1.
Latter Day Saint movement
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The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
2.
Book of Isaiah
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The Book of Isaiah is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. While virtually no one today attributes the entire book, or even most of it, to one person, Isaiah 1–33 promises judgment and restoration for Judah, Jerusalem and the nations, and chapters 34–66 presume that judgment has been pronounced and restoration follows soon. It can thus be read as a meditation on the destiny of Jerusalem into. Isaiah speaks out against corrupt leaders and for the disadvantaged, Isaiah 44,6 contains the first clear statement of monotheism, I am the first and I am the last, besides me there is no god. This model of monotheism became the characteristic of post-Exilic Judaism. Isaiah was one of the most popular works among Jews in the Second Temple period, the scholarly consensus which held sway through most of the 20th century saw three separate collections of oracles in the book of Isaiah. God has a plan which will be realised on the Day of Yahweh, on that day all the nations of the world will come to Zion for instruction, but first the city must be punished and cleansed of evil. Israel is invited to join in this plan, chapters 5–12 explain the significance of the Assyrian judgment against Israel, righteous rule by the Davidic king will follow after the arrogant Assyrian monarch is brought down. The oppressor is about to fall, chapters 34–35 tell how Yahweh will return the redeemed exiles to Jerusalem. Chapters 36–39 tell of the faithfulness of king Hezekiah to Yahweh during the Assyrian siege as a model for the restored community, chapters 55–66 are an exhortation to Israel to keep the covenant. Gods eternal promise to David is now made to the people of Israel/Judah at large, the book ends by enjoining righteousness as the final stages of Gods plan come to pass, including the pilgrimage of the nations to Zion and the realisation of Yahwehs kingship. Chapters 56–66 assume an even later situation, in which the people are returned to Jerusalem. Anonymity → Isaiahs name suddenly stops being used after chapter 39, style → There is a sudden change in style and theology after chapter 40, numerous key words and phrases found in one section are not found in the other. These observations led scholars to the conclusion that the book can be divided into three sections, labeled Proto-Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah, and Trito-Isaiah. Early modern-period scholars treated Isaiah as independent collections of sayings by three individual prophets, brought together at a later period, about 70 BCE, to form the present book. The second half of the 20th century saw a change in approach. The conquest of Jerusalem by Babylon and the exile of its elite in 586 BCE ushered in the stage in the formation of the book. Deutero-Isaiah addresses himself to the Jews in exile, offering them the hope of return, deutero-Isaiahs predictions of the imminent fall of Babylon and his glorification of Cyrus as the deliverer of Israel date his prophecies to 550–539 BCE, and probably towards the end of this period
3.
Latter Day Saint
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The denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as Mormonism. Denominations opposed to the use of the term consider it to be connected to the polygamy practiced by the Utah church. It was renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838, the largest denomination within the contemporary movement is the LDS Church with 15 million members. It is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and uses the term Latter-day Saints to describe itself, the second-largest denomination is the Community of Christ, a Missouri-based,250, 000-member denomination. Other denominations within the movement either formed around various would-be successors to Smith and these, together with the two denominations listed above, are detailed in the table of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, below. Though a few small factions broke with Smiths organization during his lifetime, following Smiths death, the movement experienced a leadership crisis which led to a schism within the church. The largest group, which would become the LDS Church, followed Brigham Young, settling in what would become the Utah Territory, the second-largest faction, the RLDS Church, coalesced around Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith. Other would-be leaders included the surviving member of the First Presidency, Sidney Rigdon, the newly baptized James Strang from Wisconsin. Each of these men still retains a following as of 2014—however tiny it may be in some cases—and all of their organizations have experienced further schisms, other claimants, such as Granville Hedrick, William Bickerton and Charles B. Thompson, later emerged to start still other factions, some of which have further subdivided, given the large number of Latter Day Saint churches and their differing backgrounds, categorizing them can be difficult. Another method uses provenance, for instance, all denominations that ultimately trace their history back to the LDS Church in Utah are organized as one factional group, Divergent Paths of the Restoration—a reference work on this subject—follows this approach. Those denominations within each group share a common ancestry and basic beliefs that are different from groups sharing other provenances, Joseph Smiths original church, and those bodies which broke with him during his lifetime. The original organization, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, later called the Church of the Latter Day Saints, other small churches formed on the basis of disagreements with Smith prior to his murder in 1844, all of which are now defunct. Sometimes called Rocky Mountain Saints, Brighamites, or Mormons, tracing their leadership or influence through Brigham Young, by far the largest and best known Latter Day Saint church, which is colloquially, but imprecisely, referred to as the Mormon Church. The defunct Godbeites and a few small churches that broke with the LDS Church to pursue a more liberal, inclusive. These adherents are referred to, collectively, as Prairie Saints. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and related churches tracing their leadership through Joseph Smith III, the Church of Christ and related churches tracing their leadership through Granville Hedrick. Churches tracing their leadership through Sidney Rigdon or William Bickerton, the Church of Jesus Christ and related churches tracing their leadership through Alpheus Cutler
4.
Kirtland, Ohio
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For other places with the same name, see Kirtland Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census, Kirtland is famous for being the early headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1837 and is the site of the first Mormon temple, the Kirtland Temple, completed in 1836. The city is also the location for many parks in the Lake Metroparks system, after the founding of the United States, northern Ohio was designated as the Western Reserve and was sold to the Connecticut Land Company. The area was first surveyed by Moses Cleaveland and his party in 1796, Kirtland is named for Turhand Kirtland, a principal of the Connecticut Land Company and judge in Trumbull County, the first political entity in Ohio that included Kirtland township. Kirtland, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, demonstrated both breadth of vision and integrity in his dealings with the local Native Americans. He was known for his bravery, resourcefulness, and passion for justice, dr. Jared Potter Kirtland was the son of the former, he helped to found a medical college in nearby Willoughby, Ohio, and he compiled the first ornithology of Ohio. The bird Kirtlands warbler is named for Jared Kirtland and this rare species has been documented in the city during migration, but it does not nest in Ohio. Being less well suited to agriculture, the forested, clay soiled, high, hilly, land of Kirtland was settled later than surrounding townships, Mentor in 1798. Kirtlands first European settlers were the John Moore family, soon followed by the Crary family who came to Kirtland in 1811, in 1893 Christopher Crary wrote a memoir of his Kirtland life, which provided a great deal of material for Anne B. From 1831 to 1838 Kirtland was the headquarters for the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith moved the church to Kirtland in 1831, shortly after its formal organization in April 1830 in Palmyra, New York. Latter Day Saints built their first temple there, a landmark that is now owned and operated by the Community of Christ. The temple was built with a degree of opulence, considering the nature of the area. Many attending the Kirtland Temple dedication in 1836 claimed to see multiple heavenly visions and appearances of heavenly beings, for this and other reasons, Kirtland remains a place of importance to those of all Latter Day Saint denominations. Many sections from the Doctrine and Covenants, considered modern revelations and canonical by most denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, today, besides giving tours, the Community of Christ church allows others to use the temple for special meetings. After the majority of the Latter Day Saints departed Kirtland in 1837-38, Crary recalls the last rattlesnakes being killed on Gildersleeve Mountain in the 1830s. During this period most of the areas near Kirtland were cleared for agriculture, with corn. In the early 20th century, Kirtland School was built to consolidate 3 school houses, one of the old school houses can still be found at the corner of Baldwin and Booth Roads in Kirtland Hills. Kirtland saw few changes until after World War II when several subdivisions were built
5.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
6.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
7.
