1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Oasis (band)
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Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991. Developed from a group, the Rain, the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher, Paul Bonehead Arthurs, Paul Guigsy McGuigan. They were later joined by Liams older brother Noel Gallagher as a fifth member, Oasis signed to independent record label Creation Records in 1993 and released their record-setting debut album Definitely Maybe. The following year the band recorded Morning Glory. with drummer Alan White, formerly of Starclub, McGuigan and Arthurs left Oasis in 1999 as the band went on to record and release Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. Their fifth studio album Heathen Chemistry saw Noel Gallaghers releasing strict creative control in the output with all members contributing songs. Following the recording of the seventh album Dig Out Your Soul in May 2008, Starkey departed the band and with Chris Sharrock as touring member. Liam Gallagher will release his debut album As You Were in 2017, by 2009, Oasis had sold over 70 million records worldwide. The band were listed in the Guinness World Records book in 2010 for Longest Top 10 UK Chart Run by a Group after a run of 22 top 10 hits in the UK. The band also holds the Guinness World Record for being the most successful act in the UK between the years 1995 and 2005, spending 765 weeks in the top 75 singles and albums charts. Oasis evolved from a band called the Rain, composed of Paul McGuigan, Paul Arthurs, Tony McCarroll. Unsatisfied with Hutton, Arthurs invited and auditioned acquaintance Liam Gallagher as a replacement, Liam suggested that the band name be changed to Oasis. This change was inspired by an Inspiral Carpets tour poster that hung in the Gallagher brothers bedroom, one of the venues the poster listed was the Oasis Leisure Centre in Swindon, Wiltshire. Oasis played their first ever gig on 18 August 1991 at the Boardwalk club in Manchester. Liams brother Noel Gallagher, who was a roadie for Inspiral Carpets, Noel approached the group about joining with the proviso that he would become the bands sole songwriter and leader, and that they would commit to an earnest pursuit of commercial success. He had loads of stuff written, Arthurs recalled, when he walked in, we were a band making a racket with four tunes. All of a sudden, there were loads of ideas, after over a year of live shows, rehearsals and a recording of a proper demo, the bands big break came in May 1993 when they were spotted by Creation Records co-owner Alan McGee. Oasis were invited to play a gig at King Tuts Wah Wah Hut club in Glasgow, Scotland, by a band called Sister Lovers, Oasis, along with a group of friends, found the money to hire a van and make the journey to Glasgow. When they arrived, they were refused entry to the club as they were not on that nights set list and they were given the opening slot and impressed McGee, who was there to see 18 Wheeler, one of his own bands, that night
3.
Be Here Now (album)
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Be Here Now is the third studio album by the English rock band Oasis, released on 21 August 1997 by Creation Records. Oasis had achieved success with their 1994 debut album Definitely Maybe and 1995 follow up Morning Glory. The third album was anticipated by both fans and music critics. Oasis management company, Ignition, were aware of the dangers of overexposure, the campaign included limiting pre-release radio airplay and forcing journalists to sign gag orders. The tactics resulted in the alienation of both the press and many industry personnel connected with the band, and fueled large-scale speculation and wide publicity within the British music scene. On the first day of release, Be Here Now sold over 424,000 copies, becoming the album in British chart history. Retrospectively, however, the album is viewed by music journalists and fans and by most members of the band as over-indulgent. The albums producer Owen Morris said the sessions were marred by arguments and drug abuse. As of 2008, the album had eight million copies worldwide. By the summer of 1996, Oasis were widely considered, according to guitarist Noel Gallagher, bigger than, dare I say it, fucking God. The commercial success of the two previous albums had resulted in media frenzy and an ubiquity in the mainstream press that was in danger of leading to a backlash. Oasis members were by then being invited to functions at 10 Downing Street by Prime Minister Tony Blair and holidaying with Johnny Depp, during their last stay on the island, Noel wrote the majority of the songs that would make up Oasiss third album. He had suffered from writers block during the winter, and has since admitted he wrote only a single guitar riff in the six months following the release of Morning Glory. Noel has later said about the album, most of the songs were written before I even got a record deal, I went away and wrote the lyrics in about two weeks. The bands producer Owen Morris joined Gallagher later with a TASCAM 8-track recorder, and they recorded demos with a drum machine and a keyboard. In August 1996, the band performed two concerts before crowds of 250,000 at Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, while more than 2,500,000 fans had applied for tickets. The dates were to be the zenith of Oasiss popularity, by this time however, there was much instability and internal conflict emerging between the band members. On 23 August 1996, vocalist Liam Gallagher refused to sing for an MTV Unplugged performance at Londons Royal Festival Hall, though he did attend the concert, he spent the evening heckling Noel from the upper level balcony
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
6.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
7.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
8.
Britpop
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The most successful bands associated with the movement are Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp, those groups would come to be known as its big four. The timespan of Britpop is generally considered to be 1993-1997, with 1994-1995, an influence they shared in particular was the Smiths. These bands were joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, The Verve, Supergrass, Cast, Placebo, Space, Sleeper. Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia, the Battle of Britpop brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. By 1997, however, the movement began to slow down, many began to falter. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop. Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade. Britpop bands show elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. Specific influences vary, Blur and Oasis drew from the Kinks, regardless, Britpop artists project a sense of reverence for British pop sounds of the past. Alternative rock acts from the scene of the Eighties and early Nineties were the direct ancestors of the Britpop movement. The influence of the Smiths is common to the majority of Britpop artists, local identity and regional British accents are common to Britpop groups, as well as references to British places and culture in lyrics and image. Stylistically, Britpop bands use catchy hooks and lyrics that were relevant to young British people of their own generation, Britpop bands conversely denounced grunge as irrelevant and having nothing to say about their lives. Damon Albarn of Blur summed up the attitude in 1993 when after being asked if Blur were a band he said, Well. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then Im getting rid of grunge, in spite of the professed disdain for the genres, some elements of both crept into the more enduring facets of Britpop. The imagery associated with Britpop was equally British and working class, a rise in unabashed maleness, exemplified by Loaded magazine and lad culture in general, would be very much part of the Britpop era. The emphasis on British reference points made it difficult for the genre to achieve success in the US, journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blurs single Popscene and Suedes The Drowners were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suedes first records, all of them audacious, successful and very, very British. Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britains answer to Seattles grunge sound and their debut album Suede became the fastest-selling debut album in the history of the UK
9.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
10.
