1.
Nikolay Davydenko
–
Nikolay Vladimirovich Davydenko is a Russian former professional tennis player. He achieved a singles ranking of World No.3 in November 2006. His biggest achievement was winning the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, in mid-October 2014 Davydenko retired from competitions. Davydenko was granted Russian citizenship in 1999 at the age of 18, in 2007, he applied for Austrian citizenship and had also previously applied for German citizenship. He and his wife, Irina, have one child, a daughter named Ekaterina, Davydenko started playing at the age of seven with his brother, Eduard. During his junior years, he moved to Salmtal, Germany with Eduard to further improve. In 2000, he played mainly on the Futures Tour, where he captured one title and he made his ATP debut at Amsterdam, reaching the semifinal. Later in August, he won his first Challenger title in Mönchengladbach, Davydenko made his Grand Slam debut in 2001 at the Australian Open, where he made it to the second round, before losing to former world no. 1, Patrick Rafter in four sets and this performance captured the public eye for his talent and ability. Later in February, he injured his back in Dallas and was out for six weeks. After the injury, he back to win two Challenger titles in Ulm and Istanbul. He finished the season with a showing in Basel. In 2002, Davydenko continued to play on both the ATP Tour and in Challenger events and it was a steady year with quarterfinal appearances in Båstad and Vienna. During the year, he captured his fourth Challenger title in Szczecin, Davydenko made huge strides on the ATP Tour in 2003. He opened the season with his first ATP title in Adelaide, a few months later, he captured his second tour title in Estoril on clay, beating Agustín Calleri. His season was backed up with performances on clay in Barcelona and St. Pölten, reaching the quarterfinal and final. After a solid year, Davydenko finished in the top 50 for the first time in his career and his progress continued in 2004, capturing two more titles for the second consecutive year. After a slow start to season, a quarterfinal in the Monte Carlo Masters kicked off a 10–2 matches run, a week later, he won his third title in Munich
Nikolay Davydenko
–
Nikolay Davydenko Николай Давыденко
Nikolay Davydenko
–
Davydenko at the 2006 French Open.
Nikolay Davydenko
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Nikolay Davydenko practicing at the 2007 Miami Masters.
Nikolay Davydenko
–
Nikolay Davydenko at 2009 US Open
2.
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 16th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. It includes a concentration of museums between the Place du Trocadéro and the Place dIéna, the Bois de Boulogne, the second-largest public park in Paris, is also located in this arrondissement. The land area of this arrondissement is 16.305 km2, excluding the Bois de Boulogne, its land area is 7.846 km2. It is the largest arrondissement in Paris in terms of land area, the 16th arrondissement population peaked in 1962, when it had 227,418 inhabitants. At the last census, the population was 169,372, the 16th arrondissement contains a great deal of business activity, in 1999 it hosted 106,971 jobs. It is also the arrondissement in Paris to be divided into two separate postal codes. The southern part of the arrondissement carries a postal code of 75016, four Fortune Global 500 have their head offices in this arrondissement, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Kering, Lafarge, and Veolia. In addition Lagardère and Technip have their headquarters in this arrondissement, at one time Aérospatiale had its head office in the arrondissement. This scene was shot on Avenue dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, a notorious serial murder case, which generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, on 11 March 1944, Petiots neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house, in the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains. Following an investigation, during which time Petiot attempted to evade capture and he was convicted of 26 counts of murder and sentenced to death. On 25 May, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of several days due to a problem in the mechanism of the guillotine. International schools, Russian Embassy School of Paris, on the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Paris, colegio Español Fecerico García Lorca, a Spanish international primary school owned by the Spanish government The Spanish secondary school, Liceo Español Luis Buñuel, is located in Neuilly sur Seine. The two campuses of the International School of Paris Kingsworth International School The Université Paris-Dauphine is in the arrondissement, the renowned classes préparatoires establishment Intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé have one of their campuses in the arrondissement. The École de langue japonaise de Paris, a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, the school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France in the 8th arrondissement. Media related to Paris 16e arrondissement at Wikimedia Commons 16th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
16th arrondissement of Paris
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Apartment buildings in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
16th arrondissement of Paris
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Paris and its closest suburbs
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
Stade Français rugby union fans at the
Parc des Princes
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
View of Place du Trocadéro
3.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
4.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
Seating capacity
–
The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway has the largest seating capacity of any venue in the world.
Seating capacity
–
An aerial view of the
Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 1992
Cricket World Cup final packed with 90,000 people.
6.
