1.
Crest (heraldry)
–
A crest is a component of a heraldic display, consisting of the device borne on top of the helm. Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in tournaments and, to an extent, battles. A normal heraldic achievement consists of the shield, above which is set the helm, on which sits the crest, the word crest derives from the Latin crista, meaning tuft or plume, perhaps related to crinis, hair. They first appeared in a context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries. These were primarily decorative, but may also have served a purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents weapons. These fans were generally of one colour, later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield. The fan crest was developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it, to form a metal outline. Torses did not come into use in Britain until the 15th century, and are still uncommon on the Continent. Crests were also mounted on a furred cap known as a chapeau. By the 16th century the age of tournaments had ended, and their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two-dimensional pictures. In the same period, different helms began to be used for different ranks, sovereigns and knights helms faced forwards, whereas those of peers, torses also suffered artistically, being treated not as silken circlets, but as horizontal bars. Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm, and the rules about directions of helms are no longer rigidly observed. The use of crests was once restricted to those of tournament rank, i. e. knights and above and they are not generally used by women and clergymen, as they did not participate in war or tournaments and thus would not have helms on which to wear them. Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests, as devices, are not suited for use by corporate bodies. This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern era, and arms with more than one crest are still rare. After the 16th century, it common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm. This led to the use of the term crest to mean arms. Unlike a badge, which can be used by any amount of relatives and retainers, a crest is personal to the armiger, and its use by others is considered usurpation
Crest (heraldry)
–
The Knight of the Guillichini, wearing a crest in the form of an eagle, at the
Saracen Joust in
Arezzo, Italy.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, with fan crests displaying his arms on both his helmet and his horse's head. From the
Luttrell Psalter, circa 1330.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Arms of the
Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, with fifteen crested helms.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Stalls in the Thistle Chapel. From left to right: the stall of
Lord Hope of Craighead;
Lady Marion Fraser;
Sir Eric Anderson; the
Earl of Elgin; and
Lord Mackay of Clashfern.
2.
Student residence
–
A dormitory or hall of residence, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people, often boarding school, college or university students. In the United States dorm is the most common term, which comes originally from the Latin word dormitorium, on the other hand, in the United Kingdom the term hall is more usual, especially in a university context. A dormitory can also be a room containing several beds – see Sleeping dormitories. Most colleges and universities provide single or multiple rooms for their students. These buildings consist of such rooms, like an apartment building. The largest dormitory building is Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, many colleges and universities no longer use the word dormitory and staff are now using the term residence hall or simply hall instead. Outside academia however, the dorm or dormitory is commonly used without negative connotations. Indeed, the words are used regularly in the marketplace as well as routinely in advertising, College and university residential rooms vary in size, shape, facilities and number of occupants. Typically, a United States residence hall holds two students with no toilet. This is usually referred to as a double, often, residence halls have communal bathroom facilities. In the United States, residence halls are segregated by sex, with men living in one group of rooms. Some dormitory complexes are single-sex with varying limits on visits by persons of each sex, for example, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana has a long history of Parietals, or mixed visiting hours. In the early 2000s, dorms that allowed people of opposite sexes to share a room available in some public universities. Some colleges and university coeducational dormitories also feature coeducational bathrooms, most residence halls are much closer to campus than comparable private housing such as apartment buildings. Universities may therefore provide priority to students when allocating this accommodation. Halls located away from university facilities sometimes have extra amenities such as a room or bar. Catered halls may charge for food by the meal or through a termly subscription and they may also contain basic kitchen facilities for student use outside catering hours. Most halls contain a laundry room, as of 2015 there was an expanding market for private luxury off-campus student residences which offered substantial amenities in both the United States and Britain, particularly in London
Student residence
–
A typical American university and college dormitory room in 2002
Student residence
–
A college dorm room before students have moved in
Student residence
–
Prodigy Living Spitalfields in
London,
England is the third tallest student accommodation building in the world.
Student residence
–
Gamertsfelder Hall, at
Ohio University, on East Green
3.
Scottish Baronial architecture
–
Scottish Baronial architecture is a style of architecture with its origins in the sixteenth century. Castle-like, the draws on the features of Medieval castles, tower houses. Buildings of the style frequently feature towers adorned by small turrets called bartizans, roof lines are uneven, their crenelated battlements often broken by stepped gables. While small lancet windows may appear in towers and gables, large bay windows of glass were not uncommon. Porches, porticos and porte-cocheres, were given the castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts. This architectural style was employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School. In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets, in fact the architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The 20th-century Scottish Baronial castles have had the reputation of architectural follies, among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century. The unique style of great houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial. Particularly influential was the work of William Wallace, James VIs master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, Winton House for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on Heriots Hospital, Edinburgh. He adopted a style that applied elements of Scottish fortification. The Gothic revival in architecture has seen as an expression of Romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. Important for the adoption of the style in the nineteenth century was Abbotsford House. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the revival of the baronial style
Scottish Baronial architecture
–
Greenock Sheriff Court displays crow-stepped gables and
corbelled corner
turrets.
Scottish Baronial architecture
–
Scots-baronial style turrets on Victorian tenements in
Edinburgh
Scottish Baronial architecture
–
The sixteenth-century
Claypotts Castle, showing many of the features of the style.
Scottish Baronial architecture
–
Dunrobin Castle is largely the work of architect Sir
Charles Barry on a small medieval core and is similar to the ornate conical turrets, foundations and windows of castles of contemporary restorations such as
Josselin Castle in Brittany.
4.
St Andrews
–
St Andrews is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland,10 miles southeast of Dundee and 30 miles northeast of Edinburgh. The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world, according to some rankings, it is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. The University is an part of the burgh and during term time students make up approximately one third of the towns population. St Andrews has a population of 16,800, the town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. There has been an important church in St Andrews since at least the 8th century, the settlement grew to the west of St Andrews cathedral with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness burn to the south. The burgh soon became the capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins, St Andrews is also known worldwide as the home of golf. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, the civil parish has a population of 18,421. The earliest recorded name the area is Muckross, after the founding of a religious settlement in Muckross in around 370 AD, the name changed to Cennrígmonaid. This is Old Gaelic and composed of the elements cenn, ríg and this became Cell Rígmonaid and was anglicised Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn, the name St Andrews derives from the towns claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostle Andrew. According to legend, St Regulus brought the relics to Kilrymont and this is the origin of a third name for the town Kilrule. The first inhabitants who settled on the fringes of the rivers Tay. This was followed by the people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BC as farmers clearing the area of woodland. In AD877, king Causantín mac Cináeda built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed after defending against Viking raiders. In AD906, the became the seat of the bishop of Alba. In 940 Constantine III abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews, the establishment of the present town began around 1140 by Bishop Robert on an L-shaped vill, possibly on the site of the ruined St Andrews Castle
St Andrews
–
St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower
St Andrews
–
St Andrews Cathedral in 1845
St Andrews
–
The Martyrs Memorial
St Andrews
–
St Andrews Town Hall
5.
Fife
–
Fife is a council area and historic county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with boundaries to Perth and Kinross. By custom it is held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib. It is an area, and was a county of Scotland until 1975. It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents, a person from Fife is known as a Fifer. Fife was a government region divided into three districts, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife. Since 1996 the functions of the councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council. Fife is Scotlands third largest local authority area by population and it has a resident population of just under 367,000, over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes. The historic town of St Andrews is located on the northeast coast of Fife and it is well known for the University of St Andrews, one of the most ancient universities in the world and is renowned as the home of golf. Fife, bounded to the north by the Firth of Tay, the earliest known reference to the common epithet The Kingdom of Fife dates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of the Earl of Fife. The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misintrepretation of an extract from Wyntoun, the name is recorded as Fib in A. D.1150 and Fif in 1165. It was often associated with Fothriff, the hill-fort of Clatchard Craig, near Newburgh, was occupied as an important Pictish stronghold between the sixth and eighth centuries AD. Fife was an important royal and political centre from the reign of King Malcolm III onwards, Malcolm had his principal home in Dunfermline and his wife Margaret was the main benefactor of Dunfermline Abbey. The Abbey replaced Iona as the resting place of Scotlands royal elite. The Earl of Fife was until the 15th century considered the principal peer of the Scottish realm, wool, linen, coal and salt were all traded. Salt pans heated by local coal were a feature of the Fife coast in the past, the distinctive red clay pan tiles seen on many old buildings in Fife arrived as ballast on trading boats and replaced the previously thatched roofs. This endeavour lasted until 1609 when the colonists, having been opposed by the population, were bought out by Kenneth Mackenzie. Fife became a centre of industry in the 19th century
Fife
–
Coat of arms
Fife
–
Fife Fife Fìobha
Fife
–
Fife House, seat of Fife Council
Fife
–
Fifeshire & Kinross-shire Civil Parish map. http://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee01wils#page/n778/mode/1up Parishes outlined in red
6.
