1.
Chichester
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Chichester is a cathedral city in West Sussex, in South-East England. It is the city in West Sussex and is its county town. It has a history as a settlement from Roman times and was important in Anglo-Saxon times. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th-century cathedral, Chichester has three tiers of local government. It is a hub, and a centre for culture in the county, with a theatre, museum. Chichester Harbour and the South Downs provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits, the city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum. The Roman road of Stane Street, connecting the city with London, started at the east gate, the plan of the city is inherited from the Romans, the North, South, East and West shopping streets radiate from the central market cross dating from medieval times. The original Roman city wall was over 6½ feet thick with a steep ditch and it survived for over one and a half thousand years but was then replaced by a thinner Georgian wall. The city was home to some Roman baths, found down Tower Street when preparation for a new car park was under way. A museum, the Novium, preserving the baths was opened on 8 July 2012, an amphitheatre was built outside the city walls, close to the East Gate, in around 80 AD. The area is now a park, but the site of the amphitheatre is discernible as a bank approximately oval in shape. In January 2017, archaeologists using underground radar reported the discovery of the relatively untouched ground floor of a Roman townhouse, the exceptional preservation is due to the fact the site, Priory Park, belonged to a monastery and has never been built upon since Roman times. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle it was captured towards the close of the century, by Ælle. It was the city of the Kingdom of Sussex. The cathedral for the South Saxons was founded in 681 at Selsey, Chichester was one of the burhs established by Alfred the Great, probably in 878-9, making use of the remaining Roman walls. The system was supported by a network based on hilltop beacons to provide early warning. It has been suggested that one such link ran from Chichester to London, when the Domesday Book was compiled, Chichester consisted of 300 dwellings which held a population of 1,500 people. There was a mill named Kings Mill that would have been rented to local slaves and villeins
2.
West Sussex
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West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Stoughton, West Sussex
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Stoughton is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located nine kilometres north west of Chichester east of the B2146 road, on a lane leading to East Marden. The parish has an area of 2987 hectares. In the 2001 census 631 people lived in 255 households, of whom 286 were economically active, at the 2011 Census the population including Walderton had increased to 659. The parish is crossed from west to east by the Monarchs Way long distance footpath, there is one pub, The Hare and Hounds. Famous 19th-century cricketer George Brown was born in the village, the church, standing on a hillside overlooking the village, is of late Saxon or early Norman origin. Built around 1050, the church was restored around 1850, the Trinity Episcopal Church of Stoughton Massachusetts, USA received a stone from the ribbing in the old churches chancel area as a gift in 1935, presented to then Rector Marshall. It was placed in the floor of the pulpit, Kingley Vale lies on the border of the parish which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a national nature reserve. It is noted for its Yew woodlands, the site is also known for its archaeological interest including the Bronze Age barrow cemetery known as the Devils Humps, Bronze Age and Roman earthworks, cross dykes, a camp and a field system. There is a poignant memorial to Pilot Officer Bolesław Własnowolski V. M, K. W. by the side of the path to Kingley Vale, next to the field where his Hurricane crashed in November 1940. Media related to Stoughton, West Sussex at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Village
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A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings, however, transient villages can occur, further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. In the past, villages were a form of community for societies that practise subsistence agriculture. In Great Britain, a hamlet earned the right to be called a village when it built a church, in many cultures, towns and cities were few, with only a small proportion of the population living in them. The Industrial Revolution attracted people in numbers to work in mills and factories. This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and development of many trades, the trend of urbanization continues, though not always in connection with industrialization. Although many patterns of life have existed, the typical village was small. Homes were situated together for sociability and defence, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed, Traditional fishing villages were based on artisan fishing and located adjacent to fishing grounds. The soul of India lives in its villages, declared M. K. Gandhi at the beginning of 20th century, according to the 2011 census of India,68. 84% of Indians live in 640,867 different villages. The size of these villages varies considerably,236,004 Indian villages have a population of fewer than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10, 000+. Most of the villages have their own temple, mosque, or church, auyl is a Kazakh word meaning village in Kazakhstan. According to the 2009 census of Kazakhstan,42. 7% of Kazakhs live in 8172 different villages, to refer to this concept along with the word auyl often used the slavic word selo in Northern Kazakhstan. Peoples Republic of China In mainland China, villages 村 are divisions under township Zh, 乡 or town Zh, Republic of China In the Republic of China, villages are divisions under townships or county-controlled cities. The village is called a tsuen or cūn under a rural township, japan South Korea In Indonesia, depending on the principles they are administered, villages are called Kampung or Desa. A Desa is administered according to traditions and customary law, while a kelurahan is administered along more modern principles, Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions. A village head is respectively called kepala desa or lurah, both are elected by the local community. A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan, in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten or kota, the same general concept applies all over Indonesia
6.
