1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Staffordshire
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Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority, Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford, Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek, smaller towns include Stone, Uttoxeter, and Rugeley, and large villages Eccleshall, Wombourne, Kinver, Penkridge, Tutbury and Stretton. Cannock Chase AONB is within the county as well as parts of the National Forest, Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich, and Smethwick were historic Staffordshire towns until local government reorganisation created the West Midlands county in 1974. Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, the historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth and Burton upon Trent united entirely in Staffordshire, in 1553 Queen Mary made Lichfield a county separate from the rest of Staffordshire. Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another town in the Black Country in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, a major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a part of Worcestershire, expanded. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a district in Staffordshire. On 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, in July 2009 the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found in Britain was discovered in a field near Lichfield. The artefacts, known as The Staffordshire Hoard have tentatively dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Some nationally and internationally known companies have their base in Staffordshire. They include the Britannia Building Society which is based in Leek, JCB is based in Rocester near Uttoxeter and bet365 based in Stoke-on-Trent. The theme park Alton Towers is in the Staffordshire Moorlands and several of the worlds largest pottery manufacturers are based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11–16 or 18, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13–18, there are two universities in the county, Keele University in Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire University, which has campuses in Stoke-on-Trent, Stafford, Lichfield and Shrewsbury. The modern county of Staffordshire currently has three football clubs – Stoke City and Port Vale, both from Stoke-on-Trent, and Burton Albion, who play in Burton upon Trent. They were among the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888, in 1972, the club finally won a major trophy when they lifted the Football League Cup, but after relegation from the First Division in 1985 they would not experience top flight football for 23 years
7.
Stafford
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Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately 16 miles north of Wolverhampton,18 miles south of Stoke-on-Trent and 24 miles north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the borough of Stafford 122,000. Stafford means ford by a staithe, the original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still an area of marshland northwest of the town. It is thought Stafford was founded in about 700 AD by a Mercian prince called Bertelin who, according to legend, the tree-trunk coffin may have been placed there as an object of commemoration or veneration of St Bertelin. This new burh was fortified and provided with an area for the centralised production of Roman-style pottery which was supplied to the chain of West Midlands burhs. Anglo-Saxon women could play powerful roles in society, Æthelflæds death effectively ended the independence of Mercia. Edward the Elder of Wessex took over her fortress at Tamworth and accepted the submission of all who were living in Mercia, in late 918 Aelfwynn, Æthelflæds daughter, was deprived of her authority over Mercia and taken to Wessex. The project for the unification of England took another step forward, the Lady of Mercia, Æthelflæd, ruled Mercia for five years after the death of her father and husband, dying in Tamworth in 918. At around this time the county of Staffordshire was formed, Stafford lay within the Pirehill hundred. In 1069, a rebellion by Eadric the Wild against the Norman conquest culminated in the Battle of Stafford, two years later another rebellion, this time led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia, culminated in Edwins assassination. This meant his lands were distributed amongst the followers of William the Conqueror, robert de Tonei was granted the manor of Bradley and one third of the kings rents in Stafford. Stafford Castle was built by the Normans on the hilltop to the west in about 1090. It was first made of wood, and later rebuilt of stone and it has been rebuilt twice since, and the ruins of the 19th century gothic revival castle on the earthworks incorporate much of the original stonework. A motte was constructed on the side of the peninsula, overlooking a ford. In 1206 King John granted a Royal Charter which created the borough of Stafford, in the Middle Ages Stafford was a market town, mainly dealing in cloth and wool. In spite of being the town, Stafford required successive surges of external investment from the time of Æthelflæd to that of Queen Elizabeth I
8.
Stoke-on-Trent
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Stoke-on-Trent is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of 36 square miles. Together with the boroughs of Newcastle-under-Lyme and Staffordshire Moorlands, it is part of North Staffordshire. Stoke is polycentric, having formed by a federation of six towns in the early 20th century. It took its name from Stoke-upon-Trent, where the town hall, Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The four other towns are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent is the home of the pottery industry in England and is commonly known as the Potteries. Formerly a primarily industrial conurbation, it is now a centre for service industries, the name Stoke is taken from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, the original ancient parish, with other settlements being chapelries. Stoke derives from the Old English stoc, a word that at first meant little more than place and these variant meanings included dairy farm, secondary or dependent place or farm, summer pasture, crossing place, meeting place and place of worship. It is not known which of these was intended here, because Stoke was such a common name for a settlement, some kind of distinguishing affix was usually added later, in this case the name of the river. The motto of Stoke-on-Trent is Vis Unita Fortior which can be translated as, United Strength is Stronger, or Strength United is the More Powerful and it was not until 1 April 1910 that the Six Towns were brought together. The county borough of Hanley, the boroughs of Burslem, Longton. The combined borough took the town of Stoke. In 1919, the borough proposed to further and annex the neighbouring borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. This never took place, due to objections from Newcastle Corporation. A further attempt was made in 1930, with the promotion of the Stoke-on-Trent Extension Bill, ultimately, Wolstanton was instead added to Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1932. The borough was granted city status in 1925, with a Lord Mayor from 1928. The decision was overturned, however, when an approach was made to King George V. The public announcement of the elevation to city status was made by the King during a visit to Stoke on 4 June 1925, the county borough was abolished in 1974, and Stoke became a non-metropolitan district of Staffordshire. Its status as a unitary authority was restored on 1 April 1997, for Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS3 region
9.
