1.
Antheridium
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An antheridium is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes. The plural form is antheridia, and a structure containing one or more antheridia is called an androecium, androecium is also used as the collective term for the stamens of flowering plants. Antheridia are present in the phase of cryptogams like bryophytes. Many algae and some fungi, for example ascomycetes and water moulds, in gymnosperms and angiosperms, the male gametophytes have been reduced to pollen grains and in most of these the antheridia have been reduced to a single generative cell within the pollen grain. During pollination, this cell divides and gives rise to sperm cells. The female counterpart to the antheridium in cryptogams is the archegonium, an antheridium typically consists of sterile cells and spermatogenous tissue. The sterile cells may form a support structure or surround the spermatogenous tissue as a protective jacket. The spermatogenous cells give rise to spermatids via mitotic cell division, in some bryophytes, the antheridium is borne on an antheridiophore, a stalk-like structure that carries the antheridium at its apex. Hornworts have antheridia, in some cases arranged within androecia, microsporangia produce spores that give rise to male gametophytes. National council for Science and the Environment
2.
Hippeastrum
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Hippeastrum /ˌhɪpiːˈæstrəm/ is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, Hippeastrum is a genus in the family Amaryllidaceae The name Hippeastrum, given to it by William Herbert, means Knights-star-lily, although precisely what Herbert meant by the name is not certain. By contrast the generic name Amaryllis applies to bulbs from South Africa, the genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas from Argentina north to Mexico and the Caribbean. Reproduction is generally by allogamy and Hippeastrum may be propagated by seed or offset bulbils, although commercial ventures use in vitro techniques, the genus has been intensely bred and cultivated since the early nineteenth century to produce large colourful showy flowers. In temperate climes these can be placed outside in the summer, the bulbs are generally between 5–12 cm in diameter and produce two to seven long-lasting evergreen or deciduous leaves that are 30–90 cm long and 2. 5–5 cm wide. The leaves are hysteranthous, sessile, rarely persistent and subpetiolate, depending on the species, there are two to fifteen large showy flowers, which are more or less zygomophic and hermaphrodite. Each flower is 13–20 cm across, and the species are usually purple or red. They are funnelform and declinate in shape, the perianth has six brightly colored tepals that may be similar in appearance or very different. The perianth segments are subequal or unequal, the tepals are united at the base to form a short tube, usually with a rudimentary scaly paraperigonium with fimbriae or a callose ridge present at the throat. The androecium consists of six stamens with filiform filaments, which are fasciculate and declinate or ascendent, the anthers are dorsifixed or versatile. In the gynaecium, the ovary is inferior and trilocular with pluriovulate locules, the style is filiform, and the stigma trifid. The taxonomy of the genus is complicated, the first issue is whether the name should more properly be Amaryllis L. In 1753 Carl Linnaeus created the name Amaryllis belladonna, the species of the genus Amaryllis. Linnaeus had earlier worked on the Estate of George Clifford near Haarlem between 1735 and 1737 describing the plants growing there in his Hortus Cliffortianus in 1738 and it is to this work that he refers in his Species Plantarum. This was assumed to be the South African Cape Belladonna, although not precisely known, cliffords herbarium is now preserved at the Natural History Museum in London. At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in this same genus and this work commenced in 1819 with the contributions of the English botanist, the Revd. William Herbert in Curtiss Botanical Magazine which he expanded in 1821 in The Botanical Register, identifying 14 species of the new genus of Hippeastrum, the rest of the Amaryllis species he transferred to other genera, several of which he created. Herbert further refined his descriptions of Hippeastrum in his work on the Amaryllidaceae in 1837, since then a key question has been whether Linnaeuss original type was a South African plant or a South American plant
3.
