch between 1843 and 1854. Tragedy struck in Thackerays personal life as his wife, Isabella, succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child, in 1840. Finding that he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away until September 1840, struck by guilt, he set out with his wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea and they fled back home after a four-week battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 Isabella was in and out of professional care and she eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality. Isabella outlived her husband by 30 years, in the end being cared for by a family named Thompson in Leigh-on-Sea at Southend until her death in 1894, after his wifes illness Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, however, in particular Mrs Jane Brookfield, in 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years Thackerays junior whom he met during a tour in New York City in 1852
William Makepeace Thackeray
–
1855
daguerreotype of William Makepeace Thackeray
William Makepeace Thackeray
–
Thackeray portrayed by
Eyre Crowe, 1845
William Makepeace Thackeray
–
Caricature of Thackeray by Thackeray
William Makepeace Thackeray
–
Thackeray's grave at
Kensal Green Cemetery, London, photographed in 2014
24.
Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie
–
Anne Isabella, Lady Ritchie, née Thackeray, was an English writer. She was the eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray and she was the author of several novels which were highly regarded in their time, and a central figure in the late Victorian literary scene. She is perhaps best remembered today as the custodian of her fathers literary legacy, Anne Isabella Thackeray was born in London, the eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray and his wife Isabella Gethin Shawe. She had two sisters, Jane, born in 1839, who died at eight months, and Harriet Marian. Anne, whose father called her Anny, spent her childhood in France and she married her cousin Richmond Ritchie, seventeen years her junior, in 1877. The couple had two children, Hester and Billy and she was the step-aunt of Virginia Woolf who penned an obituary for her in the Times Literary Supplement. She is believed to be the inspiration for the character of Mrs. Hilbery in Woolfs Night, in 1863, Anne Isabella published The story of Elizabeth with immediate success. She also published the novels, Miss Angel Miss Williamsons Divagations Mrs. Dymond A Book of Sibyls, Mrs. Barbauld. Anne Isabella Thackeray at Victorian Web
Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie
–
Anne Ritchie in May 1870.
Albumen print from
Collodion negative
25.
Stucco
–
Stucco or render is a material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a dense solid. It is used as coating for walls and ceilings and as a sculptural. Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials such as metal, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe. In English, stucco usually means a coating for the outside of a building, and plaster one for interiors, as described below, but other European languages, importantly including Italian, do not have the same distinction, stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both. This has led to English often using stucco for interior decorative plasterwork in relief, especially in art history, the difference in nomenclature between stucco, plaster, and mortar is based more on use than composition. Animal or plant fibers were often added for additional strength, in the latter nineteenth century, Portland cement was added with increasing frequency in an attempt to improve the durability of stucco. At the same time, traditional lime plasters were being replaced by gypsum plaster, traditional stucco is made of lime, sand, and water. Modern stucco is made of Portland cement, sand, and water, lime is added to increase the permeability and workability of modern stucco. Sometimes additives such as acrylics and glass fibers are added to improve the properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, lime stucco is a relatively hard material that can be broken or chipped by hand without too much difficulty. The lime itself is white, color comes from the aggregate or any added pigments. Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a degree because of the slight water solubility of lime. Portland cement stucco is very hard and brittle and can easily crack if the base on which it is applied is not stable, typically its color was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also used. Todays stucco manufacturers offer a wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive and it was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a solid masonry, brick or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained a color and was typically textured for appearance. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to the brittle, cured stucco, while the increased thickness, the traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats — the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat
Stucco
–
Stucco from the
House of Borujerdi-ha, 1850s,
Kashan,
Iran.
Stucco
–
Stucco from the
Sardar Rafie Yanehsari building (Shahryari building 1),
Hezarjarib District,
Behshahr County,
Iran.
Stucco
–
Stucco used as an exterior coating on a residential building.
Stucco
–
Rock dash stucco used as an exterior coating on a house on Canada's west coast. The chips of quartz, stone, and colored glass measure approx. 3-6 mm (1/8" - 1/4").
26.
Townhouse
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A townhouse, or town house as used in North America, Asia, Australia, South Africa and parts of Europe, is a type of terraced housing. A modern town house is one with a small footprint on multiple floors. The term originally referred in British usage to the city residence of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house. Historically, a house was the city residence of a noble or wealthy family. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season, in the United Kingdom most townhouses were terraced. Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, for example, the Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while his London house, Norfolk House, was a terraced house in St Jamess Square over 100 feet wide. In the United States and Canada, a townhouse has two connotations, the older predates the automobile and denotes a house on a small footprint in a city, but because of its multiple floors, it has a large living space, often with servants quarters. The small footprint of the townhouse allows it to be walking or mass-transit distance of business. Townhouses are expensive where detached single-family houses are uncommon, such as in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, Washington, DC, and San Francisco. A townhouse is where there is a roof and foundation and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses. A rowhouse will generally be smaller and less luxurious than a called a townhouse. The name townhouse or townhome was later used to describe non-uniform units in areas that are designed to mimic detached or semi-detached homes. Today, the term, townhouse, is used to describe units mimicking a detached home that are attached in a multi-unit complex, such homes have multiple units vertically, normally each with its own private entrance from the street or at least from the outside. They can be side by side in a row of three or more, in case they are sometimes referred to as rowhouses. A townhouse in a group of two could be referred to as a townhouse, but in Canada and the US, it is called a semi-detached home and in some areas of western Canada. Freehold, where one owns exclusively the land and the dwelling without any condominium aspects and these may share the foundation as well but have narrow air spaces between and still referred to as a townhouse. Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are referred to as condos. All types of dwellings can be condos, and this is true of townhouses
Townhouse
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Renaissance townhouses in
Gdańsk, Poland
Townhouse
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Typical 19th century
Bremen Townhouses, Germany
Townhouse
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Townhouses in Portland, Oregon
Townhouse
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Townhouse in East 30th Street, New York
27.