Lichfield
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Lichfield /ˈlɪtʃfiːld/ is a cathedral city and civil parish in Staffordshire, England. One of eight parishes with city status in England, Lichfield is situated roughly 16 mi north of Birmingham. At the time of the 2011 Census the population was estimated at 32,219, notable for its three-spired medieval cathedral, Lichfield was the birthplace of Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first authoritative Dictionary of the English Language. The citys recorded history began when Chad of Mercia arrived to establish his Bishopric in 669 CE, in 2009, the Staffordshire Hoard, the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork, was found 5.9 km southwest of Lichfield. Lichfields heyday was in the 18th century when it developed into a thriving coaching city, today, the city still retains its old importance as an ecclesiastical centre, and its industrial and commercial development has been limited. The centre of the city retains an unspoilt charm with over 230 listed buildings in its streets, fine Georgian architecture. Lichfield is also home to sports presenter, Matt Bradbury. The origin of the modern name Lichfield is twofold and this passed into Old English as Lyccid, cf. Old Welsh, Luitcoyt, to which was appended Old English, feld open country. This word Lyccidfeld is the origin of the word Lichfield, popular etymology has it that a thousand Christians were martyred in Lichfield around 300 AD during the reign of Diocletian and that the name Lichfield actually means field of the dead. There is no evidence to support this legend, the earliest evidence of settlement has been the discovery of Mesolithic flints on the high ground of the cemetery at St Michael on Greenhill, which may indicate an early flint industry. Traces of Neolithic settlement have been discovered on the side of the sandstone ridge occupied by Lichfield Cathedral. 2.2 mi southwest of Lichfield, near the point where Icknield Street crosses Watling Street was the site of Etocetum, established in AD50 as a Roman military fortress, it had become a civilian settlement with a bath house and a mansio by the 2nd century. Letocetum fell into decline by the 4th century and the Romans had left by the 5th century, there have been scattered Romano-British finds in Lichfield and it is possible that a burial discovered beneath the cathedral in 1751 was Romano-British. There is no evidence of what happened to Letocetum after the Romans left, a Cair Luit Coyd listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his Historia Brittonum, although these were largely historic remembrances of early Sub-Roman Britain. The early history of Lichfield is obscure, the first authentic record of Lichfield occurs in Bedes history, where it is called Licidfelth and mentioned as the place where St Chad fixed the episcopal see of the Mercians in 669. The first Christian king of Mercia, Wulfhere, donated land at Lichfield for St Chad to build a monastery. It was because of this that the centre of Mercia became settled as the Diocese of Lichfield. The burial in the cathedral of the kings of Mercia, Wulfhere in 674 and Ceolred in 716, in 786 King Offa made the city an archbishopric with authority over all the bishops from the Humber to the River Thames, his appointee was Archbishop Hygeberht
10.
Shropshire
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Shropshire Council was created in 2009, a unitary authority taking over from the previous county council and five district councils. The borough of Telford and Wrekin has been a unitary authority since 1998. The county has many towns, including Whitchurch in the north, Newport north-east of Telford. The Ironbridge Gorge area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, covering Ironbridge, Coalbrookdale, there are other historic industrial sites in the county, such as at Shrewsbury, Broseley, Snailbeach and Highley, as well as the Shropshire Union Canal. The Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers about a quarter of the county, Shropshire is one of Englands most rural and sparsely populated counties, with a population density of 136/km2. The Wrekin is one of the most famous landmarks in the county, though the highest hills are the Clee Hills, Stiperstones. Wenlock Edge is another significant geographical and geological landmark, the River Severn, Great Britains longest river, runs through the county, exiting into Worcestershire via the Severn Valley. Shropshire is landlocked and with an area of 3,487 square kilometres is Englands largest inland county, the county flower is the round-leaved sundew. The area was part of the lands of the Cornovii. This was a tribal Celtic iron age kingdom and their capital in pre-Roman times was probably a hill fort on the Wrekin. Ptolemys 2nd century Geography names one of their towns as being Viroconium Cornoviorum, after the Roman occupation of Britain ended in the 5th century, the Shropshire area was in the eastern part of the Welsh Kingdom of Powys, known in Welsh poetry as the Paradise of Powys. It was annexed to the Angle kingdom of Mercia by King Offa in the 8th century, in subsequent centuries, the area suffered repeated Danish invasion, and fortresses were built at Bridgnorth and Chirbury. Many defensive castles were built at this time across the county to defend against the Welsh and enable effective control of the region, including Ludlow Castle, the western frontier with Wales was not finally determined until the 14th century. Also in this period, a number of foundations were formed, the county largely falling at this time under the Diocese of Hereford. The county contains a number of historically significant towns, including Shrewsbury, Bridgnorth, additionally, the area around Coalbrookdale in the county is seen as highly significant, as it is regarded as one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution. The village of Edgmond, near Newport, is the location of the lowest recorded temperature in England, the origin of the name Shropshire is the Old English Scrobbesbyrigscīr, which means Shrewsburyshire. The name may, therefore, be derived indirectly from a name such as Scrope. Salop is an old name for Shropshire, historically used as a form for post or telegrams
11.
Shrewsbury
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Shrewsbury SHROOZ-bree is the county town of Shropshire, England. It is on the River Severn and has a population of approximately 72,000. and is nicknamed the heart of shropshire. Shrewsbury is a town whose centre has a largely unaltered medieval street plan and over 660 listed buildings. The town has historically been a centre for the wool trade, horticulture remains popular, and the Shrewsbury Flower Show is one of the largest horticultural events in England. The A5 and A49 trunk roads cross near to the town and its later Welsh name Amwythig means fortified place. Over the ages, the important town has been the site of many conflicts. The Angles, under King Offa of Mercia, took possession in 778, nearby is the village of Wroxeter,5 miles to the south-east. This was once the site of Viroconium, the fourth largest cantonal capital in Roman Britain, as Caer Guricon it is a possible alternative for the Dark Age seat of the Kingdom of Powys. The importance of the Shrewsbury area in the Roman era was underlined with the discovery of the Shrewsbury Hoard in 2009, Shrewsburys known history commences in the Early Middle Ages, having been founded c.800 AD. It is believed that Anglo-Saxon Shrewsbury was most probably a settlement fortified through the use of earthworks comprising a ditch and rampart, There is evidence to show that by the beginning of the 900s, Shrewsbury was home to a mint. The Welsh besieged it in 1069, but were repelled by William the Conqueror, Roger de Montgomery was given the town as a gift from William, and built Shrewsbury Castle in 1074, taking the title of Earl. He founded Shrewsbury Abbey as a Benedictine monastery in 1083, the 3rd Earl, Robert of Bellême, was deposed in 1102 and the title forfeited, in consequence of rebelling against Henry I and joining the Duke of Normandys invasion of English in 1101. In 1138, King Stephen successfully besieged the castle held by William FitzAlan for the Empress Maud during the known as the Anarchy. It was in the late Middle Ages when the town was at its height of commercial importance. This was mainly due to the trade, a major industry at the time, with the rest of Britain and Europe, especially with the River Severn. The Shrewsbury Drapers Company dominated the trade in Welsh wool for many years, Shrewsburys monastic gathering was disbanded with the Dissolution of the Monasteries and as such the Abbey was closed in 1540. However, it is believed that Henry VIII thereafter intended to make Shrewsbury a cathedral city after the formation of the Church of England, but the citizens of the town declined the offer. Despite this, Shrewsbury thrived throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, largely due to the towns fortuitous location, as a resultant a number of grand edifices, including the Irelands Mansion and Drapers Hall, were constructed
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
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Million+
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Million+ is funded by subscriptions from its members, currently 19 UK universities. While all of the institutions are new universities, many have long histories as colleges. Formed in 1997 as the Coalition of Modern Universities, the name was changed in 2004 to the Campaign for Mainstream Universities, in November 2007, the organisation was rebranded with the present name. This name was chosen to reflect the fact that the member institutions educate over a million students, million+ is involved in the political debate about the role and contribution of universities to the economy and society, where it is seen as representing the post-1992 new universities. The group is chaired by Professor David Phoenix, Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, the Chief Executive is Pam Tatlow
15.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
16.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
17.