Clay County, Missouri
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Clay County is a county located in the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 221,939, the county was organized January 2,1822, and named in honor of U. S. Representative Henry Clay from Kentucky, later member of the United States Senate, Clay County is part of the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains many of the citys northern suburbs, along with a substantial portion of the City of Kansas City. Clay County owns and operates the Midwest National Air Center in Excelsior Springs, Clay County was settled primarily from migrants from the Upper Southern states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. They brought slaves and slaveholding traditions with them, and quickly started cultivating crops similar to those in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky, hemp, Clay was one of several counties settled mostly by Southerners to the north and south of the Missouri River. Given their culture and traditions, this became known as Little Dixie. In 1860, slaves made up 25% or more of the countys population, residents generally supported the Confederacy during the Civil War, as the Confederate flag flew over the county courthouse for many years following the end of the Civil War. Many members of the Latter Day Saint movement found refuge in Clay County in November 1833, in 1836, mobs drove the members of the church from the county. Leaders of this church, most notably Joseph Smith, were imprisoned for months in Clay County in the jail at Liberty. In May 2012, the LDS Church opened a Kansas City Missouri Temple six miles southwest of the Liberty Jail site at 7001 Searcy Creek Parkway in Kansas City, Missouri. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 409 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in Missouri by area, clinton County Ray County Jackson County Wyandotte County, Kansas Platte County As of the census of 2010,221,939 people,72,558 households, and 50,137 families resided in the county. The population density was 558 people per square mile, the 93,918 housing units averaged 236 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 87. 46% White,5. 18% Black or African American,0. 53% Native American,2. 05% Asian,0. 26% Pacific Islander,1. 77% from other races, and 2. 75% from two or more races. About 5. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000,23. 3% were of German,14. 5% American,11. 0% English,10. 8% Irish, and 5. 6% Italian ancestry. About 25. 20% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was distributed as 25. 80% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,32. 30% from 25 to 44,22. 30% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.60 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.80 males
8.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
9.
David Whitmer
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David Whitmer was an early adherent of the Latter Day Saint movement who eventually became the most interviewed of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormons golden plates. Whitmer was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the fourth of nine children of Peter Whitmer, Sr. Whitmers ancestry on both sides of his family were German, and the family spoke with a German accent. His grandfather was George Witmer, who was born in Prussia, by the 1820s, the Whitmer family had moved to a farm in Fayette, in New Yorks Finger Lakes area. On March 12,1825, Whitmer was elected sergeant in an organized militia called the Seneca Grenadiers. Whitmer and his family were among the earliest adherents to the Latter Day Saint movement, Whitmer eventually accepted the story and brought his fathers family to join the Smiths in Palmyra. Whitmer was baptized in June 1829, nearly a year prior to the organization of the Church of Christ. During that same month, Whitmer said that he, along with Smith and Cowdery, Martin Harris reported that he experienced a similar vision with Smith later in the day. Evidence places this event near his fathers home in Fayette, New York, Whitmer, Cowdery, and Harris then signed a joint statement declaring their testimony to the reality of the vision. The statement was published in the first edition of the Book of Mormon and has included in nearly every subsequent edition. Whitmer later said that Smith had received a revelation that Hiram Page, when Smith organized the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, Whitmer was one of six original members. Whitmer had been ordained an elder of the church by June 9,1830, soon after the organization of the church, Smith set apart Jackson County, Missouri, as a gathering place for Latter Day Saints. According to Smith, the area had once been the site of the biblical Garden of Eden, and would be the center place of the City of Zion. On July 7,1834, Smith ordained Whitmer to be the president of the church in Missouri and his own successor, should Smith not live to God. By virtue of his position as President of the High Council in Zion, David Whitmer was sustained as the president of the church in Zion, Cowdery and Whitmer did have a visionary experience and like Paul, were called to preach. They were also called to search out twelve disciples, who later were called apostles, none of the Three Witnesses were ordained to that apostleship. Whitmer continued to live in Kirtland, Ohio, and his counselors, W. W. Phelps, after the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society bank, Smith and his counselor Sidney Rigdon, battered by creditors, moved to Far West, Missouri, to evade arrest. The ensuing leadership struggle led to the dissolution of the presidency of the church in Missouri, Whitmer resigned and Phelps, John Whitmer, and Cowdery were excommunicated. Whitmer and the other excommunicated Latter Day Saints became known as the dissenters, some of the dissenters owned land in Caldwell County, Missouri, which they wanted to retain
10.