Scotland
–
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
Scotland
–
Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.
Scotland
–
Flag
Scotland
–
The class I
Pictish stone at
Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or the Serpent Stone.
Scotland
–
The
Wallace Monument commemorates
William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
7.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
8.
University of St Andrews
–
The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
University of St Andrews
–
College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building
University of St Andrews
–
University of St Andrews
shield
University of St Andrews
–
St Salvator's Chapel in 1843
University of St Andrews
–
The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the university's management department
9.
Saint Regulus
–
His feast day in the Aberdeen Breviary is October 17. The details of Saint Regulus life are unclear and differ in the extant accounts. Saint Regulus was a monk or bishop of the city of Patras, in present-day Greece, for safekeeping Regulus was to move as many bones as far away as he could to the western ends of the earth, where he should found a church dedicated to St Andrew. He was accompanied on his voyage by a number of consecrated virgins, here he was welcomed by a Pictish king, Óengus I. Regulus is claimed to have three fingers of the saints right hand, the upper bone of an arm, one kneecap. In approximately 1070 Robert I, Prior of St Andrews built St Regulus Church in the town of St Andrews in order to house the relics of St Andrew that Regulus had brought to the town. It would serve as a landmark for the pilgrims that would come to the area in the next few centuries. Its main architectural feature is its 33 metre tall tower, the legend of St Regulus came to have political significance in the later Middle Ages. It served to authenticate the apostle Andrew as patron saint of Scotland, the Regulus legend was publicised by Scottish kings, nobles and churchmen from the 12th century onwards. Scottish independence had come under threat from England since the late 11th century, the legend would also lead to the adoption of the saltire on the Scottish flag and the importance of the archdiocese of St Andrews in the early Scottish Church. St Regulus Hall, the student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews is named after Saint Regulus, St Andrews Cathedral Saint Regulus or Rieul, bishop of Reims, died 698. Reuel Saint Regulus, a 6th-century North African who became a bishop in Italy
Saint Regulus
–
Tower of St. Rule's Church at St. Andrews
10.
Greeks
–
The Greeks or Hellenes are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Turkey, Sicily, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world, many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor, other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church, the Greeks speak the Greek language, which forms its own unique branch within the Indo-European family of languages, the Hellenic. They are part of a group of ethnicities, described by Anthony D. Smith as an archetypal diaspora people. Both migrations occur at incisive periods, the Mycenaean at the transition to the Late Bronze Age, the Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the Aegean Sea and, by the 15th century BC, had reached Rhodes, Crete, Cyprus and the shores of Asia Minor. Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus, the Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible. The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as an era of heroes, closeness of the gods. The Homeric Epics were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past, as part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity. The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC, the works of Homer and Hesiod were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period, the classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras, the Peloponnesian War, the large scale civil war between the two most powerful Greek city-states Athens and Sparta and their allies, left both greatly weakened. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia, two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers. The Hellenistic civilization was the period of Greek civilization, the beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexanders death. This Hellenistic age, so called because it saw the partial Hellenization of many non-Greek cultures and this age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi, Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian peoples and this led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation
Greeks
–
Hoplites fighting. Detail from an Attic black-figure
hydria, ca. 560 BC–550 BC.
Louvre,
Paris.
Greeks
–
A reconstruction of the 3rd millennium BC "Proto-Greek area", according to Bulgarian linguist
Vladimir Georgiev.
Greeks
–
Bust of
Cleopatra VII.
Altes Museum,
Berlin.
Greeks
–
Statues of
Saints Cyril and Methodius, missionaries of
Christianity among the
Slavic peoples, on the
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc,
Czech Republic.
11.
Monk (religion)
–
A monk is a person who practices religious asceticism, living either alone or with any number of other monks. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many religions, in the Greek language the term can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly in use for men. The word nun is typically used for female monastics, although the term monachos is of Christian origin, in the English language monk tends to be used loosely also for both male and female ascetics from other religious or philosophical backgrounds. However, being generic, it is not interchangeable terms that denote particular kinds of monk, such as cenobite, hermit, anchorite, hesychast. In Eastern Orthodoxy monasticism holds a special and important place. Orthodox monastics separate themselves from the world in order to pray unceasingly for the world and they do not, in general, have as their primary purpose the running of social services, but instead are concerned with attaining theosis, or union with God. However, care for the poor and needy has always been an obligation of monasticism, the level of contact though will vary from community to community. Hermits, on the hand, have little or no contact with the outside world. Orthodox monasticism does not have religious orders as are found in the West, basil the Great and the Philokalia, which was compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Hesychasm is of importance in the ascetical theology of the Orthodox Church. Meals are usually taken in common in a dining hall known as a trapeza. Food is usually simple and is eaten in silence while one of the brethren reads aloud from the writings of the Holy Fathers. The monastic lifestyle takes a deal of serious commitment. Within the cenobitic community, all monks conform to a way of living based on the traditions of that particular monastery. In struggling to attain this conformity, the comes to realize his own shortcomings and is guided by his spiritual father in how to deal honestly with them. For this same reason, bishops are almost always chosen from the ranks of monks, Eastern monasticism is found in three distinct forms, anchoritic, cenobitic, and the middle way between the two, known as the skete. One normally enters a community first, and only after testing and spiritual growth would one go on to the skete or, for the most advanced. However, one is not necessarily expected to join a skete or become a solitary, in general, Orthodox monastics have little or no contact with the outside world, including their own families
Monk (religion)
–
St. Anthony the Great of Egypt, considered the Father of
Christian Monasticism
Monk (religion)
–
Monastery of St. Dionysius on
Mount Athos.
Monk (religion)
–
General view of
Holy Trinity-Makaryev Monastery, on the
Volga River in
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,
Russia.
Monk (religion)
–
Order of Saint Benedict
12.
Saint Andrew
–
Andrew the Apostle, also known as Saint Andrew and called in the Orthodox tradition Prōtoklētos or the First-called, was a Christian Apostle and the brother of Saint Peter. The name Andrew, like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews, Christians, no Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him. According to Orthodox tradition, the successor to Saint Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople. The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter and he was born in the village of Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee. Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he make them fishers of men. At the beginning of Jesus public life, they were said to have occupied the house at Capernaum. In the Gospel of Matthew and in the Gospel of Mark Simon Peter and these narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship. In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke Andrew is not named, the narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat but it is not until the next chapter that Andrew is named as Simons brother. However, it is understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that Luke denies not that Andrew was there. In contrast, the Gospel of John states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother. Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ, on a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus. Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes, Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus return at the end of the age, Eusebius in his church history 3,1 quoted Origen as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river as far as Kiev, hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. According to tradition, he founded the See of Byzantium in AD38, according to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. Basil of Seleucia also knew of Apostle Andrews missions in Thrace, Scythia and this diocese would later develop into the Patriarchate of Constantinople
Saint Andrew
–
Saint Andrew the Apostle by
Artus Wolffort
Saint Andrew
–
The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew by
Caravaggio
Saint Andrew
–
Crucifixion of St. Andrew, by
Juan Correa de Vivar (1540 - 1545).
Saint Andrew
–
Saint Andrew of Patras basilica, where St. Andrew's relics are kept
13.
Constantine the Great
–
Constantine the Great, also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer and his father became Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under the emperors Diocletian, in 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of Augustus, senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia. As emperor, Constantine enacted many administrative, financial, social, the government was restructured and civil and military authority separated. A new gold coin, the solidus, was introduced to combat inflation and it would become the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at which the Nicene Creed was adopted by Christians, in military matters, the Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. The age of Constantine marked an epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself. It would later become the capital of the Empire for over one thousand years and his more immediate political legacy was that, in leaving the empire to his sons, he replaced Diocletians tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign, the medieval church upheld him as a paragon of virtue while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity. Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Critics portrayed him as a tyrant, trends in modern and recent scholarship attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built on his orders at the site of Jesus tomb in Jerusalem. The Papal claim to power in the High Middle Ages was based on the supposed Donation of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholics, though Constantine has historically often been referred to as the First Christian Emperor, scholars debate his actual beliefs or even his actual comprehension of the Christian faith itself. Constantine was a ruler of major importance, and he has always been a controversial figure, the fluctuations in Constantines reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. These are abundant and detailed, but have strongly influenced by the official propaganda of the period. There are no surviving histories or biographies dealing with Constantines life, the nearest replacement is Eusebius of Caesareas Vita Constantini, a work that is a mixture of eulogy and hagiography
Constantine the Great
–
Colossal marble head of Emperor Constantine the Great, Roman, 4th century, located at the
Capitoline Museums, in Rome.
Constantine the Great
–
Remains of the luxurious residence palace of
Mediana, erected by Constantine I near his birth town of
Naissus
Constantine the Great
–
Head from a statue of
Diocletian, Augustus of the East
14.