Creation Records
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Creation Records was a British independent record label headed by Alan McGee. Along with Dick Green and Joe Foster, McGee founded Creation in 1983, the name came from the 1960s band The Creation, whom McGee greatly admired. McGee, Green and Foster were also in the band Biff Bang Pow. which was also the title of a Creation song. The label ceased operations in 1999, although it was revived at one point in 2011 for the release of an album, Upside Down. McGee started the label by putting out the 73 in 83 single by The Legend, after taking out a £1,000 bank loan. Around the same time he started a club called The Living Room in Tottenham Court Road, through which he met people who would go on to record for Creation, including Peter Astor. Distributor Rough Trade soon began funding releases, Creation was among the key labels in the mid-1980s indie movement, with early artists such as The Jesus and Mary Chain and Primal Scream. The Jesus and Mary Chain went to record for Warner Brothers in 1985, with the profits he had made from the band, he was able to release singles by label acts such as Primal Scream, Felt, and The Weather Prophets. McGee had enthusiasm and an ability to attract the weekly music media. In their early days, he was able to project an image of The Jesus and Mary Chain. Following an unsuccessful attempt to run a label for Warner Brothers, McGee regrouped Creation and immersed himself in the burgeoning dance. Those scenes had influenced Creation mainstays such as Primal Scream and Ed Ball, Creation Records releases at this time tended to be critically acclaimed without being major commercial hits. Creation had run up considerable debt that was held off until McGee sold half the company to Sony Music in 1992. After selling to Sony, Creation had signed Oasis, whose debut album Definitely Maybe became a critical and commercial success. The band went on to epitomize the cultural Britpop movement of the mid-90s, the success of Oasis was unprecedented for an act on an independent label. Their second album, Morning Glory. became the biggest selling British album of the decade, in the 1990s, Creation launched the subsidiary, Rev-Ola Records, which was formed by Joe Foster. Rev-Ola is now a part of the PoppyDisc group of labels, the revitalised Labour Party took note of McGees accomplishments with Creation. They got McGee to spearhead a media campaign prior to the 1997 General Election in order to appeal to Britains youth culture, omnibus went on to make a documentary on McGee and Creation in 1998 for BBC One
11.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
12.
Noel Gallagher
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Noel Thomas David Gallagher is an English musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist. He served as the lead guitarist, co-lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the English rock band Oasis, raised in Burnage, Manchester, Gallagher began learning guitar at the age of thirteen. After a series of odd jobs in construction, he worked for local Manchester band Inspiral Carpets as a roadie and technician in 1988. Whilst touring with them, he learned that his brother Liam Gallagher had formed a band of his own, known as The Rain, after Gallagher returned to England, he was invited by his brother to join Oasis as songwriter and guitarist. Oasis debut album, Definitely Maybe, marked the beginning of the rise to fame as part of the Britpop movement. Oasis second album, Morning Glory. reached the top of the charts in many countries and their third studio album, Be Here Now. Britpop eventually declined in popularity and Oasis next two failed to revive it. However, the final two albums, Dont Believe the Truth and Dig Out Your Soul, were hailed as its best efforts in over a decade. On 28 August 2009, following an altercation with Liam prior to a gig in Paris, Noel Gallagher announced his departure from Oasis and on 23 October 2009, Gallagher would go on to form Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds. Gallagher also shared a rivalry with fellow Britpop band Blur. However, he was regarded as the spear-head of the Britpop movement. Many have praised Gallaghers songwriting, with George Martin claiming him to be the finest songwriter of his generation, in 2012, he was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life, Gallagher was born in Longsight, Manchester, the son of Irish Catholic parents Peggy and Thomas Gallagher. He was the second child, after the birth of Paul Anthony Gallagher. Soon after the birth of younger brother Liam in 1972, the Gallaghers moved to Ashburn Avenue in the Manchester suburb of Burnage and he and his brothers were often beaten by their father, who was an alcoholic, and he was often reclusive. Liam described him as the weirdo in the family, due to their unease around their father, he and Paul both developed stammers. As the oldest child, Paul was given a room to himself, Peggy Gallagher acquired a legal notice of separation from her husband in 1976. Six years later, she left him, taking the three boys with her
13.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
14.
D'You Know What I Mean?
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DYou Know What I Mean. is a song by the English rock band Oasis. Written by Noel Gallagher, it was released as the first single from their third album Be Here Now, the song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, the third Oasis song to do so. The song also claimed the one position in Ireland, Finland, and Spain as well as reaching the Top 5 in Canada, Norway, Sweden. It sold 162,000 copies in its first day in the shops and 370,000 by the end of the first week and it is Oasiss second biggest selling single in the UK with sales of 745,000, achieving Platinum status in the process. It was the 12th biggest selling single of 1997 in the UK, in October 2011, NME placed it at number 77 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years. In July 2016, an edited, remixed and remastered version of the song was released, entitled DYou Know What I Mean, the reissue formed part of the wider rerelease of the Be Here Now album to celebrate its 20th anniversary, which was released on 14 October 2016. The song was intended to be the Digsys Dinner of Be Here Now. On 28 October 1998, Stay Young was released as a CD single in its own right by Epic Records Japan, one of the other B-sides is a cover of David Bowies song, Heroes. Then I just thought All my people right here, right now, very vague, very ambiguous, thatll do. Look in the mirror and wink while youre singing it and its quite saucy, and I fucking love that line, Coming in a mess, going out in style. We were a bunch of scruffs from Manchester and were going out in a Rolls Royce, in another 1997 interview, this time on BBC, Noel Gallagher said, I cant believe I wrote it, its going to blow people away. The morse code in the background was inspired by Strawberry Fields and we got hold of a code book and tried to tap out Bugger All to follow that line Dont look back cos you know what you might see. But if anyone can tell me what we said, please let me know. He also says that he expected someone to ask them to edit the introduction to the song down and they even performed the song on Top of the Pops, omitting most of the lengthy introduction. The lyrics reference two Beatles songs, The Fool on the Hill, I Feel Fine as well as the Bob Dylan album Blood on the Tracks, the line I aint good looking but Im someones child is adapted from a line in Blind Willie McTells Statesboro Blues. The song also uses an Amen break, the steps can still be found on Darlington Street. The shoot was shrouded in secrecy to protect mass media coverage, at a lunchtime break, Liam Gallagher and sleeve designer Brian Cannon enjoyed a pint of beer in the nearby Crispin Arms pub by Birkett Bank. The music video, directed by Dom and Nic, is set in an apparently post-apocalyptic world, several of the helicopters land while a crowd gathers to watch the band play and throw coloured smoke grenades
15.