Far West, Missouri
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Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. Today it is a historic site, the town was founded by Missouri Mormon leaders, W. W. Phelps and John Whitmer in August 1836 shortly before the countys creation. The town was platted originally as a 1-mile square area, centered on a square which was to house a temple. The design of the town resembled Mormon founder and prophet Joseph Smith Jr. s plan for the City of Zion, as the town of Far West grew, the plat was extended to 4 square miles. Early Latter-day Saints began to settle in northwestern Missouri soon after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized in 1830, according to a revelation given by Joseph Smith Jr. Independence would be the centerplace of the City of Zion when Jesus returned, however, disputes between Mormon and Missourian settlers in Independence led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County in 1833. Most Mormons temporarily settled in Clay County, Missouri, towards the end of 1836, Caldwell County was created specifically for Mormon settlement to compensate Mormon property losses in Jackson County. Shortly after the creation of Caldwell County, Far West was made the county seat, while headquartered in Far West, the official name of the church was changed from Church of Jesus Christ to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. A series of escalating conflicts followed and the Governor of Missouri eventually called out 2,500 state militiamen to put down what he alleged to be a Mormon rebellion, Latter Day Saints poured into Far West for protection and found themselves under siege. Joseph Smith Jr. Sidney Rigdon and others surrendered at the end of October,1838, the main body of the Mormons were then forced to sign over their property in Far West and Caldwell County to pay for the militia muster and then leave the state. The main body later settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, Far West became a ghost town soon after the departure of most of the Mormon population. The county seat was moved to Kingston, Missouri and many of the log houses in Far West were relocated, former Mormon John Whitmer continued to live in the nearly empty town, where he owned a large farm. Today Far West is a site seven miles south of U. S. Route 36 on Route D. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains a site there. It also honors the Far West legacy in the name of a ward, and, since 2015, some Latter Day Saints expect that a temple will be located on this spot at some time in the future. The Community of Christ, formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, has a congregation that meets in Far West. In 2004 construction began on a village adjacent to the temple site. It is operated by the Far West Historical Society to accommodate, the Country Store has been in operation since 2006
11.
Adam-ondi-Ahman
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Adam-ondi-Ahman is a historic site in Daviess County, Missouri about five miles south of Jameson. It is located along the east bluffs above the Grand River, according to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it is the site where Adam and Eve lived after being expelled from the Garden of Eden. It teaches that the place will be a spot for a meeting of the priesthood leadership, including prophets of all ages and other righteous people. The Latter Day Saints once proposed building a temple on the site, such efforts were halted in the 19th century as a result of the 1838 Mormon War to evict the Latter Day Saints from Missouri. Their having declared Adam-ondi-Ahman as a site for a temple was a flash point in that confrontation. After the Latter Day Saints were evicted, residents renamed the site Cravensville and it was the site of a skirmish during the American Civil War on August 4,1862, when Union troops attempted to stop Confederate reinforcements in the First Battle of Independence. Six Confederates were killed and 10 wounded, the Union forces had five wounded. Today, most of the site is owned by the LDS Church and is used predominantly as farmland, in the 1830s, Latter Day Saints being forced out of Jackson County, Missouri, settled just south of Daviess County in Caldwell County, in the settlement of Far West. In February 1838, Lyman Wight built a home and established a ferry on the Grand River at a known as Wights Ferry. That spring, Joseph Smith visited the site and he proclaimed there were either two or three altars built by Adam at the site. One altar Smith called the altar of prayer, it was located by Wights house on Tower Hill and it was described as sixteen feet long, by nine or ten feet wide, having its greatest extent north and south. The height of the altar at each end was some two and a half feet, gradually rising higher to the center, which was four and five feet high—the whole surface being crowning. The other altar—called the altar of sacrifice—was said to be a mile to the north on top of Spring Hill, on May 19,1838, Smith formally revealed his belief that Adam-ondi-Ahman was the place where Adam and Eve went after being exiled from the Garden of Eden. On June 25,1838, at a conference in Wights orchard, within a few months, its population grew to 1500. Non-Mormon settlers grew worried that the Latter Day Saints would seize control of Daviess County. On August 6,1838, a group of non-Mormons tried to prevent Latter Day Saint settlers from voting in the elections at Gallatin. The Mormons fought back and defeated the mob in a skirmish that came to be known as the Gallatin Election Day Battle and this was the opening skirmish in the Mormon War. In the course of the conflict, non-Mormon vigilantes from neighboring counties came to Daviess, Latter Day Saint refugees gathered at Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection
12.
1838 Mormon War
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The Mormon War is a name sometimes given to the 1838 conflict which occurred between Latter-day Saints and their neighbors in the northwestern region of the US state of Missouri. This conflict is sometimes referred to as the Missouri Mormon War to differentiate it from the Utah Mormon War. The specific dates of the war are from August 6,1838, to November 1,1838, during the conflict 22 people were killed. An unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri, the conflict was preceded by the eviction of the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri, in 1833. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles to the east and northeast of Kansas City, as a result of the war, nearly all Mormons in Missouri, estimated at more than 10,000, were forced to leave the state. Most of these settled in or near what would become the city of Nauvoo. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, Smiths followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to build up the city of Zion. Their economic cohesion allowed the Mormons to dominate local economies and they believed that the Native Americans were descendants of Israelites, and proselytized among them extensively. Most Mormon immigrants to Missouri came from areas which were sympathetic to abolitionism and they tended to vote in blocs. These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers, in October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was labeled as an insurrection. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings, forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter-day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County. Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction, the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return, new converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. Tensions rose in Clay County as the Mormon population grew, Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. They had also founded the Caldwell County town of Far West as their Missouri headquarters, once they were established in a county of their own, a period of relative peace ensued. The Church relocated from Kirtland to Far West, which became its new headquarters, Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Latter-day Saints established new colonies outside of Caldwell County, including Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County, in the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens, these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. Mormons felt that the compromise only excluded major settlements in Clay County and Ray County, not Daviess County, the earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat
13.
Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
14.
William Marks (Latter Day Saints)
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William Marks was a leader in the early days of the Latter Day Saint movement and was a member of the First Presidency in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Marks is mentioned in the Doctrine and Covenants in sections 117 and 124 of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints edition, Marks was born in Rutland, Vermont to Cornwall Marks and Sarah Goodrich. He married Rosannah Robinson on May 2,1813 and was the father of five children, Marks was baptized a member of Church of the Latter Day Saints sometime in April 1835 in New York and ordained a priest shortly thereafter. He was ordained an Elder on June 3,1836, partly due to the lack of records available on his baptism, Marks was re-baptized in proxy by the LDS Church on January 29,1965. In September 1837, Marks was appointed to the High Council at Kirtland, Ohio and agent of the Messenger and Advocate when Joseph Smith, Marks was appointed by revelation to leave Ohio and move to Far West, Missouri, to preside over the body of Saints. However, before he arrived, the Mormons were expelled from the state under the Extermination Order signed into law by Lilburn W. Boggs, Marks was also seen in vision by Joseph Smith, according to Smith’s own record on March 29,1838. Smith wrote that he saw Marks, Marks and said unto him, Thou art my son, come here. And immediately he was caught up in the chariot and rode away triumphantly out of their midst, and again the Lord said, I will raise thee up for a blessing unto many people. When the Saints arrived in Commerce, Illinois in 1839, Marks was appointed as Stake President of Commerce and he served in that position until 1844. He was appointed by revelation to contribute to and be on the Nauvoo House committee, although a close friend of Joseph Smith, Marks occasionally found himself at odds with the prophet. Smith presented evidence of why Sidney Rigdon should be rejected as first counselor in the First Presidency of the church during the October 1843 General Conference, regardless of these accusations Marks motioned that Rigdon remain in his station as a counselor in the First Presidency. Rigdon was sustained to the position by the membership of the church, after the vote, Smith stood and stated, I have thrown him off my shoulders and you have again put him on me, you may carry him, but I will not. Rigdon and Marks were also opponents of plural marriage. Those who supported this controversial practice instituted by Smith saw such dissent as disloyal, Smith also spoke at the funeral of Markss son. Among his remarks he said, I never felt more solemn and it calls to mind the death of my oldest brother, who died in New York, and my youngest brother, Carloss Smith who died in Nauvoo…. It will be but a time before we shall all in like manner be called. It may be the case with me as well as you, some have supposed that Br Joseph could not die, but this is a mistake. It is true there ha been times when I have had the promise of my life to accomplish such-and-such things, I am as liable to die as other men
15.