Stade Roland Garros
–
Stade Roland Garros is a tennis venue complex located in Paris, France. It hosts the French Open, also known as Roland Garros, a Grand Slam championship tournament played annually around the end of May, the facility was constructed in 1928 to host Frances first defense of the Davis Cup. It is named for Roland Garros who was an aviator who completed the first solo flight across the Mediterranean Sea), engineer, and World War I hero. While the Roland Garros surface is characterized as red clay. Beneath the 3-inch layer of limestone is 6 inches of volcanic rock, followed by a 3-foot layer of sand. Crushed brick is pressed onto the surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court, the crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it, the red brick dust is replenished as needed. The surface was a state-of-the art solution, in 1928, to the biggest problem with natural clay courts, at the time it was not unusual for clay surfaces to be unplayable for two to three days after even short periods of precipitation. Since then a multitude of other fast-dry and synthetic clay surfaces have been developed, the diversity in composition of various clay surfaces around the world explains the extraordinary variability in their playing characteristics. “All clay courts are different, ” Venus Williams has said, Court Philippe Chatrier was built in 1928 as Roland Garross centerpiece and remains its principal venue, seating 14,840 spectators. The four main grandstands are named for les Quatre Mousquetaires – Jacques Toto Brugnon, Jean Borotra, Henri Cochet. When France won the Davis Cup in 1927, due largely to the Musketeers efforts, France retained the Cup until 1933, again largely because of the Musketeers. A monument to Frances six Cup championships stands at the center of Place des Mousquetaires, as a further tribute, the trophy awarded each year to the French Open mens singles champion is known as La Coupe des Mousquetaires. Originally designated as Court A, Court Suzanne Lenglen, is the stadium with a capacity of 10,068 spectators. Its namesake, a celebrity and the first true star of womens tennis, won 31 major tournaments, including six French Open titles and six Wimbledon championships. Known as La Divine and La Grand Dame of French tennis, a bronze bas relief of Lenglen by the Italian sculptor Vito Tongiani stands over the east tunnel-entrance to the stadium. The trophy awarded each year to the French Open womens singles champion is named La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen in her honor, the court has an underground irrigation system, the first of its kind, to control moisture levels within its surface
Stade Roland Garros
–
Nikolay Davydenko serves to
David Nalbandian on Court Suzanne Lenglen, 2006 French Open
Stade Roland Garros
–
Monument in Place des Mousquetaires to France's string of Davis Cup victories (1927–1933). Roland Garros was constructed to provide a venue for France's first successful Cup defense in 1928.
Stade Roland Garros
–
Court Philippe Chatrier
Stade Roland Garros
–
Court Suzanne Lenglen
7.
French Open
–
The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay, French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen. Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros, in 1891 the Championnat de France, which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, was begun. It was only open to players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H, the first womens singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the doubles in 1907. This French club members only tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period, Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, the Racing Club de France, played on clay. For one year,1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, Tennis Club de Paris, at Auteuil, Paris, played on clay. Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships, is considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. Winners of this tournament included world no, 1s such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand and Bill Tilden from the US. In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games, in 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud in 1925 and 1927, in 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French club members only Championship, also on clay. In 1928, the Roland Garros stadium was opened and the event has held there ever since. After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot, Roland Garros. The new Stade de Roland Garros, and its Center Court hosted that Davis Cup challenge, during World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis. From 1946 through 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, in 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. Since 1981, new prizes have been presented, the Prix Orange, the Prix Citron, in another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place
French Open
–
Suzanne Lenglen Court at Roland Garros.
French Open
–
Internationaux de France de Tennis, Roland-Garros
French Open
–
Stan Wawrinka was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2015. It was his second Grand Slam singles title and his first at Roland Garros.
French Open
–
Serena Williams was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2015. It was her 20th Grand Slam singles title and her third at Roland Garros.
8.
Grand Slam (tennis)
–
The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of best of sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open in May and June, Wimbledon in June and July, each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on courts, the French on clay. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, however, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924/25, the time when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. In doubles, one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners, the term Grand Slam without qualification refers to winning the four majors in a single calendar year. Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in a one year is known as a Golden Grand Slam or more commonly the Golden Slam. Also, winning the Year-End Championship in the period is known as a Super Slam. Together, all four Majors in all three disciplines are called a set of Grand Slam titles. No male or female player has won all events in one calendar year. The term slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games is attested early in the 17th century. Grand slam for all of the tricks, in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one and this use was inherited by contract bridge, a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930. Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930, when Bobby Jones won the four major championships, before that time only three events, Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships and the World Covered Court Championships were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF. Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those majors in one year –1913. It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years, phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments—especially the Australian Open—was not unusual then, before counting Grand Slam titles became the norm. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates, the tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. The first definitive Grand Slam, of the current four majors, was accomplished when Don Budge won all four mens singles Majors in 1938, to date,17 players have completed a Grand Slam, though only six in the most prestigious singles titles. The four Junior disciplines, boys and girls singles and doubles, Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18, with 18-year-olds likely to hold a physical advantage
Grand Slam (tennis)
–
Basics
9.
Roland Garros (aviator)
–
Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros was an early French aviator and a fighter pilot during World War I. Eugène Adrien Roland Georges Garros was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion and he started his aviation career in 1909 flying a Demoiselle monoplane, an aircraft that only flew well with a small lightweight pilot. Licence no.147 in July 1910, on September 4,1911, he set an altitude record of 3,950 m. The following year, on September 6,1912, after Austrian aviator Philipp von Blaschke had flown to 4,360 m, the following year, Garros joined the French army at the outbreak of World War I. In the early stages of the air war in World War I the problem of mounting a machine gun on combat aircraft was considered by a number of individuals. As a reconnaissance pilot with the Escadrille MS26, Garros visited the Morane-Saulnier Works in December 1914, saulniers work on metal deflector wedges attached to propeller blades was taken forward by Garros, he eventually had a workable installation fitted to his Morane-Saulnier Type L aircraft. The Aero Club of America awarded him a medal for this invention three years later. On 18 April 1915, either Garross fuel line clogged or, by other accounts, his aircraft was downed by ground fire, Garros failed to destroy his aircraft completely before being taken prisoner, most significantly, the gun and armoured propeller remained intact. Legend has it that after examining the plane, German aircraft engineers, led by Fokker, in fact the work on Fokkers system had been going for at least six months before Garross aircraft fell into their hands. With the advent of the interrupter gear the tables were turned on the Allies, with Fokkers planes shooting down many Allied aircraft, Garros finally managed to escape from a POW camp in Germany on 14 February 1918, after several attempts, and rejoined the French army. He settled into Escadrille 26 to pilot a Spad, and claimed two victories on 2 October 1918, one of which was confirmed. On 5 October 1918, he was shot down and killed near Vouziers, Ardennes and his adversary was probably German ace Hermann Habich from Jasta 49. Garros is erroneously called the worlds first fighter ace, in fact, he shot down only four aircraft, the definition of ace is five or more victories. The honour of becoming the first ace went to another French airman, a tennis centre, which he attended religiously when he was studying in Paris, was named after him in the 1920s, the Stade de Roland Garros. The stadium accommodates the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, consequently, the tournament is officially called Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros. According to Vũ Trọng Phụngs urban novel Dumb Luck, during times the Hanoi government named the citys main tennis stadium after Roland Garros. The international airport of La Réunion, Roland Garros Airport, is named after him. The place where he landed in Bizerte is actually called place of Roland Garros, the French car manufacturer Peugeot commissioned a Roland Garros limited edition version of its 205 model in celebration of the tennis tournament that bears his name
Roland Garros (aviator)
–
Roland Garros in
Tunisia on 23 September 1913 immediately after becoming the first person to cross the
Mediterranean Sea by air.
