1.
Big Game (American football)
–
First played 125 years ago in 1892, it is one of the oldest college rivalries in the United States. The game is played in late November or early December. In even-numbered years, the game is played at Berkeley, while in odd-numbered years it is played at Stanford, Stanford has won the last seven games, the latest at Memorial Stadium 45–31. The Big Game is the oldest college football rivalry in the West, while an undergraduate at Stanford, future U. S. President Herbert Hoover was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams. He helped organize the inaugural Big Game, along with his friend Cal manager Herbert Lang, only 10,000 tickets were printed for the game but 20,000 people showed up. Hoover and Lang scrambled to find pots, bowls and any other available receptacles to collect the admission fees, the term Big Game was first used in 1900, when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco. Fred Lilly, the last victim of the disaster, died on December 4,1900, to this day, the Thanksgiving Day Disaster remains the deadliest accident to kill spectators at a U. S. sporting event. In 1906, citing concerns about the violence in football, both schools dropped football in favor of rugby, which was played for the Big Games of 1906–14, the first incidence of card stunts was performed by Cal fans at the halftime of the 1910 Big Game. California resumed playing football in 1915, but Stanfords rugby teams continued until 1917, from 1915–1917, Californias Big Game was their game against Washington, while Stanford played Santa Clara as their rugby Big Game. The game resumed as football in 1919, and has played as such every year since, except from 1943 to 1945. A handful of Stanford starters—including guards Jim Cox, Bill Hachten and Fred Boensch, running back George Quist, Quist returned to Stanford, playing against Cal in the 1946 Big Game. Scenes for the Harold Lloyd silent classic The Freshman were filmed at California Memorial Stadium during halftime of the 1924 Big Game, since 1933, the victor of the game has been awarded possession of the Stanford Axe. If a game ended in a tie, the Axe stayed on the side that already possessed it, this rule became obsolete in 1996 when the NCAA instituted overtime. In 2013, the new Levis Stadium in Santa Clara was proposed as the site of the 2014 Big Game, the 2015 game would then be held in Berkeley, reversing the current rotation of odd-numbered years at Stanford and even-numbered years at Cal. But several days later Cal declined the offer, both teams came into the game unbeaten with a berth in the 1925 Rose Bowl on the line. With its star Ernie Nevers sidelined due to injuries, Stanford trailed 20–6 with under 5 minutes to go, but rallied to score twice to force a 20–20 tie and earn the Rose Bowl bid. In the 50th Big Game, winless Stanford led the 8–1 Bears with less than three minutes left in the game, but Cal scored on an 80-yard touchdown pass to clinch a 21–18 victory. Stanford quarterback Dick Norman threw for 401 yards, but it was not enough to hold off the Bears, Cal drove 62 yards in the final 1,13, culminating in a Vince Ferragamo touchdown pass to Steve Sweeney for a last-second 24–22 Cal victory
2.
University of California, Berkeley
–
The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
3.
Stanford University
–
Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
4.
Stanford, California
–
Stanford is a census-designated place in Santa Clara County, California, United States and is the home of Stanford University. The population was 13,809 at the 2010 census, with a population of 35,000. Stanford is an area of Santa Clara County and is adjacent to the city of Palo Alto. Stanford, California is a postal address, and has its own post office. A popular landmark is the Dish, Stanford is located at 37°25′21″N 122°9′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.8 square miles. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Stanford has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps. The 2010 United States Census reported that Stanford had a population of 13,809, the population density was 4,974.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Stanford was 7,932 White,651 African American,86 Native American,3,777 Asian,28 Pacific Islander,263 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,439 persons. The Census reported that 55. 6% of the lived in households and 44. 4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 159 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 15 same-sex married couples or partnerships,1,522 households were made up of individuals and 87 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96, there were 1,230 families, the average family size was 2.77. The median age was 22.6 years, for every 100 females there were 118.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.1 males, there were 3,999 housing units at an average density of 1,440.6 per square mile, of which 790 were owner-occupied, and 3,123 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0. 9%, the vacancy rate was 0. 9%. 2,022 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 5,657 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,314 people,3,207 households, the population density was 4,849.8 people per square mile. There were 3,315 housing units at a density of 1,207. 4/sq mi
5.
Pac-12 Conference
–
The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States. It participates in 22 NCAA sports in the NCAAs Division I, its teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision. The conferences 12 members are located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah and they include each states flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities. It became the Pac-12 in 2011 with the addition of the University of Colorado, with Arizona States softball title in 2011, the conference won its 400th NCAA Championship. The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott, Scott replaced Thomas C, hansen, who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position. Prior to joining the Pac-10, Scott was Chairman and CEO of the Womens Tennis Association, the Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions. Football currently is the sport where the conference is divided evenly into two geographic divisions, the North Division and the South Division. The Pac-12 spans six states in the Western United States, Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Unusual for a conference, the Pac-12s members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region. The Pac-12 has four affiliate member institutions, three in California and Boise State University in Idaho, the school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor. No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959, two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors. As private schools, Stanford and USC are not obligated to publish employees salaries, Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities, including all of the conferences California schools. The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership, in 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world. Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights/licensing, student fees, school funds and all sources including TV income, camp income, food. Updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013-14 academic year, the national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year. The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2,1915, charter members were the University of California, the University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College. The conference began play in 1916, one year later, Washington State College joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918. In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC, Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA
6.
All Right Now
–
All Right Now is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart, All Right Now originally appeared on the album Fire and Water, which Free recorded on the Island Records label, formed by Chris Blackwell. In 1991, the song was remixed and re-released, reaching #8 on the UK singles chart. All Right Now was a #1 hit in over 20 territories and was recognised by ASCAP in 1990 for garnering 1,000,000 plus radio plays in the U. S. by late 1989. In 2006, the BMI London awards included a Million Air award for 3 million air plays of All Right Now in the USA. According to drummer Simon Kirke, All Right Now was written by bassist Andy Fraser and singer Paul Rodgers in the Durham Students Union building, one of the engineers during the recordings of All Right Now was Roy Thomas Baker, who would later become Queens producer. The single was only to Virgin Records executives and never issued to the public. Since 1972, All Right Now as arranged by Stanford Band has been the de facto fight song of Stanford University athletic teams
7.
Marching band
–
A marching band is a group in which instrumental musicians perform for entertainment, and prepare for a competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass instruments, woodwind instruments, percussion instruments, most marching bands wear some kind of uniform that includes the school or organizations colors, name or symbol. Most high school marching bands are accompanied by a colorguard, a group of performers, Marching bands are generally categorized by function, size, age, gender, instruments and by the style of show they perform. In addition to traditional parade performances, many marching bands also perform shows at special events like competitions. Increasingly, marching bands perform concerts that implement many songs, traditions. Band is a term for an instrumental group. The marching band originated with traveling musicians who performed together at festivals and it evolved and became more structured within the armies of early city-states, becoming the basis for the military band, from which the modern marching band emerged. As musicians became less important in directing the movement of troops on the battlefield and this intermediate stage led to the modern instrumentation and music for marching bands. Many military traditions survive in modern marching band, Bands that march in formation are often ordered to dress their ranks and cover down your file. They may be called to attention, and given such as about face. Uniforms of many marching bands still resemble military uniforms, in the United States, modern marching bands are most commonly associated with performing during American football games. The oldest American college marching band, the Notre Dame Marching Band, was founded in 1845 first performed at a game in 1887. Many American universities had bands before the twentieth century associated with military ROTC programs. Spotts had seen a flock of birds fly in a V formation, the first halftime show at an American football game was performed by the University of Illinois Marching Illini also in 1907 at a game against the University of Chicago. Another innovation that appeared at roughly the time as the field show. University fight songs are closely associated with a universitys band. Boston College claims the first fight song, For Boston, many more recognizable and popular fight songs are played by high schools across the country. During the 20th century, marching bands added pageantry elements, including baton twirlers, majorettes, dance lines and these bands are said to be corps-style bands
8.