Death of Joseph Smith
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The assassination of Joseph Smith on June 27,1844, marked a turning point for the Latter Day Saint movement, of which Smith was the founder and leader. When he was killed by a mob, Smith was the mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois and he was killed while jailed in Carthage, Illinois, on charges relating to his ordering the destruction of facilities producing the Nauvoo Expositor. The newspaper had reported that Smith was practicing polygamy and claimed that he intended to set himself up as a theocratic king, Smith voluntarily surrendered to the authorities at the county seat at Carthage to face the charges against him. While he was in jail awaiting trial, a mob of men with painted faces stormed the jail, they shot and killed him. Since then, Latter Day Saints generally view the two men as religious martyrs, five men were indicted for their murders but were acquitted at a jury trial. The Mormons began to move into Hancock County in 1839, at the time, after their people were expelled from Missouri, Joseph Smith went to Washington, DC and met with President Martin Van Buren, seeking intervention and compensation for lost property. Van Buren said he could do nothing to help, after returning to Illinois, Smith vowed to join the Whig Party. Most of his supporters switched with him, adding political tensions to the suspicions in which this group were held. Several of Smiths disaffected associates at Nauvoo and Hancock County, Illinois and its first and only issue was published June 7,1844. Based on allegations by some of associates, the newspaper reported that Smith practiced polygamy. It said that he tried to marry wives of some of his associates, about eight of Smiths wives had already been married to other men at the time they married Smith. Typically, these continued to live with their first husband. Some accounts say Smith may have had relations with one wife. The reliability of sources is disputed by some Latter Day Saints. DNA investigations performed to date have consistently shown that Smith was not the father of children thought to be his based on written and they reached this decision after lengthy discussion, including citation of William Blackstones legal canon, which defined a libelous press as a public nuisance. Under the councils new ordinance, Smith, as Nauvoos mayor, in conjunction with the city council, ordered the city marshal to destroy the paper, by the city marshals account, the destruction of the press type was carried out orderly and peaceably. However, Charles A. Foster, a co-publisher of the Expositor, reported on June 12 that not only was the press destroyed. Smiths critics said that the action of destroying the press violated freedom of the press, some sought legal charges against Smith for the destruction of the press, including charges of treason and inciting riot
16.
Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)
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The succession crisis in the Latter Day Saint movement occurred after the death of Joseph Smith, the movements founder, on June 27,1844. For roughly six months after Joseph Smiths death, several people competed to take over his role, the leading contenders were Sidney Rigdon, Brigham Young, and James Strang. The majority of Latter Day Saints elected to follow Youngs leadership and this significant event in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement precipitated several permanent schisms. The new Church of Christ was organized by Joseph Smith and a group of men on April 6,1830. This change over time was driven by both the growth in population and the evolution of Smiths role as leader of the church. Prior to the establishment of the church, Smith held the title of Prophet, Seer, and Revelator. However, as the church was organized rather than legally incorporated, its property needed to be held in trust by a trustee, initially, the highest leadership position in the church was that of elder, and church elders were sometimes called apostles. Smiths initial title in the church was First Elder, while his friend and associate, in March 1832, Smith created a quorum of three presidents known as the First Presidency. On December 18,1833, Smith created the office of Patriarch over the Church and ordained his father, Joseph, Sr. to fill the role. The Presiding Patriarch, as the office came to be called, on February 17,1834, Smith created a High Council in Kirtland, Ohio. This body consisted of men, headed by the First Presidency. The Kirtland High Council took on the role of judicial and legislative body of the local church and handled such things as excommunication trials. Several months later on July 3,1834, the High Council of Zion was organized in Far West, Jackson County, Missouri. Cases tried in the standing High Councils of outlying stakes were regularly appealed to the High Council of Zion, the Presiding High Council also provided clearance for ordinations in the standing High Councils at the Stakes of Zion. Marsh was set apart as their president, when the High Council in Zion was dissolved after the church was expelled from Missouri, the headquarters of the church were moved to Nauvoo, Illinois. There, Joseph Smith formed a new Presiding High Council, led by William Marks, which supervised the High Councils of outlying stakes, under the direction of the First Presidency. At the time of his death, Smith thus held several roles, Prophet, Seer, Revelator, and Translator, President of the Church, President of the First Presidency, and Trustee-in-Trust of the Church. It was unclear if all of these offices should be together by any one successor
17.
Salt Lake Valley
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Salt Lake Valley is a 500-square-mile valley in Salt Lake County in the north-central portion of the U. S. state of Utah. It contains Salt Lake City and many of its suburbs, notably Murray, Sandy, South Jordan, West Jordan, brigham Young said this is the place, when he and his fellow settlers moved into Utah after being driven out of several states. The Valley is surrounded in every direction except the northwest by steep mountains that at points rise 7,100 feet from the valley floors base elevation. Every entrance into the valley is narrow and often congested. Flowing from Utah Lake in Utah Valley in the south, the Jordan River runs north through a gap in the Traverse Mountains, the Jordan River, along with numerous mountain streams and reservoirs, provides irrigation water to the rapidly growing Valley. This southwestern expansion is typified and will be facilitated by the Mountain View Corridor, some experts are claiming that the Valley will be urbanized rim-to-rim within the next 50 years. The first development, known as the Daybreak Community, has substantial portions already completed and it will focus on transit-oriented development (it already has service by TRAX light rail and will also feature a ski resort in the Oquirrh Mountains and a university campus. The Interstate 215 belt route, State Route 154, State Route 201, the Utah Transit Authority operates an extensive bus system across the Wasatch Front, including the Salt Lake Valley, in addition to three light rail lines in the Valley. A commuter rail line known as FrontRunner runs north to Pleasant View in Weber County, mormon Trail Salt Lake County, Utah
18.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
19.