Patras, Greece
–
Patras is Greeces third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese,215 km west of Athens. The city is built at the foothills of Mount Panachaikon, overlooking the Gulf of Patras, Patras has a population of 213,984. According to the results of 2011 census, the area has a population of 260,308. Dubbed as Greeces Gate to the West, Patras is a hub, while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy. The Rio-Antirio bridge connects Patras easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio, Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature. It was European Capital of Culture in 2006, Patras is 215 km west of Athens by road,94 km northeast of Pyrgos,7 kilometres south of Rio,134 km west of Corinth,77 km northwest of Kalavryta, and 144 km northwest of Tripoli. A central feature of the geography of Patras is its division into upper and lower sections. It is built on what was originally a bed of river soils, the older upper section covers the area of the pre-modern settlement, around the Fortress, on what is the last elevation of Mount Panachaikon before the Gulf of Patras. The largest river in the area is the Glafkos, flowing to the south of Patras, the water is also used for the orchards of Eglykas and as drinking water for the city. Other rivers are Haradros, Meilichos and the mountain torrent Diakoniaris and it features the typical mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, with spring and autumn being pleasant transitional seasons. Autumn in Patras, however, is wetter than spring, of great importance for the biological diversity of the area and the preservation of its climate is the swamp of Agyia, a small and coastal aquatic ecosystem of only 30 ha, north of the city centre. Another geophysical characteristic of the region is its level of seismicity. Small tremors are recorded along the coast of Patras almost constantly, larger earthquakes hit the area every few years with potentially destructive effects. In 1993, a 5. 0-magnitude earthquake caused damage to several buildings throughout Patras due to the proximity of the epicenter to the city. On June 15,1995, a 6. 2-magnitude earthquake hit the town of Aigion. The Ionian Islands are also hit by even more severe earthquakes. In antiquity, the most notable example of destruction caused by an earthquake in the region was the total submergence of the ancient Achaean city of Helike, the first traces of settlement in Patras date to as early as the third millennium BC, in the area of modern Aroe. Patras flourished for the first time in the Post-Helladic or Mycenean period, Ancient Patras was formed by the unification of three Mycenaean villages in modern Aroe, namely Antheia and Mesatis
Patras, Greece
–
View of Patras from the fortress
Patras, Greece
–
Satellite view of Patras.
Patras, Greece
–
A view of
Panachaiko mountain.
Patras, Greece
–
The Roman
Odeon.
15.
Constantinople
–
Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire, and also of the brief Latin, and the later Ottoman empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, Constantinople never truly recovered from the devastation of the Fourth Crusade and the decades of misrule by the Latins. The origins of the name of Byzantion, more known by the later Latin Byzantium, are not entirely clear. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was likely just a play on the word Byzantion. During this time, the city was also called Second Rome, Eastern Rome, and Roma Constantinopolitana. As the city became the remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population, and influence grew. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently, the medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe used the Old Norse name Miklagarðr, and later Miklagard and Miklagarth. In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-kubra and in Persian as Takht-e Rum, in East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople was referred to as Tsargrad or Carigrad, City of the Caesar, from the Slavonic words tsar and grad. This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις, the modern Turkish name for the city, İstanbul, derives from the Greek phrase eis tin polin, meaning into the city or to the city. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script, in time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinoúpolis/Konstantinoúpoli or simply just the City, apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement, except that it was abandoned by the time the Megarian colonists settled the site anew. A farsighted treaty with the emergent power of Rome in c.150 BC which stipulated tribute in exchange for independent status allowed it to enter Roman rule unscathed. The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour. He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed Augusta Antonina, fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, yet it had been the capital of the state for over a thousand years, and it might have seemed unthinkable to suggest that the capital be moved to a different location. Constantinople was built over 6 years, and consecrated on 11 May 330, Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis
Constantinople
–
Constantinople in the Byzantine era
Constantinople
–
Map of Byzantine Constantinople
Constantinople
–
Emperor
Constantine I presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic.
Hagia Sophia, c. 1000
Constantinople
–
Coin struck by Constantine I to commemorate the founding of Constantinople
16.
Common Room (university)
–
In addition to this, each of the above phrases may also refer to an actual room designated for the use of these groups. At the University of Cambridge, the combination room is also used. As a generalisation, JCRs are associations of undergraduates and SCRs an association of tutors, postgraduates are sometimes given their own MCR, or placed in with either of the other groups. This terminology has, in addition, been taken up in universities in other English speaking nations. The terms JCR, MCR and SCR originated from the University of Oxford, due to the way that the terms have evolved over time and the idiosyncratic nature of university structure, the use of the three terms varies considerably from institution to institution. The main variations involve terminology, mature students and postgraduate students, in addition to this, the terms may be used to refer to the elected groups that run the common rooms. Other names such as Exec may exist for these, the term JCR refers to the entire undergraduate population, but more specifically and commonly to the elected body of students who run the JCR for one academic year. There is no MCR, but the SCR includes the Warden, the Vice/Deputy Warden, Hall Bars physically house the JCR, with a separate and publicly inaccessible SCR room reserved elsewhere in Hall. At the University of Cambridge, many colleges do not have common rooms, the JCR represents undergraduates, with postgraduate students being members of the Middle Combination Room. In some colleges, postgraduates are members of both the MCR and JCR, for example, at St Johns, where the MCR is known as the Samuel Butler Room or at Peterhouse, most colleges also have an SCR. At Pembroke College the common rooms are called parlours, such as the Junior Parlour, at Jesus College, Cambridge, the JCR is known as The Jesus College Students Union, with its physical space being the Marshall Room. JCRs and MCRs have elected committees to represent their interests within their colleges, the committees are almost universally led by a President and a range of other elected positions to cover specific areas or interest or functions. There is a deal of variety between the colleges in terms of the roles that the JCRs and MCRs undertake, how much influence they have in college affairs. Nearly all are responsible for organising Freshers Week and frequent entertainments, JCR Presidents and External Officers in Cambridge are ex officio council members of the Cambridge University Students Union. Before CUSU was established, individual JCRs were direct members of the NUS and this meant that Churchill JCR was able to lead the NUS in its campaign for student representation. Unlike most universities, CUSU serves the common rooms and common rooms may choose to disaffiliate, CUSU is funded by the common rooms rather than funding them. The committee that runs the JCR is called the Executive Committee or Exec, membership of the JCR is not obligatory to students. There are some exceptions to this, the College of St Hild and St Bede has a Students Representative Council, which includes both undergraduates and postgraduates at the college, with a special postgraduate committee
Common Room (university)
–
The Senior Common Room at
Keble College, Oxford, England.
Common Room (university)
–
Dail Junior Common Room,
St John's College,
University of Sydney, Australia.
Common Room (university)
–
Mathey College Common Room,
Princeton University, USA.
17.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
18.
Menzies Campbell
–
Walter Menzies Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem, CH, CBE, PC, QC, often known as Ming Campbell, is a British Liberal Democrat politician, advocate and former athlete. He was the Member of Parliament for North East Fife from 1987 to 2015 and was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2 March 2006 until 15 October 2007. Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint from 1967–74 and he captained the Great Britain athletics team in 1965-66. He is currently the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews and he was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. He has stated that he believes the House of Lords should be mainly elected, Menzies is a Scottish name, originally written Minȝies, the z being a graphic approximation of the yogh, originally found in the name. Born in Glasgow, Campbell was educated at Hillhead High School and the University of Glasgow, graduating with a Scottish Master of Arts in 1962 and he was elected President of the Glasgow University Liberal Club in 1962, and of the Glasgow University Union for 1964–65. He later received a scholarship to study at Stanford University in California, Campbell qualified as an advocate before he became a politician. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1968 and became a Queens Counsel in 1982 and he specialised in planning and licensing law. He ceased to practise as an advocate in 2003, but returned to practice in January 2008, Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children, but Lady Campbell has a son from her previous marriage and he also captained the Great Britain athletics team in 1965 and 1966, and held the British 100 metres record from 1967 to 1974. At one time he was known as the fastest white man on the planet, in his first 10.2 second race he beat O. J. Simpson who was then an aspiring athlete. Campbell became chairman of the Scottish Liberals in 1975, and was a candidate at various general elections between 1974-83. In February and October 1974 he stood in Greenock and Port Glasgow, being defeated by Labours Dickson Mabon, after boundary changes he fought the successor seat of North East Fife in 1983, before finally gaining election there, defeating Henderson at the 1987 general election. He has not lived in his constituency during his tenure as MP and he was made the Liberal Democrat chief spokesman on foreign affairs and defence in 1992. He considered standing as a candidate to replace Paddy Ashdown as party leader in the 1999 leadership election and he later said that he regretted that decision for about 10 minutes a day. He was also one of candidates for the position of Speaker when Betty Boothroyd stood down in 2000. Campbell was diagnosed with lymphoma, a form of cancer, in 2002. Campbell replaced Alan Beith as deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in February 2003 and he took over in the general election campaign for three days from 12 April 2005 when Charles Kennedy took paternity leave
Menzies Campbell
–
The Right Honourable The Lord Campbell of Pittenweem
CH CBE PC QC
Menzies Campbell
–
At the
Edinburgh Film Festival in 2007
19.