City status in the United Kingdom
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The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city. Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, the status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals. City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales, in Scotland, city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the 19th century. At that time, a revival of grants of city status took place, first in England, where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals, and later in Scotland and Ireland. The abolition of corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms. However, letters patent have been issued for most of the cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status. At present, Rochester and Elgin are the former cities in the United Kingdom. The name City does not, in itself, denote city status, a number of large towns in the UK are bigger than some small cities, but cannot legitimately call themselves a city without the royal designation. The initial cities of Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as the capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule, the British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the 28 Cities which was mentioned by Gildas and listed by Nennius. In the 16th century, a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses in six English towns, a long-awaited resumption of creating dioceses began in 1836 with Ripon. Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city, the next diocese formed was Manchester and its Borough Council began informally to use the title city. When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851, widespread doubts surrounding its status were raised, the pretension was ended when the borough petitioned for city status, which was granted by letters patent in 1853. This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position, its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865, from this year Ripon bore city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds – in the Ripon diocese – did not. The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status, accordingly, Truro, St Albans, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888. This was not without opposition from the Home Office, which dismissed St Albans as a fourth or fifth rate market town and objected to Wakefields elevation on grounds of population. In one new diocese, Southwell, a city was not created, because it was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen. The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, and the boroughs of Derby, the link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government
18.
Tunstall, Staffordshire
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Tunstall is an area in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. It was one of the six towns that federated to form the city. Tunstall is the most northern, and fourth largest town of the Potteries and it is situated in the very northwest of the city borough, with its north and west boundaries being the city limit. It stands on a ridge of land between Fowlea Brook to the west and Scotia Brook to the east, surrounded by old tile making and brick making sites, some of which date back to the Middle Ages. There is no independent record of Tunstall in the Domesday Book, it is believed to have formed part of the lands of Richard the forester, however, Tunstall Manor quickly became powerful. Records mention that iron and coal was being mined and processed in the town as far back as 1282, the appointment of a market-reeve by the manor court in 1525 is the earliest indication of a market in Tunstall manor. In 1816, a square of nearly an acre was laid out on land called Stony Croft which was leased from the lord of the manor. Today, Tunstall Market is the smallest of the four markets in Stoke-on-Trent, Tunstall remained a linear village until the industrial revolution. Tunstalls main make-up is now of rows of Victorian terraced houses, There are a number of new estates that have been built in the area. Park Terrace consists of elegant Victorian and Edwardian town houses and is a conservation area. The town was granted Urban District Council status in 1894 and quickly set about expanding itself, on 1 April 1910, the UDC dissolved itself and the town was federated into the county borough of Stoke-on-Trent. By 1925 the borough was granted city status, Tunstall has however, remained distinct and retained its own shopping and business district, adding to Stoke-on-Trents polycentric nature. On 27 November 1916, German Zeppelin LZ61 bombed Tunstall during its return leg to Germany, however, it was shot down the following day before it could reach the coast at Lowestoft. The village of Tunstall was described in 1795 as the pleasantest village in the pottery, Tunstall, including its environs, is the pleasantest village in the pottery. It stands on ground and commands pleasing prospects. The manufactories in it are respectable and do considerable business, There are a number of brick and tile works here, the clay being of a superior kind for such articles, so that with good management the tiles made from it look as well as moderate slate. The Methodists have a large neat Chapel in this place and they have lately established a Sunday School, supported by voluntary contributions, and the teachers give their labours gratis. In this township abounds coal, ironstone, marl and fine cannel coal,1828 journal Tunstall. -- town with ry. sta
19.
Jack Pease, 1st Baron Gainford
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Joseph Albert Jack Pease, 1st Baron Gainford PC, DL, JP, known as Jack Pease before 1917, was a British businessman and conservative Liberal politician. He was a member of H. H. Asquiths Liberal cabinet between 1910 and 1916 and also served as Chairman of the BBC between 1922 and 1926. Pease was born in Darlington, County Durham, the second and youngest son of Sir Joseph Pease, 1st Baronet, of Hutton Hall, Guisborough, and Mary, daughter of Alfred Fox. He was the brother of Sir Alfred Pease, 2nd Baronet, the nephew of Arthur Pease and the first cousin of Sir Arthur Pease, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Grove House, Tottenham, a Quaker school, Pease served as Mayor of Darlington from 1889 to 1890. He was private secretary to John Morley, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, when the Liberals came to power in 1905 under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Pease was appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury. After H. H. Asquith became Prime Minister in 1908 he was promoted to Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, in 1917 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Gainford, of Headlam in the County of Durham. In 1922 he was appointed Chairman of the British Broadcasting Company Ltd, a post he held until 1926, from 1927 to 1928 he was President of Federation of British Industry. Lord Gainford married Ethel, daughter of Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet and they had one son, Joseph, and two daughters, Miriam and Faith. Lady Gainford died in October 1941, Lord Gainford survived her by two years and died in February 1943, aged 83. He was succeeded in the barony by his son, Joseph, the family seat was Headlam Hall, Co Durham. List of political families in the United Kingdom Joseph Albert Pease, by Cameron Hazlehurst in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Jack Pease
20.