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
20.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
21.
John Smith (nephew of Joseph Smith)
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John Smith, was the fifth Presiding Patriarch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His father was Hyrum Smith, the brother of Joseph Smith. John was born in Kirtland, Ohio, to Hyrum Smith and his first wife, Jerusha Barden Smith and he was among the first generation of children raised in the church. The office of Presiding Patriarch was initially created to honor Joseph Smith, before his death in 1840, Joseph Smith, Sr. declared his eldest living son, Hyrum, would receive the office of patriarch by virtue of lineal succession. Hyrum at this time was one of the most influential members of the church and was seen as the most likely successor to its leadership should he outlive his brother. However, in 1844, both Hyrum and Joseph Smith were assassinated by a mob in Carthage, Illinois and this event left the church leaderless. By consensus, it was expected that the title of Presiding Patriarch would pass to Hyrum Smiths eldest son, meanwhile, Hyrums son John Smith traveled with the family of Heber C. In 1848, John Smith, along with Kimball, reached the Salt Lake Valley to join Brigham Young, who had assumed leadership of the largest Latter Day Saint faction, the LDS Church. In February 1855, the younger John Smith succeeded his uncle, Uncle John Smith as Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church. He became the longest-serving Presiding Patriarch in LDS Church history, remaining in position for 56 years. Among his accomplishments during this time were a mission to Scandinavia, following his death, he was succeeded by his grandson, Hyrum G. Smith. Smith was buried in Salt Lake City, Smith was involved in plural marriage and had two wives. Elizabeth Maria Smith Hyrum Fisher Smith Lucy Smith Don Carlos Smith Joseph Girdlestone Smith Alvin Fisher Smith Evaline Smith John David Smith Hellen Jerusha Smith Nancy Melissa Lemon, John Lemmon Smith Patriarch Patriarchal Priesthood Patriarchal blessing Bates, Irene M. Smith, E. Gary. Lost Legacy, The Mormon Office of Presiding Patriarch, urbana, Illinois, University of Illinois Press
22.
Ward (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a ward is the larger of two types of local congregations, the smaller being a branch. A ward is presided over by a bishop, the equivalent of a pastor in many other Christian denominations, as with all local LDS Church leadership, the bishop is considered lay clergy and as such is not paid. Two counselors serve with the bishop to help with administrative and spiritual duties of the ward, together, these three men constitute the bishopric. A branch is presided over by a president who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts, bishops were assigned duties and responsibility over specific ward boundaries in these cities, and over time individual congregations were defined by these boundaries. After the Mormon Exodus to Utah, this terminology was preserved in the establishment of communities throughout the western United States. Voting districts of several Utah communities still follow the boundaries of their original LDS Church congregations. Due to the connection of this term, traditional Mormon pioneer communities generally do not use the term ward to define voting districts for political purposes. A ward typically consists of 150 to 500 church members in an area within a reasonable time of the meetinghouse. A stake, the next highest level of organization, may be created if there are at least five ward-sized branches in adjacent areas, once the stake has been organized, the ward-sized branches are organized into wards. Within the United States and Canada, a minimum of 300 members is required to create a ward, elsewhere, each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, there is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward, In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members, several wards can exist in only 1 square mile. When the ward membership grows to a size, the ward will be divided. Generally, if both geographic divisions are in a distance of the meetinghouse, they will meet at the same building. Most meetinghouses are designed to house up to three or four wards, individuals can find out what ward they reside in by either talking to a local LDS leader or by using the meetinghouse locator tool on the churchs webpage. This tool will also determine if there are any singles wards or special language wards that serve the area, Singles wards are set up in areas with high populations of single adults. Young Single Adult wards are intended for single members ages 18 to 30, non-custodial parents may also be members of these wards on a case-by-case basis. These wards provide LDS singles the opportunity to serve in offices of the church, members are taught the same principles of the gospel as a traditional ward, while receiving attention particular to their spiritual needs
23.
Mission president
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Mission president is a priesthood leadership position in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. A mission president presides over a mission and the serving in the mission. Depending on the mission, a mission president may also be the presiding priesthood leader of some or all Latter-day Saints within the geographic boundaries of the mission. Mission presidents are ordained priests of the church. Mission presidents are assigned to a mission by the leadership of the LDS Church, Mission presidents are men typically between 40 and 65 years old. In more recent years younger mission presidents have been more rare, in 2005, there were 130 new mission presidents, the youngest of them, Norbert Ounleu, was 35. The only mission president called under the age of 30 since 2005 was Kerving H. Joseph, Mission presidents are generally assigned to areas other than where they reside at the time of their call. There are exceptions, such as Richard G. Hinckley, who presided over the Utah Salt Lake City Mission, tonga has also had a few men native to the country who were residing in the islands when called to serve as presidents of the Tongan mission. Effian Kadarusman, an Indonesian, served as president of the Indonesia Jakarta Mission for four years in the 1980s, with over 400 missions, there are few which have a president who was a resident in the mission boundaries at the time of his call at any given time. According to current policy, a president must be married. Typically, his wife and any dependent children accompany him on his mission, during the first 100 years of the church, there were some single mission presidents and several others who left their wives and children elsewhere while they served. On the other hand, when Wilford Woodruff presided over the Eastern States Mission in the 1840s his wife, Phoebe, was set apart to serve with him. When Heber J. Grant brought his wife and six daughters with him when he came to preside over the British Mission in 1903, Mission presidents are either retired or leave their vocations for three years to preside over their mission. They usually receive training in late June and begin the service about the first of July, candidates are typically interviewed in the last few months of each year, initially by a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. If candidates are chosen, the First Presidency extends the call to serve, the official announcements of new mission presidents is typically done through the first few months of the subsequent year via the weekly Church News. Unlike most positions in the church, when they are initially called, once serving, they are subject to frequent votes of common consent in branches and districts over which the mission president presides. Mission presidents generally supervise a group that ranges between 60 and 200 missionaries and direct their missionary labors, missionaries are typically between the ages of 18–25, but can also include senior-aged couples and older single women. The counselors serve in the presidency for varying periods of time while maintaining their regular employment
24.