Catherine Stihler
–
Catherine Stihler is a British Labour Party politician. She has been a member of the European Parliament for Scotland since 1999 and she is currently the only female MEP representing Scotland. In October 2014, she was elected as rector of the University of St Andrews, while at St Andrews she was elected president of the Students Association, serving from 1994 to 1995. She also served on the Scottish Executive Committee of the Labour Party from 1993 to 1995 and was the Young Labour delegate to the National Executive Committee from 1995 to 1997, while a postgraduate student she stood in the Angus constituency at the 1997 general election. In March 2006 she had her first child, Alexander, with her husband David, catherine and Davids second child, Andrew, was born in 2011. After the election Stihler worked for Anne Begg, Member of Parliament for Aberdeen South, catherine was re-elected as an MEP for Scotland in 2004 and 2009. She has served as the Deputy Leader of the EPLP and held positions as Labours Euro spokesperson on health, catherine is currently Labours Euro-Spokesperson on Consumer Rights and is the only Scottish MEP on the prestigious economic and monetary affairs committee. She is an anti tobacco campaigner with a key interest in campaigning for recognition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. She was the unsuccessful Labour candidate in the Dunfermline and West Fife by-election,2006, official website Profile on European Parliament website
Catherine Stihler
–
Catherine Stihler
MEP
20.
Governance of the University of St Andrews
–
The governance of the University of St Andrews is laid down in a series of Acts of Parliament enacted between 1858 and 1966. In common with the other Ancient universities of Scotland, there are three bodies responsible for governance, as determined by the Universities Act 1858 and this Act created three bodies, the General Council, University Court and Academic Senate. The General Council is an advisory body of all the graduates, academics. It meets twice a year and appoints a Business Committee to transact business between those meetings, the most important jobs it performs is in appointing two Assessors to the University Court and electing the University Chancellor. Under the University Act 1858 the University Court is the governing body of the University, having responsibilities for the finances. Its twenty-three members come from within the University, the local community and it also has the power to review decisions of the Academic Senate. There is a handbook for members available here, the Court is chaired by the Rector who is elected by all the matriculated students of the University. 121 and approved by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom May 22,2002. It is recognised that the Rector, when present, will preside over meetings of the Court, given this special status of the Rector, the Court appoints one of its lay members to preside at Court meetings in the absence of the Rector. The appointee - known as the Senior Governor - is responsible for appointing an alternate president to act at a meeting when neither the Rector nor the Senior Governor can be present and they have a more active role in the business of court. They have become de jure the working President of the Court, appointed in June 2007, the current Senior Governor is Professor Ewan Brown. Professor Brown is an alumnus of the University, the Senatus Academicus is the supreme academic body under the presidency of the University Principal. It consists of all professors, deans of faculties, heads of school, a number of elected members of staff. Another function of the Senate is the discipline of students, under the Sponsio Academica the Senate has the power to expel a student should they bring the University into disrepute. However, the full Senatus Academicus has not met for many years, much of the Senates business is delegated to a smaller body, the Academic Council. The Principal is the executive of the University and is assisted in that role by several key officers. The Deans of Faculties and other faculty officers, including those responsible for postgraduate matters, are elected by the Faculty Councils, the Faculty Councils meet once annually, towards the end of each academic year. There is ample scope for student participation in University government, at undergraduate and postgraduate level
Governance of the University of St Andrews
–
Governance
21.
General Council of the University of St Andrews
–
The General Council of the University of St Andrews is the corporate body of all graduates and senior academics of the University of St Andrews in Scotland. It was instituted by the Universities Act 1858, but its constitution and organisation have been altered by subsequent statutes. Members may raise any matter bearing upon the University, by reference to the Convener of the Business Committee of the General Council, College Gate, the Council elects two Assessors to the University Court. No member of the Senatus Academicus is entitled to vote or take part in the election of any Assessor of the General Council, the membership of the General Council is governed by ordinance No.96 of the University of St Andrews and is as follows, - The Chancellor. The Chancellor of the University is elected by the General Council and is President of the Council, under the Universities Act 1966, new Ordinances and Resolutions are communicated in draft form to the General Council, whose opinion thereon is taken into consideration. Statutory Meetings - The Council shall assemble twice each year, such meetings to be held on the last Saturday in January, quorum - the quorum of the Council shall be twenty. No member of the Senatus Academicus shall preside at a meeting of the Council during that part of the devoted to the election of an Assessor on the University Court. In every case the Chairman has a deliberative and also a casting vote, Committees - The Council shall appoint and determine the duties of a Business Committee. From time to time the Council may appoint other committees to report on any matter remitted to them or to carry out given to them by the Council. The affairs of the Council are conducted by a Business Committee exercising duties determined by the Council in accordance with the Councils instructions, the Chancellors Assessor on the University Court. The Assessors of the General Council on the University Court, the Conveners of all other Committees of the General Council. Two of the members of the University Court who are alumni. The elected members shall be twelve in number and they shall hold office for four years. Subject to paragraph 5 below, they not be eligible for re-election until one year has elapsed from the date of demitting office. The election of members shall take place annually at the second statutory half-yearly meeting of the General Council, but a casual vacancy may be filled at either statutory half-yearly meeting. In the case of a vacancy the person elected to fill it shall retire when the member he succeeded would in ordinary rotation have retired. The Convener and Vice Convener shall be ex officio members of all the committees of the Council
General Council of the University of St Andrews
–
Governance
22.
Ancient university governance in Scotland
–
The ancient university governance structure in Scotland is the organisational system imposed by a series of Acts of Parliament called the Universities Acts 1858 to 1966. The Acts applied to what were termed the older universities, the University of St Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh. Whilst the Acts do not directly apply to the University of Dundee, Together these five universities are commonly referred to as the ancient universities of Scotland. The ancient structure applies a tripartite relationship of bodies with authority over the university and these are the university court, the general council and the senatus academicus. The senatus academicus is the academic body of a university. In practice, the power of the senatus academicus is to elect a number of assessors to serve on the university court. The powers granted to the body are theoretically contained s, often the full senatus rarely meets and under Section 5 has a quorum of one-third of its membership. The senatus often devolves some of its authority to an academic council. The university courts were first established for the ancient universities by the 1858 Act and are responsible for the finances and administration of each university. Each university, subject to approval by the Privy Council, determines the constitution of its court, with coming from within each university. In all the ancient universities other than Dundee, the court is chaired by the rector, members are also appointed by the general council, senatus academicus and some ex officio members drawn from the local authority. There will be a number of lay-members on the court, as well as representatives drawn from the representative council. The general council is a body of all senior academics and graduates presided over by the chancellor of the university. Members who are not also members of the senatus academicus are entitled to elect assessors to the university court, chiefly the general council is an advisory body, and exists to connect alumni with their alma mater. The general councils were also connected with the Scottish university constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until their abolition in 1950, the officers of the ancient universities often predate the Universities Acts which give them statutory authority by centuries. The Chancellor is nominal head of the university and he is elected for life by the General Council by virtue of s.2 of the Universities Act 1858. The Chancellor is given the duty of awarding degrees, but may delegate this to a Vice Chancellor. The involvement of university chancellors varies from institution to institution, in some always participating in academic ceremonies, the Chancellor is often a member of the Royal Family, a local dignitary or noble or significant academic with some tie to the university or local area
Ancient university governance in Scotland
–
Governance
Ancient university governance in Scotland
Ancient university governance in Scotland
Ancient university governance in Scotland
23.
History of the University of St Andrews
–
The history of the University of St Andrews began with its foundation in 1410 when a charter of incorporation was bestowed upon the Augustinian priory of St Andrews Cathedral. The University grew in size rapidly, St. Salvators College was established in 1450, St. Leonards College in 1511. Some of the buildings in use today date from this period as does St Salvators Chapel. At this time much of the teaching was of a nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. In 1411 the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, issued a charter which attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors, in 1413 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII issued six bulls confirming the charter and constituting the society a university. Lectures took place in parts of the town until 1430. In 1512 Prior John Hepburn and Archbishop Alexander Stewart founded St Leonards College on the site of the buildings which at one time served as a hospital for pilgrims, the outline of the ancient structure has survived, but various restorations have much altered its general character. It forms two sides of a quadrangle, the library and principals residence standing on the north and the lecture rooms, during the 17th to 19th centuries, the university underwent many changes. The distinctive red gowns which are still in use today were adopted in 1672 and towards the end of the century a move to Perth was considered. In 1747 St Salvators and St Leonardss were merged to form the United College of St. Salvator, during the nineteenth century student numbers were very low and the university having to close was a very real possibility. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equivalent to the MA men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A, examination, required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level, and entitled them to hold a diploma from the University. She entered the university in 1892, making St Andrews the first university in Scotland to admit women undergraduates on the level as men. In response to the number of female students residing in St Andrews, the first womens hall was built in 1896. Today the university is growing rapidly and in sound financial health. It was situated in a building on the site of the old Pedagogy, later remodelled in 1764. The lower hall in the part of the building was used for University meetings, examinations and academical ceremonials. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St Marys was set apart for theology, the co-educational St Leonards School now occupies the buildings of the former St. Leonards College
History of the University of St Andrews
–
St Salvator's Chapel, by Malcolm McFadyen
History of the University of St Andrews
–
Governance
24.