Pyrometric cone
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Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials. Thus, pyrometric cones give an equivalent, they are not simple temperature-measuring devices. Pyrometric cones are made in series, the interval between the successive cones usually being 20 degrees Celsius. The best known series are Seger Cones, Orton Cones and Staffordshire Cones, for some products, such as porcelain and lead-free glazes, it can be advantageous to fire within a two-cone range. The three-cone system can be used to determine temperature uniformity and to check the performance of an electronic controller, the three-cone system consists of three consecutively numbered cones, Guide cone – one cone number cooler than firing cone. Firing cone – the cone recommended by manufacturer of glaze, slip, guard cone – one cone number hotter than firing cone. Additionally, most kilns have temperature differences from top to bottom, the amount of difference depends on the design of the kiln, the age of the heating elements, the load distribution in the kiln, and the cone number to which the kiln is fired. Usually, kilns have a temperature difference at cooler cone numbers. Cones should be used on the lower, middle and top shelves to determine how much difference exists during firing and this will aid in the way the kiln is loaded and fired to reduce the difference. Downdraft venting will also even out temperatures variance, both temperature and time and sometimes atmosphere affect the final bending position of a cone. The temperature is referred to as an equivalent temperature, since actual firing conditions may vary somewhat from those in which the cones were originally standardized, observation of cone bending is used to determine when a kiln has reached a desired state. Additionally, small cones or bars can be arranged to mechanically trigger kiln controls when the temperature rises enough for them to deform, precise, consistent placement of large and small cones must be followed to ensure the proper temperature equivalent is being reached. Every effort needs to be made to always have the cone inclined at 8° from the vertical, large cones must be mounted 2 inches above the plaque and small cones mounted 15/16 inches. With the cones having their own base, self-supporting cones eliminate errors with their mounting, reference tables for the temperature equivalents for a number of different pyrometric cones can be found through links in the External links section. Pyrometric cones are sensitive measuring devices and it is important to users that they should remain consistent in the way that they react to heating, Cone manufacturers follow procedures to control variability to ensure that cones of a given grade remain consistent in their properties over long periods. A number of standards and an ISO standard have been published regarding pyrometric cones. Even though cones from different manufacturers can have relatively similar numbering systems, if a change is made from one manufacturer to another, then allowances for the differences can sometimes be necessary. In 1782, Josiah Wedgwood created accurately scaled pyrometric beads, which led him to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society
21.
Joseph William Mellor
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Joseph William Mellor CBE, FRS was a chemist. Joseph William Mellor was born in Lindley, Huddersfield, England and he grew up on New Zealands South Island where his father found employment in the textile industry. The family was too poor to send Joseph to secondary school, Mellor graduated from the University of Otago in 1898. He won a scholarship to study for a degree at the University of Manchester. Mellor never returned to New Zealand, although he kept in contact with relatives there and represented the country as a governor of Imperial College, after his three years at Manchester, he based himself in north Staffordshire where he carried out research in the local industry, ceramics. In 1910 the separate towns which make up Stoke-on-Trent federated, and a decision was made to build a technical college, the college specialised in ceramics and mining, it was provided with a ceramics library by the Carnegie UK Trust. During the First World War Mellors research was directed towards refractories, high-temperature ceramics relevant to the steel industry, in 1927 Mellor became the second person to be elected to the Royal Society for work related to ceramics, the first having been Josiah Wedgwood in the eighteenth century. Mellors publications include a sixteen-volume Comprehensive Treatise on inorganic chemistry, modern inorganic chemistry, London, Longmans, Green, OL 7178815M Mellor, J. W. Uncle Joes Nonsense for Young and Old Children, London, Longmans, Green
22.
Carnegie United Kingdom Trust
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The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland is a charitable trust established by Andrew Carnegie in 1901 for the benefit of the universities of Scotland, their students and their staff. The incorporation of the Trust was by charter in August 1902. The endowment of the Trust on establishment was $10million, in 2004-5, the assets of the Trust amounted to £58million, which enabled awards of £1,667,540 to be made. The ex–officio Trustees of the Trust are, the Principals of the Universities of Scotland, the First Minister of Scotland, there are fourteen nominated Trustees, made up of esteemed Scots from various fields. The Executive Committee, which manages the Trust itself, consists of five of the nominated Trustees, the Trust also enjoys many voluntary repayments by beneficiaries which go towards the Trusts general fund - in 2004-5, these repayments amounted to £134,850. The Trust funds a small, prestigious group of scholarships for Scottish graduates with at least first-class honours degrees who are working towards a doctoral degree. The Trust intends such scholarships to be the award in Scotland. The scheme is highly competitive, although the number of scholarships awarded each year is not fixed, it is usually around 12-15, all applicants must be nominated by an academic at a Scottish university and pursue their degrees in Scotland. Each Scottish university has a set quota of Scholarships, the Caledonian Research Foundation since 1990 has funded scholarships identical to the Carnegie Scholarships, except that they must be held within Scotland. The scholarships are administered by the Carnegie Trust on the Foundations behalf, on behalf of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Henry Dryerre Scholarship is for postgraduate study by a graduate of a Scottish university in medical or veterinary physiology. It is only offered three years. It is named after the physiologist Henry Dryerre, undergraduates undertaking first degrees at a Scottish university whose tuition fees are not met by the governmental Student Awards Agency for Scotland can apply to the Trust for fee assistance. These awards are means-tested, and it is a requirement for assistance that paying fees would cause the applicant hardship such that it would not be possible for them to continue with their degree, in 2004-5 there were 211 applicants and 163 awards made. Undergraduates of Scottish extraction can apply for a competitive Vacation Scholarship to undertake a short, candidates must be nominated by a university Dean of Faculty, and are for maintenance awards of up to eight weeks. The scholarship can be held in the United Kingdom or abroad, in 2004-5 there were 116 applicants and 89 awards made. The Trust used to fund grants towards the cost of expeditions for undergraduates supported by a Scottish university, such expeditions are to have a coherent research programme and must be accompanied throughout by a member of staff or someone of equal standing acceptable to the Trust. Research staff of the Scottish universities are eligible for the scheme, the Scheme awards funding for joint programmes of collaborative research projects from groups within the Scottish Universities. In 2001, the Trust established a Centenary Fund to celebrate the centenary of Andrew Carnegies original 1901 endowment, the yearly income for this fund goes towards the appointment of two world-class Carnegie Centenary Professors per year for a sabbatical period in Scotland
23.