Roland Garros (aviator)
–
For other uses, see
Roland Garros (disambiguation).
Roland Garros (aviator)
–
Garros' propeller, with its bullet deflectors, after being recovered from his downed aircraft
10.
Mediterranean Sea
–
The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
Mediterranean Sea
–
Circa the 6th century BCE: In ancient times the Mediterranean provided sources of food and local commerce and direct routes for trade and communications, colonisation, and war. Numerous cities and colonies were situated at its shores or within the basin: Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow)
colonies in antiquity; and other cities (grey), including the provincial
"Rom".
Mediterranean Sea
–
Map of the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
–
With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline.
Mediterranean Sea
–
The
Battle of Lepanto, 1571, ended in victory for the European
Holy League against the Ottoman Turks.
11.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
12.
Davis Cup
–
The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in mens tennis. It is run by the International Tennis Federation and is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format and it is described by the organisers as the World Cup of Tennis, and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team. The competition began in 1900 as a challenge between Great Britain and the United States, by 2016,135 nations entered teams into the competition. The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States, the present champions are Argentina who beat Croatia to win the title for the first time in 2016. The womens equivalent of the Davis Cup is the Fed Cup, Australia, the Czech Republic, and the United States are the only countries to have held both Davis Cup and Fed Cup titles in the same year. The Hopman Cup, a competition for mixed teams, carries less prestige. The tournament was conceived in 1899 by four members of the Harvard University tennis team who wished to challenge the British to a tennis competition and they in turn commissioned a classically styled design from William B. Durgins of Concord, New Hampshire, crafted by the Englishman Rowland Rhodes, Davis went on to become a prominent politician in the United States in the 1920s, serving as US Secretary of War from 1925 to 1929 and as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1929 to 1932. The first match, between the United States and Britain, was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, the American team, of which Dwight Davis was a part, surprised the British by winning the first three matches. The following year the two countries did not compete, but the US won the match in 1902 and Britain won the four matches. By 1905 the tournament expanded to include Belgium, Austria, France, and Australasia, the tournament was initially titled the International Lawn Tennis Challenge although it soon became known as the Davis Cup, after Dwight Davis trophy. The Davis Cup competition was played as a challenge cup. All teams competed against one another for the right to face the previous champion in the final round. Beginning in 1923, the teams were split into two zones, the America Zone and the Europe Zone. The winners of the two met in the Inter-Zonal Zone to decide which national team would challenge the defending champion for the cup. In 1955 a third zone, the Eastern Zone, was added, because there were three zones, the winner of one of the three zones received a bye in the first round of the INZ challenger rounds. In 1966, the Europe Zone was split into two zones, Europe Zone A and Europe Zone B, so the winners of the four competed in the INZ challenger rounds. From 1950 to 1967, Australia dominated the competition, winning the Cup 15 times in 18 years
Davis Cup
Davis Cup
–
Davis Cup
Davis Cup
–
Monument to the Davis Cup at
Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France.
Davis Cup
–
Basics
13.
Suzanne Lenglen
–
Suzanne Rachel Flore Lenglen was a French tennis player who won 31 Championship titles between 1914 and 1926. She dominated womens tennis from 1914 until 1926 when she turned professional, a flamboyant, trendsetting athlete, she was the first female tennis celebrity and one of the first international female sport stars, named La Divine by the French press. Lenglens 241 titles,181 match winning streak and 341-7 match record are hard to imagine happening in todays tennis atmosphere, Lenglen is regarded by some to be the greatest female tennis player in history. A daughter of Charles and Anaïs Lenglen, Suzanne Lenglen was born in Paris, during her youth, she suffered from numerous health problems including chronic asthma, which also plagued her at a later age. Because his daughter was so frail and sickly, Charles Lenglen and her first try at the game was in 1910, when she played on the tennis court at the family property in Marest-sur-Matz. The young girl enjoyed the game, and her decided to train her further in the sport. His training methods included an exercise where, the story goes, he would lay down a handkerchief at various places on the court, only four years after her first tennis strokes, Lenglen played in the final of the 1914 French Championships, aged only 14. She lost to reigning champion Marguerite Broquedis in the final 5–7, 6–4 and that same year, she won the World Hard Court Championships held at Saint-Cloud, turning 15 during the tournament. This made her the youngest winner of a championship in tennis history. The match, which one of the hallmarks of tennis history, was played before 8,000 spectators, including King George V. After splitting the first two sets, Lenglen took a 4–1 lead in the set before Chambers rallied to take a 6–5 lead. Lenglen saved the first match point when her service return trickled off the wood of her racket, Lenglen survived the second match point when Chambers hit a drop shot into the net. Lenglen then went on to win the match 10–8, 4–6 and it was not only her performances on the court which were noted, however. The staid British also were in shock at the boldness of the French woman who also casually sipped brandy between sets, at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Lenglen dominated the womens singles. On her path to the medal, she gave up only four games. She then teamed up with Max Décugis to win gold medal in the mixed doubles. She was eliminated in a womens doubles semifinal and won the medal after their opponents withdrew. From 1919 through 1925, Lenglen won the Wimbledon singles championship every year with the exception of 1924, health problems due to jaundice forced her to withdraw after winning her quarterfinal match
Suzanne Lenglen
–
Suzanne Lenglen
Suzanne Lenglen
–
Lenglen with
Bill Tilden
14.