Rowland's Castle
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Rowlands Castle is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 2.9 miles north of Havant, on the Hampshire/West Sussex border, the village lies in the area of the former Forest of Bere on the eastern boundary of Hampshire. To the east in the parish of Stoughton, West Sussex is Stansted Park, former British tennis player Chris Wilkinson is a notable figure living in Rowlands Castle. The village takes its name from a Motte-and-bailey castle, the remains of which are situated to the south of Redhill Road and west of the railway line, former Van Morrison guitarist Herbie Armstrong once operated The Fountain Inn in the centre of the village next to the Village Green. His weekly live music evenings attracted music lovers from across the region, in 1994 Stage 5 of the Tour de France passed through Rowlands Castle, attracting large crowds during one of the busiest days in the villages history. Rowlands Castle is served by a station on the Portsmouth Direct Line between London Waterloo and Portsmouth. It is only manned early on weekday mornings, there is just one bus route. It is route 27 which is operated by Emsworth and District, the village is crossed by three long-distance footpaths, the Monarchs Way, Sussex Border Path and Staunton Way. The Romans made pottery, brick and tiles at Rowlands Castle because suitable clay was available, the castle was built at some time between 1066 and 1199 and is first documented under the name ROLOKECASTEL in 1381. It was in good repair in the century, when Henry II spent several days there in hunting and amusement. The site was damaged by the railway and quarrying in the 19th century and now only the earthworks, St. Huberts chapel is located on the outskirts of Rowlands Castle at Idsworth. St. Huberts chapel was built in 1053 and was dedicated to St. Peter. On the north there is a painting of St. Hubert. The narthex contains a stone font and above it is a gallery which contains the church organ. Rowlands Castle lies on the edge of the Neogene deposits of the Hampshire Basin. The north of the lies on the chalk of the southern South Downs. In the south is the Reading Formation which gave rise to the local brick industry. Http, //www. rowlandscastle. com - Rowlands Castle Village website and discussion forum Stained Glass Windows at St. John, Rowlands Castle, Hampshire
7.
Hampshire
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Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the capital city of England. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000, Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, the southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight. At its greatest size in 1890, Hampshire was the fifth largest county in England and it now has an overall area of 3,700 square kilometres, and measures about 86 kilometres east–west and 76 kilometres north–south. Hampshires tourist attractions include many seaside resorts and two parks, the New Forest and the South Downs. Hampshire has a maritime history and two of Europes largest ports, Portsmouth and Southampton, lie on its coast. The county is famed as home of writers Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, Hampshire takes its name from the settlement that is now the city of Southampton. Southampton was known in Old English as Hamtun, roughly meaning village-town, the old name was recorded in the Domesday book as Hantescire, and it is from this spelling that the modern abbreviation Hants derives. From 1889 until 1959, the county was named the County of Southampton and has also been known as Southamptonshire. The region is believed to have continuously occupied since the end of the last Ice Age about 12,000 BCE. At this time Britain was still attached to the European continent and was covered with deciduous woodland. The first inhabitants came overland from Europe, these were anatomically and behaviourally modern humans, notable sites from this period include Bouldnor Cliff. Agriculture had arrived in southern Britain by 4000 BCE, and with it a neolithic culture, some deforestation took place at that time, although it was during the Bronze Age, beginning in 2200 BCE, that this became more widespread and systematic. Hampshire has few monuments to show from early periods, although nearby Stonehenge was built in several phases at some time between 3100 BCE and 2200 BCE. It is maintained that by this period the people of Britain predominantly spoke a Celtic language, hillforts largely declined in importance in the second half of the second century BCE, with many being abandoned. Julius Caesar invaded southeastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, notable sites from this period include Hengistbury Head, which was a major port. There is a Museum of the Iron Age in Andover, the Romans invaded Britain again in 43 CE, and Hampshire was incorporated into the Roman province of Britannia very quickly
8.
Edwardian era
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The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of an elite that set a style influenced by the art. The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms, below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, the Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressells popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is an example of the eras social critique. Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians, the British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States. There was a political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices, the Conservatives – at the time called Unionists – were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There was a powerful leadership base in the aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts and they had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain, there was a bitter split on tariff reform, that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was an issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the class, and in lower middle class weakened. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, the Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906
9.