Madeley, Staffordshire
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Madeley is a village and ward in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, North Staffordshire, England. It is split into three parts, Madeley, Middle Madeley, and Little Madeley, Madeley Heath is also considered by many to be part of Madeley. In the 2001 census, the population was recorded as 4,386, Madeley is located 5 miles west of Newcastle-under-Lyme town centre and is close to the Shropshire and Cheshire borders. To the north are the villages of Betley and Wrinehill, south is the hamlet of Baldwins Gate. To the east is Keele, the site of Keele University as well as Silverdale, whilst to the west lies Onneley, Madeley is derived from the Saxon, Madanlieg, meaning a clearing in the woods belonging to Mada. Madeley is recorded in the Domesday Book as being 2,160 acres of wood and 4 plough teams, the first Madeley Old Manor was built by Robert de Stafford, with the local church being founded in 1200. Heighley Castle was built in 1226 by Henry de Audley and ordered to be demolished by Parliamentary committee sitting at Stafford in 1644 to prevent its use by Royalists, Little remains today but some of the ruins are still visible during winter through the vegetation surrounding the area. There is also Madeley Old Hall, a timber-framed Elizabethan house that is now a country house hotel and it is a Grade II* listed building. A significant feature and well-known landmark of the village is Madeley Mill standing on the dam for the pool, during its history the mill was used for grinding grain but prior to its closure, production was turned over to cheese making. It fell into disrepair before being developed and converted apartments in the early 1990s saving it from proposed demolition by the local council. North Staffordshire was a centre for mining and the nearby mine at Leycett was known as Madeley under the National Coal Board. Sinking began in the 1880s and the Colliery had five shafts with exotic names, Bang Up, Fair Lady, Clarkes, Harrisons, the Pit closed on 21 September 1957. There is nothing left of the site nowadays and it is used for agriculture, today Madeley has a busy shopping parade with a Car Parts and Accessories shop, A Balloon shop, A Pet Shop. Premier Shop, Hair Dressers, Chinese Take away, Butchers, two primary schools, Meadows and Sir John Offley Primary School. The Madeley high school secondary school serves the surrounding area, as part of the expansion in higher and further education, Madeley College opened in 1962 and specialised in Mens Physical Education and Home Economics. It closed in the mid-1980s after becoming part of the North Staffordshire Polytechnic, the majority of the settlement sits between the M6 motorway and the West Coast Main Line but there is no access to the motorway or a railway station. The A525 road passes through Madeley as a primary route and it connects with the A531 which further connects with the A500 to the north. In World War II when food was rationed, a lorry overturned on the A531 road which was carrying Stork margarine, people are said to have come from miles around came to recover the contents, resulting in its naming as Margarine Corner, which continues today
24.
Coal mining
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore, in the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, colliery generally refers to a coal mine. In the United States colliery has been used to describe a coal mine operation, Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks, small-scale mining of surface deposits dates back thousands of years. For example, in Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting most of the major coalfields by the late 2nd century AD. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe, international trade expanded rapidly when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships. Until the late nineteenth century coal was mined using a pick and shovel. Coal-cutting machines were introduced in the 1880s, by 1912, surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining. The most economical method of extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground, many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two methods of mining. Coal that occurs at depths of 180 to 300 ft are usually deep mined, for example, some western U. S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 200 ft are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 60–90 feet. Coals occurring below 300 ft are usually deep mined, However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 1000–1500 feet below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany. When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut mining methods, open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, the overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured, the coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used
25.
Stoke-on-Trent railway station
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Stoke-on-Trent railway station is a mainline railway station serving the city of Stoke-on-Trent. It lies on the Stafford to Manchester branch of the West Coast Main Line, the station also provides an interchange between various local services running through Cheshire, Staffordshire and Derbyshire. The Victorian station buildings were opened on 9 October 1848, the other buildings located in Winton Square, including the North Stafford Hotel, were opened in June 1849. All these buildings were constructed by John Jay to the design of H. A. Hunt of London, the station was built by the North Staffordshire Railway Company and, until the amalgamation of 1923, housed the companys boardroom and its principal offices. Stoke-on-Trent has always been and still is the hub of North Staffordshires passenger train service, the station also used to have links to Leek, Cheadle, to Market Drayton via Newcastle-under-Lyme & Silverdale and was the southern terminus of the Potteries Loop Line. All of these routes closed to traffic in the 1950s & 1960s. The station is situated in Winton Square, which is described as Britains only piece of town planning undertaken by a railway company specifically to offset a station building. The building is constructed of red brick with black diapering. It has three Dutch-style gables, the gable has a prominent first-floor bay window, which is decoratively mullioned. Behind the bay window is the boardroom of the NSR, while the remainder of the floor was designed as office space. Either side of the bay window is a terrace, which runs across the top of an arcade of Tuscan columns flanking seven arches, Stoke-on-Trent Station is managed by Virgin Trains. It has three platforms and until recently had one central through line without a platform, which has now been removed. In April 2011, a series of FalcoLevel two-tier cycle parking systems were installed providing secure accommodation for up to 66 bikes, there is both a tiled passenger subway and a passenger operated lift connecting platform 1 with platforms 2 and 3. Northbound trains usually depart from platform 2, which has a newly refurbished waiting room, ladies, Platform 3 is a short bay platform used by Northerns regional trains to Manchester Piccadilly which depart at xx,58 and call at all stations excluding Longport. The station building retains much of its character, including a classic glazed roof, built in 1893. A war memorial, with brass nameplates naming the employees of the North Staffordshire Railway who fell during World War I, the station underwent restoration work in the 1990s, having fallen into disrepair. In May 2009 the main platform was lengthened to accommodate longer trains, on 14 September 2015, the station began its new development project. Platform 1 saw the introduction of ticket barriers in December 2015 along with new Fast Ticket Machines
26.