Stanford Cardinal
–
The Stanford Cardinal is the nickname of the 37 varsity athletic teams at Stanford University. Stanfords program has won over 100 national team championships, Stanford has won 22 consecutive NACDA Directors Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation. Stanfords teams compete in the Pac-12 Conference, along with schools from the western third of the United States. Following its win over Cal in the first-ever Big Game in 1892, white was adopted as a secondary color in the 1940s. On November 25,1930, following a vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students. The Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman in 1972, after objections from Native American students. From 1972 to 1981, the nickname was the Cardinals. During the 1970s, a number of suggestions were put forth as possible nicknames, Robber Barons, Sequoias, Trees, Railroaders, Spikes, the last suggestion gained enough momentum to prompt the university to place two griffin statues near the athletic facilities. On November 17,1981, school president Donald Kennedy declared that the teams be represented by the color cardinal in its singular form. Stanford has no mascot, but the Stanford Tree, a member of the Stanford Band wearing a self-designed tree costume. The Tree is based upon El Palo Alto, a tree in neighboring Palo Alto that appears in the Stanford seal. Stanford University sponsors varsity teams in 15 mens,20 womens, Stanford has won these NCAA team championships in 20 different sports. S. Stanfords run of 41 consecutive years winning an NCAA team championship is the longest such streak in NCAA history, the next longest NCAA championship streak is 19 years. Stanford has won 99 NCAA team championships during this 41 year NCAA championship streak, the most NCAA team championships Stanford has won in a single year is six in 1996-97. Stanford has won five NCAA team championships in a three times. Stanford athletes have won 483 NCAA individual championships as of July 1,2016, Stanfords 483 individual championships are the most individual championships won by any school in NCAA Division I. No other Division I school has won more than 400 NCAA individual championships, Stanford has won the NACDA Directors Cup every year for the last 22 years. The Directors Cup recognizes the most successful sports program in NCAA Division I
9.
The Star-Spangled Banner
–
The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, the poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a mens social club in London. To Anacreon in Heaven, with lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Keys poem and renamed The Star-Spangled Banner, it became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one octave and one fifth, it is known for being difficult to sing, although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom, hail, Columbia served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. My Country, Tis of Thee, whose melody is identical to God Save the Queen, following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them The Star-Spangled Banner, as well as America the Beautiful. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers, because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. On the morning of September 14, the flag had been lowered. During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the bombs bursting in air, Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimores Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History and it was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program. Aboard the ship the day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore and he completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it Defence of Fort MHenry. Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from a song by Key. The song, known as When the Warrior Returns, was written in honor of Stephen Decatur, absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. Professor Mark Clague has stated that the two verses of Keys lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 and in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery. Clague asserts that the used to refer to British professional soldiers but also the Corps of Colonial Marines which Key viewed as scoundrels
10.
California Golden Bears football
–
The California Golden Bears football team is the college football team of the University of California, Berkeley. The team plays its games at California Memorial Stadium. Memorial Stadium was built to honor Berkeley alumni, students, and other Californians who died in World War I, Memorial Stadium was named one of the 40 best college football stadiums by the Sporting News. Football was first played on the Berkeley campus in 1882, albeit in a form that resembled rugby and it was not until 1886 that American football began play. It played its first annual rivalry game – known as The Big Game – against Stanford University in 1892 and this became one of oldest College rivalry games in the United States. Football was put on hiatus in 1906 when it was decided by the Theodore Roosevelt administration that American football was too dangerous a sport, Football returned for good in 1915 and Cal has fielded a team in every year since. The 1920s saw the first golden age of California football, as the Golden Bears went 50 straight games without a defeat from 1920 to 1925, as of 2010, this is the third-longest unbeaten streak in NCAA history. The 1920–1924 squads were so dominant that they were nicknamed The Wonder Teams and he is considered to be the greatest football coach in Golden Bears history. He is famous for his strategy of kick and wait for the breaks. Dying in 1925 with his University of California 10-year record of 74 wins,16 losses and 7 ties, during his time California won three NCAA recognized national titles, four Pacific Coast Conference championships and made three trips to the Rose Bowl. In 1921 it shutout Ohio State 28–0, in 1922 and while swimming in mud, it tied the huge underdog Washington & Jefferson College Presidents 0–0, for the sole tie in Rose Bowl history. One of the stars of this era was Harold Brick Muller, in 1960 the respected Helms Athletic Foundation crowned the 1920 Cal Bears as the greatest football team in American history. Andy Smith died shortly after the end of the 1925 season and his death was unexpected and traumatic for the team and the whole university. His replacement was his assistant coach Nibs Price, Price was first hired as a freshman coach in 1918. He recruited the dominant 1919 freshmen team that would become the core of the Wonder Team for the three years. In their first season without Smith, Cal had its first losing season since 1897, but by 1928, the team that was undefeated with six shutouts was invited to the Rose Bowl to play against Georgia Tech. While this team is considered to be one of the greats in Cal history and it has become the most famous moment in Rose Bowl history. In the second quarter, Californias defense forced a Georgia Tech fumble on their own 30-yard line, and the loose ball was scooped up by California center Roy Riegels
11.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy
12.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
13.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
14.
Blazer
–
A blazer is a type of jacket resembling a suit jacket, but cut more casually. A blazer is generally distinguished from a sportcoat as a formal garment. Blazers often have naval-style metal buttons to reflect their origins as jackets worn by boating club members, a blazers cloth is usually durable, as it is intended as outdoor wear. Blazers are often part of a uniform that denotes, for example, an airlines employees, students of a school, members of sports clubs. Blazers are worn with a variety of other clothes, ranging from a dress shirt and necktie to an open-necked polo shirt. They are seen with trousers of all colors and fabrics, from the white cotton or linen, to grey flannel, to brown or beige chinos. A fitted, classically cut, double-breasted navy blue blazer with navy-style buttons is a popular design, particularly in North America and the United Kingdom, it is now frequently used in business casual attire. Blazers are worn as part of uniforms by many schools across the Commonwealth. These are blazers in the sense, single-breasted often of bright colors or with piping. This style is worn by some boat clubs, such as those in Cambridge or Oxford. In this case, the piping is in colours. This traditional style can be seen in films set in the Edwardian era. Where the blazer is part of the dress of a school, college, sports club, or armed service veterans association, in the British army officers do not normally wear badges on their blazers. Any two regimental blazers will very rarely be the same, as they are made up from different civilian sources and are not issued by any authority. This has come to be representative of the fact that the members of the association are now civilians, the standard color is navy blue, although in some associations different colors are worn, such as rifle green for the associations of rifle regiments. Two sporting events where blazers signify victory are the Congressional Cup Regatta at the Long Beach Yacht Club, the sartorial term blazer originated with the red blazers of the Lady Margaret Boat Club, the rowing club of St. Johns College, Cambridge. The Lady Margaret club jackets were termed blazers because of the red cloth. When I was at Cambridge it meant that and nothing else and it seems from your article that a blazer now means a colored flannel jacket, whether for cricket, tennis, boating, or seaside wear
15.