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
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Academic dress at the University of St Andrews is an important part of university life. The University of St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, being the oldest of the ancient universities of Scotland and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world, academic dress is compulsory at official ceremonial occasions, such as graduation and the installations of Rector and Chancellor. Gowns are also worn by University Ambassadors when conducting tours of the University grounds for students and by the collegiate chapel choirs of St Salvator. Chancellors Assessor, Black silk gown with long closed sleeves, each ornamented with two gold frogs worn with a black velvet cap with a black tassel. Rectors Assessor, Purple-blue silk gown with open sleeves and a maroon velvet collar worn with a black velvet trencher cap with a black tassel. Principal, Purple corded silk gown with sleeves, faced with purple velvet worn with a black velvet trencher trimmed with silver lace. Vice Principal, Black corded silk gown with sleeves, faced with purple velvet worn with a black velvet trencher trimmed with silver lace. It is traditional, for students in the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard, for first-years to wear the gown high on the shoulders and for second years to wear it lower on the shoulders. Third year students wear it off the shoulder if in the Faculty of Science or Medicine. Fourth year students wear it off both shoulders, as a general rule, it is considered bad luck to hook the fastenings on the undergraduate gown, or to wash it. They are black cloth with coloured tassels, blue for Bejants, crimson for Semi-Bejants, yellow for Tertians, folklore dictates only women students wear trenchers. Graduates wore the gown of the highest degree conferred upon them with or without the appropriate hood, however, a new St Leonards College gown has been introduced which is black and faced with burgundy so as to better integrate postgraduates into the gown tradition at St Andrews. Gowns and caps appropriate to a degree or official position within the university are worn according to the rules set down by the Senatus Academicus. Ordinary Graduands wear a black stuff or silk gown cut in the Cambridge M. A. style with the crescent-cut sleeves facing backwards, carry the hood proper to the degree to be conferred. Honorary Graduands wear undress, a black, silk, full-sleeved cassock with buttons and cincture of the faculty colour. They can wear either a black cloth mortar board with a tassel or in the case doctors receiving honorary degrees. Doctors in full-dress wear a gown, similar to the Cambridge Mus. D. pattern, of the colour of the appropriate degree hood, graduates wear the gown and hood appropriate to their highest degree and carry a black cloth square cap
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
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Gowned St Andrews undergraduates on the town pier.
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
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Governance
25.
Lady Literate in Arts
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In terms of academic standard, it was equivalent to the Master of Arts. To obtain an LLA candidates had to pass examinations at a university-approved centre, even after 1892, the LLA continued to be popular with women who wanted to study for an arts degree without needing to attend one particular institution for three or four years. Thousands of women received an LLA before it was discontinued in the 1930s, William Angus Knight, Professor of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews between 1876 and 1903, was a supporter of female education and the main force behind the universitys introduction of the LLA degree. Helen Bannerman, the writer, and suffragette Margaret Nevinson both had LLAs, as did the wartime nursing heroine, Violetta Thurstan. Smart, Literate Ladies, a Fifty-Year Experiment in St Andrews University Alumnus Chronicle Lady Literate in Arts William Knight
Lady Literate in Arts
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Governance
26.
Museum of the University of St Andrews
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The Museum of the University of St Andrews opened in October 2008 and is associated with the University of St Andrews. The museum houses a selection of the Universitys historic and artistic collections and they are displayed across four galleries which aim to tell the story of the University. The museum also contains a ‘Learning Loft’ for workshops and a terrace with panoramic views over St Andrews Bay. The four galleries aim to tell the story of the University of St Andrews from its foundation in 1410 until the present day, each gallery takes a different theme. Scotlands First University covers the foundation and early period of the Universitys history, living and Learning examines student life at St Andrews and looks at aspects such as dining, student societies and the iconic red gown. The fourth gallery is now used for exhibitions and shows a range of changing displays. The Universitys collection includes three Recognised Collections of National Significance and these are collections that are judged to be of national or international importance. The three Recognised Collections at the University are the Heritage Collection, the Collection of Historic Scientific Instruments, a selection of the most important items from each of these collections is on display in MUSA. The museum considers its highlight to be three medieval ceremonial maces which date from the 15th century, the oldest of these, the Mace of the Faculty of Arts, was commissioned in 1416 and was probably made in Paris. It has a hexagonal head on which are engraved the images of saints. The second mace, that of the College of St Salvator, was made in Paris by Jean Maiel in 1461, the head is considered by some to be one of the finest pieces of medieval European silverware in existence. It shows Christ, or St Salvator, in the centre of an architectural shrine and he stands on a globe with his hands raised to show the nail marks. Around him stand three angels, each holding a symbol of the passion and its probable origin in Scotland makes it particularly rare. These maces are used during graduation ceremonies. Other highlights include the Great Astrolabe, made in 1575, which was purchased by James Gregory in the 17th century and it is believed this is the biggest historic astrolabe in existence. Some items give insights into student life, such as the black stone, the museum occasionally displays the only surviving one of the six bulls sent by Pope Benedict XIII to found the University of St Andrews in 1413. Owing to its age and consequent fragility, however, a facsimile is usually on display, the museum runs a wide ranging programme of talks, workshops and tours on a variety of subjects related to its collections. The programme currently comprises around 200 events each year, on top of this the museum offers a comprehensive schools programme
Museum of the University of St Andrews
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Governance
Museum of the University of St Andrews
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Entertainment
27.
University of Dundee
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The University of Dundee is a public research university based in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee on the east coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland. It is consistently ranked within the Top 250 universities in the world, following significant expansion, the University of Dundee became an independent body in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure. Since its independence, the university has grown to become a recognised centre for research. The main campus of the university is located in Dundees West End and consists of a mixture of Victorian, Edwardian and postmodern architecture. Dundee has developed a significant reputation for students entering the professions, most notably law, medicine and dentistry as well as emerging areas such as life sciences. The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier University college based in Dundee, at the same time, the University of St Andrews was, as were the other universities in Scotland at the time, suffering from significant financial problems. Moreover, St Andrews position, isolation and small size contributed to a significant decline, finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, Dr John Boyd Baxter, no religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, University College, Dundee was established as an academic institution, when opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties, Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later and this move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews after which all students would undertake their studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the University generally, by session 1909-10234 students were studying at University College,101 of whom were female. Attempts were made to raise income, kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. In 1947, the Principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the Wimberley Memo, in 1954, after a Royal Commission, University College was renamed Queens College and the Dundee-based elements of the University gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queens College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics, Queens Colleges size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part
University of Dundee
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Ellenbank: the former Students' Union and one of the longest-used buildings of the university.
University of Dundee
University of Dundee
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The Harris Building on the Geddes Quadrangle
University of Dundee
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The Old Medical School, an example of expansion into the professions and purpose-built university structures from the turn of the century
28.
United College, St Andrews
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The United College of St Salvator and St Leonard is one of the two statutory colleges of the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. It was founded in 1747 by the merger of St Salvators College, the College encompasses the Faculties of Arts, Medicine and Science and is headed by the Master of the United College. The current Master of the United College is Professor Garry Taylor, the college no longer functions as an administrative body and its use is purely formal. The other statutory college of the University is St Marys College which encompasses the Universitys Faculty of Divinity, a third college, St Leonards College was re-established in 1972 as a non-statutory college, which encompasses postgraduate and postdoctoral students
United College, St Andrews
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Coat of arms of United College
United College, St Andrews
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Governance
29.
James Gregory Telescope
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The James Gregory Telescope was constructed in 1962 by the University of St Andrews. It is of a Schmidt-Cassegrain design and is fitted with a CCD camera, the James Gregory Telescope is named after the Scottish mathematician, astronomer and University academic James Gregory, who invented the Gregorian telescope. List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century Gregor telescope at the Teide Observatory, Gregorian telescope is a type of telescope. James Gregory is the inventor of the Gregorian telescope
James Gregory Telescope
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James Gregory Telescope
30.