Jeffrey R. Holland
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Jeffrey Roy Holland is an American educator and religious leader. He served as the ninth President of Brigham Young University and is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Holland is accepted by the LDS Church as a prophet, seer, currently, he is the sixth most senior apostle in the church. Holland was born in St. George, Utah and his father, Frank D. Holland, was a convert to the LDS Church while his mother, Alice, came from a long line of Latter-day Saints. As a young man, Holland served a mission to England, his mission president was Marion D. Hanks and he and Quentin L. Cook were missionary companions. Holland graduated from Dixie High School and he helped the Flyers capture state high school championships in football and basketball. He began his education at Dixie College before his mission. After returning from his mission, he served as co-captain of the Dixie basketball team, in 2011, the school broke ground for the Jeffrey R. Holland Centennial Commons Building, a building to honor both Holland and the schools 2011 centennial. The completed building was dedicated in September 2012, Holland transferred to Brigham Young University where he graduated with a BA in English. He received an MA in Religious Education from BYU, while also teaching religion classes part-time, after earning his masters degree, Holland became an Institute of Religion teacher in Hayward, California. He worked as a director in Seattle, Washington. Holland attended Yale University and earned a masters degree in American Studies. At Yale, Holland studied with American literary scholar and critic R. W. B. Lewis, while studying at Yale, Holland served as a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Churchs Hartford Connecticut Stake. Holland served as a director in Salt Lake City after earning his Ph. D. He served as director of the Melchizedek Priesthood MIA, in 1974, Holland was appointed Dean of Religious Education at BYU, during which period of time, he was the youngest dean at BYU. He served as the commissioner of the Church Educational System from 1976 to 1980. In 1980, Holland was appointed to succeed Dallin H, a significant achievement during Hollands presidency was the founding of the BYU Jerusalem Center. Holland also led a $100,000,000 fundraising campaign, during his presidency, the BYU Center for International Studies was renamed the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and had its role at BYU re-emphasized
25.
Sierra Leone
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Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north-east, Liberia to the south-east, Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. Sierra Leone has an area of 71,740 km2. Sierra Leone is divided into four regions, the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. Freetown is the capital, largest city and its economic and political centre, Bo is the second largest city. The other major cities are Kenema, Makeni and Koidu Town, Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. Sir Milton Margai built his government based on democratic principles. Throughout his time in power, Sir Milton Margai was very popular across Sierra Leone, the main opposition APC, led by its leader Siaka Stevens, narowly defeated the ruling SLPP under the leadership of Albert Margai in the 1964 general elections. Stevens ruled for eighteen years in a government, in which his critics. Soldiers and politicians convicted of plotting a coup to topple Stevens were executed, under president Stevens, the APC was made the only legal political party in Sierra Leone, and all other political parties were banned, including the main opposition. Stevens handpicked successor, retired major general Joseph Saidu Momoh, lacked the political dominance of Stevens, Momoh reestablished the country as a multi party democracy in 1991. The current constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 during the presidency of Joseph Saidu Momoh, the rebels started the civil war in 1991 in the eastern part of the country during Momohs presidency. Momoh was very unpopular, and Public anger against the Momoh government increasingly grew due to corruption, poor economy. In 1992 a group of officers in the army led by a 25-year-old captain, Valentine Strasser. In 1996 during the war, another military coup of soldiers within Strassers inner circle, led by a 32 year old Brigadier General Julius Maada Bio, toppled Strasser. Since independent to present, Sierra Leones politics has been dominated by two political parties, the Sierra Leone Peoples Party and the All Peoples congress. From 1991 to 2002, the Sierra Leone civil war was fought and this proxy war left more than 50,000 people dead, much of the countrys infrastructure destroyed, and over two million people displaced as refugees in neighbouring countries. In January 2002, then Sierra Leones president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, fulfilled his promise by ending the civil war, with help by the British Government, ECOWAS
26.
Diocese
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The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
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Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
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Honorific
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An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the honorific is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics. Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the third person. Use in the first person, by the honored dignitary, is uncommon or considered very rude, Some languages have anti-honorific first person forms whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed. The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before a persons name, someone who does not want to express a gender with their honorific may occasionally use Mx, Ind. or Misc. Other honorifics may denote the persons occupation, for instance Doctor, Esquire, Captain, Coach, Officer, Reverend for all clergy and/or Father. Holders of an academic Doctorate such as PhD are addressed as Doctor, Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as Sir or Maam, or Your Honor. Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking a superior a question or after responding to an order, Yes, sir or even Sir, yes, sir. Judges are often addressed as Your Honor when on the bench, if the judge also has a higher title, that may be the correct honorific to use, Your Lordship. Similarly, a monarch and his consort may be addressed or referred to as Your/His/Her Majesty, Their Majesties, monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as Your/His/Her Highness, the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier, e. g. His Serene Highness for a member of a dynasty, or Her Grand Ducal Highness for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy. There are differences between Your Highness and Your Royal Highness, between Princess Margaret and The Princess Margaret, all of these are correct, but apply to people of subtly different rank. An example of a style is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, which was an official style. In music, a conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as Maestro. In aviation, pilots in command of a civil aircraft are usually addressed as Captain plus their full name or surname. This tradition is diminishing in the United States and most EU countries. In addition, such countries etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all the letters and social invitations, business cards, identification documents
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Relief Society