Jacques Brugnon
–
Jacques Toto Brugnon was a French tennis player, one of the famous Four Musketeers from France who dominated tennis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He was born in Paris and died in Paris and he was primarily a doubles specialist who won 10 Grand Slam doubles titles in the French, American, Australian and British championships. Additionally he won two mixed doubles titles at Roland Garros partnering Suzanne Lenglen and he was also a fine singles player but never won a Major title. He played in 20 Wimbledon Championships between 1920 and 1948 and achieved his best singles result in 1926 when he reached the semifinals, losing in a close five set match to Howard Kinsey. Between 1921 and 1934 he played 31 ties for the French Davis Cup team, mainly as a doubles player, and compiled a record of 26 wins versus 11 losses. He was part of the famous Four Musketeers team that conquered the Cup in 1927 against the USA, Brugnon was ranked World No.9 for 1927 by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph. The Four Musketeers were inducted simultaneously into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1976
Jacques Brugnon
–
Jacques Brugnon
Jacques Brugnon
–
Jacques Brugnon at Wimbledon
15.
Jean Borotra
–
Jean Robert Borotra was a French tennis champion. He was one of the famous Four Musketeers from his country who dominated tennis in the late 1920s, Borotra was born in Domaine du Pouy, Biarritz, Aquitaine and married an English woman. Known as the Bounding Basque, he won four Grand Slam singles titles in the French, Australian, the 1924 French Championship does not count towards his grand slam total as the French was only open to French nationals, not internationals. He only failed to win the American championships, as he was defeated in the final by his countryman René Lacoste 6–4, 6–0, 6–4 and his 1924 Wimbledon victory made him the first player from outside the English-speaking world to win the tournament. His first appearance was in the French Davis Cup team of 1921 and he also made the final of the World Covered Court Championship in 1922, losing to Henri Cochet, but won the doubles and mixed doubles. The other major he did well in was the World Hard Court Championships – he won the doubles with Henri Cochet there in 1922, Borotra was ranked as high as World No.2 by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph in 1926. Arrested by the Gestapo in November 1942, Borotra was deported to a camp in Germany. He was freed from the castle after the Battle for Castle Itter, in which he played a role by vaulting from the fortress. The Four Musketeers were inducted simultaneously into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, in 1984, Borotra received a Distinguished Service award from the United States Sports Academy in recognition of his achievements. On 17 July 1994, Borotra, founder and president of honour of the CIFP died at the age of 95, the International Fair Play Committee, which recognises achievements annually, awards a Jean Borotra World Fair Play Trophy. Jean Borotra at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Jean Borotra at the Association of Tennis Professionals Jean Borotra at the International Tennis Federation Jean Borotra at the Davis Cup
Jean Borotra
–
Jean Borotra, the "Bounding Basque", in 1931
16.
Henri Cochet
–
Henri Jean Cochet was a French tennis player. He was a world No.1 ranked player, and a member of the famous Four Musketeers from France who dominated tennis in the late 1920s, born in Villeurbanne, Rhône, Cochet won ten amateur Majors and one professional Major during his singles career. He was ranked World No.1 player for four years,1928 through 1931 by A. Wallis Myers. He turned professional in 1933 but, after a less than stellar pro career, the Four Musketeers were inducted simultaneously into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1976. Cochet died at age 85 in Paris, Henri Cochet was born on 14 December 1901 in Villeurbanne to Gustave Cochet and Antoinette Gailleton. His father was a groundkeeper in a Lyonnese tennis club where Henri worked as a ball boy and he began playing at the age of eight along with his sister. The president of the club, an owner and French-ranked player Georges Cozon, recognized his talent. He entered his first local tournament in 1920 where he met his mentor in the final and he then moved on to win a series of matches at Aix-les-Bains mostly scratch and handicap matches. That qualified him to be featured in the 1921 French Closed Championships where he repeated his victory over Borotra, also in 1921 he won the military Championship of France. Meanwhile, his sister Aimée Cochet also became a player and later was on the main draw of the 1930 Wimbledon Championships. Immediately after he entered the amateur scene Cochet won every major tournament of the era. After his success abroad he claimed the French Closed Championships when he defeated defending champion Jean Samazeuilh in the final, afterwards he topped the French rankings. In June 1922 he debuted in the France Davis Cup team against Denmark, the next round the team only composed of him and André Gobert and fell to the Australasian team. He also found success in the minor tournaments, at the South of France Championships he lost to Russian count Mikhail Sumarokov-Elston. At the Côte dAzur Championships he repelled the Englishman Morgan for his first Riviera title, in February 1923 he retained his World Covered Court Championships title, defeating John B. Gilbert in the final in straight sets. On 1 April 1924 he met René Lacoste in the match for the Beausite trophy of Cannes. He was ranked the number one player of France alongside Lacoste, due to his business affairs and injuries he missed most of the 1925 season, while he kept his French first place shared with Borotra. The French Internationals of that year marked the first instance of an all-Four Musketeers final in the doubles of the Championships where Brugnon and Lacoste finished ahead of Cochet–Borotra
Henri Cochet
–
Henri Cochet at the 1924 Olympics
Henri Cochet
–
the United States Davis Cup team
17.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
18.