University of St Andrews School of Medicine
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The University of St Andrews School of Medicine is the school of medicine at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland and the oldest medical school in Scotland. The School of Medicine was ranked 8th in the UK by the Times Good University Guide Subject Tables 2013,2014 and 2015, admission is very competitive, with an acceptance rate of 17. 2% in 2012-13. The yield rate, also known as the rate is 68% for the 2012-13 admissions year. According to the Guardian University Guide 2013, St Andrews requires the 6th highest entry grades in the UK, the medical school teaches pre-clinical medicine with students completing clinical teaching at different medical schools in the UK. The school is associated with 1 Nobel Prize and 2 Victoria Cross winners, famous alumni include small pox vaccine pioneer Edward Jenner and inventor of beta blockers and H2 receptor antagonists, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Sir James Black. Medicine was the subject to be taught at the University of St Andrews, at St Salvators College and later the United College of St Salvator. Bishop Kennedy founded St Salvators College in 1450, confirmed by a Papal Bull in 1458, from the 17th to the 19th centuries, medical degrees from St Andrews were awarded by an early version of distance learning. The university awarded the degree of MD to individuals who were already established in medical practice. This degree was awarded on the basis of a written by a supervisor. The whole process was conducted through the post, and the candidate did not have to visit the university, the Chandos Chair still exists, although it has now become a chair of physiology. In the early 19th century, examinations were introduced, students had to visit St Andrews to sit them, but there was no teaching at the university. The buildings, much added to and modified, especially after a gift from Andrew Carnegie and these provided for the establishment of a regular medical school, which both taught and examined medical students. The 3rd Marquess of Bute also provided for the establishment of a new chair of medicine—the Bute Chair of Medicine, in 1898, the University of St Andrews created the University College Dundee. Together, the Bute Medical School and clinical facilities at University College Dundee formed a conjoint medical school, students were awarded the degree of MB ChB by the University of St Andrews. In 1954, University College Dundee changed its name to Queens College, in August 1967, following recommendations by the Robbins Report, the Universities Act 1966 came into force. This granted independent university status to the University of Dundee, separating Queens College from the University of St Andrews, in many respects, the medical school at the University of Dundee inherited the medical traditions of St Andrews University. As the clinical medical school had been based in Dundee, this left St Andrews with no medical school or teaching hospital. The Universities Act 1966 also removed the University of St Andrewss right to award undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in medicine, including the MB ChB, however, the right to award the MD has since been restored
University of St Andrews School of Medicine
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Bute Medical Building
University of St Andrews School of Medicine
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University of St Andrews School of Medicine
University of St Andrews School of Medicine
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New Medical School
University of St Andrews School of Medicine
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Bute Medical School Scarf
31.
Gatty Marine Laboratory
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The Gatty Marine Laboratory is a science facility located in the coastal town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. The Gatty Marine Laboratory is known as the place where Richard G. Morris developed the Morris water navigation task in the early 1980s. The laboratory was paid for by the zoologist Charles Henry Gatty FRS FRSE FLS FGS during his later life and he paid both for an original timber building and its permanent stone replacement. Its first Director was William Carmichael McIntosh FRSE, the permanent building was officially opened on 3 October 1896 by Lord Reay, at which point the timber building was abandoned. The building was damaged by fire in 1913. The Gatty Marine Laboratory has been continuously occupied except for the period between 1931 and the end of World War II, the laboratory has its origins in the government-funded St Andrews Fisheries Laboratory, which was founded in 1884. The first director, Professor William Carmichael McIntosh FRS, conducted pioneering work on the taxonomy of annelids, in 1945-46 the Gatty received an operating budget of £50 and was used as a field station by zoologists and botanists based in the Bute Medical Building in the town centre. From 1969 to 1985 the laboratory was under the Directorship of Prof Michael Laverack, since 1987, the Gatty has been a component Research Institute of the School of Biology. The laboratory built up strong research groupings in fish biology and marine ecology, in 1997, a major £4.3 million extension to the building was financed by the University Court. The new building provided a lecture theatre and teaching laboratory. The major part of the new build was occupied by the Natural Environment Research Council sponsored Sea Mammal Research Unit, Research School of Biology, University of St Andrews Sea Mammal Research Unit Homepage University of St Andrews Natural Environment Research Council
Gatty Marine Laboratory
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East Sands beach, St Andrews, viewed from the Gatty Marine Laboratory
Gatty Marine Laboratory
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Governance
32.
Sea Mammal Research Unit
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The Sea Mammal Research Unit is a marine science research organisation in Fife, Scotland. It provides the UKs main science capability in the field of marine mammal biology and it is located at the Gatty Marine Laboratory, part of the University of St Andrews. It was established in 1978, when the Natural Environment Research Council merged its Seals Research Division, SMRU also uses the popularity of marine mammals to improve public knowledge about the marine environment. It is also relevant to the Joint UK Response to the Review of Marine Nature Conservation, the EU Marine Strategy, SMRU is an independent NERC collaborative centre. The funding it receives from NERC is mainly to support the Conservation of Seals Act 1970, SMRU focuses over half of its research effort on cetaceans. In agreement with NERC, SMRU raises the remainder of its funding from other sources and these include the European Union, Defra, Scottish Government and UK Ministry of Defence. It also develops and supplies instrumentation to the science community and they have offices in Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific. On 1st June 2016, a dead Minke whale washed ashore on the West Sands beach of St. Andrews, near to the SMRU, and was discovered by a dog walker that evening. During low-tide on the 2nd June, staff and students from the SMRU, along with the Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme, jointly conducted a necropsy of the whale in view of the public
Sea Mammal Research Unit
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Governance
33.
Agnes Blackadder Hall
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Agnes Blackadder Hall is the largest single-building Hall of Residence owned by the University of St Andrews. It was opened in 1993 and is located in the town of St Andrews, Fife and it has 519 bedrooms, of which 25 are shared. Previously it was the only Hall in St Andrews to accommodate both catered and self-catered students, and catered students were in the significant majority and it currently provides residence for both catered and non-catered students. The name New Hall was initially intended to be purely a temporary one, a mass meeting of the halls residents was held to discuss the matter, and gather suggestions for the halls permanent name. However, no name was decided upon by the university authorities. Agnes Forbes Blackadder is notable as the University of St Andrews first female graduate, the new name, coincidentally or otherwise, reflects the significant population of medical students in residence due to the Medical School being relatively nearby. The new name was adopted during a naming ceremony at the hall on 15 October 2012. Blackadder is laid out in a series of blocks overlooking quads, there are four floors, along which study bedrooms run along an extensive network of corridors which span from the centre of hall outwards to the left and the right. Roughly ten students each share kitchen facilities which are commonly on the end of each sub-section of corridor, the design purportedly takes inspiration from either a prison or mental asylum. Despite being a floor taller however the interiors of the towers are empty at the top, with windows to mark them. Blackadder is located on the North Haugh area of St Andrews and it overlooks a large grass area, with flats used for playing football or rugby. The field is at its best in spring and summer when the sun is shining and it is a 15-minute walk from town. Past Andrew Melville Hall there is a lake, which is inhabited by swans. Blackadder has its own area, the Forbes, which is open to students 24 hours a day. The Forbes was open after its renovation and upgrade project in Summer 2015. Although not currently serving food or drinks, the bar is used by the Hall Committee during Hall Events. The café also serves as the social area of the hall, with a widescreen TV. There are additional seating areas in the foyer, where there are also payphones, in the same area there is a laundry room, which has several machines working on a coin-operated basis
Agnes Blackadder Hall
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The main entrance to Agnes Blackadder Hall
Agnes Blackadder Hall
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Governance
34.
Andrew Melville Hall
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Andrew Melville Hall is a student hall of residence of the University of St Andrews located in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It was built in 1967 in the brutalist style, and it accommodates approximately 275 students, errors in construction meant that extensive remedial work was required over several decades. Plans for further buildings to the design were abandoned. It was named after Andrew Melville, a 16th-century Scottish scholar, theologian and religious reformer who was a graduate of the University, and it is of a striking design and is situated prominently at the North Haugh on a ridge overlooking the St Andrews Links. The hall resembles passing ships, a theme of the architects style. It has become an important architectural landmark, It was included in DoCoMoMos 1993 list of Key Scottish Monuments and was ranked number 12 in the top 100 Scottish buildings of the last 50 years, the building was listed Category A in 2011. Alex Salmond, a former First Minister of Scotland, stated that he had lived at Andrew Melville Hall when a student at St Andrews, during the academic year students live in Melville, with the vast majority of these in single rooms. Every room looks out over surrounding parkland, inhabited by a number of wild rabbits. The hall is divided into five blocks, designated A, B, C, D and E. Generally A, C and E blocks are mixed, with B block being all male, each block is divided up into a number of floors accessed through a central stairwell from the ground floor concourse. Typically each floor consists of sixteen study-bedrooms arranged in two groups of eight on either side of the stairwell, a number of showers/bathrooms and a pantry, the buildings striking geometry is reflected in the irregular octagonal shape of the bedrooms. The hall itself has three rooms in the central block, as well as a library and study room off the main concourse in E block and similarly a computer. While the main access to the hall is from the North Haugh, the central staircase leads to a path to David Russell Apartments. In the summer vacation the residence is open for use by conferences, as all residences in the University of St Andrews, it has a number of staff and students that contribute to its running. Various groups contribute to the operation and maintenance of the hall, a wardens team is responsible for student welfare, discipline, and has oversight for community development. A student committee elected by the residents, headed by the student, is responsible for student matters. A residence management team is responsible for the running of the residence, including catering, house services. Andrew Melville Hall was used for shooting of the film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel
Andrew Melville Hall
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Andrew Melville Hall in 1964
Andrew Melville Hall
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Governance
35.