Pollen
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Pollen is a fine to coarse powdery substance comprising pollen grains which are male microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce male gametes. If pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone, it germinates, individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called palynology and is useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archaeology. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower. Pollen itself is not the male gamete, each pollen grain contains vegetative cells and a generative cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the pollen tube, pollen is produced in the microsporangia in the male cone of a conifer or other gymnosperm or in the anthers of an angiosperm flower. Pollen grains come in a variety of shapes, sizes. Pollen grains of pines, firs, and spruces are winged, the smallest pollen grain, that of the forget-me-not, is around 6 µm in diameter. Wind-borne pollen grains can be as large as about 90–100 µm, in angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, four groups of cells form within the anther. The fertile sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac. Some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells, in a process called microsporogenesis, four haploid microspores are produced from each diploid sporogenous cell, after meiotic division. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by callose walls, the exine is what is preserved in the fossil record. Two basic types of microsporogenesis are recognised, simultaneous and successive, in simultaneous microsporogenesis meiotic steps I and II are completed prior to cytokinesis, whereas in successive microsporogenesis cytokinesis follows. While there may be a continuum with intermediate forms, the type of microsporogenesis has systematic significance, the predominant form amongst the monocots is successive, but there are important exceptions. During microgametogenesis, the unicellular microspores undergo mitosis and develop into mature microgametophytes containing the gametes, in some flowering plants, germination of the pollen grain may begin even before it leaves the microsporangium, with the generative cell forming the two sperm cells. Except in the case of submerged aquatic plants, the mature pollen grain has a double wall
4.
Flower
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A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral. The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs, Flowers may facilitate outcrossing or allow selfing. Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization, Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds, the essential parts of a flower can be considered in two parts, the vegetative part, consisting of petals and associated structures in the perianth, and the reproductive or sexual parts. A stereotypical flower consists of four kinds of structures attached to the tip of a short stalk, each of these kinds of parts is arranged in a whorl on the receptacle. The four main whorls are as follows, Collectively the calyx, corolla, the next whorl toward the apex, composed of units called petals, which are typically thin, soft and colored to attract animals that help the process of pollination. Androecium, the whorl, consisting of units called stamens. Stamens consist of two parts, a called a filament, topped by an anther where pollen is produced by meiosis. Gynoecium, the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels, the carpel or multiple fused carpels form a hollow structure called an ovary, which produces ovules internally. Ovules are megasporangia and they in turn produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes and these give rise to egg cells. The gynoecium of a flower is described using an alternative terminology wherein the structure one sees in the innermost whorl is called a pistil. A pistil may consist of a carpel or a number of carpels fused together. The sticky tip of the pistil, the stigma, is the receptor of pollen, the supportive stalk, the style, becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma. The relationship to the gynoecium on the receptacle is described as hypogynous, perigynous, although the arrangement described above is considered typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species, the four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on the receptacle and not by their function. Many flowers lack some parts or parts may be modified into other functions and/or look like what is typically another part, in some families, like Ranunculaceae, the petals are greatly reduced and in many species the sepals are colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified stamens that are petal-like, the flowers of Peonies and Roses are mostly petaloid stamens
5.
Sporangium
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A sporangium is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle, sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores. Structure containing the spores in fungal species, in mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous, some bryophytes, most lycophytes, and some ferns are heterosporous. These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female. In some cases, both kinds of spores are produced in the sporangium, and may even develop together as part of a spore tetrad. However, in most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia, a few ferns and some lycophytes are heterosporous with two kinds of sporangia, as are all the seed plants. Sporangia can be terminal or lateral of stems or associated with leaves, in ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori. Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium, some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along the margin of the leaf. Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the surface of leaves or laterally on stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls, if the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are located within strobili or flowers. Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls which are aggregated into strobili, megasporangia are formed within ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants. Conifers typically bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated into pollen strobili. Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries, in all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium. Categorized based on sequence, eusporangia and leptosporangia are differentiated in the vascular plants. In a leptosporangium, found only in ferns, development involves a single cell that becomes the stalk, wall
6.