Arthur Koestler
–
Arthur Koestler, CBE was a Hungarian-British author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931 Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany until, disillusioned by Stalinism, in 1940 he published his novel Darkness at Noon, an anti-totalitarian work that gained him international fame. Over the next 43 years, from his residence in Britain, Koestler espoused many political causes, in 1968 he was awarded the Sonning Prize for outstanding contribution to European culture and in 1972 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1976 he was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and in 1979 with terminal leukaemia, in 1983 he and his wife killed themselves at their home in London. Koestler was born in Budapest to Henrik and Adele Koestler and his father Henrik Koestler, of Jewish Hungarian descent, had been born on 18 August 1869 in the town of Miskolc in northeastern Hungary. According to Koestlers authorized biography, Henriks father, Leopold Koestler, was a soldier in the Austro-Hungarian Army who Magyarised his name to Lipót, in 1861 he married Karolina Schon, the daughter of a prosperous timber merchant. Henrik left school at age 16 and took a job as a boy with a firm of drapers. He taught himself English, German and French, and eventually became a partner in the firm and he then set up his own business importing textiles into Hungary. Arthurs mother, Adele Koestler, was born on 25 June 1871 into a prominent Jewish family in Prague, among her ancestors was Mishel Loeb, a prominent 18th-century physician and essayist, whose son Judah became a well-known poet. Beethoven set some of his poems to music, Adeles father, Jacob Jeiteles, moved the family to Vienna, where she grew up in relative prosperity until about 1890. Faced with financial difficulties, her father abandoned his wife and daughter, Adele and her mother moved from Vienna to Budapest to stay with Adeles married sister. Henrik Koestler met Adele in 1898 and married her in 1900, Arthur, their only child, was born on 5 September 1905. The Koestlers lived in spacious, well-furnished, rented apartments in various predominantly Jewish districts of Budapest, during Arthurs early years they employed a cook/housekeeper as well as a foreign governess. His primary school started at an experimental private kindergarten founded by Laura Striker. Her daughter Eva Striker later became Koestlers lover, and they remained all his life. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 deprived Koestlers father of foreign suppliers, facing destitution, the family moved temporarily to a boarding house in Vienna. When the war ended the family returned to Budapest, as noted in Koestlers autobiography, he and his family were sympathetic to the short-lived Hungarian Bolshevik Revolution of 1919
Arthur Koestler
–
Arthur Koestler (1969)
Arthur Koestler
–
January 1945, Kibbutz
Ein Hashofet, Koestler is 5th from the right
19.
Venus Williams
–
Ranked World No.11 in singles as of January 28,2017, Williams has been ranked World No.1 by the Womens Tennis Association on three occasions, for a total of 11 weeks. She first became the World No.1 on February 25,2002, on 10 June 2002, Venus and Serena became the first sisters to hold the No.1 and No.2 spots in the singles rankings, respectively. On 7 June 2010, Venus became co-No,1 in doubles with Serena after they won their 4th consecutive grand slam doubles title at Roland Garros. By virtue of that doubles ascension, Venus became one of seven women to reach No.1 in singles. On 21 June 2010, Venus and Serena again occupied the No.2 and No.1 spots in the singles rankings, astonishingly, this came almost exactly 8 years after first accomplishing this feat. At the time, Venus had just celebrated her 30th birthday and her seven Grand Slam singles titles ties her twelfth on the all-time list, more than any other active female player except sister Serena. She has also won fourteen Grand Slam doubles titles and two mixed doubles titles and her five Wimbledon singles titles ties her with two other women for eighth place on the all-time list. Williams is one of four women to have won five or more Wimbledon singles titles in the Open Era, from the 2000 Wimbledon Championships to the 2001 US Open, Williams won four of the six Grand Slam singles tournaments held. She is one of six women in the Open Era to win 200 or more main draw Grand Slam singles matches. As of the 2017 Australian Open, Williams extends her record as the leader, male or female, in Grand Slams played. Williams has won four Olympic gold medals, one in singles and she and Serena have won more Olympic gold medals than any other tennis player, male or female. Venus also holds the record for the most Olympic medals won by a male or female tennis player and she is the only tennis player to have won a medal at four separate Olympic Games. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Williams became only the player to win Olympic gold medals in both singles and doubles at the same Olympic Games, after Helen Wills Moody in 1924. With 49 singles titles, Williams is behind only Serena among active players on the WTA Tour and her 35-match winning streak from the 2000 Wimbledon Championships to the 2000 Generali Ladies Linz tournament final is the longest since January 1,2000. She is also one of three active WTA players to have made the finals of all four Grand Slams, along with Serena. By winning her 49th career singles title at the 2016 Taiwan Open, Williams became the 5th oldest WTA Tour titlist in the Open Era, Williams has played against her sister in 27 professional matches since 1998, and won 11. They have played against each other in nine Grand Slam singles finals, Venus has 8 runner-up finishes in grand slam singles events with Martina Hingis being the only player other than Serena to beat Venus in a major final at the 1997 US Open. Beginning with the 2002 French Open, they opposed each other in four consecutive Grand Slam singles finals, on the other side, the pair have won 14 Grand Slam doubles titles playing alongside each other and are undefeated in Grand Slam finals
Venus Williams
–
Venus Williams
Venus Williams
–
Venus competing in the WTT
Venus Williams
–
Venus Williams at the 2008 WTA Tour Championships
Venus Williams
–
Venus lost to the eventual champion at the US Open
20.