Deans Court
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Deans Court is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews, and arguably the oldest dwelling house in the town of St Andrews, Scotland. It stands at the east-end of St Andrews, where North street, the entrance of the courtyard opens up to the ancient, ruined, St Andrews cathedral. The Hall is open exclusively to postgraduates, and comprises the building and four annexes. The main building of Deans Court has its origins in the twelfth century, today, the vault is used as the dining hall. A small armorial plaque, moved from its site, bears the arms of James Haldenstone. Douglas remodelled Deans Court around 1585, adding a round-arched foot-gate in the courtyard, in the 17th century, at least a section of the building was home to Sir James Gregory, an astronomer and mathematician who was Professor of Mathematics at the University from 1668 to 1674. The building was Victorianized in 1876 and became home to the Stirling family and it was re-opened as a postgraduate hall of residence in 1951, and is now home to some 50 students. The Universitys coat of arms can be seen over the door way, along with the Universitys motto, ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ Official Residence Site The History of Deans Court
Deans Court
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The main entrance of Deans Court
Deans Court
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Deans Court as seen from North Street
Deans Court
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The vaulted dining room
Deans Court
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Governance
36.
Hamilton Hall (University of St Andrews)
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Hamilton Hall was a hall of residence for the University of St Andrews, Scotland, between the years of 1949 and 2006. The building is located on Golf Place, beside the Old Course and it featured both in the film Chariots of Fire and in coverage of the many golf tournaments played over the Old Course. The building originally opened as the Grand Hotel in 1895 at the time of an expansion of St Andrews as a popular tourist destination. It was built by businessman Thomas Hamilton, after reputedly having been rejected when he sought membership of the Royal & Ancient Golf Club, the Grand Hotel was in a prime location to take advantage of two of the citys attractions, golf and sea bathing. Indeed, the hotel became very successful and even managed to attract royal clientele in the early years of the twentieth century. However, the hotel was requisitioned by the forces during the Second World War. Following the end of the war, there was a proposal to sell the building to the Roman Catholic Church as a residence and this plan caused much alarm among the more traditional Presbyterians in the town and was soon abandoned. In 2004 the University announced that it was to sell the hall as the result of an unsolicited bid, consequently the university session 2005−06 was the last year that Hamilton Hall was open as a hall of residence. The building was sold for £20 million, in addition, it was decided that Eden Court — an annexe to the main hall — would also be sold. However, it was not bought by the purchasers and has since become an annexe of McIntosh Hall. Following refurbishment and renovation, the hall is planned to reopen as a number of private residences, Wasserman Real Estate Capital obtained planning permission to convert the building into 23 luxury timeshare apartments. In July 2006, work began on Hamilton Hall to convert it into a residence club. While many options were considered for Hamilton Hall, a club bringing like-minded people together to preserve the Victorian building was considered the best option. Membership prices are between $1.3 and $3.3 million dependent upon the size of the flat, its view and its position within the building. Services were to include butlers, housekeeping, chefs, private and communal dining, spa and treatments for men and women, club/library, games/billiards room, by October 2008, Hamilton Hall had seen no renovation work and was in a state of disrepair. Several windows were broken or gone, leaving the open to the perils of Scottish weather. Many local residents have moved for the sale of Hamilton Hall from the owners and developers of the St. Andrews Grand, Wasserman Real Estate Capital, in early 2009 a Scottish-based property development company took on the project management. A significantly revised plan was to result in the development of 12 large and very luxurious apartments, in keeping with the history, a public announcement of the revised plan was expected in the spring of 2009
Hamilton Hall (University of St Andrews)
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Royal & Ancient Golf Clubhouse and Hamilton Hall
Hamilton Hall (University of St Andrews)
Hamilton Hall (University of St Andrews)
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Governance
37.
John Burnet Hall
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John Burnet Hall is the smallest capacity Hall of Residence owned by the University of St Andrews. It was formerly the Atholl Hotel and is located in the town of St Andrews, Fife and it has 76 bedrooms, of which 34 are shared in the main building and 36 single, en-suite rooms in the annex. All the rooms are catered, with meals being provided 3 times a day during the week and breakfast, prices for 2013–14 are £5,780 - £6,975 per year. The hall is named after the Scottish classicist, John Burnet and it was formerly called the Atholl Hotel before it was purchased by the University of St Andrews. John Burnet Hall is located on the road coming into St Andrews, it overlooks the 18th hole of the St Andrews Links Old Course. Communal areas include a room and library, TV room, laundry room, common room, known as the West Lounge, with a foosball table. The hall also has a Nintendo Wii, often used with a projector, wiFi is available throughout the hall through the universitys eduroam service. Due to John Burnet Halls small size, each year its residents will often form a community, continuing the traditions relayed by past. In terms of student traditions the hall has its own purity test, a Yipping fertility chant. As of 2015, John Burnet has its own official poem titled Ode to an Elderly Athollite, provided in every room, written loosely in iambic tetrameter, the following poem features an elderly speaker joyfully reliving the more nuanced traditions of John Burnet. Ode to an Elderly Athollite When thoughts run through my senile head That rests upon a hospice bed, I’ll yip when nurses leave in twos. ‘I want IV in green and blue. ’ To hear piano come through floors And see Front Hall behind each door, on Rainbow Road I whirl wheelchairs To Fernie, to West Lounge, I’ll be there. With each new patient, ‘a semester abroad. ’ It’s Gents’ Night tonight on the Geriatric Ward, O Slap Cup, Flip Cup with my medication. I’ll coin each cup that’s filled with pills For John Burnet will cure my ills, so be it in world or hospice bed, John Burnet breathes inside my head. For I am Foster, and I believe, I, Athollite, John Burnet Arrivals John Burnet Website John Burnet Facebook group University of St Andrews website
John Burnet Hall
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Governance
38.
University Hall (University of St Andrews)
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University Hall is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. When it opened in 1896 it was the first residence for students in Scotland. University Hall is now a mixed residence, the amenities include libraries and an oak panelled common room. University Hall recently underwent a refurbishment, which was completed in 2009. University of St Andrews University Accommodation - University Hall
University Hall (University of St Andrews)
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University Hall as seen from Donaldson Gardens
University Hall (University of St Andrews)
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The Wardlaw wing of University Hall
University Hall (University of St Andrews)
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Governance
39.
University of St Andrews Athletic Union
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The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the umbrella organisation for the support and development of sport and sports clubs at the University of St Andrews. Run by students, for students, it structure and advice to over 60 clubs. The Athletic Union is a student representative body with its own constitution sanctioned by the University Court, the Athletic Union is run by an Executive Committee elected by the student body of the University of St Andrews. There are over 60 clubs affiliated to the Athletic Union which receive various levels of support, BUCS is responsible for the organisation of the majority of university sport and claims to set more sports fixtures than any other sports organisation in Europe. Every sport that is recognised by BUCS is allocated points towards it and these are compiled and at the end of the season all institutions are ranked for sport. The University of St Andrews Athletic Union affiliates to SSS annually, SSS runs a lot of the sports events and fixtures on behalf of BUCS in Scotland, in particular the British University Games. SSS also takes responsibility for a lot of the sports BUCS does not recognise such as rifle, shinty, gaelic football, Athletic Union University Canoe Club University of St Andrews British Universities and Colleges Sport Scottish Universities and Colleges Sport
University of St Andrews Athletic Union
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University of St Andrews Athletic Union
40.