All Around the World (Oasis song)
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All Around the World is a song by the English rock band Oasis, written by the bands lead guitarist and principal songwriter Noel Gallagher. Released on 12 January 1998, the peaked at number one in the UK Singles Chart. It is also the longest song recorded by Oasis. The single went gold in the UK and this was the last Oasis single to be released on the Creation Records label. The song also reached #15 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, All Around the World—nearly ten minutes long—is embellished with string and horn pieces, and is followed by the two-minute-long instrumental All Around the World. Upon its release, the reviews were generally positive, as with many Oasis songs it sends the message that everythings gonna be okay. The song was one of the first to be written by Noel, from time to time, Gallagher has claimed that this is one of the best songs he has ever written. As early as Spring 1994, the production sound for this song was envisaged. On the interview Wibbling Rivalry, Noel Gallagher said of the song, With Supersonic, I worried I was never going to another song after that cos I thought. Two days later I superseded it by about 50 fuckin times, the reason we havent recorded that song is because there isnt enough money in Creation Records bank balance to pay for the production of that record. Noel also added when asked if there would be an orchestra on it, Orchestras and its not got to be one, its got to be two. Noel described the song shortly before the release of the album, I wrote this one ages ago and it was twelve minutes long then. It was a matter of being able to afford to record it, but now we can get away with the 36-piece orchestra. And the longer the better as far as Im concerned, I can see what people are going to say, but fuck em, basically. But there are three key changes towards the end, imagine how much better Hey Jude would have been with three key changes towards the end. I like the ambition of it, all that time ago, what was all that about when we didnt even have our first single out. The harmonica pieces on the track were performed by Mark Feltham, backing vocals were provided by Noel and Liams then wives, Meg Mathews and Patsy Kensit, along with Richard Ashcroft of The Verve. Portions of the chorus were used as background music for AT&Ts advertising campaign for The New AT&T
16.
Don't Go Away
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Dont Go Away is a song by the English rock band Oasis from their third album, Be Here Now, written by the bands lead guitarist Noel Gallagher. The song was released as a single only in Japan, peaking at number 48 on the Oricon chart. In the United States it was a success, hitting #5 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in late 1997 and it was the bands last major hit in the United States until 2008s The Shock of the Lightning. Although Dont Go Away appears for the first time in 1997, its origins back to 1993. Dont Go Away was included in a batch of songs written under the wing of the Griffiths brothers, Liam Gallagher claims to have cried whilst recording the song, as a result of dwelling on a certain thing. He said, in a 1997 interview, I just thought fuck that, I cant be singing this song and I had to go away, listening back to the song he admits to being very proud of his vocal performance. In a 1997 interview promoting Be Here Now, Noel Gallagher had the following to say about the song, Its a very sad song about not wanting to lose someone youre close to. The middle eight I made up on the spot -- I never had that lyric until the day we recorded it, Me and you and we put Burt Bacharach horns on because he was the master of break-up songs. I did all the string arrangements, I tried to keep them as simple as possible. I like the way Marc Bolan used them on Children of the Revolution, People do remember string parts as separate hooklines, you know. You just dont want to use them slushily, as many songs written during the time spent with The Real People, Dont Go Away shares similarities with one of brothers Griffiths compositions, Feel the Pain, both in music and lyrics. Lyrics in the chorus of Dont Go Away are lifted verbatim from Feel the Pain, the cover of the single features the old Liverpool Speke Airport building. The airport is famous as the scene at which thousands of fans greeted The Beatles on their return to Liverpool at the height of Beatlemania. Derelict at the time, it has now turned into a hotel. The aeroplane is an Avro Lancastrian, scruton writes, Here, encrypted within the routine protest, is a more strangulated cry—a protest against the impossibility of protest. Trapped as he is in a culture that treats articulate utterance as a capitulation to the adult world, something is lacking in his world—but he cannot say what. He excites his fans to every kind of ecstasy, knowing that nothing will be changed for them or him. The live version of Cigarettes & Alcohol was recorded 14 December 1997 at the G-MEX Exhibition Centre in Oasis home town of Manchester, sad Song originally appeared as a bonus track on the vinyl release of the first Oasis album, Definitely Maybe
17.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
18.
Candle in the Wind 1997
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Candle in the Wind 1997 is a song by Elton John, a re-written and re-recorded version of his 1973 song Candle in the Wind. It was released on 13 September 1997 as a single to the late Diana, Princess of Wales. In many countries, it was pressed as a double A-side with Something About the Way You Look Tonight and it was co-written by Bernie Taupin, and produced by Sir George Martin. According to the Guinness Book of Records, Candle in the Wind 1997 is the second highest selling single of all time, and it is the highest selling single since charts began in the 1950s. After being released, Candle in the Wind 1997 entered at one in the UK Singles Chart, Johns fourth UK number one single. The song topped the German Singles Chart for seven weeks, the Australian ARIA Charts for six weeks, reached number one in Japan, Canada, France, the 1997 version won John the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1998. At the 1998 Brit Awards the song was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single, the lyrics of the earlier version of Candle in the Wind, also written by Taupin, were a tribute to Marilyn Monroe. The opening lines of the 1973 version, Goodbye Norma Jeane, though I never knew you at all, were adapted to Goodbye Englands rose, most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Dianas life and death. On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, the news shocked Elton John, as he and the Princess had been very good friends. Earlier in the summer, he had also lost another friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. To cope with the grief, John wanted to pay a tribute to Diana and he contacted his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of their 1973 song Candle in the Wind to honour her. George Martin was contacted to produce the song, and added a string quartet. It was recorded at Townhouse Studios in West London, John publicly performed Candle in the Wind 1997 only once, at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Westminster Abbey on 6 September 1997. The song has never released on any of his other albums or compilations, not even on the 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales. The song was included on Diana, Princess of Wales, The BBC Recording of the Funeral Service, the soundtrack was released on September 30,1997. Candle in the Wind was expected to debut high on the charts and it became the fastest-selling single in the UK, selling 658,000 copies on its first day of release, and over 1.5 million in its first week. It has been certified as the single of all time in the UK. The chart success in the United States was similar, released on 22 September 1997, Candle in the Wind debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, with first week sales at 3.5 million copies
19.
Diana, Princess of Wales
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Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry and was the child and third daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, in 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer. She came to prominence in February 1981 when her engagement to Prince Charles was announced and her wedding to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981, held at St Pauls Cathedral, reached a global television audience of over 750 million people. While married, Diana bore the titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, the marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and she was celebrated for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. She was involved with dozens of charities including Londons Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, Diana remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Diana was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the Spencer family has been closely allied with the British Royal Family for several generations. Both of Dianas grandmothers had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on 30 August 1961, Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, with wealthy commoners as godparents. Diana had three siblings, Sarah, Jane, and Charles and her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born. The desire for an added strain to the Spencers marriage. Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, the Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew, Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced. Her mother later had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969, Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents separation in 1967, but during that years Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let Diana return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, in 1972, Lord Althorp began a relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Dame Barbara Cartland. They married at Caxton Hall, London in 1976, as an upper-class child at the time, Diana was first educated under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen. She began her education at Silfield Private School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Diss
20.