Restoration style
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Restoration silver is characterized by embossed motifs for tulips and naturalistic fruit and leaves. New types of furniture introduced in this period include cabinets on stands, chests of drawers, armchairs and wing chairs and day beds. The growing power of English East India Company resulted in increased imports of commodities from China and Japan, including tea, porcelain and lacquer. After the accession of William III and Mary II in 1689, Restoration style was superseded by William, English Restoration Restoration comedy Restoration Style Guide
10.
Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough
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Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough was an English soldier and statesman best known for his role in the Glorious Revolution. Lumley was the son of John Lumley and Mary Compton, the Lumleys were an ancient family from the north of England. Richard became the 2nd Viscount Lumley on his grandfathers death in 1661/1662, Lumley attended the Duke of York on his way to Scotland in November 1679 and was a volunteer in the abortive expedition to Tangier in 1680. In the latter year, he was appointed Master of the Horse to Catherine of Braganza and he was created Baron Lumley by Charles II on 31 May 1681. From 1685 to 1687, he was Colonel of the Queen Dowagers or 9th Regiment of Horse, Lumley was one of the Immortal Seven, the English noblemen who invited William of Orange to invade England and depose his father-in-law, James II. He secured Newcastle for William in December 1688, Lumley was created Earl of Scarbrough on 15 April 1690. Scarbrough took part in the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and was afterwards in Flanders and he was appointed Major-General in May 1692 and Lieutenant-General on 4 October 1694, retiring from active service after the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. He was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1716–1717, after his elevation, he significantly extended his family seat at Lumley Castle. He died of apoplexy in Gerard Street, Soho, on 17 December 1721, Lumley was married to Frances Jones, daughter of Sir Henry Jones of Oxford
11.
William Talman (architect)
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William Talman was an English architect and landscape designer. A pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, in 1678 he and Thomas Apprice gained the office of Kings Waiter in the Port of London. Talmans principal work is recognised to be Chatsworth House, considered to be the first baroque private house in Britain, Talman was held by many to be surly, rude and difficult to get on with. Harris, John, The Hampton Court Trianon Designs of William and John Talman, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, harris, John, William Talman, Maverick Architect. Saunders, Edward, Bretby Hall, in Derbyshire Life, August 1975, whinney, M. D. William Talman, in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, xviii,1955. Talman, William at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the first edition of this text is available as an article on Wikisource, Talman, William. The Talman Family Group at the National Portrait Gallery Archival material relating to William Talman
12.
Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough
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Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough GCMG PC was an Anglo-Irish businessman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 14th since Canadian Confederation. Upon the death of his grandfather 10 years later, Ponsonby succeeded as Earl of Bessborough, Lord Bessborough is remembered for promoting new communication technologies as well as giving support to the Canadian population during the Great Depression. After the end of his tenure, he returned to London, where he continued in business and also work with the Dominions Office. The 9th Lord Bessborough was the last Earl of Bessborough to own Bessborough House, the country house was largely built in the 1740s for the 1st Earl. It was gutted by fire during the Irish Civil War in February 1923, the 9th Lord Bessborough had the house rebuilt in the late 1920s. However, he sold the house in the late 1930s as he lived in Britain. The house now forms the part of Kildalton Agricultural College. Ponsonby was born in London the first son and third child of Edward, 8th Earl of Bessborough and her father, Sir Josiah Guest, was a great-uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. Ponsonby attended Harrow School before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1898, in 1903, he began a career in law, being called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. After his father succeeded as Earl of Bessborough in 1906, Ponsonby used the title of Viscount Duncannon. In 1907, the young Viscount Duncannon entered politics, being elected to a seat on the London County Council and he remained at that post until running in the January 1910 general election and winning a seat in the British House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Cheltenham. He lost that seat in the election of 19 December that same year, Lord Duncannon married Roberte de Neuflize on 25 June 1912. With her he had four children, Frederick, born 29 March 1913, Desmond, born 4 August 1915, Moyra, born 2 March 1918 and he was transferred on 11 November 1914 to the Suffolk Hussars, where he was later appointed captain and promoted to acting major. He served at Gallipoli in 1915 and, from 1916 to 1918, at the conclusion of the war, Lord Duncannon was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in the 1919 New Year Honours List. After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons, on 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. It was announced in early 1931 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, as a sign of his sympathy with the majority of the populace, he gave up 10% of his salary. Despite the economic situation, Canada was gaining international stature and Lord Bessborough acted as host to the leaders who, in July 1932 and he also presided over the opening of the Welland Canal the same year. Lord Bessborough was also the first Canadian viceroy to fly the new standard dedicated to that office, after life in Canada, Lord Bessborough returned to London and to his businesses
13.