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The Relief Society is a philanthropic and educational womens organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was founded in 1842 in Nauvoo, Illinois, United States, the Relief Society is often referred to by the church and others as one of the oldest and largest womens organizations in the world. The motto of the Relief Society, taken from 1 Corinthians 13,8, is Charity never faileth, Relief Society accomplishes these purposes through Sunday gospel instruction, other Relief Society meetings, visiting teaching, and welfare and compassionate service. In the spring of 1842 Sarah Granger Kimball and her seamstress, Margaret A. Cook and they determined to invite their neighbors to assist by creating a Ladies Society. Kimball asked Eliza R. Snow to write a constitution and by-laws for the organization for submission to President of the Church Joseph Smith for review, after reviewing the documents, Smith called them the best he had ever seen but said, this is not what you want. Tell the sisters their offering is accepted of the Lord, I will organize the women under the priesthood after a pattern of the priesthood. Twenty women gathered on Thursday, March 17,1842 in the meeting room over Smiths Red Brick Store in Nauvoo. Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards sat on the platform at the end of the room with the women facing them. The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning was sung, Smith also proposed that the women elect a presiding officer who would choose two counselors to assist her. Emma Hale Smith was elected unanimously as president and she chose Sarah M. Cleveland and Elizabeth Ann Whitney as her two counselors. John Taylor was appointed to ordain the women and he did so and it was proposed that the organization go by the name Benevolent Society and with no opposition the vote carried. However, Emma Smith made a point of objection, after discussion, it was unanimously agreed that the fledgling organization be named The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo. Joseph Smith then offered five dollars in gold to commence the funds of the Society, Eliza R. Snow was unanimously elected as secretary of the Society with Phebe M. Wheeler as Assistant Secretary and Elvira A. Coles as Treasurer. Emma Smith remarked that each member should be ambitious to do good and seek out, several female members then made donations to the Society. The men returned, and Taylor and Richards also made donations, after singing Come Let Us Rejoice, the meeting was adjourned to meet on the following Thursday at 10 oclock. Taylor then gave a closing prayer, E feel convinced that with their concentrated efforts, the condition of the suffering poor, of the stranger and the fatherless will be ameliorated. The new organization was popular and grew so rapidly that finding a place for such a large group proved difficult. Under Emma Smiths direction, the Society was divided for the purpose of meeting according to each of the four municipal wards
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Primary (LDS Church)
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The Primary is a childrens organization and an official auxiliary within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It acts as a Sunday school organization for the children under the age of 12. The official purpose of Primary is to help parents in teaching their children to learn, the Primary theme is All thy children shall be taught of the Lord, and great shall be the peace of thy children. Primary was first organized in 1878 by Aurelia Spencer Rogers in Farmington, Utah, felt, who served as the president of the organization through 1925. In particular, Rogers felt that the boys in the community were becoming unruly. Two weeks later, the first meeting was held on August 28 and that day, boys were specifically taught not to steal fruit from orchards and girls were taught not to hang on wagons. In addition, they were given lessons on faith, manners, obedience, may Anderson, the second general president of the Primary Association from 1925 to 1939, initiated what became Primary Childrens Hospital in Salt Lake City. Anderson also helped establish kindergartens in Utah, in the 1970s, as a result of the Priesthood Correlation Program, the Primary Association was renamed Primary. Since 2016, Joy D. Jones has been the Primary General President, bingham as First Counselor and Bonnie H. The names of the classes in Primary have varied over time, the following is a partial list of names that have been applied to different age groups in Primary. In January 2010, the names of the classes were changed to the age of entering the class. In most congregations, optional nursery care and supervision is available for children from 18 months to age 3, classroom instruction begins for three-year-olds and continues to age 12, with classes grouped by age. At age 12, children begin to attend Sunday School and the Young Men or Young Women programs, the Primary has its own songbook, made up of original songs and hymns modified for children. Where participants, classrooms or teachers are limited, multiple age-grouped classes may be taught together, in most congregations Primary classes are co-ed. Childrens Songbook CTR ring I Am a Child of God Priesthood Correlation Program Relief Society The Friend Official Primary website
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Young Men (organization)
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The Young Men is a youth organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The purpose of the organization is to assist the Aaronic priesthood organization in promoting the growth, the group had held several informal meetings since late January of that year under the supervision of apostle Heber C. In 1854, apostle Lorenzo Snow organized the Polysophical Society and encouraged young Latter-day Saints to join, the purpose was to help young men develop their gifts, to stand up and speak, and to bear testimony. A central committee of the YMMIA, led by Junius F. Wells, was formed in 1876 to oversee the organization, conduct missionary work, a YMMIA general superintendency was formed by LDS Church president John Taylor in 1880. In 1901, the YMMIA was divided into junior and senior classes, in 1911, the church followed the pattern developed by the Boy Scouts of America and created the YMMIA Scouts. The organization was integrated into the Boy Scouts of America on May 21,1913. In the 1970s, the YMMIA was briefly merged with the churchs Aaronic priesthood organization, in June 1974, this consolidation was reversed, an independent Young Women organization was restored and the name of the Young Men organization was changed to Aaronic Priesthood. Also in 1974, the church eliminated the YMMIA General Presidency, the organizations name was changed to Young Men in May 1977 and a general presidency was reinstated. Aaronic Priesthood MIA Young Women was the name of an auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1972 and 1974. It was formed by consolidating the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, leadership of the auxiliary was shared between the presiding bishopric and the general presidency of the Young Women. The combined organization was short-lived, and in 1974 the organization was divided into the renamed Young Men. In the LDS Church, the organization for males ages 12 through 18 is the Aaronic priesthood. The Young Men organization serves as an auxiliary to this priesthood, in each local congregation of the church, males ages 12 to 18 are assigned to the Aaronic priesthood and the Young Men organization. The Aaronic priesthood is led by a bishop or branch president, the Young Men organization in each congregation, under the direction of the bishopric or branch presidency, is led by an adult man who is called the Young Men President. The president is assisted by two men who serve as counselors and may also ask an adult man to be the secretary to the presidency. Generally, each age group will hold a class for instruction during Sunday meetings after all adult and youth holders of the priesthood meet together for a brief opening prayer. The teachers and deacons classes have a quorum president drawn from the members of the class, the bishop or branch president is the president of the priests quorum and may choose two young men to assist him in this role, along with another young man to serve as secretary. The adult president of the Young Men organization assists the priests quorum, while the first and second counselors assist the teachers and deacons quorums, additional adult men may be asked to prepare class lessons and assist with other activities
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Young Women (organization)