Sunday roast
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Its prominence in British culture is such that in a UK poll it was ranked second in a list of things people love about Britain. Other names for this meal are Sunday dinner, Sunday lunch, roast dinner, the meal is often comparable to a less grand version of a traditional Christmas dinner. Besides being served in its original homelands, the tradition of a Sunday dinner has been an influence on food cultures in the English-speaking world. Roast dinner is also a popular dish in the Republic of Ireland. The Sunday Roast originated in England as a meal to be eaten after church on Sunday, eating a large meal following church services is common to all of the continent of Europe as with other Christian countries, but the Sunday Roast variant of this meal is uniquely British. On Sundays, all types of meat and dairy produce are allowed to be eaten, unlike on Fridays where many Roman Catholics and Anglicans traditionally abstain from eating meats, so ate fish instead. Likewise, it is traditional for Anglicans and English Catholics to fast before Sunday services and these religious rules created several traditional dishes in the United Kingdom. Only eating fish on Friday resulted in a British tradition of fish Fridays which is common in fish and chip shops and restaurants across the United Kingdom on Fridays. There are two points on the origins of the modern Sunday roast. In the late 1700s during the revolution in the United Kingdom. They would then add in vegetables such as potatoes, turnips and parsnips before going to church on a Sunday morning, when they returned from the church the dinner was all but ready. The juices from the meat and vegetables were used to make a stock or gravy to pour on top of the dinner, the second opinion holds that the Sunday roast dates back to medieval times, when the village serfs served the squire for six days a week. Then, on the Sunday, after the church service, serfs would assemble in a field. Typical meats used for a Sunday roast are roast beef, chicken, lamb or pork, although duck, goose, gammon. Sunday roasts can be served with a range of boiled, steamed and/or roasted vegetables, the potatoes can be cooked around the meat itself, absorbing the juices and fat directly. However, many prefer to cook the potatoes and the Yorkshire pudding in a hotter oven than that used for the joint and so remove the meat beforehand to rest. Other vegetable dishes served with roast dinner can include mashed swede or turnip, roast parsnip, boiled or steamed cabbage, broccoli, green beans and boiled carrots, common traditional accompaniments include, beef — Yorkshire pudding, suet pudding, English mustard, or horseradish sauce. Pork — crackling and sage-and-onion stuffing, apple sauce or English mustard, lamb — mint sauce or jelly or redcurrant jelly
21.
Stand by Me (song)
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Stand by Me is a song originally performed by American singer-songwriter Ben E. King, written by King, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. According to King, the title is derived and was inspired by a spiritual composition by Sam Cooke called Stand by Me Father. This spiritual was sung by the Soul Stirrers with Johnnie Taylor singing lead, the third line of the second verse of Stand by Me derives from Psalms 46, 2c. There have been over 400 recorded versions of Stand by Me performed by many artists, the song has been featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film Stand by Me. A music video was released to promote the film. In 2012 it was estimated that the royalties had topped £17 million. 50% of the royalties were paid to King, later in the year the 2015 line up of the Drifters covered the song in tribute to King. According to the documentary History of Rock n Roll, Ben E. King had no intention of recording the song himself, King had written it for the Drifters, who passed on recording it. After the Spanish Harlem recording session, he had some time left over. The sessions producers, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, asked if he had any more songs, King played Stand by Me on the piano for them. They liked it and called the studio back in to record it. Stoller recalls it differently, I remember arriving at our office as Jerry, King had the beginnings of a melody that he was singing a cappella. I went to the piano and worked up the harmonies, developing a bass pattern that became the signature of the song, Ben and Jerry quickly finished the lyrics. In another interview, Stoller said, Ben E. had the beginnings of a song—both words and he worked on the lyrics together with Jerry, and I added elements to the music, particularly the bass line. To some degree, its based on a song called Lord Stand By Me. I have a feeling that Jerry and Ben E. were inspired by it, Ben, of course, had a strong background in church music. Hes a 50% writer on the song, and Jerry and I are 25% each, when I walked in, Jerry and Ben E. were working on the lyrics to a song. They were at an old oak desk we had in the office, Jerry was sitting behind it, and Benny was sitting on the top
22.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
23.
Chord progression
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A chord progression or harmonic progression is a succession of musical chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition, in tonal music, chord progressions have the function of establishing or contradicting a tonality. Chord progressions are usually expressed by Roman numerals, a chord may be built upon any note of a musical scale, therefore a seven-note scale allows seven basic chords, each degree of the scale becoming the root of its own chord. A chord built upon the note A is an A chord of some type The harmonic function of any particular chord depends on the context of the chord progression in which it is found. The diatonic harmonization of any major results in three major triads. They are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees and these three triads include, and therefore can harmonize, every note of that scale. The same scale also provides three relative minor chords, one related to each of the three major chords, separate from these six common chords there is one degree of the scale, the seventh, that results in a diminished chord. In addition, extra notes may be added to any chord, if these notes are also selected from the original scale the harmony remains diatonic. If new chromatic intervals are introduced then a change of scale or modulation occurs and this in turn may lead to a resolution back to the original key, so that the entire sequence of chords helps create an extended musical form. In western classical notation, chords built on the scale are numbered with Roman numerals, other forms of chord notation have been devised, from figured bass to the chord chart. These usually allow or even require an amount of improvisation. Diatonic scales such as the major and minor scales lend themselves well to the construction of common chords because they contain a large number of perfect fifths. Such scales predominate in those regions where harmony is an part of music, as, for example. Alternation between two chords may be thought of as the most basic chord progression, many well-known pieces are built harmonically upon the mere repetition of two chords of the same scale. The Isley Brothers Shout uses I - vi throughout, three-chord tunes, though, are more common, since a melody may then dwell on any note of the scale. They are often presented as successions of four chords, in order to produce a binary harmonic rhythm, often the chords may be selected to fit a pre-conceived melody, but just as often it is the progression itself that gives rise to the melody. (Common in Elizabethan music, this also underpins the American college song Goodnight Ladies, is the exclusive progression used in Kwela, similar progressions abound in African popular music. They may be varied by the addition of sevenths to any chord or by substitution of the minor of the IV chord to give, for example
24.
David Bowie
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David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a figure in music for over five decades, regarded by critics and musicians as an innovator. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music, during his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million worldwide, made him one of the worlds best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, in the US, he received five platinum and seven gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child, eventually studying art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969, after a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust. The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, in 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth and released Station to Station. Heroes and Lodger followed, each reached the UK top five. He then reached his peak in 1983 with Lets Dance. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with styles, including industrial. He stopped concert touring after 2004, and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006, in 2013, Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day. He remained musically active until he died of cancer two days after the release of his final album, Blackstar. David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947, in Brixton, south London and his mother, Margaret Mary Peggy, was born in Kent, and had Irish ancestry, she worked as a waitress. His father, Haywood Stenton John Jones, from Yorkshire, was an officer for the childrens charity Barnardos. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, near the border of the south London areas of Brixton, Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler. In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to the suburb of Bromley and his voice was considered adequate by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the recorder. Upon listening to Little Richards song Tutti Frutti, Bowie would later say, presleys impact on him was likewise emphatic, I saw a cousin of mine dance to. Hound Dog and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything and it really impressed me, the power of the music
25.