Charitable trust
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A charitable trust is an irrevocable trust established for charitable purposes and, in some jurisdictions, a more specific term than charitable organization. In the Islamic Republic of Iran religious charitable trusts, or Bonyads, make up a part of the countrys economy. Unlike some other Muslim-majority countries, the bonyads receive large and controversial subsidies from the Iranian government, in England and Wales, charitable trusts are a form of express trust dedicated to charitable goals. There are a variety of advantages to charitable trust status, including exception from most forms of tax, to be a valid charitable trust, the organisation must demonstrate both a charitable purpose and a public benefit. There is also a requirement that the trusts purposes benefit the public, such trusts will be invalid in several circumstances, charitable trusts are not allowed to be run for profit, nor can they have purposes that are not charitable. In addition, it is considered unacceptable for charitable trusts to campaign for political or legal change, charitable trusts, as with other trusts, are administered by trustees, but there is no relationship between the trustees and the beneficiaries. This results in two things, firstly, the trustees of a charitable trust are far freer to act than other trustees and secondly, beneficiaries cannot bring a court case against the trustees. Rather, the beneficiaries are represented by the Attorney General for England and Wales as a parens patriae, jurisdiction over charitable disputes is shared equally between the High Court of Justice and the Charity Commission. The Commission, the first port of call, is tasked with regulating and promoting charitable trusts, as well as providing advice, where there are flaws with a charity, the High Court can administer schemes directing the function of the charity. In the United States, many individuals use charitable trusts to leave all or a portion of their estate to charity when they die, charitable trusts may be set up inter vivos or as a part of a trust or will at death. There are two types of US charitable trusts. The first is a lead trust, wherein the charity is paid first, the second is a remainder trust, wherein the charity is paid last after termination of the trust, after other beneficiaries have received payments. Payments may be fixed amount, annuity trust, or a percentage of principal and these split interest trusts are defined in §664 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended and are normally tax-exempt. A section 664 trust makes its payments, either of an amount or a percentage of trust principal. At the end of the trust term, which may be based on either lives or a term of years, parents who have a child with a disability should ensure that the inheritance they leave for their child does not affect their childs eligibility for social assistance programs. A Henson trust can be useful to ensure this, charitable lead trusts make payments, either of a fixed amount or a percentage of trust principal, to charity during its term. At the end of the trust term, the remainder can either go back to the donor or to heirs named by the donor. The donor may sometimes claim a charitable tax deduction or a gift/estate tax deduction for making a lead trust gift
14.
Frederick Ponsonby, 10th Earl of Bessborough
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Frederick Edward Neuflize Eric Ponsonby, 10th Earl of Bessborough DL, styled Viscount Duncannon from 1920 to 1956, was a British diplomat, businessman, playwright, Conservative politician, and peer. He was on the Staff of the League of Nations High Commission for Refugees from Germany between 1936 and 1939, in 1938, he attended the Évian Conference as secretary to the High Commissioner Sir Neill Malcolm. During the Second World War he served in France and West and North Africa, from 1944 to 1948 Bessborough was 2nd Secretary at the British Embassy in Paris and from 1948 to 1949 1st Secretary. He then worked for Robert Benson, Lonsdale & Co, Ltd, merchant bankers, Bessborough succeeded to his fathers two earldoms in 1956 and took his seat on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords. From 1973 to 1979 he was a Member of the European Parliament and he also served as a Deputy Lieutenant of West Sussex in 1977 and was the author of plays and other works. Lord Bessborough married Mary, daughter of Charles A. Munn and they had one daughter, Lady Charlotte Mary Roberte Paul Ponsonby, married Yanni Petsopoulos. He died in December 1993, aged 80, when the earldom of Bessborough created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom for his father in 1937 became extinct and he was succeeded in the Irish earldom of Bessborough and the remaining family titles by his first cousin, Arthur Ponsonby. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Bessborough
15.