Apartment
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An apartment or a flat is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building, correctly, on a single level without a stair. In Scotland it is called a block of flats or, if its a traditional building, a tenement. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier, by leasehold tenure or rented by tenants, the term apartment is favoured in North America. In the UK, the apartment is more usual in professional real estate and architectural circles where otherwise the term flat is commonly. Technically multi-storey apartments are referred to as duplex indicating the number of floors within the property, usage generally follows the British in Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong and most Commonwealth nations. In Malaysian English, flat often denotes a housing block of lesser quality meant for lower-income groups, while apartment is more generic, in Australian English, the term flat is traditionally used, but the term unit is frequently used. More recently, the apartment is being used. Tenement law refers to the basis of permanent property such as land or rents. It may be combined as in Messuage or Tenement to encompass all the land, buildings. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are divided into apartments. The word apartment denotes a unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word connotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, in the England and Wales, some flat owners own shares in the company that owns the freehold of the building as well as holding the flat under a lease. This is commonly known as a share of freehold flat, the freehold company has the right to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and this does not happen in Scotland, where long leasehold of residential property was formerly unusual, and is now not possible. In some countries the word unit is a general term referring to both apartments and rental business suites. The word unit is used only in the context of a specific building. This building has three units or Im going to rent a unit in this building, but not Im going to rent a unit somewhere, in Australia, a unit refers to flats, apartments or even semi-detached houses. An industrial, warehouse, or commercial space converted to an apartment is called a loft
Apartment
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Apartments facing
Central Park in midtown
Manhattan,
New York, United States
Apartment
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Apartments in
Madrid, Spain
Apartment
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Apartments at
Xinghai Square,
Dalian,
Liaoning Province, China
Apartment
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An apartment complex in
Gurgaon, Haryana, India
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
29.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press on
Walton Street.
Oxford University Press
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2008 conference booth
30.
Nicholas Pevsner
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Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA was a German, later British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture. He is best known for his 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, The Buildings of England, the son of a Russian-Jewish fur haulier, Nikolaus Pevsner was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He attended the Thomas School and went on to art history at the Universities of Leipzig, Munich, Berlin. In 1923, he married Carola Kurlbaum, the daughter of distinguished Leipzig lawyer Alfred Kurlbaum and he worked as an assistant keeper at the Dresden Gallery. In 1928 he contributed the volume on Italian baroque painting to the Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft and he taught at the University of Göttingen, offering a specialist course on English art and architecture. According to biographer Stephen Games, Pevsner welcomed many of the economic, however, due to Nazi race laws he was forced to resign his lectureship in 1933. Later that year he moved to England and his first post was an 18-month research fellowship at the University of Birmingham, found for him by friends in Birmingham and partly funded by the Academic Assistance Council. He was subsequently employed as a buyer of modern textiles, glass, since its first publication by Faber & Faber in 1936, it has gone through several editions and been translated into many languages. The English-language edition has also been renamed Pioneers of Modern Design, Pevsner was more German than the Germans to the extent that he supported Goebbels in his drive for pure non-decadent German art. He was reported as saying of the Nazis I want this movement to succeed, there is no alternative but chaos. There are things worse than Hitlerism, nonetheless he was included in the Nazi Black Book as hostile to the Hitler regime. In 1940, Pevsner was interned as an alien in Huyton. He was released three months on the intervention of, among others, Frank Pick, then Director-General of the Ministry of Information. He also completed for Penguin Books the Pelican paperback An Outline of European Architecture, Outline would eventually go into seven editions, be translated into 16 languages, and sell more than half a million copies. In 1942, Pevsner finally secured two regular positions, from 1936 onwards he had been a frequent contributor to the Architectural Review and from 1943 to 1945 he stood in as its acting editor while the regular editor J. M. Richards was on active service. Under the ARs influence, Pevsners approach to modern architecture became more complex and he was also closely involved with the Reviews proprietor, Hubert de Cronin Hastings, in evolving the magazines theories on Picturesque planning. In 1942, Pevsner was also appointed a lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London. He lectured at Cambridge for almost 30 years, having been Slade professor there for a six years from 1949 to 1955
Nicholas Pevsner
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Sir Nikolaus Pevsner
CBE FBA
Nicholas Pevsner
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Birmingham University
31.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
Media related to St George's Square at Wikimedia Commons