All the Young Dudes
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All the Young Dudes is a song written by David Bowie, originally recorded and released as a single by Mott the Hoople in 1972. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated All the Young Dudes No.253 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and it is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. With its dirge-like music, youth suicide references and calls to an audience, the song bore similarities to Bowies own Rock n Roll Suicide. Described as being to glam rock what All You Need Is Love was to the hippie era, rex and contained references to The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray have described the track as one of rare breed. Bowie himself once claimed that the song was not intended to be an anthem for glam, Bowie explains, All the Young Dudes is a song about this news. Its no hymn to the youth, as people thought, All the Young Dudes is also thought of as a gay anthem. Lou Reed said Its a Gay Anthem, a rallying call to the young dudes to come out in the streets and show that they were beautiful and gay and proud of it. In November 1972, Bowie introduced the band on stage at the Tower near Philadelphia, the original Mott the Hoople release had to be changed lyrically in order that it might be played on UK radio and TV. The line in the verse, Wendys stealing clothes from Marks and Sparks was a reference to UK retailer Marks & Spencer. As such, air play of the song in its form would have breached broadcasting regulations relating to advertising in force at the time. The line was replaced with, Wendys stealing clothes from unlocked cars, today, both versions are freely aired. Bowies first released version of the song was in 1974 on the David Live double LP, Bowie also offered Drive-In Saturday to Mott the Hoople as All the Young Dudes, but they turned down his offer because of the success of Honaloochie Boogie. The song was featured during Bowies 1995–1996 Outside Tour as well as the 2003–2004 A Reality Tour tour. Bowies own studio version, recorded in December 1972 during the sessions for Aladdin Sane, went unreleased until 1995 when it appeared in mono on the album RarestOneBowie. It was subsequently included, again in mono, on The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974, the 2-disc U. S. version of Best of Bowie, there also exists a version consisting of the backing track for Mott the Hooples version with Bowies guide vocal. A variant of this version, combining Bowies vocal on the verses with Ian Hunters on the chorus, was released on the 2006 reissue of All the Young Dudes. Bowie also used the music in reverse as the basis for Move On, All the Young Dudes was featured in the 1995 film Clueless, the 2007 Jason Reitman film Juno and the 2008 film The Wackness
26.
Familiar to Millions
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Familiar to Millions is the first live album by the British rock band Oasis. It was recorded at Wembley Stadium on 21 July 2000 and it debuted at No.5 in the UK charts with 57,000 copies sold in the first week. To date Familiar to Millions has sold around 310,000 copies in Britain alone, about 70,000 copies in the US, the album was initially released simultaneously on six formats, DVD, VHS, double CD, double cassette, triple vinyl, and double MiniDisc. All songs written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted, the disc division and track lengths below are taken from the double-CD edition of the album. Fuckin in the Bushes –3,04 Go Let It Out –5,32 Who Feels Love, –5,59 Supersonic –4,30 Shakermaker –5,13 Acquiesce –4,18 Step Out –4,05 Gas Panic. Multicamera angles on the track Cigarettes & Alcohol, Live screen films for Go Let It Out, Supersonic, Live Forever and Rock n Roll Star. Complete Discography with audio clips and artwork, cD-ROM element, which links to an exclusive page on the Oasis website with as-yet unseen photos and Songplayer module where fans can teach themselves to play Live Forever. Tambourine icon, click it and it takes you to and from the documentary in real time, a first for a non-film release. The VHS features the show and a 20-minute documentary featuring exclusive interviews with Liam. This documentary is unique to the VHS format, the CD features an extra bonus track, a cover of The Beatles song Helter Skelter, which was recorded at the Riverside Theatre, Milwaukee, WI, USA on 16 April 2000. A highlights CD was released on 1 October 2001 to celebrate Oasis tenth anniversary as a band, fuckin in the Bushes, Step Out, Stand by Me, Hey Hey, My My, and Helter Skelter were all omitted. This also applies to Noels backing vocals, most of these overdubbed vocals were recorded live at Oasis gig at the Yokohama Arena, Kanagawa, Japan on 5 March 2000. Only one line, Im sure you heard it all before, the audio version of the album is also missing various bits of between-track banter. A promo video of the Wembley version of Gas Panic. was distributed to music channels, the video featured visuals from throughout the gig and was slightly edited down to 6,57. Gas Panic. and Hey Hey, My My promo CDs were issued in Brazil to promote Oasis appearance at the Rock in Rio festival on 14 January 2001, the 2-track CD of Gas Panic. Included the album version and a version of the Wembley track. The 1-track CD of Hey Hey, My My included the version from Wembley. Each of the six different formats had a different colour for its own cover art
27.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
28.
Liam Gallagher
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William John Paul Liam Gallagher is an English musician, singer, and songwriter. He rose to fame as the singer of the rock band Oasis. His erratic behaviour, distinctive singing style, and abrasive attitude have been the subject of commentary in the press, he remains one of the most recognisable figures in modern British music. Although his older brother Noel wrote the majority of Oasis songs, Liam penned the singles Songbird and Im Outta Time, along with a string of album tracks and B-sides. Noel departed Oasis in 2009 and formed Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds, Gallagher was voted the greatest frontman of all time in a 2010 reader poll by Q magazine. William John Paul Gallagher was born in Burnage, Manchester, to Irish parents Thomas and Peggy Gallagher. Liam was abused by his father as a child, and although his older brothers Noel and Paul took the most abuse, Liam has said that the abuse affected him deeply, when Liam was 10, Peggy took the boys and moved away from Thomas. Although Liam maintained sporadic contact with his father throughout his teens, Paul and Noel often contend that even from a young age, Liam went out of his way to antagonise people, especially Noel, with whom he shared a bedroom. The Gallagher brothers were troubled, especially in their mid-teens, Liam often stole bicycles from local shops. He then returned to school, where he completed his last term in Spring 1990. Noel has said that Liam showed little interest in music until his teens, also that Liam was better looking than him. Gallagher became confident in his ability to sing and began listening to bands like The Beatles, The Stone Roses, The Who, The Kinks, The Jam, Gallagher married Patsy Kensit on 7 April 1997. However, the marriage got off to a start due to various incidents reported in the tabloids. Gallagher made headlines after an incident of road rage and he allegedly leaned out of his car window, grabbed a cyclist and threw him off his bike. The cyclist was not injured and Gallagher was given a caution, on 26 March 1998, Lisa Moorish bore Gallagher a daughter, Molly, who was conceived during an affair in Los Angeles in June 1997, just a week after he and Kensit got married. Gallagher and Kensits son Lennon was born in 1999, the couple divorced a year later. Gallaghers second son, Gene Gallagher, was born to Nicole Appleton on 2 July 2001, in 2004, Gallagher made headlines when it was revealed that he regularly paid £2000 in child support for his son Lennon Francis and daughter Molly. Furthermore, he criticised musician Pete Doherty, the father of Lisa Moorishs other child, the relationship between the two was put under further strain, because of Dohertys heavy heroin habit and his visits to Moorish under the influence of the drug
29.