Halloween costume
–
Halloween costumes are costumes worn on or around Halloween, a festival which falls on October 31. An early reference to wearing costumes at Halloween comes from Scotland in 1585, there are many references to the custom during the 18th and 19th centuries in the Celtic countries of Scotland, Ireland, Mann and Wales. It has been suggested that the custom comes from the Celtic festivals of Samhain and Calan Gaeaf, wearing costumes and mumming has long been associated with festivals at other times of the year, such as on Christmas. Halloween costumes are based on frightening supernatural or folkloric beings. However, by the 1930s costumes based on characters in media such as film, literature. Halloween costumes have tended to be mainly by young people. The wearing of costumes at Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, the practice may have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November, to mark the beginning of winter. It was called Samhain in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, the festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots. It was seen as a time, when the spirits or fairies. It was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people, from at least the 16th century, the festival included mumming and guising, which involved people going house-to-house in costume, usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them. It is suggested that the mummers and guisers personify the old spirits of the winter, F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient pagan festival included people wearing masks or costumes to represent the spirits, and that faces were marked with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire. In parts of southern Ireland, a man dressed as a Láir Bhán led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food, if the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the Muck Olla, not doing so would bring misfortune. In 19th century Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, in parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod, while in some places, young people cross-dressed. Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and costumes were part of other yearly festivals, however, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers. It has also suggested that the wearing of Halloween costumes developed from the custom of souling. At Allhallowtide, groups of people would go door-to-door, collecting soul cakes – either as representatives of the dead. The soulers typically asked for mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake, the practice was mentioned by Shakespeare his play The Two Gentlemen of Verona
16.
Star Wars
–
Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
17.
Return of the Jedi
–
This list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the characters to appear in all films to date
18.
Classic rock
–
Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock format in the early 1980s. In the United States, the rock format features music ranging generally from the late 1960s to the late 1980s. The radio format became popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s. The classic rock format evolved from AOR radio stations that were attempting to appeal to an audience by including familiar songs of the past with current hits. In 1980, AOR radio station M105 in Cleveland, Ohio began billing itself as Clevelands Classic Rock, similarly, WMET called itself Chicagos Classic Rock in 1981. In 1982, radio consultant Lee Abrams developed the Timeless Rock format which combined contemporary AOR with hits from the 1960s and 1970s, KRBE, Houston was another early classic rock radio station. In 1983 program director Paul Christy designed a format which played only early album rock, from the 1960s and early 1970s, KRBE was the first station to use the term classic rock on the air. Classic rock soon became the widely used descriptor for the format, in the mid-1980s, the formats widespread proliferation came on the heels of Jacobs Medias success at WCXR, Washington, D. C. and Edinborough Rands success at WZLX, Boston. Between Guthrie and Jacobs, they converted more than 40 major market stations to their individual brand of classic rock over the next several years. Billboard magazines Kim Freeman posits that while classic rocks origins can be traced back earlier,1986 is generally cited as the year of its birth, by 1986, the success of the format resulted in oldies accounting for 60–80% of the music played on album rock stations. Although it began as a niche format spun off from AOR, during the mid-1980s, the classic rock format was mainly tailored to the adult male demographic ages 25–34, which remained its largest demographic through the mid-1990s. As the formats audience aged, its demographics skewed toward older age groups, by 2006, the 35–44 age group was the formats largest audience and by 2014 the 45–54 year-old demographic was the largest. Typically, classic rock stations play songs from the mid-1960s through the 1980s. Unlike AOR radio stations, which played all tracks from albums, classic rock plays a more limited playlist of charting singles and popular album tracks from artists. Music scholar Jon Stratton traced classic rocks origins to the emergence of a classic-rock canon and this canon arose in part from music journalism and superlative lists ranking certain albums and songs that are consequently reinforced to the collective and public memory. Pepper era through the end of the 1970s as the focus of their playlists, though classic rock draws its inspiration and most of its heroes from the 60s, it is, of course, a construction of the 70s, he wrote in 1991 for Details magazine. It was invented by radio programmers who knew that before they could totally commodify 60s culture theyd have to rework it—that is. In the official rock pantheon the Doors and Led Zeppelin are Great Artists while Chuck Berry and Little Richard are Primitive Forefathers and James Brown, not for nothing did classic rock crown the Doors mystagogic middlebrow escapism and Led Zeps chest-thumping megalomaniac grandeur
19.
Tower of Power
–
Tower of Power is an American R&B-based horn section and band, originating in Oakland, California, that has been performing since 1968. There have been a number of vocalists, the most well-known being Lenny Williams. Their highest-charting songs include Youre Still a Young Man, So Very Hard to Go, Soul With a Capital S, Soul Vaccination, What Is Hip. in the summer of 1968, tenor saxophonist/vocalist Emilio Castillo met Stephen Doc Kupka, who played baritone sax. Castillo had played in bands, but Castillos father told his son to hire that guy after a home audition. Together, they became the backbone of Tower of Power, within months the group, then known as The Motowns, began playing various gigs around Oakland and Berkeley, their soul sound relating to both minority and rebellious listeners. Castillo wanted to play Bill Grahams Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco, the band agreed on Tower of Power and the name stuck. Rufus Miller performed most of the vocals on this debut album. The group was first introduced to the San Francisco Bay area by radio station KSAN, dusty Street of the Flying Eye Radio Networks Fly Low show and Sirius XM radio was a DJ there in the late 1960s/early 1970s. The single Sparkling in the Sand received airplay on the Bay Area soul station KDIA, augmented by percussionist/conga/bongo player Brent Byars, Tower of Power was released from their San Francisco label contract and moved to Warner Bros. With Rick Stevens now replacing Rufus Miller as lead singer, 1972s Bump City gave the band their first national exposure. This album included the hit single Youre Still a Young Man, Emilio Castillo, who, along with Stephen Kupka, co-wrote Youre Still a Young Man, told Songfacts that the song was based on a true story concerning a former girlfriend who was six years older. The single Down to the Nightclub received heavy airplay on West Coast FM stations, Tower of Power, released in the spring of 1973, was the third album for the band. It featured Lenny Williams on lead vocals and Lenny Pickett on lead tenor saxophone, bruce Conte replaced guitarist Willie Fulton and keyboardist Chester Thompson also joined the band during the recording of the album. This was the groups most successful album and it peaked at #15 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and was RIAA certified as a gold record. The album also spawned their most-successful single So Very Hard to Go, although the single peaked at #17 on the Billboard Hot 100, it landed in the Top 10 on the surveys of many West Coast Top 40 radio stations, hitting #1 on many of them. The album also charted two singles on the Billboard Hot 100, This Time Its Real and What Is Hip. 1974s Back to Oakland spawned another hit, Dont Change Horses, that reached #26 on the Billboard Hot 100, and Time Will Tell, the funk-jazz classic instrumental Squib Cakes also came from this album. On Urban Renewal, the band moved more toward funk than soul, however, Williams left the band in late 1974, and was replaced as vocalist by Hubert Tubbs
20.
Carlos Santana
–
Carlos Santana audio is a Mexican and American musician who first became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered a fusion of rock and Latin American music. The bands sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales, Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s, in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 20 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards, Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. He learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight under the tutelage of his father and his younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time there were very few Mexicans in American rock. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana, the city on Mexicos border with California, Carlos stayed in Tijuana but later joined his family in San Francisco, graduating from James Lick Middle School, and in 1965 from Mission High School. Carlos was accepted at California State University, Northridge, and Humboldt State University, Santana was influenced by popular artists of the 1950s such as B. B. King, T-Bone Walker, and John Lee Hooker. Soon after he began playing guitar, he joined local bands along the Tijuana Strip where he was able to begin adding his own touch to 50s Rock n Roll. He was also introduced to a variety of new influences, including jazz and folk music. After several years spent working as a dishwasher in a diner and busking for spare change, in 1966 he gained prominence due to a series of accidental events, all happening on the same day. Santana was a frequent spectator at Bill Grahams Fillmore West, during a Sunday matinee show, Paul Butterfield was slated to perform there but was unable to do so as a result of being intoxicated. Santanas manager, Stan Marcum, immediately suggested to Graham that Santana join the impromptu band, during the jam session, Santanas guitar playing and solo gained the notice of both the audience and Graham. During the same year, Santana formed the Santana Blues Band, with street musicians David Brown, Marcus Malone. With their highly original blend of Latin-infused rock, jazz, blues, salsa and African rhythms, the bands early success, capped off by a memorable performance at Woodstock in 1969, led to him signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, then run by Clive Davis. Santana was signed by CBS Records and went into the studio to record their first album and they were not satisfied with the release and decided changes needed to be made. This resulted in the dismissal of drummer Bob Livingston, Santana replaced him with Mike Shrieve, who had a strong background in both jazz and rock. Percussionist Marcus Malone was forced to quit the band due to manslaughter charges
21.