Greg Dyke
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Gregory Dyke is a British media executive, journalist and broadcaster. He is the chairman of The Football Association. Dyke is a panellist on Sky News The Pledge, since the 1960s, Dyke has had a long career in the UK in print and then broadcast journalism. He is credited with introducing tabloid television to British broadcasting, in the 1990s, he held chief executive positions at LWT Group, Pearson Television and Channel 5. He is the chairman of childrens television company HiT Entertainment, and was the Chancellor of the University of York from 2004 to 2015, Dyke was born in 1947, in Hayes, Middlesex, the youngest of three sons in a stable, lower middle class family. His father was an insurance salesman, the family lived at 17 Cerne Close until he was 9, then moved to Cedars Drive, Hillingdon. He was educated at Yeading Primary School and then Hayes Grammar School, after school he was briefly a trainee manager at Marks & Spencer before leaving to work as a trainee reporter for the Hillingdon Mirror, becoming chief reporter in eight months. He left the Mirror after attempting to stage a union-backed protest against poor pay conditions by the staff of the work on the paper. He then got a job at the Slough Evening Mail, amongst his colleagues was future music journalist Colin Irwin. He then went on to study for a degree at the University of York as a mature student, during his time at York, Dyke was active in student politics, and was part of a collective that produced a psychedelic underground student magazine called Nouse. He also met and married his first wife Christine Taylor whilst at the university, as he was a mature student with work experience, his politics were more of a traditional Labour supporter than some of the more radical far left students. His contemporaries and friends at York included future journalists Linda Grant and Peter Hitchens, Dyke was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University in 1999 and was Chancellor from 2004 to 2015. After university, Dyke followed his first wife to Newcastle and he had become disillusioned with newspaper journalism, and tried for a job as a junior reporter at BBC Radio Teesside. He was unsuccessful, apparently because the interviewers felt no-one would understand his accent, Dyke instead found work covering rural affairs for the Newcastle Journal. He moved back to London with Christine in 1974 to become campaign officer for the Wandsworth Community Relations Council and he hated the job and left to campaign to be elected GLC councillor for Putney. He was given assistance getting a job at London Weekend Television by fellow ex-Newcastle journalist Nicholas Evans, Dyke got a junior position on LWTs local politics programme, in the current affairs department. His bosses there were John Birt and Peter Jay and he attracted attention for trying to give the programmes he worked on a more populist edge. This led to him being given the chance to launch a new evening current affairs topical news programme
27.
Lichfield City railway station
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Lichfield City is one of two railway stations serving the city of Lichfield, in Staffordshire, England. It is situated in the city-centre, and is towards the end of the Cross-City Line 17¼ miles north east of Birmingham New Street. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by London Midland, the other station serving Lichfield is Lichfield Trent Valley on the city outskirts. The station opened in 1849, on the South Staffordshire Railways line from Lichfield Trent Valley to Walsall and this later became part of the London and North Western Railway. The architect for the South Staffordshire Railway was Mr Edward Adams of London, services to Birmingham began in 1884, when a branch to Sutton Coldfield opened, connecting with an earlier LNWR line. This original station was demolished in 1882 when the present one was built to accommodate these additional services, the original station stood further east than the present one. It was approached from the city by a path which ran across Levetts Field and up some steps in front of the station. This later became part of the Cross-City Line, in 1988 under British Rail, the line was extended back to Trent Valley. Lichfield City has retained considerable character, the line to Walsall subsequently closed to all traffic in March 1984, except for the portion as far as Anglesey sidings, which was retained to serve a Charringtons oil terminal. Traffic from there ceased in 2002 and the line has been disused since then, in June 1990 the station was in the news after an off-duty soldier was shot and killed, and two others were wounded when two IRA gunmen opened fire. A plaque commemorating the incident is situated in the station, the South Staffordshire Line from Lichfield Trent Valley to Burton on Trent is often used for diversions, as well as for occasional freight trains and empty stock transfers. Southbound 2 tph to Redditch, calling at all stations Northbound 2 tph to Lichfield Trent Valley Train times and station information for Lichfield City railway station from National Rail
28.
Penang
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Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts, Penang Island, where the city, George Town, is located. Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east, known as the Silicon Valley of the East for its industries, Penang is also one of the most urbanised and economically-important states in the country. George Town, which was founded by the British in 1786, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Penang has the third highest Human Development Index in Malaysia, after the State of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Its heterogeneous population is diverse in ethnicity, culture, language. A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite, Penang Lang or Penangkaran, the name of Penang comes from the modern Malay name Pulau Pinang, which means the island of the areca nut palm. The name Penang may refer either to Penang Island or the state of Penang, Penang is also known as the Pearl of the Orient, 东方之珠 and Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara. Penang is shortened as PG in English, or PP in Malay, early Malays called Penang Island Pulau Ka-Satu, meaning The First Island, because it was the largest island encountered on the trading sea-route between Lingga and Kedah. The Siamese, then the overlord of the Kedah Sultanate, referred to the island as Koh Maak, in the 15th century, Penang Island was referred to as Bīnláng Yù in the navigational drawings used by Admiral Zheng He of Ming China in his expeditions to the South Seas. The 16th-century Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Eredias map of the Malay Peninsula in his Description of Malacca in 1613 referred to the island as Pulo Pinaom, archaeological evidence shows that Penang was inhabited by the Semang-Pangan of the Juru and Yen lineage. Both of these are now considered extinct cultures and they were hunter-gatherers of the Negrito stock having short stature and dark complexion, and were dispersed by the Malays as far back as 900 years ago. The last recorded aboriginal settlement in Penang was in the 1920s in Kubang Semang, the first evidence of prehistoric human settlement in what is now Penang were found in Guar Kepah, a cave in Seberang Perai in 1860. Based on mounds of sea shells with human skeletons, stone implements, broken ceramics, and food leftovers inside, other stone tools found in various places on Penang Island pointed to the existence of Neolithic settlements dating to 5,000 years ago. One of the first Englishmen to reach Penang was the navigator, sailing from Plymouth for the East Indies, James reached Batu Ferringhi in June 1592, remaining on Penang Island until September of the same year and pillaging every vessel he encountered. In the early 18th century, ethnic Minangkabaus from Sumatra opened up a settlement on Penang Island, Haji Muhammad Salleh, known as Nakhoda Intan, anchored at Batu Uban and built a seaside settlement in 1734. Later, the Arabs arrived and settled mainly at Jelutong, the Arabs then intermarried with the Minangkabau, this gave rise to the Arab-Minangkabau admixture now described as Malay, as they have assimilated into the local Malay community. However, the history of Penang only began in 1786. On 17 July that year, Captain Francis Light, an English trader-adventurer of the British East India Company, landed on Penang Island, Fort Cornwallis was later built at the site where he first set foot