Tambourine
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The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called zils. Classically the term denotes an instrument with a drumhead, though some variants may not have a head at all. Tambourines are often used with regular percussion sets and they can be mounted, for example on a stand as part of a drum kit, or they can be held in the hands and played by tapping or hitting the instrument. Tambourines come in shapes with the most common being circular. It is found in forms of music, Turkish folk music, Greek folk music, Italian folk music, classical music, Persian music, samba, gospel music, pop music. Tambourines originated in Egypt, where they were known as the kof to the Hebrews, from the Middle Persian word tambūr lute, drum. There are several ways to achieve a tambourine roll, the easiest method is to rapidly rotate the hand holding the tambourine back and forth, pivoting at the wrist. An advanced playing technique is known as the thumb roll, the finger or thumb is moved over the skin or rim of the tambourine, producing a fast roll from the jingles on the instrument. This takes more skill and experience to master, the thumb or middle finger of the hand not holding the tambourine is run around the head of the instrument approximately one centimeter from the rim with some pressure applied. If performed correctly, the thumb should bounce along the head rapidly, usually, the end of the roll is articulated using the heel of the hand or another finger. In the 2000s, the roll may be performed with the use of wax or resin applied to the outside of the drum head. This resin allows the thumb or finger to bounce more rapidly and forcefully across the head producing an even sound, a continuous roll can be achieved by moving the thumb in a figure of 8 pattern around the head. By drummers – Drummers such as Larry Mullen, Jr. of U2 mount a tambourine above the cymbals of their hi-hat stand, tambourines in rock music are most often headless, a ring with jangles but no drum skin. The Rhythm Tech crescent-shaped tambourine and its derivatives are popular, the original Rhythm Tech tambourine is displayed in the Museum of Modern Art. Jack Ashfords distinctive tambourine playing was a dominant part of the section on Motown records. The tambourine was featured in Green Tambourine, a song with which The Lemon Pipers. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was among the earliest western composers to include the tambourine in his compositions, gustav Holsts seven-movement orchestral suite The Planets also features the tambourine in several places throughout the suite, especially in the Jupiter movement. Originated in Galicia or Portugal, the pandeiro was brought to Brazil by the Portuguese settlers and it is a hand percussion instrument consisting of a single tension-headed drum with jingles in the frame
30.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
31.
Skinhead
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The movement reached a peak during an 1980s revival but has endured in multiple contexts worldwide since. The rise to prominence of skinheads came in two waves, with the first taking place in the late 1960s and the second in the early 1980s. Skinheads were instead drawn towards more working class cultures, incorporating elements of mod fashion and black music and fashion. The second wave were often ex-punks, both first and second generation skins were influenced by the heavy, repetitive rhythms of dub, as well as ska, rocksteady, reggae, and African-American soul music. 1980s skins were closely aligned with anarchists and anarcho-punks, first wave punk, Oi. and street punk, ska,2 Tone ska, ska punk, dub, contemporary skinhead fashions range from clean-cut 1960s mod-influenced styles to less-strict punk- and hardcore-influenced styles. During the early 1980s, political affiliations grew in significance and split the subculture, distancing the far right and far left strands, according to Shane Meadows, Its unfortunate that the racist elements have become such a by-word for skinhead culture. The media has played its part in this, but by the same token its clear the fascist element has always been vocal in skinhead culture. The sad bit is that the enlightened, anti-fascist aspects have not better promoted themselves. From the 1990s, the style has been adopted by disaffected, Neo-Nazi youths in the former East Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland, central European countries, and Russia. However, many skinheads have remained influenced by dissident left-wing and center-left type politics that have been in the movement since the beginning, particularly in the U. K. in the late 1950s the post-war economic boom led to an increase in disposable income among many young people. Some of those youths spent that income on new fashions popularised by American soul groups, British R&B bands, certain film actors and these youths became known as mods, a youth subculture noted for its consumerism and devotion to fashion, music and scooters. When possible, these working class mods spent their money on suits and other outfits to wear at dancehalls. Hardcore mods became commonly known as skinheads by about 1968 and their short hair may have come about for practical reasons, since long hair could be a liability in industrial jobs and streetfights. Skinheads may also have cut their hair short in defiance of the middle class hippie culture. In addition to retaining many mod influences, early skinheads were very interested in Jamaican rude boy styles and culture, especially the music, ska, rocksteady, Skinhead culture became so popular by 1969 that even the rock band Slade temporarily adopted the look as a marketing strategy. The subculture gained wider notice because of a series of violent and sexually explicit novels by Richard Allen, due to largescale British migration to Perth, Western Australia, many British youths in that city joined skinhead/sharpies gangs in the late 1960s and developed their own Australian style. By the early 1970s, the skinhead subculture started to fade from popular culture, and some of the original skins dropped into new categories, such as the suedeheads, smoothies, and bootboys. Some fashion trends returned to the mod roots, with brogues, loafers, suits, in the late 1970s, the skinhead subculture was revived to a notable extent after the introduction of punk rock
32.
Mug
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A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot beverages, such as coffee, hot chocolate, soup, or tea. Mugs usually have handles and hold an amount of fluid than other types of cup. Usually a mug holds approximately 12 US fluid ounces of liquid, a mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a teacup or coffee cup is preferred. Shaving mugs are used to assist in wet shaving, ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, or shaped of clay, while most modern ones are made of ceramic materials such as bone china, earthenware, porcelain, or stoneware. Some are made from strengthened glass, such as Pyrex, other materials, including enameled metal, plastic, or steel are preferred, when reduced weight or resistance to breakage is at a premium, such as for camping. A travel mug is insulated and has a cover with a sipping opening to prevent spills. Techniques such as screen printing or decals are used to apply decorations such as logos or images. Wooden mugs were produced probably from the oldest time, but most of them have not survived intact, the first pottery was shaped by hand and was later facilitated by invention of the potters wheel. It was relatively easy to add a handle to a cup in the process thus producing a mug, for example, a rather advanced, decorated clay mug from 4000–5000 BCE was found in Greece. The biggest disadvantage of those clay mugs was thick walls unfit for the mouth, the walls were thinned with development of metalworking techniques. Metal mugs were produced from bronze, silver, gold, and even lead, starting from roughly 2000 BCE, the invention of porcelain around 600 CE in China brought a new era of thin-walled mugs suitable both for cold and hot liquids, which are enjoyed today. A shaving scuttle and shaving mug were developed around the 19th century, as hot water was not common in many households, one way to provide hot lather was to use a scuttle or mug. A traditional scuttle resembles a teapot with a wide spout where hot water is poured in, this is where it differs from a shaving mug, both shaving scuttles and mugs usually have a handle, but some have none. Shaving mugs often look like a mug, however, some also have a built in brush rest. Modern versions of the scuttle are in limited production, usually by independent potters working in small volumes, at the top of the scuttle or mug is a soap holder. Traditionally, it was used with a block of shaving soap. Later scuttles and mugs do not include the holes, and thus can be used with creams, some scuttles and mugs have concentric circles on the bottom, which retain some water thus helping to build lather. In use, the brush is dunked into the wide spout, allowing it to soak into the water
33.