Canna (plant)
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Canna is a genus of 10 species of flowering plants. The closest living relations to cannas are the plant families of the order Zingiberales. Canna is the genus in the family Cannaceae. The APG II system of 2003 assigns it to the clade commelinids, Plants have large foliage and horticulturists have turned it into a large-flowered garden plant. It is also used in agriculture as a source of starch for human. See the Canna cultivar gallery for photographs of Canna cultivars, the name Canna originates from the Latin word for a cane or reed. The plants are large tropical and subtropical perennial herbs with a rhizomatous rootstock, the broad, flat, alternate leaves that are such a feature of this plant, grow out of a stem in a long, narrow roll and then unfurl. The leaves are solid green, but some cultivars have glaucose, brownish, maroon. The flowers are composed of three sepals and three petals that are seldom noticed by people, they are small and hidden under extravagant stamens, what appear to be petals are the highly modified stamens or staminodes. The staminodes number 3 (with at least one staminodal member called the labellum, a specialized staminode, the stamen, bears pollen from a half-anther. A somewhat narrower petal is the pistil which is connected down to a three-chambered ovary, the flowers are typically red, orange, or yellow or any combination of those colours, and are aggregated in inflorescences that are spikes or panicles. Although gardeners enjoy these odd flowers, nature really intended them to attract pollinators collecting nectar and pollen, such as bees, hummingbirds, sunbirds, the pollination mechanism is conspicuously specialized. Later cultivars have a lower anther, and rely on pollinators alighting on the labellum and touching first the terminal stigma, and then the pollen. The wild species grow to at least 2–3 m in height. Canna is the member of the Liliopsida class in which hibernation of seed is known to occur, due to its hard. The first species of Canna introduced to Europe was C. indica L. which was imported from the East Indies, charles de lEcluse, who first described and sketched C. Without exception, all Canna species that have been introduced into Europe can be traced back to the Americas, if the soils of India or Africa had produced some of them, they would have been imported before the 1860s into European gardens. Both reduced the number of species from the 50-100 accepted previously and this reduction in species is also confirmed by work done by Kress and Prince at the Smithsonian Institution, however, this only covers a subset of the species range
7.
Saguaro
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The saguaro is an arborescent cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea, which can grow to be over 70 feet tall. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, the Mexican State of Sonora, the saguaro blossom is the state wildflower of Arizona. Its scientific name is given in honor of Andrew Carnegie, in 1994, Saguaro National Park, near Tucson, Arizona, was designated to help protect this species and its habitat. The image of the saguaro is indelibly linked with that of the American Southwest, the common name saguaro came into the English language through the Spanish language, originating in the Mayo language. Saguaros have a long lifespan, often exceeding 150 years. They may grow their first side arm any time from 75–100 years of age, a saguaro without arms is called a spear. Arms are developed to increase the reproductive capacity, as more apices lead to more flowers. The growth rate of saguaros is strongly dependent on precipitation, saguaros in drier western Arizona grow only half as fast as those in, saguaros grow slowly from seed, never from cuttings, and grow to be over 40 feet in height. The largest known living saguaro is the Champion Saguaro growing in Maricopa County, Arizona, the tallest saguaro ever measured was an armless specimen found near Cave Creek, Arizona. It was 78 feet in height before it was toppled in 1986 by a windstorm, a saguaro is able to absorb and store considerable amounts of rainwater, visibly expanding in the process, while slowly using the stored water as needed. This characteristic enables the saguaro to survive during periods of drought, the saguaro genome is around 1.5 billion base pairs long. Sequencing has revealed that the genome of the saguaros chloroplast is the smallest known among non-parasitic flowering plants, the spines on a saguaro, less than two meters in height, rapidly grow up to a millimeter per day. When held up to the light or bisected, alternating light and these transverse bands have been correlated to daily growth. In columnar cacti, spines almost always grow in areoles which originate at the apex of the plant, a spine stops growing in its first season. Areoles are moved to the side and the continues to grow upwards. Thus, older spines are towards the base of a columnar cactus, studies are underway to examine the relationship of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the tissues of spines of an individual to its climate and photosynthetic history. Flowers appear in April through June and they are white and open well after sunset and close in mid-afternoon. They continue to produce nectar after sunrise, flowers are self-incompatible, thus require cross-pollination
8.
Gynoecium
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Gynoecium is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of pistils in a flower and is surrounded by the pollen-producing reproductive organs. The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of archegonia and any associated modified leaves or stems present on a shoot in mosses. The corresponding terms for the parts of those plants are clusters of antheridia within the androecium. Flowers that bear a gynoecium but no stamens are called carpellate, flowers lacking a gynoecium are called staminate. The gynoecium is often referred to as female because it gives rise to female gametophytes, however, strictly speaking sporophytes do not have a sex, only gametophytes do. Gynoecium development and arrangement is important in research and identification of angiosperms. The gynoecium may consist of one or more separate pistils, a pistil typically consists of an expanded basal portion called the ovary, an elongated section called a style and an apical structure that receives pollen called a stigma. The ovary, is the basal portion which contains placentas. The placentas and/or ovule may be born on the gynoecial appendages or less frequently on the floral apex, the chamber in which the ovules develop is called a locule. The style, is a pillar-like stalk through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary, some flowers such as Tulipa do not have a distinct style, and the stigma sits directly on the ovary. The style is a tube in some plants such as lilies. The stigma, is found at the tip of the style. It is commonly sticky or feathery to capture pollen, the word pistil comes from Latin pistillum meaning pestle. A sterile pistil in a flower is referred to as a pistillode. The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of carpels, a carpel is a theoretical construct interpreted as modified leaves bearing structures called ovules, inside which the egg cells ultimately form. A pistil may consist of one carpel, with its ovary, style and stigma, or several carpels may be joined together with a single ovary, the gynoecium may consist of one or more uni-carpellate pistils, or of one multi-carpellate pistil. The number of carpels is described by such as tricarpellate
9.