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Stoke-on-Trent College
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Stoke-on-Trent College is a provider of further and higher education based in Stoke-on-Trent. The colleges main campus, known as Cauldon Campus, is in Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent college is part of UniQ - the university quarter. A collaborative project with Staffordshire University and the Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College, the college runs a range of courses, from basic English and Maths to foundation degree courses. The college has the largest number of education students of any college in North Staffordshire. The college does not offer a-levels which are instead the responsibility of City of Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College, the College is a member of the Collab Group of high performing schools. The January 2014 Ofsted rating of the college gave it a good overall, the main site to the college is Cauldon Caumpus in the Shelton area of the city. This site is where the majority of the courses are run from, Stoke-on-Trent College is the main sponsor of the College Academies Trust, a group of schools within Stoke-on-Trent. Schools in the trust include Discovery Academy, Excel Academy, Maple Court Academy, in 2013 the college launched its own student radio station called Heatwave Radio which broadcasts from 2 studios within the J Block of Burslem Campus. The Station is entirely managed by students and presented by lecturers, the station broadcasts a mixture of popular music and specialist programmes in genres such as Dance, Hot AC and unsigned music. The station broadcasts 24 hours per day but for the majority of the time broadcasts non-stop music, Stoke. net page on Stoke on Trent College Cove homepage - Learning and Skills Council
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Brocton, Staffordshire
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Brocton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire. It is within the borough of Stafford, the village describes itself as the Gateway to Cannock Chase, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is located four miles south-east of Stafford town centre. The 2011 census recorded a population of 1,082 in 445 Households, the parish comes under the Stafford Non-Metropolitan District. The village is just outside the area of Stafford, on the edge of Cannock Chase. The parish is one of the most affluent areas in Staffordshire and is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, there is a single shop/post office and some of the most beautiful timber framed houses in Staffordshire. Good examples can be seen in Park Lane and The Green, Brocton was once well known to servicemen as a World War I Military Training Camp, remnants of which can still be seen up at the top of Chase Road. Tolkien came to Staffordshire in August 1915 when he served his military training at an Army camp on the ancient forest and Royal hunting ground of Cannock Chase, Stafford. In March 1916 Tolkien married Edith Bratt and they moved into accommodation in Great Haywood, the excavation is revealing amazing details of the 40 metre square battlefield, which is said to be perfectly preserved. Staffordshire County Council will be using laser-scanning technology to re-create the site as a 3D interactive model that can be explored online, near Brocton is Brocton Hall the country house and golf course. Brocton Old Post Office Park Lane The Green
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Eccleshall
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For the district of the City of Sheffield, see Ecclesall Eccleshall is a town in Staffordshire, England. It is located seven miles north west of Stafford, and six miles west of Stone, Eccleshall is twinned with Sancerre in France. According to the Domesday book, Eccleshall in 1086 was no more than a village of about one hundred inhabitants. Eccleshall became important as a town for the surrounding area. In 1153 it was granted the right to hold a weekly market, around the beginning of the 13th century the village had become a town with the granting of ‘Borough’ status and by 1259 had obtained a charter to hold an annual fair at Ascensiontide. By the time of the survey of the Bishop’s estates in 1298 about five hundred people lived in the village, to the Bishop of Lichfield, Eccleshall was conveniently situated on the main road between the centres of the diocese in Chester, Lichfield and Coventry. Land was reputedly granted to St Chad and in 1200 Bishop Geoffrey de Muschamp was granted by King John a ‘licence to crenellate’ a castle, from then on until the 1860s the site would provide a residence for the Bishops of Lichfield. However the ruins which exist today are those a later built in 1305 by Bishop William Langton. This was the era of castle building and he built an imposing fortress with four corner towers. In June 1643 the castle was besieged by Sir William Brereton and their guns caused considerable damage to the walls but the castle held out. The castle was sacked but enough of the building remained to be used as a prison for Royalist gentry, with the development of turnpike trusts in the 18th century as a method of financing road building and improvements, coach travel throughout England had become faster and more reliable. With its position on the main London to Chester road Eccleshall became an important stopping point for coaches on several different routes and the town prospered, until recently the large stables at the Royal Oak Hotel could be seen. Bishop William Overton was probably responsible, in 1580, for bringing two glass making families from Lorraine, Tyzack and Henzey to Bishops Wood near Eccleshall to set up glass production. Manufacturing ceased around 1615, however, the site of one glass furnace has been excavated in recent times and is preserved, the high street has numerous shops, pubs, restaurants and businesses. A farmers market is held every month and the town holds its major festival every two years, the Eccleshall Show is held every Summer at Sugnall Parks. Eccleshall High Street, with many Georgian and earlier buildings, is a conservation area, Eccleshall F. C. are an English non-league football club. They play in the North West Counties League Division One, the reserves play in the Staffordshire County Senior League Premier Division. HM Prison Drake Hall is a closed prison
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Gnosall
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Gnosall is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Stafford, Staffordshire, England, with a population of 4,736 across 2,048 households. It lies on the A518, approximately halfway between the towns of Newport and the county town of Staffordshire, Stafford, Gnosall Heath lies immediately south-west of the main village, joined by Station Road and separated by Doley Brook. Other nearby villages include Woodseaves, Knightley, Cowley, Ranton, Church Eaton, Bromstead Heath, the village was mentioned in the Domesday Book, in which it was named Geneshale. It is listed there as having a population of 12 households, the Stafford to Shrewsbury railway line once ran through the village. Gnosalls railway station opened on 1 June 1849 and closed on 6 August 1966, the line was built by the Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Company, which also managed the Shropshire Union Canal which runs through the village. A footpath, the Way for the Millennium, now follows its route, landmarks of interest include, St. Lawrences Church, which dates from Norman times and stands over the site of an earlier Saxon church. There are also old, privately owned, buildings such as the building on the High Street that was previously the Dukes Head. The large primary school was previously Heron Brook High School, but is now St. Lawrence CE Primary School. It was originally designed to look attractive from the railway passes close by it, however the only people who see its intended front now are walkers, staff. A large health centre was completed in 2006 at the end of Gnosall from the old doctors surgery by the fire station. The villages newspaper, GPN, is produced and sold in the village, despite there being controversy over the legality, fishing is popular and fruitful on the canal. Adam Blakeman, the Puritan minister who founded the early American town of Stratford, Connecticut, was born in Gnosall in 1596. Gnosall history - including BMDs, maps, photos, videos and stories Gnosall Web, ) - Community Portal to the Global Village Gnosall, Primary School Gnosall Parish Council Website