The Who
–
The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows. The Who developed from a group, the Detours, and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements, featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars. Their first single as the Who, I Cant Explain, reached the UK top ten, followed by a string of singles including My Generation, Substitute and Happy Jack. In 1967, they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles, the groups fourth album, 1969s rock opera Tommy, included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success. Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, along with the live album Live at Leeds, with their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter and visionary Townshend, and the follow-up to Tommy, Lifehouse, was abandoned. Songs from the project made up 1971s Whos Next, which included the hit Wont Get Fooled Again, the group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots, and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975. They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976, the release of Who Are You in 1978 was overshadowed by the death of Moon shortly after. Kenney Jones replaced Moon and the group resumed activity, releasing a film adaptation of Quadrophenia, after Townshend became weary of touring, the group split in 1982. The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985, a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and they resumed regular touring in 1999, with drummer Zak Starkey. After Entwistles death in 2002, plans for a new album were delayed, Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing Endless Wire in 2006, and continued to play live regularly. They are cited as an influence by rock, punk rock and mod bands. The founding members of the Who, Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend and John Entwistle, grew up in Acton, London and went to Acton County Grammar School. Townshend and Entwistle became friends in their year of Acton County. Both were interested in rock, and Townshend particularly admired Cliff Richards début single, Entwistle moved to guitar, but struggled with it due to his large fingers, and moved to bass on hearing the guitar work of Duane Eddy. He was unable to afford a bass and built one at home, after Acton County, Townshend attended Ealing Art College, a move he later described as profoundly influential on the course of the Who. Daltrey, who was in the year above, had moved to Acton from Shepherds Bush and he had trouble fitting in at the school, and discovered gangs and rock and roll
22.
Green Day
–
Green Day is an American punk rock band formed in 1986 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist Mike Dirnt. For much of the career, the band has been a trio with drummer Tré Cool. Guitarist Jason White, who has worked with the band as a member since 1999, was an official member from 2012 to 2016. Green Day was originally part of the scene at the DIY924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley. The bands early releases were with the independent record label Lookout, in 1994, its major label debut Dookie became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U. S. The bands rock opera, American Idiot, reignited the bands popularity with a younger generation, the bands eighth studio album, 21st Century Breakdown, was released in 2009 and achieved the bands best chart performance to date. 21st Century Breakdown was followed up by a trilogy of albums called ¡Uno, ¡Dos. and ¡Tré. which were released in September, November and December 2012 respectively. The bands twelfth album, Revolution Radio was released on October 7,2016 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Green Day has sold more than 85 million records worldwide, in 2010, a stage adaptation of American Idiot debuted on Broadway. The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards, Best Musical, Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design, losing only the first, also in 2010, Green Day was ranked no.91 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. On April 18,2015, the band was inducted into the Rock, in 1986, friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt,14 years old at the time, formed a band called Sweet Children. The groups first live performance took place on October 17,1987, at Rods Hickory Pit in Vallejo, in 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer, also known as Al Sobrante. As said in the film Punks Not Dead, Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy as an influence. In 1988, Larry Livermore, owner of Lookout, Records, saw the band play an early show and signed the group to his label. In 1989, the band recorded its debut extended play,1,000 Hours, before 1,000 Hours was released, the group dropped the name Sweet Children, according to Livermore, this was done to avoid confusion with another local band Sweet Baby. The band adopted the name Green Day, due to the fondness for cannabis. Released Green Days debut studio album, 39/Smooth in early 1990, Records re-released 39/Smooth under the name 1, 039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, and added the songs from the bands first two EPs, Slappy, and 1,000 Hours. In late 1990, shortly after the bands first nationwide tour, Kiffmeyer left the East Bay area to attend Humboldt State University in Arcata, California
23.
The Offspring
–
The Offspring is an American punk rock band from Huntington Beach, California, formed in 1984. Originally formed under the name Manic Subsidal, the band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Dexter Holland, bassist Greg K. lead guitarist Kevin Noodles Wasserman and drummer Pete Parada. The Offspring went through lineup changes over the years, and Holland. The band is often credited—alongside fellow California punk bands Green Day, Bad Religion, NOFX, Pennywise and they have sold over 40 million records worldwide, being considered one of the best-selling punk rock bands of all time. To date, the Offspring has released nine studio albums and their first three albums for the independent record labels Nemesis and Epitaph earned them a cult following. Splinter was followed five years later by Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace, the Offspring is currently in production of their tenth studio album, which is due for release in 2017. The foundations for the Offspring began with guitarist/vocalist Bryan Dexter Holland and bassist Greg Kriesel playing music together in a garage in Cypress, at a party, and following a riot at a 1984 Social Distortion show, they decided to form a band called Manic Subsidal. Holland changed his role from drums to guitar, and the band was rounded out by singer Doug Thompson, marcus Parrish briefly joined as a second guitarist, however, no recordings were made at this point. After Thompson was forced out, Holland took over vocals, in 1985, school janitor Kevin Noodles Wasserman joined as a second guitarist, allegedly because he was old enough to purchase alcohol for the other members, who were under the legal drinking age. In 1986, after changing their name to The Offspring, the released their first single. They released the single on their self-made Black Label record company, an earlier version of Ill Be Waiting, which was then known as Fire and Ice, appeared on the long-out of print Subject to Blackout compilation tape, which was also released in 1986. Also in 1986, the Offspring recorded a tape, which received a positive review in Maximum Rocknroll magazine. Lilja left the Offspring in 1987 to pursue a career in gynecology, and was replaced by Ron Welty. After recording another demo in 1988, The Offspring signed a deal with a small-time label. In March 1989, the band teamed up with producer Thom Wilson to record their first album, the album was released in limited numbers by the label, only on the 12 vinyl and cassette formats, and was not released on CD until 1995. A six-week national tour followed, but Noodles was later stabbed during a performance at a Hollywood anti-nuclear benefit, in 1991 the Offspring teamed up with Wilson again to produce the Baghdad 7 EP and a third demo tape. This EP and demo were instrumental to the signing with Epitaph Records. In 1992 Thom Wilson and the Offspring returned to the studio to record their second album Ignition, the band went on U. S. tours with Pennywise and Lunachicks, and a European tour with NOFX
24.