Theft
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In common usage, a theft is the illegal taking of another persons property or services without that persons permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word is used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, library theft. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny, in others, someone who carries out an act of or makes a career of theft is known as a thief. The act of theft is known by other terms such as stealing, thieving. Theft is the name of an offence in California, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland. But if she realises the mistake when she gets home and could return the scarf to Y, note that there may be civil liability for the torts of trespass to chattels or conversion in either eventuality. Section 322 of the Criminal Code provides the definition for theft in Canada,322. Because of this, confidential information cannot be the subject of theft and it cannot be converted, not because it is an intangible, but because, save in very exceptional far‑fetched circumstances, the owner would never be deprived of it. However, the theft of trade secrets in certain circumstances does constitute part of the offence of economic espionage, which can be prosecuted under s.19 of the Security of Information Act. Where a motor vehicle is stolen, Section 333.1 provides for a punishment of 10 years for an indictable offence. Theft is a crime with related articles in the Wetboek van Strafrecht, Article 310 prohibits theft, which is defined as taking away any object that belongs to someone else, with the intention to appropriate it illegally. Maximum imprisonment is 4 years or a fine of the fifth category, Article 311 consists of the following, Part 1. Punishable with maximum imprisonment of 6 years or a fine of the category is,1. Theft during certain occasions,3. Theft during night in a residence by someone who is there without knowledge or permission of the owner,4, Theft by 2 or more organized people,5. Theft, where the thief got access by means of violence, climbing in, when theft if committed as in 3 with the situation of 4 and 5, the punishment is a maximum imprisonment of 9 nears or a fine of the fifth category. Article 312 consists of the following, Part 1 prohibits robbery, maximum imprisonment is 9 years or a fine with the fifth category Part 2 allows maximum imprisonment of 12 years or a fine of the fifth category when,1. Robbery was committed during night, in a residence, on the road or moving train,2
34.
Feltham
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Feltham is a suburban town in the London Borough of Hounslow in west London, England,13.5 miles west of central London and 2 miles south of Heathrow Airport. It is the site of Feltham Young Offenders Institution, Feltham formed an ancient parish in the Spelthorne hundred of Middlesex. The Domesday Book records 21 households and a value of six pounds sterling, it was held as lord and tenant-in-chief by Robert. A large area of ten cultivated ploughlands is recorded, following Mortains sons forfeit of lands, the land was granted to the Redvers/de Ripariis/Rivers family. The heir in that family, Hubert de Burgh swapped Feltham and Kempton with Henry III for his manors of Aylsham in Norfolk and Westhall in Suffolk. His nephew sold it, after a fire and a very temporary loss caused by John Bradshaw. The Duke was a British landowner and a collector of antiquities and works of art, seated occasionally at Hanworth, parting with much of the Dukes surfeit of large country houses, minor plot sales dividing the two ancient manors took place in the 19th century. In this period in 1784 General William Roy set out the baseline of what would become the Ordnance Survey across Hounslow Heath, General Roy is commemorated by a local pub. The MOD Defence Geographic Centre maintains a base in Feltham, announced for disposal in the 2015–2020 Parliament, in 1831, Feltham occupied an area of 2,620 acres, stretching into Hounslow Heath and had a population of 924. The Waterloo to Reading Line established a station here from its construction in 1848, from 1894 to 1904 the Felham parish was included in the Staines Rural District. In 1901 the parish had a population of 4,534, in 1932 the parishes of Hanworth and East Bedfont were also transferred from the Staines district to Feltham Urban District. Feltham Urban District was disbanded in 1965, along with the Middlesex County Council and it should be noted, however, that though for administrative purposes Feltham is now part of Greater London the geographic and historic county of Middlesex was never abolished by statute. A poll on the Feltham, Hanworth and Bedfont Appreciation Society group on Facebook found that Feltham residents overwhelmingly continue to identify their home county as Middlesex, near the towns border with Ashford and the neighbouring village of East Bedfont. In 2011, owing to neglect and weather damage, Hounslow Council removed the memorial, the land is relatively flat but well-drained, and Feltham is centred 13.5 miles west south west of central London at Charing Cross and 2 miles from Heathrow Airport. The neighbouring settlements are Hounslow, Ashford, East Bedfont, Sunbury-on-Thames, Cranford, there is no specific town council for Feltham, instead a Bedfont, Feltham, Hanworth Area Forum of councillors considers issues specific to the area on the London Borough of Hounslows Council. The town forms part of Feltham and Heston Parliament constituency and this area was represented in Parliament from 1992 to 2011 by Alan Keen, MP. After his death, Labour, reflecting the voting trends of the area, as commented on by The Guardian in 2011. Feltham Magistrates Court was built in 1902 as a town hall and this has since been demolished but replaced with a hardware, carpets and supermarket site Manor Park
35.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
36.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
37.