Philippe Chatrier
–
Philippe Chatrier was a French tennis player. After his playing career ended, he became a journalist, and was involved in sports administration. He was president of the French Tennis Federation for 20 years, from 1973 to 1993, Chatrier was born in Créteil in France. He was the French junior tennis champion in 1945, after retiring, he became a journalist. He founded the magazine Tennis de France in 1953, and also sports, Chatrier married Susan Partridge, who was French tennis champion in 1953. Chatrier later married a second time, to French golfer Claudine Cros, Chatrier took part in the merger of professional and amateur tennis organisations in 1968. He was a vice-president of the French Tennis Federation from 1968 to 1973 and he became president of the French Tennis Federation in 1973, then president of International Tennis Federation in 1977. He became a member of the International Olympic Committee in 1988, Chatrier retired as president from the International Tennis Federation in 1991. He became a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1992 and he retired as president of the French Tennis Federation in 1993. Chatrier died in Dinard on 22 June 2000, the main tennis court at the Stade de Roland Garros, the home of the French Open in Paris, was renamed the Court Philippe Chatrier in his honour in 2001. He had two sons from his first marriage, the elder, Jean-Philippe Chatrier, was an actor. Obituary, The Independent,24 June 2000 International Tennis Hall of Fame
Philippe Chatrier
–
Philippe Chatrier bust by
Laurence Broderick
21.
Summer Olympics
–
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the International Olympic Committee organizes the games and oversees the host citys preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third, the Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics. The Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations in 1896 to 302 events with 10,768 competitors from 204 nations in 2012, eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics, more than any other nation, four cities have hosted two Summer Olympics, Athens, Paris, Los Angeles, and Tokyo. Tokyo is the first city outside of the Western world to host the Summer Olympics multiple times, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics four times in Japan, South Korea, and China. The only Summer Olympics held in the Southern Hemisphere have been in Australia, the 2016 Games are the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first to be held during the local winter season. Africa has yet to host a Summer Olympics, only five countries—Greece, Australia, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland—have been represented at every Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain. The United States leads the medal table. Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federations that governs that sports international competition, for individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IFs ranking list. There is a rule that maximum three individual athletes may represent each nation per competition. Nations most often qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, each nation may be represented by no more than one team per competition a team is two people in some sports. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation, the United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic Games, its third Summer Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, and Japan have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times and will host again in 2020. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro hosted the first Summer Olympics in South America, three cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens. Stockholm has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting
Summer Olympics
–
The Olympic flame in
London during the
2012 Summer Olympics.
Summer Olympics
–
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
–
The opening ceremony of the first Olympic Games in the
Panathenaic Stadium
Summer Olympics
–
Dorando Pietri finishes the modern marathon at the current distance
22.
Wimbledon Championships
–
The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass. The tournament takes place two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies and Gentlemens Singles Final. Five major, junior, and invitational events are each year. Wimbledon traditions include a dress code for competitors and Royal patronage. The tournament is notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledons Centre Court was fitted with a roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a club founded on 23 July 1868. Its first ground was off Worple Road, Wimbledon, in 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier and originally given the name Sphairistikè, was added to the activities of the club. In spring 1877, the club was renamed The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club, a new code of laws, replacing the code administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the event. Todays rules are similar except for such as the height of the net and posts. The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship started on 9 July 1877 and the Gentlemens Singles was the event held. It was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, about 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final. The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the court was in the middle with the others arranged around it. The name was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to the present site in Church Road, however, in 1980 four new courts were brought into commission on the north side of the ground, which meant the Centre Court was once more correctly defined. The opening of the new No.1 Court in 1997 emphasised the description, by 1882, activity at the club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word croquet was dropped from the title. However, for reasons it was restored in 1899
Wimbledon Championships
–
Spencer Gore, the winner of the
inaugural Wimbledon Championship.
Wimbledon Championships
–
The Championships, Wimbledon
Wimbledon Championships
–
Ladies
Championship, 1884. First prize, awarded to
Maud Watson, was a silver flower-basket worth 20
guineas.
Wimbledon Championships
–
Centre Court with open roof at the
2010 Championships
23.
Olympic gold medal
–
A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture, others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including UNESCO, while some gold medals are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold, before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward those responsible, the commanding officer would receive a gold medal and his officers silver medals. Other countries similarly honored their military and naval victors in a similar fashion, Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. Traditionally, medals are made of the metals, Gold Silver Bronze Occasionally. This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics, at the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1904 other prizes were given, not medals. At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a medal in recognition of their achievement. At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per event was crowned with kotinos, aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight. Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour, hence medals were not awarded at the ancient Olympic Games. At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal, in 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller, the use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War. The last series of Olympic medals to be made of gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92. 5% silver, all Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host, from the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design
Olympic gold medal
–
The gold,
silver and
bronze medals of the
1964 Olympic Winter Games (
Olympic Museum).