Free (band)
–
Free was an English rock band formed in London in 1968, best known for their 1970 signature song All Right Now. They disbanded in 1973 and lead singer Paul Rodgers went on to become a frontman of the band Bad Company along with Simon Kirke on drums, lead guitarist Paul Kossoff formed Back Street Crawler and died from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 25 in 1976. The band was famed for its live shows and nonstop touring. However, early albums did not sell very well – until the release of Fire. The song helped them a place at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 where they played to 600,000 people. All Right Now, remains a staple, and had been entered into ASCAPs One Million airplay singles club. Rolling Stone has referred to the band as British hard rock pioneers, the magazine ranked Rodgers No.55 in its list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, while Kossoff was ranked No.51 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Free was signed to Island Records in the UK and A&M Records in North America, both labels became part of the PolyGram group in 1989, then Universal Music Group in 1998, UMG now controls the bands catalogue worldwide. Bass player Andy Fraser was 15 years old, lead guitarist Paul Kossoff was 17, Paul Kossoff and Simon Kirke first became friends in the R&B band Black Cat Bones, but they wanted to move on. Paul Kossoff saw vocalist Paul Rodgers singing with Brown Sugar while visiting the Fickle Pickle and he was immediately impressed and asked if he could jam with Rodgers onstage. Along with Kirke, they began the search for a fourth member, alexis Korner recommended Andy Fraser to the band, at the age of 15, Fraser had already been playing with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Korner also provided the name Free to the newly formed band, the album reached No.2 in the UK charts and No.17 on the U. S charts, making it the most successful Free album. All Right Now became a No, highway was their fourth studio album, recorded extremely quickly in September 1970. Highway performed poorly in the charts, reaching No.41 in the UK, in 1971, due to differences between singer Paul Rodgers and bassist Andy Fraser, the drug problems of guitarist Paul Kossoff, and inconsistent record sales, the band broke up. This led to the release of the album called Free Live. Early in 1972 the band set aside their differences and reformed in an effort to save Kossoff from his drug addiction. But all was not well with the band, bassist Andy Fraser left the band in mid-1972 due to Paul Kossoffs unreliability in being able to perform at shows or even showing up. Kossoff was replaced by Wendell Richardson in 1973, but shortly thereafter Free disbanded, with Rodgers, Fraser went on to form the band Sharks and later The Andy Fraser Band, and Kossoff formed the band Back Street Crawler
25.
The Tubes (album)
–
The Tubes is the debut album of The Tubes. Songs which received significant airplay from this album include What Do You Want from Life, the latter song peaked at number 28 on the UK singles chart. The album was dedicated to Bob McIntosh and Tom Donahue. Side One Up from the Deep –4,28 Haloes –4,53 Space Baby –4,25 Malagueña Salerosa -3,52 Side Two Mondo Bondage –4,34 What Do You Want from Life. –4,01 Boy Crazy –4,09 White Punks on Dope –6,49 Adapted from Discogs, the Nina Hagen Band interpreted the song in a German-language version, translated to TV-Glotzer on their self-titled debut album in 1978. In the 1993 film Fear of a Black Hat, the band N. W. H, perform a parody of White Punks on Dope, titled White Cops on Dope
26.
The Tubes
–
The Tubes are a San Francisco-based rock band whose 1975 debut album included the hit single White Punks on Dope. During its first fifteen years or so, the live performances combined quasi-pornography with wild satires of media, consumerism. The Tubes formed in 1972 in San Francisco from two Phoenix bands after both relocated to San Francisco in 1969. The Beans featured Bill Spooner, Rick Anderson, Vince Welnick and Bob Macintosh, while The Red White and Blues Band featured Prairie Prince, Roger Steen and David Killingsworth. After playing Expo 70 in Japan, Killingsworth left the Red, White and Blues Band leaving Steen and Prince to audition bass players unsuccessfully. The Beans had been a favorite in Phoenix selling out shows with a tongue in cheek concept rock show called The Mother of Ascension featuring costumes. After moving, Bill Spooner worked at the Fillmore West sweeping floors in between Beans gigs at the Longshoremans Halls and other depressing venues, the bands loud, heavy jamming style didnt attract attention and the band would go back to Phoenix and sell out shows to make rent. Beans manager and former Alice Cooper Group drummer John Speer suggested they add Prince, waybills nickname among the band was Fee short for Fiji thanks to his insane head of hippie hair. The group would stick together and play shows at biker bars such as The Inn of The Beginning, the vocals at this time were shared by Spooner, Steen and Waybill as different characters. Cotten was asked by Spooner to buy an ARP synthesizer instead of a camera and began to perform with the band as well as create props. One of the first Tubes shows was at the Art Institute cafeteria as part of an art show for classmate, while experimenting with their stage show and art, Prince and Michael met model Re Styles while painting the Cliff House Mural. Styles has appeared in both Alejandro Jodorowskys The Holy Mountain and Sun Ras Space Is the Place and posed for Playboy, Prince and Styles began dating and she started performing with the band playing Patty Hearst and dressing in wild leather outfits during the Mondo Bondage dance with Waybill. After several years of playing biker bars the band needed help, the band had a temporary agreement with producer David Rubinson and played on bills with The Pointer Sisters and Sylvester but were still trying to find an audience. Prince had been hired by newly formed rock band Journey to record demos and approached their manager Herbie Herbert. Herbert made a deal with Graham that if the Tubes could sell out three local shows, Graham would give him a slot on the show of his choice. Herbert booked shows at a club called the Village which sold out thanks to themes inspired by the San Francisco post-hippie underground culture such as The Streakers Ball. Much to Grahams dismay Herbert chose an opening slot for the upcoming Led Zeppelin show at Kezar Stadium, the band pulled out the stops including Waybill dressed as an early version of Quay Lewd throwing Cocaine and Pills at the crowd who threw it back. After the 1973 Led Zeppelin show, Herbert wanted to manage the band but Spooner, Moriarty was interested in the use of video in rock music and saw the Tubes stage show as the future of music video
27.
Trumpet
–
A trumpet is a musical instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family, trumpets are used in art music styles, for instance in orchestras, concert bands, and jazz ensembles, as well as in popular music. They are played by blowing air through almost-closed lips, producing a sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing, there are many distinct types of trumpet, with the most common being pitched in B♭, having a tubing length of about 1.48 m. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, most trumpets have valves of the piston type, while some have the rotary type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings, each valve, when engaged, increases the length of tubing, lowering the pitch of the instrument. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter, the earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver trumpets from Tutankhamuns grave in Egypt, bronze lurs from Scandinavia, trumpets from the Oxus civilization of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder. The Shofar, made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth and they were played in Solomons Temple around 3000 years ago. They were said to be used to blow down the walls of Jericho and they are still used on certain religious days. The Salpinx was a straight trumpet 62 inches long, made of bone or bronze, Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games. The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD300, the earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense, and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition. Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages, the natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument, the development of the upper, clarino register by specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli—would lend itself well to the Baroque era, also known as the Golden Age of the natural trumpet. During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters, the art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. The melody-dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. Berlioz wrote in 1844, Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded. The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the keyed trumpet, the symphonies of Mozart, Beethoven, and as late as Brahms, were still played on natural trumpets
28.
Mellophone
–
The mellophone is a three-valved brass instrument pitched in the key of F or E♭. It has a bore, like that of the euphonium. Tuning is done solely by adjusting the piping, instead of adjusting both piping and hand position as on the French horn, fingerings for the mellophone are the same as fingerings for the trumpet, alto horn, and most valved brass instruments. Owing to its use primarily outside of music, there is little solo literature for the mellophone, other than that used within drum. The present-day mellophone has three valves, operated with the right hand, mellophone fingering is the same as the trumpet and is typically pitched lower, in the key of F or E♭. The overtone series of the F mellophone is an octave above that of the F horn, the tubing length of a mellophone is the same as that of the F-alto single horn or the F-alto branch of a triple horn or double-descant horn. The direction of the bell as well as the amount of tubing make the mellophone look like a large trumpet. The mellophone uses the same mouthpiece as the horn, which is in-between the size of a trombone. This mouthpiece usually has a cup, like that of the flugelhorn. These mouthpieces give the mellophone a dark, round sound, some trumpet players who double on mellophone use a trumpet-style parabolic mouthpiece on the instrument, resulting in a much brighter, more trumpet-like sound. Horn players doubling on mellophone use a smaller, lighter, conical mouthpiece, as used on French horns. Two instruments carry the name mellophone, Traditional mellophones with a rear or sideways facing bell, the marching mellophone, with a forward-facing bell. In general, the mellophone has its origin in the horn design boom of the 19th century. The earliest version was the Koenig horn, based on a design by its eponym Herman Koenig, but manufactured by Antoine Courtois, Courtois had just won the right to manufacture the saxhorn, in a lawsuit against the inventor of the saxophone, Adolphe Sax. This shape was influenced by the post horn. Kohler & Son originally began using the name mellophone for its line of horns based loosely on similar instruments by Distin. These were also post horn-like instruments with valves, but the mouthpieces and bell angle were slowly evolving to allow for more projection, the traditional instrument is visually modeled on the horn, with a round shape and a rear-facing bell. Unlike French horns, it is played with the hand
29.