Warp and weft
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In weaving, the weft is the term for the thread or yarn which is drawn through, inserted over-and-under, the lengthwise warp yarns that are held in tension on a frame or loom to create cloth. Warp is the lengthwise or longitudinal thread in a roll, while weft is the transverse thread, a single thread of the weft, crossing the warp, is called a pick. Each individual warp thread in a fabric is called an end or end. The weft is a thread or yarn usually made of spun fibre, the original fibres used were wool, flax or cotton. Today, man-made fibres are used in weaving. Because the weft does not have to be stretched on a loom in the way that the warp is, the weft is threaded through the warp using a shuttle, air jets or rapier grippers. Hand looms were the original weavers tool, with the shuttle being threaded through alternately raised warps by hand, inventions during the 18th century spurred the Industrial Revolution, with the picking stick and the flying shuttle speeding up production of cloth. The power loom patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 allowed sixty picks per minute, a useful way of remembering which is warp and which is weft is, one of them goes from weft to wight. The words woof and weft derive ultimately from the Old English word wefan, Warp means that which is thrown away. Very simple looms use a warp, in which a single. Because the warp is held under tension during the entire process of weaving and warp yarn must be strong, yarn for warp ends is usually spun. Traditional fibres for warping are wool, linen, alpaca, with the improvements in spinning technology during the Industrial Revolution, it became possible to make cotton yarn of sufficient strength to be used as the warp in mechanized weaving. Later, artificial or man-made fibres such as nylon or rayon were employed, while most people are familiar with weft-faced weavings, it is possible to create warp-faced weavings using densely arranged warp threads. In warp-faced weavings, the design for the textile is in the warp, warp-faced weavings are defined by length-wise stripes and vertical designs due to the limitations of color placement. The expression woof and warp is used metaphorically as one might similarly use fabric, e. g. the warp. The expression is used as a metaphor for the structure on which something is built. Warp or woof are also found in the Bible in the discussion of mildews found in cloth materials in Leviticus 13. Weft is also a term for temporary hair extensions
10.
Classical Latin
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Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In some later periods, it was regarded as good Latin, the word Latin is now taken by default as meaning Classical Latin, so that, for example, modern Latin textbooks describe classical Latin. Latinitas was spoken as well as written, moreover, it was the language taught by the schools. Prescriptive rules therefore applied to it, and where a subject was concerned, such as poetry or rhetoric. No authors are noted for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, except possibly the repetitious abbreviations, good Latin in philology is classical Latin literature. The term classicus was devised by the Romans themselves to translate Greek ἐγκριθέντες, select, before then, classis, in addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of Roman society according to property ownership by the Roman constitution. The word is a transliteration of Greek κλῆσις calling, used to rank army draftees by property from first to fifth class, classicus is anything primae classis, first class, such as the authors of the polished works of Latinitas, or sermo urbanus. It had nuances of the certified and the authentic, testis classicus and it was in this sense that Marcus Cornelius Fronto in the 2nd century AD used scriptores classici, first-class or reliable authors whose works could be relied upon as model of good Latin. This is the first known reference, possibly innovated at this time, aulus Gellius includes many authors, such as Plautus, who are currently considered writers of Old Latin and not strictly in the period of classical Latin. The classical Romans distinguished Old Latin as prisca Latinitas and not sermo vulgaris, each author in the Roman lists was considered equivalent to one in the Greek, for example Ennius was the Latin Homer, the Aeneid was a new Iliad, and so on. The lists of authors were as far as the Roman grammarians went in developing a philology. The Renaissance brought a revival of interest in restoring as much of Roman culture as could be restored and with it the return of the concept of classic, the best. Thomas Sébillet in 1548 referred to les bons et classiques poètes françois, meaning Jean de Meun and Alain Chartier, according to Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary, the term classical, from classicus, entered modern English in 1599, some 50 years after its re-introduction on the continent. In 1715 Laurence Echards Classical Geographical Dictionary was published, in 1736 Robert Ainsworths Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendarius turned English words and expressions into proper and classical Latin. In 1768 David Ruhnken recast the mold of the view of the classical by applying the word canon to the pinakes of orators, Ruhnken had a kind of secular catechism in mind. The practice and Teuffels classification, with modifications, are still in use and his work was translated into English as soon as published in German by Wilhelm Wagner, who corresponded with Teuffel. Wagner published the English translation in 1873, Teuffel divides the chronology of classical Latin authors into several periods according to political events, rather than by style. Regarding the style of the literary Latin of those periods he had, Teuffel was to go on with other editions of his history, but meanwhile it had come out in English almost as soon as it did in German and found immediate favorable reception
11.