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The Young Women is a youth organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The purpose of the Young Women organization is to each young woman be worthy to make and keep sacred covenants. The group had held several informal meetings since late January of that year under the supervision of apostle Heber C, the Young Women organization of the church was founded by LDS Church president Brigham Young in 1869 as the Young Ladies Department of the Cooperative Retrenchment Association. At the organizations founding, Young set out his vision for the women of the church, I desire them to retrench from extravagance in dress, in eating. The time has come when the sisters must agree, to set an example worthy of imitation before the people of the world. There is need for the daughters of Israel to get a living testimony of the truth. We are about to organize a retrenchment Association, which I want you all to join, everything that is not good and beautiful, not to make yourselves unhappy, but to live so you may be truly happy in this life and in the life to come. From 1869 to 1880, the new Young Women organization functioned at the ward level. In 1871, the organization was renamed the Young Ladies Retrenchment Association, in 1904, the name of the YLNMIA was shorted to the Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Association and in 1934 it was changed to the Young Womens Mutual Improvement Association, or YWMIA. In 1972, the YWMIA and the YMMIA were combined into a new organization called Aaronic Priesthood MIA Young Women and this organization was short-lived, however, and the Young Women organization was separated from the Young Men organization and given its current name in 1974. Aaronic Priesthood MIA Young Women was the name of an auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1972 and 1974. It was formed by consolidating the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, leadership of the auxiliary was shared between the presiding bishopric and the general presidency of the Young Women. The combined organization was short-lived, and in 1974 the organization was divided into the renamed Young Men. In each local congregation of the LDS Church, all females ages 12 to 17 are members of the Young Women, the organization is headed in each congregation by an adult woman who holds the position of Young Women President. The president is assisted by two counselors, who are also adult women, the presidency may also ask an adult woman to be the secretary to the presidency. In most congregations, the women are sub-divided into three aged-based classes which were given official nicknames by the church in the 1950s. When a young woman reaches the age of 18, she is encouraged to join the Relief Society. In certain instances, such as when a woman turns 18 but is still in secondary school
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Sunday School (LDS Church)
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Sunday School is an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All members of the church and any interested nonmembers, age 12, historical records indicate that some form of Sunday School was held by Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, Ohio, and Nauvoo, Illinois, in the 1830s and 1840s. However, the meetings were ad hoc and no formal organization endured the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, lacking a suitable building to hold the meeting in, Ballantyne invited his students into his own home, approximately thirty Latter-day Saint children between the ages of 8 and 13 attended. The local congregation that Ballantyne belonged to—the Salt Lake City Fourteenth Ward—quickly adopted Ballantynes Sunday school program, other LDS Church congregations followed the Fourteenth Wards example and adopted Sunday school programs based on the Ballantyne model. At this stage, each Sunday school was completely autonomous and under the direction of the local bishop. On November 11,1867, Young and church leaders Daniel H. Wells, George A. Smith, Wilford Woodruff, Cannon, and Brigham Young, Jr. met and organized the Parent Sunday School Union. Young appointed Cannon as the first general superintendent of the Sunday School, in 1872, the Sunday School organization was renamed the Deseret Sunday School Union. It also sponsored the publication of guidelines and materials for classroom use. Until the turn of the century, only children were taught by the Sunday School, eventually, classes were added for the youth of the church, in 1904, an adult Sunday School class was created. The 1970s saw dramatic change within the Sunday School, in 1979, Hugh W. Pinnock became the general president of the Sunday School, the first general authority of the church to hold the position since apostle David O. McKays tenure ended in 1934. In 1980, the church instructed the Sunday School to stop passing the sacrament during Sunday School classes, in 1866, just prior to the formal organization of the Sunday School Union, Cannon had begun publishing the Juvenile Instructor magazine. Although the magazine was owned and edited solely by Cannon, it became the de facto official publication of the Deseret Sunday School Union in the late 1860s. On January 1,1901, the church purchased the magazine from the Cannon family, in 1930, it was replaced by The Instructor, which was published until 1970. The Sunday School currently does not have an official periodical, but information that may be used in Sunday School appears in the Ensign, Sunday School focuses on a study of the standard works of the church, which are considered scripture. The main class in Sunday School for those 18 years of age, for example, Gospel Principles is a generalist class that is primarily intended for those new to, or inexperienced, in the church or for those with a calling related to missionary work. It is also common for a congregation to offer specialist Sunday School classes in family history, temples, marriage and family relations. In most church congregations, Sunday School is a 40-minute class which is held immediately after or immediately prior to Sacrament meeting. In 2013, the Sunday School curriculum for youth changed and is centered around monthly discussion topics, each local congregation is permitted to call an adult male as the local Sunday School president, who oversees the Sunday School under the direction of the bishop or branch president
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Seventy (LDS Church)
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Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Latter-day Saints teach that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10, multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as seventies. In practical terms, the office of seventy is one which has varied widely over the course of history. These presidents, chosen from the first quorum, would appoint, as introduced by Joseph Smith, the apostles and the seventy had authority only outside the main body of Latter Day Saints in Zion, and in the outlying stakes. Members in Zion and the stakes were led by the High Council of Zion, historically, the First Quorum of the Seventy came into being in 1835 when seven men were set apart as the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy. In 1837, six of the seven presidents were released because it was discovered that they had previously been ordained high priests, five of these men were ultimately replaced by others. The other two—Levi W. Hancock and Joseph Young—remained members of the First Seven Presidents for the rest of their lives. In the LDS Church, the quorums of the seventy are directed and supervised hierarchically by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as a body, the seventy in the LDS Church are considered to be equal in priesthood authority with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This presumably means that if the apostles were killed or incapacitated, however, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. In the LDS Church, members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole, Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the office of seventy. Area seventies generally have authority only within a unit of the church called an area. By the time Joseph Smith was killed, he had organized four incomplete quorums of seventy. By 1845, there were ten quorums of seventy, the members of the first quorum were thus spread out across the church, making meetings of the first quorum rare. Elders were often ordained to the office of seventy immediately before left on a mission. Quorums were not restricted to geography, so individual quorums were scattered all over the world, in 1883, church president John Taylor localized the quorums of seventy. Each stake was given a quorum of seventy, and seventies in that stake would belong to that quorum. Taylor also prescribed that the president of the first 64 quorums could meet with the seven presidents of the first quorum
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Tabernacle (LDS Church)
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In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a tabernacle is a multipurpose religious building, used for church services and conferences, and as community centers. Tabernacles were typically built as endeavors of multiple congregations, usually at the stake level and they differ from meetinghouses in scale and differ from temples in purpose. There were 79 total tabernacles built during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The largest such tabernacle is in Salt Lake City on Temple Square, the last tabernacle commissioned by the church was the Ogden Stake Tabernacle, built in the 1950s. While some tabernacles are still used for a few ecclesiastical and community cultural activities, many tabernacles have been demolished, sold, or renovated and repurposed into temples. Prior to 2000, the Salt Lake Tabernacle on Temple Square was used twice a year for the general conferences. In April 2000, the conferences moved one block north to the LDS Conference Center, media related to Tabernacles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at Wikimedia Commons