Trombone
–
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the players vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate, nearly all trombones have a telescoping slide mechanism that varies the length of the instrument to change the pitch. Many modern trombone models also utilize a rotary valve as a means to lower pitch of the instrument, variants such as the valve trombone and superbone have three valves like those on the trumpet. The word trombone derives from Italian tromba and -one, so the name means large trumpet, the trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the trombone and bass trombone. The most common variant, the tenor, is an instrument pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player, the trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube bent into an elongated S shape. Rather than being completely cylindrical from end to end, the tube is a series of tapers with the smallest at the mouthpiece receiver. The design of these affects the intonation of the instrument. As with other instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a standing wave in the instrument. The detachable cup-shaped mouthpiece is similar to that of the baritone horn and it has the venturi, a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance greatly affecting the tone of the instrument, and is inserted into the mouthpiece receiver in the slide section. The slide section consists of a leadpipe, the inner and outer tubes. Modern stays are soldered, while sackbuts were made with loose, the slide, the most distinctive feature of the trombone, allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. To prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance, and this part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, for example, second position A is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position E. Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument by directing the air flow through additional tubing. This allows the instrument to reach notes that are not possible without the valve as well as play other notes in alternate positions. Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has sections of tubing, principally in the slide section
30.
Bass drum
–
A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul
31.
Snare drum
–
The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps. It is one of the pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer. Snare drums are played with drum sticks, but the use of other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve very different sounds. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due its sensitivity, the snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a music concert is usually used in a backbeat style to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat, in comparison with the marching snare, the kit snare is generally smaller in length between the two heads, while the piccolo is the smallest of the three. The snare drum is easily recognizable by its loud cracking sound when struck firmly with a stick or mallet. The depth of the sound varies from snare to snare because of the different techniques, some of these qualities are head material and tension, dimensions, and rim and drum shell materials and construction. The snare drum is constructed of two heads—both usually made of plastic—along with a rattle of metal wires on the head called the snares. The wires can also be placed on the top, as in the tarol snare, the top head is typically called the batter head because that is where the drummer strikes it, while the bottom head is called the snare head because that is where the snares are located. The tension of each head is constant by tension rods. Tension rod adjustment allows the pitch and tonal character of the drum to be customized by the player, the strainer is a lever that engages or disengages contact between the snares and the head, and allows snare tension adjustment. If the strainer is disengaged, the sound of the drum resembles a tom because the snares are inactive. The rim is the ring around the batter head, which can be used for a variety of things. The drum can be played by striking it with a stick or any other form of beater, including brushes, rute and hands. When using a stick, the drummer may strike the head of the drum, when the top head is struck, the bottom head vibrates in tandem, which in turn stimulates the snares and produces a cracking sound
32.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
33.
Glockenspiel
–
A glockenspiel is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone, however, the glockenspiel, moreover, is usually smaller and higher in pitch. In German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while in French, in music scores the glockenspiel is sometimes designated by the Italian term campanelli. When used in a marching or military band, the bars are mounted in a portable case and held vertically. However, sometimes the bars are held using a harness similar to a marching snare harness. In orchestral use, the bars are mounted horizontally, a pair of hard, unwrapped mallets, generally with heads made of plastic or metal, are used to strike the bars, although mallet heads can also be made of rubber. If laid out horizontally, a keyboard glockenspiel may be contrived by adding a keyboard to the instrument to facilitate playing chords, another method of playing chords is to use four mallets, two per hand. The glockenspiel is limited to the register, and usually covers about two and a half to three octaves, but can also reach up to three and a half octaves. The glockenspiel is an instrument, its parts are written two octaves below the sounding notes. When struck, the give an very pure, bell-like sound. Glockenspiels are quite popular and appear in almost all genres of music ranging from hip-hop to jazz. A keyboard-operated glockenspiel, as played by Danny Federici on such hit songs as Born to Run and Hungry Heart, is considered part of Bruce Springsteen, john Lennon also plays it on Only a Northern Song. Panic. at the Disco have used glockenspiel in several of their songs, including their hits I Write Sins Not Tragedies and Build God, Then Well Talk. Radiohead have used glockenspiel on their single No Surprises as well as on The Tourist, Lull, Morning Bell/Amnesiac, Sit Down/Stand Up, songs From the Wood, Heavy Horses and Stormwatch. Solo glockenspiel can be heard briefly, but notably at the beginning of Shostakovichs 15th Symphony, a modern example of the glockenspiel can be heard in Steve Reichs 1970–71 composition Drumming, in which the glockenspiel plays a major role in the third and fourth movements. Other instruments that work on the same principle as the glockenspiel include the marimba. The Dulcitone has a sound to the glockenspiel since its sound is made by hammers striking tuning forks. The dulcitone uses soft hammers which damp the forks, compared to the hammers of the glockenspiel
34.
Halftime show
–
A halftime show is a performance given during the brief period between the first and second halves, or the second and third quarters, of a sporting event. Halftime shows are not given for sports with an irregular or indeterminate number of divisions, the intermissions are usually given over to contests involving randomly selected audience members. The invention of the show is generally credited to Walter Lingo. Lingo was the owner of a dog kennel and sponsored an all-Native American football team, in addition to playing football, the Indians would provide various forms of entertainment, including exhibiting the dogs, players demonstrating their prowess. Dancing, and demonstrations of native culture, a modern halftime show can consist of cheerleading performances, majorette routines, marching bands playing music, or other spectacular performances. More common in times, especially in major games, is to reserve the entire halftime period for a short concert by a major recording artist. A halftime show is an element in an American football. During the interval between the second and third quarters some form of entertainment is presented on the field, the entertainment frequently consists of performances by marching bands. At high school and most college games, the bands of the two competing teams perform at halftime. Often, the cheerleaders and/or a dance team will perform, other activities may also take place, and these vary widely. During a professional game, a high school or college band may be brought in to perform. For the Super Bowl and Grey Cup games, a show involving world-renowned music stars, dancers, fireworks. Many football historians believe halftime shows originated with the Oorang Indians of the early National Football league, the team was a marketing ploy by Walter Lingo to sell and promote his airdales. He would lure audiences to his games with the promise of a halftime show. The team was called the Indians because they were made up entirely of Native Americans, the Indians players participated in helping the Oorang Airedales perform tricks for the crowd before and after the game. However, it was their halftime entertainment that made such a huge attraction in the early 1920s. There were shooting exhibitions with the dogs retrieving the targets, there were Native American dances and tomahawk and knife-throwing demonstrations. Indians player Nick Lassa, also called Long-Time-Sleep, even wrestled a bear on occasion, another show was a demonstration of the United States Indian scouts actions during World War I
35.