Cucurbitaceae
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The Cucurbitaceae family ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food. The Cucurbitaceae consist of 98 proposed genera with 975 species, mainly in tropical and subtropical. All species are sensitive to frost, most of the plants in this family are annual vines, but some are woody lianas, thorny shrubs, or trees. Many species have large, yellow or white flowers, the stems are hairy and pentangular. Tendrils are present at 90° to the petioles at nodes. Leaves are exstipulate alternate simple palmately lobed or palmately compound, the flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants or on the same plant. The female flowers have inferior ovaries, the fruit is often a kind of modified berry called a pepo. One of the oldest fossil records so far is Cucurbitaciphyllum lobatum from the Paleocene epoch, found at Shirley Canal and it was described for the first time in 1924 by Knowlton. The fossil leaf is palmate, trilobed with rounded lobal sinuses and it has a leaf pattern similar to the members of the genera Kedrostis, Melothria and Zehneria. Cucurbits are represented in 23 of the 134 mosaics containing images of crop plants, several of the cucurbit images have not been found elsewhere, suggesting a diverse and highly developed local horticulture of cucurbits in Israel during the Byzantine era. Representations of mature sponge gourds are found in localities, suggestive of the high value accorded to cleanliness. The name Cucurbitaceae comes to scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Cucurbita, the type genus, + -aceae. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word cucurbita, gourd, bates D, Robinson R, Jeffrey C, ed. Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. CS1 maint, Multiple names, editors list Jeffrey C, Cucurbitaceae in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz. The families of flowering plants, descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval
12.
Phyllanthus
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Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the species in this genus vary widely, from 750 to 1200. Phyllanthus has a diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics. Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes and it has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus. Despite their variety, almost all Phyllanthus species express a type of growth called phyllanthoid branching in which the vertical stems bear deciduous, floriferous. The leaves on the axes are reduced to scales called cataphylls. Phyllanthus is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions on Earth, leafflower is the common name for all Phyllanthus species. The circumscription of this genus has been a cause of much confusion, Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic over Reverchonia, Glochidion, Sauropus, and Breynia. A recent revision of the family Phyllanthaceae has subsumed all four of these genera into Phyllanthus and this enlarged version of Phyllanthus might eventually be divided into smaller genera, but much more research will be needed before anyone knows how to do this. Progress continues to be made in this area, also see Taxonomy of the Phyllanthaceae and Phyllanthaceae. Phyllanthus acidus Skeels - Otaheite gooseberry Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl - Jamaican gooseberry tree Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher Phyllanthus angustifolius Sw, Phyllanthus atropurpureus Bojer Phyllanthus brasiliensis Poir. - native to the Americas Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Spreng, Phyllanthus cuneifolius Croizat Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Phyllanthus emblica L. - Indian gooseberry, also known as amla or amalaki, Phyllanthus engleri Pax Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. Phyllanthus ericoides Torr. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Phyllanthus microcladus Muell. -Arg, - the only succulent species of this genus Phyllanthus myrtifolius - Wight. Phyllanthus muellerianus Exell Phyllanthus niruri L. - Chanca piedra Phyllanthus parvifolius Buch. -Ham, ex D. Don Phyllanthus piscatorum Kunth Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright ex Griseb. - often misidentified as P. reticulatus Phyllanthus profusus N. E. Br, Phyllanthus pudens L. C. Wheeler Phyllanthus pulcher Wallich ex Muell. -Arg. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. - similar in appearance to P. polyspermus Phyllanthus saffordii Merr, Phyllanthus salviifolius Kunth Phyllanthus sepialis Müll. Arg. Phyllanthus stipulatus G. L. Webster Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb, Phyllanthus urinaria L. - chamberbitter Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst
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Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). "Flower". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–573.
Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). "