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Haughton, Staffordshire
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Haughton is a village in Staffordshire, England, approximately 4 miles outside and to the west of the county town of Stafford. It lies on the A518 between Stafford and Gnosall, a small and peaceful rural village, Haughton contains 2 public houses, The Shropshire and The Bell. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 1,082. In the centre of the village situated on the road is Haughton church. The new school is set back from the road and caters for pupils between the ages of 5 and 11. The village offers a selection of shops, a refurbished and combined Post Office, General Store and Newsagents, hairdressers, and traditional butcher shop. Red Lion Farm of Haughton is a distributor of high quality ice-creams. The ice-cream is produced fresh on-site by house-owned Jersey Cows, which inhabit the farm along with a number of other animals, a caravan site is also situated on the farm premises, becoming very popular during early summer periods. Haughton is widely known for its Christmas lights, every year some of the villages most impressive houses have donation boxes outside them in order to raise money for charity. More information on this subject can be found on the Haughton home page, St. Giles church is in the centre of the village. And the nearby school often use the Church on religious occasions, the church is mainly 15th and 16th centuries, but religious activities date further back in the village. In 1851, Haughton had a railway station 1 mile north of the village, the lord of the manor was Francis Eld, Esq of Seighford. The church, dedicated to St Giles, is mostly of brick except the tower which is of stone. The Rector in 1851 was Rev Charles Smith Royds MA, whose rectory was built in 1804, the village has a National School, built in 1841 along with a house for the school master, the latter at the expense of the Rector. At that time, railway trains passed through the station 4 times a day each way on the line connecting Stafford, at that time the village had 3 wheelwrights,3 shopkeepers,19 farmers,4 shoemakers,2 blacksmiths,3 butchers, and 2 beerhouses. Letters were collected in the evening at 5. 30pm being taken via Stafford, Haughton Home Page The Bell Inn Haughton Home Page St Giles Red Lion Farm
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Levedale
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Levedale is a small somewhat elongated English village situated some 4 miles southwest of Stafford,2 miles northwest of Penkridge and a mile west of Dunston, Staffordshire. This area contains the villages of Weston-under-Lizard, Wheaton Aston and Penkridge in the southern half and Gnosall. It also contains many small villages and hamlets, including Mitton, Coppenhall, Whiston, Lapley, High Onn, Blymhill, Dunston, Bradley, Levedale, Stretton, Moreton, Orslow, etc. Levedale village consists of cottages, houses and a few scattered along several roads that run between Coppenhall and Penkridge. In the 19th century missions were established at Whiston and Levedale, the mission church at Whiston is of red brick and consists of nave, small chancel, and south porch. It has pointed windows and a bell-cote above the west gable, the mission church at Levedale stands on the east side of the road and is a small weather-boarded building with leaded windows. In 1956 the plate included a chalice and silver paten. J. H. Kenysson, Vicar of Penkridge, who presented them to Levedale church, a school-church at Levedale, which was used for a day-school, was built in 1881, average attendances c.1884 being 25 boys and girls and 65 infants. The land was given by Lord Hatherton who paid for the building and this was still existing as a school-church down to 1900 but by 1912 was described as a mission church. Documented use of the name Levedale comes in c.1215 as seen in the names of Geoffrey son of John de Levedale and William son of Stephen de Levedale
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Milwich, Staffordshire
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Milwich is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Staffordshire. The village is 7.8 miles north east of the town of Stafford, the nearest railway station is 5.5 miles west in the town of Stone. The village is situate on the B5027, the nearest main road are the A51 which passes the village 2.3 miles to the south west. The 2011 census recorded a population of 418 in 175 Households, the parish comes under the Stafford Non-Metropolitan District. The village has a post office which can be found at Prospect House, within the village there is one public house which is called the Green Man. The parish church is called All Saints which is notable for possessing the oldest dated bell in Staffordshire, the present church was rebuilt in place of an early medieval church 1792 and is a Grade II listed building. Further renovations and alterations saw a gallery added in 1837 with the pitch pine paneled installed in 1888. Milwich is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, in the survey the village has the name Mulewiche and Melewich in the Hundred of Pirehill. In the survey the settlement was described as small with only 8 households. The assets of the village listed include 4 villager or villein, meadow of 1 acres, there was also 4 ploughlands,1 lords plough teams,3 mens plough teams. In 1066 the lord of the manor was held by Swein Rafwin, in 1086 the lord of the manor was held by Osbern. The Tenant-in-chief in 1086 was Robert of Stafford, taxation figures show the village had a Taxable value 0.8 geld units with a value to lord in 1086 of £1. The total tax assessment was valued at 1 geld unit, Staffordshire records show that by the thirteenth century the manor was controlled by two main landowners. The landowners were called Geoffrey, son of Philip de Nugent, Robert de Milwich’s home was Milwich Hall. The Hall, which is a Grade II listed building, is a timber-framed house and this house was built on the site of what was thought to be the original Saxon Hall, which was encircled by a moat. The basis of the house was built by the Astons of Tixall. By the twentieth century, the landowner in Milwich was the Earl of Harrowby
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Ranton, Staffordshire
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Ranton is a small hamlet in Staffordshire, England, situated 3.5 miles west of Stafford,2.5 miles east of Woodseaves and 2 miles northeast of Gnosall. The population taken at the 2011 census was 382, as of 2013, both public houses that once operated in Ranton were bought and subsequently removed from operation. Due to this, Ranton is now listed as a hamlet, Ranton is listed under the Pirehill Hundred section of the Doomsday Book. There is debate as to how the name Ranton was spelt prior to the 18th Century, possibilities include Ronton, Rantone, all Saints church, Ranton, is a small ancient structure, dating from the 13th century. The building was renovated in 1753, when the chancel was built, the east window was probably put in at this time. The bell turret was removed in 1889, but was re-erected in the 1940s in memory of Frank Russell and John Owen Timms, the new turret was not strong enough to support the bells, which had to be removed and put onto storage until the turret was rebuilt. The church has a small bell-tower at the west end of the nave with two bells, and was repaired and a gallery erected in 1840, the restoration was supervised by Staffordshire ecclesiastical architect Andrew Capper. The parish registers commence in 1655, the original registers for the period 1655-1993, 1655-1984 & 1655-1993 are deposited at Staffordshire Record Office. Bishops Transcripts, 1660-1868 are deposited at Lichfield Record office, the ruins of both Ranton Abbey and Abbey House stand nearby. Ranton Green Picture of Ranton Abbey Tower and Abbey House viewed from the south Photograph of Abbey House from the south, c.1912, in its heyday, with Abbey visible to left
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