Public address system
–
Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. Intercom systems, installed in buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms allowing the occupants to respond to announcements. Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems may use some similar components, Sound reinforcement systems are for live music or performance, whereas PA systems are primarily for reproduction of speech. A short time later the Automatic Enunciator Company was established in Chicago in order to market the new device, in August 1912 a large outdoor installation was made at a water carnival held in Chicago by the Associated Yacht and Power Boat Clubs of America. Seventy-two loudspeakers were strung in pairs at intervals along the docks. The system was used to announce race reports and descriptions, carry a series of speeches about The Chicago Plan, and provide music between races. Four years later, in 1915, they built a dynamic loudspeaker with a 1-inch voice coil, a 3-inch corrugated diaphragm, the electromagnet created a flux field of approximately 11,000 G. Their first experiment used a carbon microphone, when the 12 V battery was connected to the system, they experienced one of the first examples of acoustic feedback. They then placed the loudspeaker on the roof, and claims say that the amplified human voice could be heard 1 mile away. Jensen and Pridham refined the system and connected a phonograph to the loudspeaker to be able to broadcast recorded music and this demonstration was official presentation of the working system, and approximately 100,000 people gathered to hear Christmas music and speeches with absolute distinctness. The first outside broadcast was one week later, again supervised by Jensen. Jensen oversaw the governor using the microphone while Pridham operated the loudspeaker, the following year, Jensen and Pridham applied for a patent for what they called their Sound Magnifying Phonograph. Over the next two years developed their first valve amplifier. In 1919 this was standardized as a 3-stage 25 watt amplifier, wilsons speech was part of his nationwide tour to promote the establishment of the League of Nations. It was held on September 9,1919 at City Stadium, as with the San Francisco installation, Jensen supervised the microphone and Pridham the loudspeakers. Wilson spoke into two large horns mounted on his platform which channelled his voice into the microphone, similar systems were used in the following years by Warren G. Harding and Franklin D. Roosevelt. By the early 1920s, Marconi had established a department dedicated to public address, in 1925, George V used such a system at the British Empire Exhibition, addressing 90,000 via six long-range loudspeakers. This public use of loudspeakers brought attention to the possibilities of such technology, the 1925 Royal Air Force Pageant at Hendon Aerodrome used a Marconi system to allow the announcer to address the crowds, as well as amplify the band
36.
Scramble band
–
Scramble bands often take pride in their diversion from the normal marching band. In fact, most scramble bands do not march at all, like their marching counterparts, scramble bands almost always perform music using traditional band instruments. They will also stand in formations on a field, but that is usually where the similarity between scramble bands and typical marching bands end. The formations themselves are simple shapes or crude pictures that lend themselves to a particular section of the performance instead of intricate geometric or abstract shapes. Additionally, scramble band performances often rely on a humorous or satirical script, scramble bands are generally student-run and tend to be smaller in membership than what one would expect from a marching band. According to the self-described Cleverest Band in the World at Columbia University, disco was at its peak, little Shirley Temple was charming the hearts of Americans everywhere, Jesus was walking the earth, and Ronald Reagan was pushing hard for the new Womens suffrage movement. The Columbia University Marching Band, which had always been slightly wacky, how, we asked ourselves, could we make being in a marching band even more fun. Well, we decided that the marching around and forming rhombi thing had gone out of style with World War II. So we introduced the world to the band concept - so named for the way bandies would scramble from one interesting formation to the next. However, there is no agreement as to which school actually invented the scramble band concept. With Guy Slade as director, baton twirler, and drill master,74 letters were spelled during the 1930 football season,29 at the Harvard-Yale game alone, the word Welcome was learned and formed in five minutes at a stadium game with Michigan. Instruments in this category might include violins, cellos, string bass, electronic keyboards, more unusual instrumentation such as bagpipes and accordions is not unheard of. The Columbia University Marching Band includes a six foot bench stolen from the University of Pennsylvania stands, non-musicians - Just as membership often includes non-standard instrumentalists, it may also include people who have little or no musical talent at all. These members may play homemade instruments or may participate in various capacities. They are usually known as miscies, while at Princeton they are known as trash percussion, more skilled bands can have people with high levels of musical talent playing unusual instruments. The Stanford Band, for example, has mugs with sometimes up to a decade of musical education playing instruments such as a sink or satellite dish. Skits or other dramatic performance - Members may dress in costume and/or employ the use of props to mime to the audience a scene described or suggested by the announcers script, such scenes are often overdramatic and make use of slap-stick comedy, where appropriate. Members of the Yale Precision Marching Band who act on the field are called squids, scramble bands are notorious for their irreverent stunts, and some of these prove to be controversial
37.
Jayne Mansfield
–
Jayne Mansfield was an American actress in film, theatre, and television. She was also an entertainer, a singer, and one of the early Playboy Playmates. She was a major Hollywood sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s and 20th Century Foxs main sex symbol actress and she was also known for her well publicized personal life and publicity stunts, such as wardrobe malfunctions. While Mansfields film career was short-lived, she had several successes and won a Theatre World Award. She enjoyed success in the role of fictional actress Rita Marlowe and her other major movie performances were for The Girl Cant Help It, The Wayward Bus, and Too Hot to Handle. She became the first major American actress to have a starring role in a Hollywood motion picture. Mansfields professional name came from her first husband, public relations professional Paul Mansfield, in 1967, Mansfield was killed in a car crash at the age of 34, along with two others. Jayne Mansfield was born Vera Jayne Palmer on April 19,1933, in Bryn Mawr and she was the only child of Herbert William Palmer, who was of German and English ancestry, and Vera Palmer, of English origin. She inherited more than $90,000 from her maternal grandfather Thomas and more than $36,000 from her grandmother, Beatrice Mary Palmer. She spent her childhood in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, where her father was an attorney practising with future New Jersey governor Robert B. In 1936, her father Herbert William Palmer died of an attack while driving a car with his wife. In 1939 Vera married sales engineer Harry Lawrence Peers, and the moved to Dallas, Texas. As a child she wanted to be a Hollywood star like Shirley Temple and she graduated from Highland Park High School in 1950. At the age of 12, she took lessons in ballroom dance, while in high school, Palmer took lessons in violin, piano and viola. She also studied Spanish and German and she consistently received high Bs in school, including mathematics. She married Paul James Mansfield on May 10,1950 and their daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield, was born on November 8,1950. After marriage, Mansfield and her husband enrolled in Southern Methodist University to study acting, in 1951, she moved to Austin, Texas, with her husband, and studied dramatics at the University of Texas at Austin, until her junior year. There she worked as a model for art classes, sold books door to door
38.
Richard Nixon
–
Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
39.
The Play (American football)
–
The Play was a last-second kickoff return during a college football game between the Stanford Cardinal and California Golden Bears on Saturday, November 20,1982. Stanford took a 20–19 lead on a goal with four seconds left. The Golden Bears used five lateral passes on the kickoff return to score the winning touchdown. Members of the Stanford Band came onto the field midway through the return, believing that the game was over, there remains disagreement over the legality of two of the backward pass attempts, adding to the passion surrounding the traditional rivalry of the annual Big Game. This was the two teams 85th Big Game, and was played on Cals home field, California Memorial Stadium, Although Cal was guaranteed a winning record for the season, no bowl game was looking to invite them. The Cardinal football squad was in the midst of an exciting season—they were 5–5 but had victories over highly ranked Ohio State, in fact, representatives of the Hall of Fame Classic committee were in attendance, apparently to extend an invitation to Stanford, if the Cardinal won. Also at stake was possession of the Stanford Axe, a trophy that is awarded to the winner of this annual matchup. The plaque upon which the Axe is mounted carries the scores of previous Big Games, Elway called a timeout with 8 seconds left on the clock. Had Elway let the clock run down to four seconds before calling time, but Elway was under instruction from coach Paul Wiggin to call timeout at the 8 second mark to allow time for a second field goal try in case Stanford drew a penalty on the first attempt. Harmons 35-yard kick was good, putting Stanford ahead 20–19, however, the teams celebrations drew a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, enforced on the ensuing kickoff. This was crucial, as Stanford was now kicking off from their 25 instead of the 40, at that point, Cal announcer Joe Starkey praised Stanford and Elway for their efforts, and added, Only a miracle can save the Bears now. With 4 seconds left, Stanford special teams coach Fred von Appen called for a kick on the kickoff. Due to confusion, Cal took the field with only 10 men, one short of the regulation eleven, what happened next became one of the most debated and dissected plays in college football history. Harmon squibbed the kick and Cals Kevin Moen received the ball inside the Cal 45 near the left hash mark, after some ineffective scrambling, Moen lateraled the ball leftward to Richard Rodgers. Rodgers was very quickly surrounded, gaining only one yard before looking behind him for Dwight Garner, Garner ran straight ahead for five yards, but was swallowed up by five Stanford players. While Garner was being tackled, however, he managed to pitch the ball back to Rodgers. It was at this moment, believing that Garner had been tackled and the game was over, that several Stanford players on the sideline and the entire Stanford band ran onto the field in celebration. Rodgers dodged another Stanford player and took the ball to his right, toward the middle of the field, around the Stanford 45, Rodgers pitched the ball to Mariet Ford, who caught it in stride
40.