Olympic gold medal
–
A medal on a ribbon designed to be worn around the winner's neck.
Olympic gold medal
–
At the
1896 Summer Olympics, the winners received a
silver medal. Since 1904, the winners receive a gold medal, the second-place finishers receive a
silver medal and the third-place finishers receive a
bronze medal.
24.
Antwerp
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Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
Antwerp
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Antwerp Antwerpen
Antwerp
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Coat of arms
Antwerp
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The
Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) and the
Scheldt river.
Antwerp
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Grote Markt
25.
Bas relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
Bas relief
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A
Persian mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo) from the
Qajar era, located at
Tangeh Savashi in
Iran, which might also be described as two stages of low-relief.
Bas relief
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A face of the high-relief
Frieze of Parnassus round the base of the
Albert Memorial in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are "engaged" with the surface behind.
Bas relief
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Lorenzo Ghiberti 's cast
gilt-bronze "Gates of Paradise" at the
Florence Baptistery in
Florence, Italy, combine high-relief main figures with backgrounds mostly in low relief.
Bas relief
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Bas-relief,
Banteay Srei,
Cambodia;
Ravana shaking Mount
Kailasa, the Abode of
Siva
26.
Gustavo Kuerten
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Gustavo Kuerten, nicknamed Guga, is a retired former World No.1 tennis player from Brazil. He won the French Open singles title three times, and was the Tennis Masters Cup champion in 2000, Kuerten suffered many problems with injuries which led him to miss a number of tournaments between 2002 and 2005. After a few failed attempts of comebacks, he retired from tennis in May 2008. During his career he won 20 singles and 8 doubles titles, Kuerten was born in Florianópolis in southern Brazil. He began playing tennis when he was six, a start to a life. His father, Aldo, an amateur tennis player, died of a heart attack in 1985 while umpiring a junior tennis match in Curitiba. His older brother, Raphael, is currently his business manager and he gave every trophy he won to his younger brother as a souvenir, including the three miniature replicas of the French Open mens singles trophy. His favourite football team is Brazilian Avaí Futebol Clube, as a young player, Kuerten first learned from Carlos Alves. Alves would continue to coach Kuerten for the next 8 years, when he was 14 years old, Kuerten met Larri Passos who would be his coach for the following 15 years. Passos convinced Kuerten and his family that the youth was talented enough to make an out of playing tennis. The two started traveling all over the world to participate in junior tournaments, as a junior player in South America, Guga won many of the most important tournaments in the region. He often played in an age group above his,1998 was the worst year in his career that was not related to injuries. Like many South American players, his favorite surface is clay. He won three Grand Slam titles, all of them at the French Open, played on the courts of Roland Garros. He won these titles in 1997,2000 and 2001, in every one of the three French Open victories he defeated Russias Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the quarterfinal match and defeated two top 10 players on his way to the title. Kuerten became the No.1 player in the world in 2000, Kuerten won at least one title a year between 1997 and 2004. The streak came to an end in 2005, when injuries and he was also a regular participant for Brazil in the Davis Cup. Kuerten embraced the style of play, with heavy topspin on his ground strokes
Gustavo Kuerten
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Gustavo Kuerten
27.
Thomas Muster
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Thomas Muster is a former World No.1 tennis player from Austria. One of the worlds leading clay court players in the 1990s, he won the 1995 French Open, in addition, he won eight Masters 1000 series titles. Muster is one of three players to win Masters titles on three different surfaces. Muster first came to prominence when he reached the final of the French Open junior tournament, Muster played his first matches at the top-level in 1984, as a junior player, at the age of 16. In 1984, he played his first match for Austria in the Davis Cup and he also played at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and in two tournaments on Austrian soil, the clay-court event in Kitzbühel and the indoor carpet event in Vienna. Muster turned professional in 1985, regularly playing in Challenger tournaments throughout the year, winning in Belo Horizonte, Muster won his first top-level tournament at the Dutch Open in Hilversum in 1986. In 1988, Muster reached six top-level tournament finals, winning four of them, in Boston, Bordeaux, Prague, Muster finished the year ranked 16th in the world. Early in 1989, he became the first Austrian to reach the semifinals of the Australian Open, shortly after that, he became the first Austrian to reach the world top 10. On the night of 31 March 1989, he defeated Yannick Noah in five sets in the semifinals of the Lipton International Players Championships in Key Biscayne, Florida, to set up a final against Lendl. However, in the hours of 1 April 1989, just hours after his semifinal victory, he was struck by a drunk driver, severing ligaments in his left knee. Muster flew back to Vienna to undergo surgery, with the aid of a special chair designed to allow him to practice hitting balls while recovering from knee surgery, he returned to competitive tennis in September 1989. Musters comeback continued in 1990, when he won three tournaments on clay and one title on hardcourt. Muster reached the semifinals of the 1990 French Open, losing in straight sets to the eventual champion, Andrés Gómez. He also helped Austria reach the semifinals of the Davis Cup and that year, he was named the ATP Tours Comeback Player of the Year. In 1990, Muster won the Austrian Sportsman of the Year award, Muster won two more top-level tournaments in 1991, and three more in 1992, with the biggest of these titles being the 1992 Monte Carlo title, where he defeated Aaron Krickstein in the final. In 1993, Muster won seven titles, Musters win-loss record on clay in 1993 was 55–10, although he failed to win any of the four big clay-court events of the year. At both the 1992 and 1993 French Opens, Muster was defeated by the reigning French Open, Muster won three clay-court titles in 1994. In March 1994, he defeated Michael Stich of Germany in a first round Davis Cup tie in Graz, 6–4, 6–7, 4–6, 6–3, 12–10, after saving a match point when trailing at 7–8 in the fifth set
Thomas Muster
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Thomas Muster
28.