King Tut's Wah Wah Hut
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King Tuts Wah Wah Hut, also known as King Tuts, is a live music venue and bar on St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, Scotland. It is owned and managed by Glasgow-based gig promoters DF Concerts, the Glasgow live music venue takes its name from a club in New York that hosted music, comedy and performing arts events in the 1980s. The venue first opened its doors in February 1990, and has established a reputation for showcasing new talent and hosting many well-known bands first Scottish appearances. According to the manager, Dave McGeachan, the band bullied their way on stage after discovering that they would not be allowed to play despite traveling the long distance from Manchester. Colin MacIntyre, the singer-songwriter from the Scottish indie band Mull Historical Society was reported as claiming you havent made it unless youve played Tuts. In February 2000, the anniversary of the Glasgow live music venue was celebrated with a series of one-off concerts, parties. Due to the success of the event, a £25,000 refurbishment of the bar was completed. In 2005, King Tuts held The Best Scottish Bands of All Time night, which featured such as Snow Patrol, Idlewild, Eugene Kelly. From 17 to 21 December 2008, Idlewild performed a series of shows at the venue. King Tuts Wah Wah Hut also played host to the Homecoming Scotland 2009 Finale Celebrations, King Tuts also runs a tent, aptly named King Tuts Wah Wah Tent, in Scotlands biggest annual music festival, T in the Park, hosting many big acts. King Tuts enjoy links with the festival through their founder Stuart Clumpas who now runs the festival, the live music venue has also diversified into stand up comedy, with a monthly comedy night. Such acts that have performed on the Glasgow stage include Lynn Ferguson, Phil Kay, several performers have also praised King Tuts variety such as Paolo Nutini who said, I’ve never actually seen a big band at King Tut’s, you know that. But it’s the kind of place you can see anything, one night they’ll have a really great band playing their ass off and the next there’ll be a nice acoustic thing on. One gig I remember seeing there is Matt Berry, from The Mighty Boosh and that just shows what a range of stuff you can find in Tut’s. In 2011, singer-songwriter Tom McRae released a live album entitled Tom at Tuts featuring songs. Official website Profile page of the venue at The List Ticketmaster sub-site Ents24 Booking Site blog post about the making of live album, Tom at Tuts
38.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
39.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
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Alan McGee
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Alan McGee is a Scottish businessman and music industry executive. He has been a record label owner, musician, manager and he is best known for co-founding and running the independent Creation Records label from 1983 to 1999, and the Poptones label from 1999 to 2007. He has managed or championed successful acts such as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine, Oasis and he was also the lead singer and guitarist for the indie pop group Biff Bang Pow. who were active from 1983 to 1991. McGee was born in East Kilbride on 29 September 1960 and he grew up in Glasgow and attended Kings Park Secondary School, where he met future Primal Scream founder Bobby Gillespie. McGee left school at 16 with one GCSE, McGee and Gillespie were heavily into punk rock, and they joined a local punk band, The Drains, in 1978. The bands guitarist was Andrew Innes, after the breakup of The Drains, McGee and Innes moved to London and formed the band The Laughing Apple with Mark Jardim, a drummer from Croydon. They recorded three singles in 1981 and 1982, two of which were released on Autonomy, and the third was put out on their own Essential record label, in 1983, quitting his job at British Rail, he co-founded Creation Records with Dick Green and Joe Foster. McGee said that his intention with Creation was to merge psychedelia with punk rock and he also formed the band Biff Bang Pow. which would continue until 1991, and began running a club night called The Living Room at The Adams Arms in Central London. He also began managing then-unknown The Jesus and Mary Chain, whose first single was issued on McGees label in November 1984. Creation Records was one of the key labels in the mid-80s indie movement, with releases featuring artists such as Primal Scream, The Jasmine Minks. While these records were not commercially successful, McGees enthusiasm and ability to promote Creation releases in the music media ensured a healthy following. During this time Creation had run up debts, which forced McGee to sell half the company to Sony Music in 1992. The success of Oasis was unprecedented for an act on an independent label, in 1998, Omnibus made a documentary about McGee and Creation for BBC One. McGee was awarded by the NME Godlike Genius award in February 1996, McGee returned to making music in 1997, collaborating with Ed Ball under the name The Chemical Pilot, releasing the album Journey to the Centre of the Mind in 1998. While Oasis went on to sell nearly 54 million records by 2008, Creation continued issuing albums by other artists, rumours began to circulate of McGees dissatisfaction with the direction Creation had gone. In late 1999 it was announced that Creation Records would close, the final album released by the label was Primal Screams 2000 release XTRMNTR, which went gold in the UK. The final single was the third released from the album itself, two books were written in the wake of Creation Records, One, by David Cavanagh, which McGee calls the accountants tale and one by Paulo Hewitt. McGee closed Creation Records for good, selling the rest of the shares to Sony in 2000 for a price that was staggered through the 1990s of around $30,000,000
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Burt Bacharach
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Burt Freeman Bacharach is an American composer, songwriter, record producer, pianist, and singer. As of 2014, Bacharach had written 73 US and 52 UK Top 40 hits, in 1997 he was the subject of a PBS Great Performances biography. And in recent years a number of albums and concerts have helped introduce his music to younger audiences. Among them was a 2009 concert by Dutch singer Trijntje Oosterhuis, in 2012 Bacharach and David received the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, the first time the honor has been given to a songwriting team. The ceremony was hosted by President Obama, and included a concert performed with various stars, Bacharach was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and grew up in the Forest Hills section of New York City, graduating from Forest Hills High School in 1946. His family was Jewish, but he says that they didnt practice or give attention to their religion. But the kids I knew were Catholic, he adds, I was Jewish but I didnt want anybody to know about it. Bacharach showed a keen interest in jazz as a teenager, disliking his classical piano lessons and he got to hear bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Count Basie, whose style would later influence his songwriting. Bacharach studied music at Montreals McGill University, under Helmut Blume, at the Mannes School of Music, during this period he studied a range of music, including jazz harmony, which has since been important to songs which are generally considered pop music. His composition teachers included Darius Milhaud, Henry Cowell, and Bohuslav Martinů, Bacharach cites Milhaud as his biggest influence, under whose guidance he wrote a Sonatina for Violin, Oboe and Piano. Following his tour of duty in the United States Army, Bacharach spent the three years as a pianist and conductor for popular singer Vic Damone. Damone recalls, Burt was clearly bound to go out on his own and he was an exceptionally talented, classically trained pianist, with very clear ideas on the musicality of songs, how they should be played, and what they should sound like. He later worked in similar capacity for other singers, including Polly Bergen, Steve Lawrence. When he was unable to better jobs, Bacharach worked at resorts in the Catskill Mountains of New York. In 1956, at age 28, Bacharachs productivity increased when composer Peter Matz recommended him to Marlene Dietrich and he then became part-time music director for Dietrich, a German actress and singer who had been an international screen star in the 1930s. They toured worldwide off and on until the early 1960s, when they werent touring, as a result of his collaboration with Dietrich, he gained his first major recognition as a conductor and arranger. In her autobiography, she remembered that Bacharach loved touring in Russia and Poland because the violinists were extraordinary and he liked Edinburgh and Paris, along with the Scandinavian countries, and he also felt at home in Israel, she says, where music was similarly much revered. By the early 1960s, after five years with Dietrich
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The Masterplan (album)
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The Masterplan is a compilation album by the English rock band Oasis, comprising B-sides which never made it onto an album. The album was intended for release only in areas such as the United States and Japan. It was first released in late 1998, the Masterplan reached number 2 in the UK where it went platinum, and number 51 in the United States. However, it did reach the Top 20 in various charts around the world, four songs from the album appear on the 2006 compilation album Stop the Clocks. This is the last album of Oasis to be released under the Creation label, all tracks written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted
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Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
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