Roman salute
–
The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight, with palm down, and fingers touching. In some versions, the arm is raised upward at an angle, in others, in contemporary times, the former is widely considered a symbol of fascism that is commonly perceived to be based on a custom in ancient Rome. However, no Roman text gives this description, and the Roman works of art that display salutational gestures bear little resemblance to the modern Roman salute, jacques-Louis Davids painting The Oath of the Horatii provided the starting point for the gesture that became later known as the Roman salute. The gesture and its identification with Roman culture were developed in other neoclassic artworks. This was further elaborated upon in popular culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in plays and these included a 1914 Italian film called Cabiria based upon a screenplay by the nationalist poet Gabriele dAnnunzio. In 1919, dAnnunzio adopted the cinematographically depicted salute as a ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume. Through dAnnunzios influence, the gesture soon became part of the rising Italian Fascist movements symbolic repertoire, in 1923 the salute was gradually adopted by the Italian Fascist regime. It was then adopted and made compulsory within the Nazi party in 1926 and it was also adopted by other fascist movements. Since World War II, the Nazi variant has been an offence in Germany. Legal restrictions on its use in Italy are more nuanced, the gesture and its variations continue to be used in neo-fascist contexts. According to common perceptions, this salute was based on an ancient Roman custom, however, this description is unknown in Roman literature and is never mentioned by ancient historians of Rome. Not a single Roman work of art, be it sculpture, coinage, or painting, the right hand was commonly used in antiquity as a symbol of pledging trust, friendship or loyalty. He swore his oath with the words, so may I achieve the honours of my father, and at the same time he stretched out his right hand in the direction of his statue. Sculptures commemorating military victories such as those on the Arch of Titus, however these monuments do not display a single clear image of the Roman salute. For example, three such scenes have been analyzed on Trajans Column, on plate 99, six onlookers have their hand raised to Trajan, half extended straight, half bent at the elbow. On the ones with straight arms, only one palm is open, the fingers of the three with bent arms are pointed downward. On Plate 167, three Dacians extend their right arms toward the emperor, their hands held vertically and their fingers spread. None of the Romans are returning their gesture, on plates 122–123, the emperor on horseback is greeted by a unit of legionaries
41.
Spirit of Troy
–
The Spirit of Troy is the only collegiate band to have two platinum records. In addition, the band has performed for five U. S. presidents, at the Summer Olympics, and on the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, a contingent of the band has performed at every USC football game, home and away, since 1987. It also makes a trip at least every other year. The Trojan Shrine, the symbol of USC and popularly known as Tommy Trojan, was supposed to be named The Spirit of Troy. The TMBs first recorded performance was in November 1918 when, at the end of World War I, fight On, the fight song of the University was composed in 1922 and became a part of the TMB tradition. In 1923, the alma mater, All Hail, was composed by a member of the TMB. The TMB gave its first national radio concert on CBS on April 19,1929, the band participated in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, forming the Olympic Braid in the opening ceremonies in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. After wearing various uniforms over the years, particularly those with a military-style, three years later, the TMB adopted Conquest, a song composed by Alfred Newman for the film Captain from Castile as a victory march. The TMB made its first trip outside of California in 1954, traveling to Portland, Oregon to play a USC-Oregon game that the Trojans would win, during the Grammy Awards of 1966, TMB trumpet alumnus Herb Alpert won three Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year. Arthur Bartner took over the program in 1970, and began shaping the band into its current form, women were allowed to join the band in 1972. After several more changes, the TMB began using more elaborate Trojan helmets with brushes, visors. In 1973 the TMB began its tradition of sending the band to games at USC-Notre Dame rivalry games at Notre Dame Stadium. In 1979, the TMB was invited by Fleetwood Mac to perform and record Tusk, the album went double-platinum and was adopted as a part of the TMBs traditional selections. Additionally, the later played on another multi-platinum Fleetwood Mac album. During the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Bartner directed an 800-member All American College Marching Band,125 of whom were members of the TMB, the band also participated in Super Bowl XXIV in New Orleans, the opening ceremony of the 1994 FIFA World Cup. In 1993, USC alumnus and then U. S, representative Christopher Cox welcomed the band from the floor of the Congress. The TMB participated in Expo 2005 in Nagoya, Japan, while performing in Tokyo. In 2006 the TMB went to Italy and performed in Venice, Florence, in 2016 the band became the first American performing group invited to participate in Macaus Chinese new year parade
42.
NPR
–
NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
43.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
–
The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
44.
Patty Hearst
–
Patricia Campbell Patty Hearst, now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is the granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. She became nationally known for following her 1974 kidnapping while she was a 19-year-old student living in Berkeley. Hearst was abducted by a left-wing terrorist group known as the Symbionese Liberation Army, after being isolated and threatened with death, she became supportive of their cause, making propaganda announcements for them and taking part in illegal activities. Hearst was found 19 months after her kidnapping, by which time she was a wanted for serious crimes. She was held in custody, despite speculation that her familys resources would prevent her spending time in jail. At her trial, the prosecution suggested that she had joined the Symbionese Liberation Army of her own volition and she was found guilty of bank robbery. Hearsts sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter, and she was pardoned by President Bill Clinton, Hearsts grandfather, William Randolph Hearst, created the largest newspaper, magazine, newsreel and movie business in the world. Her great-grandmother was philanthropist Phoebe Hearst, the family was associated with immense political influence and anti-Communism going back to before World War II. Hearst was born in San Francisco, California, the third of five daughters of Randolph Apperson Hearst and she grew up primarily in Hillsborough. She attended Crystal Springs School for Girls in Hillsborough and the Santa Catalina School in Monterey, Patty attended Menlo College in Atherton, California prior to transferring as a Junior to the University of California, Berkeley. Despite her wealthy grandfather, Patty Hearsts father was one of a number of heirs. Her parents did not consider it necessary to any measures for her personal security. At the time of her abduction, she was a sophomore at the University of California, Berkeley, studying the history of art, on February 4,1974, 19-year-old Hearst was kidnapped from her Berkeley, California apartment. She was beaten and lost consciousness during the abduction, shots were fired from a machine gun during the incident. An urban guerrilla group called the Symbionese Liberation Army claimed responsibility for the abduction, the SLA was formed through contacts made by a leftist-oriented study group, coordinated by a University of California, Berkeley professor. Its purpose was the tutelage of black inmates, and over time the ethos became increasingly radicalized, eventually, black convicts were viewed as heroic political prisoners, victimised by a racist American society. On March 5,1973, Donald DeFreeze escaped from prison, radical penal activists and future SLA members, Russell Little and William Wolfe, took DeFreeze to Patricia Soltysiks house. The SLA was led by DeFreeze, who, after an acquaintance named Wheeler left, was the only African American
45.
Disneyland
–
Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
46.
Anaheim, California
–
Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