University of St Andrews Boat Club
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The University of St Andrews Boat Club, founded in 1965, is the rowing team affiliated to the University of St Andrews. Its national governing body is Scottish Rowing and the code of SAU. Additionally, the Club qualified for the Prince Albert Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta, uStABC has a facebook page, twitter page, instagram, and website. The club was founded in the 1964-1965 academic year by John Browne with one coxed four and 6 athletes, the club rowed on the River Eden until the late 1990s until they moved to River Tay, Perth due to extremely tidal waters. In January 2016, the club moved again to Loch Ore, the club qualified for the Prince Albert Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 2016, the first time in the clubs history. The University of St Andrews Boat Club utilises indoor studio space for training as well as usage of specialist Strength. Following a move, in early 2016, from their previous training waters on the River Tay, Perth, the 1. 4km long Loch provides more favourable training conditions and facilities. Annually, the Boat Club goes on international training camps for vital water training as well as to allow the integration of Senior, past tour locations have includes Banyoles, Spain and Lake Iseo, Italy. In 2014, the Eden Boat Club was founded as the rowing club for the University of St Andrews Boat Club. Mainly based out of London, Eden BC has competed at Henley Town and Visitors Regatta as well as at Head of the Charles Regatta, Boston, USA
University of St Andrews Boat Club
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University of St Andrews Athletic Union
41.
St Andrews University Canoe Club
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The University of St Andrews Canoe Club, abbreviated to StAUCC, is a sports club at the University of St Andrews. The clubs primary focus is recreational whitewater kayaking, but it also engages in other aspects of paddlesport, including surf kayaking, additionally, members of StAUCC take part in various competitive kayaking disciplines, such as whitewater slalom, canoe polo and wildwater racing. StAUCC is affiliated to the University of St Andrews Athletic Union, the club was founded for the academic year of 1974–1975. The earliest known captain of the club was Gordon Harwell in 1981, the club is based in St Andrews mainly operating out of their boat shed near East Sands As of 2014, the club is governed by a committee of 14 positions. The club captain leads the club but their role is more administrative than the name suggests, the club competes nationally at British Universities and Colleges Sport events, including canoe polo, wildwater racing and canoe slalom. In 2007, the club was featured on BBCs Coast as part of a segment on student life at the university of St Andrews, the club undertakes charitable and outreach work. Jonny Hawkins was a member with the club from 2008–2012, and was the captain in 2009. Jonny was selected for the 2011 British Universities Kayaking Expedition, after this he went on to sea kayak around Scotland and Hong Kong. In the summer of 2013 Jonny was part of an expedition to Borneo, with the aims of exploring never before paddled whitewater and also of performing research for a conservation charity Heart of Borneo
St Andrews University Canoe Club
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A member of the club paddling 'right angle' on the
river Etive
42.
St Andrews University F.C.
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The University of St Andrews Football Club was formed in the late 19th Century at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. The Club currently has three teams participating in the Fife Amateur League and in the BUCS League, the Club fully affiliated to the Scottish Football Association in 1907, playing Senior Football until it allowed its membership to lapse in 1939. Since then the University Teams have been playing in the local Amateur league, in the early 20th Century the four Ancient Universities were given a bye into the 3rd qualifying round of the Scottish Cup. St. Andrews debuted in 1907 against the Vale of Atholl in front of 1000 spectators at University Park. The Club have appeared in the Scottish Cup proper on three occasions losing 10–1 to Cowdenbeath in 1923, 3–,0 at home to Bathgate in 1929 and 6–1 away to Nithsdale Wanderers in 1930. There are no records of the Clubs exploits in the Scottish Amateur Cup, a second XI can be traced back to the 1923–24 season, but it is unknown exactly when the Club first entered a second team into the Fife Amateur League. However, when they did so it was under the moniker United Colleges in reference to the amalgamation of St Leonards, the Club have spent most of their time in Divisions 1 and 2. The Club entered a team into the Saturday Amateur League for the first time in 2005. After two disappointing seasons, the decided to stop fielding Academicals in the Fife League. The University currently play in the Fife Premier Division while the United Colleges play in the Second Division, the Club competed against the four Ancients in Friendly competition from their formation in 1887 until the introduction of the Queens Park Shield in 1921. The First XI have won the three times the last being in 1942–43. The Shield is now awarded to the winner of the Scottish 1A Conference, St Andrews 1st XI have, since the late nineties, been in Scottish Conference 2A suffering many years of frustration and near misses in their quest for promotion. This all changed in 2005 when the won the Conference. On top of that the team qualified for the BUSA Trophy, after defeating the University of Central Lancashire in the last 16 and University of York. St. John in the quarter-finals, the team were very unfortunate to lose to DeMontford University on penalties, the United Colleges are also believed to have competed in friendlies up until the advent of the SUSF Paterson trophy in 1973–74. In 2002 the Colleges came close to winning the Trophy and entry to BUSA plate but were lost the league by 1 point to Stirling University, with the advent of integrated leagues in BUSA competitions in 2004, the Paterson Trophy disappeared. Since 2002 the team have suffered a couple of relegations and are fighting for promotion from Scottish 5a, the Academicals entered the Colts trophy at its inception in 1979–80. The team have never won the competition, but came close in 1999–2000, the majority of players from these years went on to play for the first XI
St Andrews University F.C.
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Governance
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University of St Andrews RFC
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The University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club is an affiliated member of the University of St Andrews Athletic Union in Fife, Scotland. It was founded in 1858, making it one of the oldest football clubs in the world, in 2008, the club celebrated its sesquicentennial year, marking its 150th anniversary. The clubs 1st XV play their games at University Park, in the British Universities & Colleges Sport North Premier B. In 2007, the 2nd XV were Scottish University Cup champions, on 24 March 2012 the 1st XV won the RBS Caledonia Division 2 Midlands title, beating Kinross 75-0 to lift the trophy. They were promoted to Caledonia League 1 three weeks later, beating Moray RFC, Caledonia 2 North Champions, 21-0, in the 2013-14 season, they won BUCS 1A Scotland unbeaten, winning 9 games from 9. The 1st XV also defeated Edinburgh for the first time at the annual Varsity Match since it has hosted at London Scottishs ground in Richmond. In the 2014-15 season, having pulled out of the league system. The 1st XV won BUCS 1A Scotland again, and are on a four game win-streak against Edinburgh in The Scottish Varsity, St Andrews has produced 21 international players,19 for Scotland and 1 each for England and Ireland. Four of which have become British and Irish Lions, Tyrone Howe, Duncan Macrae, Chris Rea, St Andrews has also produced two womens international players for Scotland. This means that St Andrews has produced more Scotland internationalists than any other Scottish university, notably, St Andrews provided three players for the first ever rugby international, Robert Munro, Alfred Clunies-Ross, and J. S. Thomson. Other subsequent international players include, Peter Anton David Bell Kim Elgie, capped for Scotland, and also for South Africa at cricket
University of St Andrews RFC
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University of St Andrews
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University of St Andrews Union Debating Society
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The University of St Andrews Union Debating Society is a student debating society at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. Tracing its origins back to 1794 and established in 1890, it is the second UKs oldest student debating societies after The Cambridge Union. It competes at a level in national and international debating competitions. It also holds weekly public debates in the Lower Parliament Hall, in 2015, the society became the first in Scotland to win the European Universities Debating Championship. The origins of the University of St Andrews Debating Society can be traced to the formation in 1794 of the university Literary Society, at this stage of its history, the Literary Society operated under a strange mixture of egalitarianism and exclusiveness. Initially, there was no president of the Society and meetings were chaired by member in rotation. The only distinct posts allowed were that of Secretary and Treasurer, in addition, all decisions were taken collectively by the Society as a whole. However, membership was limited to students, was strictly by election. In 1846, The Classical Society, a debating society, was re-established and was soon vying with the Literary Society for the attention of the student body. The acquisition of James Crichtons House by the fledgling Students Union afforded the Society a permanent home and this, and the fact that the Union Debating Society now had over seventy members, gave the Society renewed confidence and a greater importance than ever before in the lives of students. In 1910 the post of President of the Union Debating Society was created, in 1925 the Union Debating Society agreed to be affiliated to the Students Union, and all matriculated students of the university would be members. The Chair of the Union Debating Society would be elected as the Union Convenor of Debates, the Debates Board ceased to exist and the title of President of the Union Debating Society was kept purely as a courtesy title. In 1932 the society elected to re-create the Debates Board, in order to regain independence from the students union. It was to consist of the Convenor of Debates and two Clerks to the House, during this period debates were held in the Council Chamber of the Men’s students Union, apart from some large-scale events which were held in the Union Diner. In the 1970s, the move of the Students Union from its home to a new purpose built building provided the Union Debating Society with the opportunity to make a move of its own. The Convenor of Debates took the opportunity to move debates to Lower College Hall in St Salvators Quadrangle and this physical move away from the Students Union was accompanied by an organisational one. In 1979, the society decided to change the Debating Sub-Committee into the Debating Board of Ten, the President would continue to be elected as the Convenor of Debates but the Board of Ten would be elected in an Annual General Meeting of the Union Debating Society. Today the Union Debating Society continues to fulfill its mission of holding regular debates in Lower Parliament Hall
University of St Andrews Union Debating Society
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The Union Debating Society hold weekly debates in Lower Parliament Hall
University of St Andrews Union Debating Society
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The
crest of the Union Debating Society
Scotland