Gabriela Sabatini
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Gabriela Beatriz Sabatini is an Argentine former professional tennis player. She was one of the players on the womens circuit in the late-1980s and early-1990s. She won the singles title at the US Open in 1990. Sabatini also won most of the highest level regular events on the tour, including Miami. In the late 1980s, Sabatini launched a line of fragrances after partnering with the German perfume company Muelhens and her signature scent debuted in 1989. Sabatini was born 16 May 1970 in Buenos Aires, Argentina to parents Osvaldo and her father is an executive in General Motors. Sabatini said that she deliberately lost matches in her youth to avoid reporters and she made this claim when she was 43, saying her shyness was a major problem and she thought she had to speak after winning a tournament, so she often lost in semifinals. Sabatini first came to the worlds attention as a junior. She started playing tennis at the age of 6, and won her first tournament at age 8, in 1983, age 13, she became the youngest player to win the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. She won six major international titles, including the French Open girls singles. In 1985, aged 15 years and three weeks, Sabatini became one of the players to reach the semifinals at the French Open. She won her first top-level singles title later that year in Tokyo, in 1988, Sabatini reached her first Grand Slam singles final at the US Open. She faced Germanys Steffi Graf, who had won the three previous Grand Slam singles events that year and was looking to win a fourth, Graf won the match in three sets. Sabatini was selected to represent Argentina in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul and she also carried the countrys flag in the opening ceremony. She went on to win the medal in the womens singles competition. In the final, she again faced Graf, who was bidding to turn her Grand Slam into what the media had dubbed a Golden Slam, Sabatini teamed-up with Graf to win the womens doubles title at Wimbledon that year. She also won 1988s year-end WTA Tour Championships, Sabatinis next Grand Slam singles final came in 1990, where she again faced Graf in the final of the US Open. Sabatini beat Graf in two sets and she also beat Graf in a semifinal of the WTA Tour Championships but lost the final to Monica Seles in the events first-ever five-set final 6–4, 5–7, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
Gabriela Sabatini
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Sabatini at the USA Embassy in Buenos Aires, 2012.
Gabriela Sabatini
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Sabatini with her perfume in 2006.
29.
Mary Joe Fernandez
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Mary Joe Fernández Godsick is an American former professional tennis player. She reached a ranking of world No.4 in both singles and doubles. Fernández was the runner-up in three Grand Slam singles tournaments and won two Grand Slam womens doubles titles and two Olympic gold medals, Mary Joe Fernández first came to the tennis worlds attention as an outstanding junior player who won four straight Orange Bowl junior titles. In 1985, aged 14 years and eight days, she became the youngest player to win a main match at the U. S. Open when she defeated Sara Gomer in the first round. She won her first tour title in 1989 at Dallas. Her first top-level singles title came in 1990 at the Tokyo Indoor championships and she reached her first Grand Slam singles final in 1990 at the Australian Open, where she was defeated by Steffi Graf. She finished 1990 ranked a career-high World No.4 in singles, in 1991, Fernández teamed with Patty Fendick to win the womens doubles title at the Australian Open. She was back in the Australian Open singles final in 1992, Fernández was selected to represent the United States at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, winning a gold medal in womens doubles and a bronze medal in singles. In the quarterfinals of the 1993 French Open, Mary Joe Fernández staged a comeback against Sabatini after Sabatini took a 6–1, 5–1 lead. But Mary Joe raised the level of her game and saved five match points in the 2nd set before winning a tiebreak. In the 3rd set, Mary Joe finally got rid of Sabatini by hitting a down the line winner, ending the three-hour, 36-minute marathon by a score of 1–6, 7–6. She then faced second seeded Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the semifinals, Mary Joe defeated Arantxa 6–2, 6–2, ending a three match losing streak against the Spaniard. After the heroics against Sabatini in the quarterfinals, followed by her win over Arantxa in the semis. In their nine meetings, Mary Joe had lost each time against Steffi. Mary Joe took the opening set 6–4, but Steffi rallied to win by a score of 4–6, 6–2. Fernández won her second Grand Slam doubles title in 1996 at the French Open, the pair went on to capture the year-end WTA Tour Championships doubles title later that year. Fernández was a replacement for Chanda Rubin on the United States team for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. She won a second straight womens doubles gold medal, again in partnership with Gigi Fernández and she was also entered in the singles competition, and reached the semifinals, where she was defeated for the bronze medal by Jana Novotná
Mary Joe Fernandez
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Mary Joe Fernández
listen)) is a tennis venue located in Paris, France, that hosts the French Open—also known as Roland Garros, particularly within Europe—a Grand Slam championship tournament played annually around the end of May and the beginning of June. It is named for Roland Garros, a pioneer aviator who completed the first solo flight across the Mediterranean Sea,[1] engineer (inventor of the first forward-firing aircraft machine gun),[2] and World War I hero (the first pilot to shoot down five enemy aircraft and to be called an "ace" for doing so).[3] Garros was killed in aerial combat in 1918, the facility was constructed in 1928 to host France's first defense of the Davis Cup.
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