Monarch's Way
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The Monarchs Way is a 615-mile long-distance footpath in England that approximates the escape route taken by King Charles II in 1651 after being defeated in the Battle of Worcester. It runs from Worcester via Bristol and Yeovil to Brighton, all of the footpath is waymarked. The waymark is yellow and shows a picture of the ship Surprise above the Prince of Wales three-point feathered crown which is superimposed on a Royal Oak tree in black. This route is shown as a series of diamonds on the Ordnance Survey 1,25000 maps. From its starting point at Worcester the route north to Boscobel. It then continues south to Stow on the Wold before turning south west towards Bristol via Cirencester, South of Bristol the route is almost directly south across the Mendip Hills to Wells, continues through Somerset almost to Yeovil and then south west to Charmouth in Dorset. The Monarchs Way is an approximation of the Kings route using available public rights of way, most of the route has been radically changed in the intervening centuries by enclosure, mining, urbanisation and the building of roads, canals and railways. Use of canals and disused railways allows a pleasant walk than taking to the public highway. A memorial near Powick Bridge commemorates the thousands of Scots who perished in the Royalist cause at the Battle of Worcester, Powick Bridge saw both the first and last engagements of the English Civil War. From here the footpath follows the banks of the River Teme, the King watched the battle unfold from the tower of the cathedral before fleeing with Colonel Charles Giffard of Chillington and others. The Monarchs Way leaves the city past the Commandery, now a museum, on the towpath of the Worcester & Birmingham Canal then crossing to the Droitwich Canal, currently under restoration, heading north it passes Chaddesley Corbett and Hagley on its way to Stourbridge. Here it joins the towpath of the Stourbridge Canal negotiating the four locks at Stourton to join the Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal. Continuing north along the canal to the Bratch Locks at Wombourne to pick up the trackbed of the former Oxford, Worcester, leaving the railway the northerly route continues passing Pendrell Hall and Boscobel to White Ladies Priory. The King was hidden overnight in the house by Richard Pendrell, the next part of the route traces the Kings unsuccessful attempt to cross the River Severn to escape into Wales. Leaving White Ladies and the nearby Pendrell home at Hubbal Grange the route turns west via Tong to Evelith Mill, reaching Madeley it became apparent that the river crossings were well guarded and the King spent a night in the Royal Barn before beating a hasty retreat. Retracing the route through Norton and Beckbury to Boscobel House where the King hid in an oak tree to avoid capture, a descendant of the Royal Oak stands in the grounds of the English Heritage property. An alternative plan was hatched for the Kings escape and the path now heads east, from Moseley Old Hall the King left in the night for Bentley Hall with Colonel Lane. The Monarchs Way passes Northycote Farm and Essington before entering the fringe of the urban West Midlands, the route follows the Wyrley & Essington Canal the Curly Wyrley and the ancient forest at Rough Wood to reach Bentley Hall at Bentley, West Midlands
16.
Regency architecture
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The period coincides with the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States and the French Empire style. The style is strictly the late phase of Georgian architecture, and follows closely on from the Neo-classical style of the preceding years, the Georgian period takes its name from the four Kings George of the period 1714–1830, including King George IV. After the decisive victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 ended the wars for good, most Regency architecture comes from this period. Many buildings of the Regency style have a painted stucco facade. In town centres the dominance of the house continued. Elegant wrought iron balconies and bow windows came into fashion as part of this style, further out of town the suburban villa detached house was popular in a range of sizes. For large country houses a range of styles were available. Ashridge, Belvoir Castle and Fonthill Abbey, were all by James Wyatt, sezincote House, designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, is a Neo-Mughal country house for a nabob returned from British India. Brighton Pavilion by John Nash, the home of the Prince Regent, is Indian on the exterior. Until the Church Building Act of 1818, church building had been at a low ebb for over 50 years. The Act allocated some money for new churches required to reflect changes in population. Building of Commissioners churches gathered pace in the 1820s, and continued until the 1850s, the early churches, falling into the Regency period, show a high proportion of Gothic Revival buildings, along with the classically inspired. Strict Greek Revival buildings were mixed with those continuing the modified Baroque, the period saw a great increase in public buildings, at both the national and local level. In London, three bridges were built over the Thames between 1813 and 1819, Vauxhall Bridge, Waterloo Bridge and Southwark Bridge, all financed by toll charges. Shops began to be included systematically into newly planned developments, and he had many pupils who disseminated his style, or in the case of Pugin rebelled against it. In London itself there are streets in the style in the areas around Victoria, Pimlico, Mayfair. John Soane was more individualistic, one of a number of European experimenters in Neoclassicism, the public buildings of George Dance the Younger, City Architect of London from 1768, were precursors of the Regency style, though he designed little himself after 1798. Robert Smirke could produce both classical and Gothic designs, and also worked on public buildings
17.
John Keats
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John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
18.
The Eve of St. Agnes
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The Eve of St. Agnes is a Romantic narrative poem of 42 Spenserian stanzas set in the Middle Ages. It was written by John Keats in 1819 and published in 1820, the poem is considered to be one of his finest and was influential in 19th century literature. The title comes from the day before the feast of Saint Agnes, St. Agnes, the patron saint of virgins, died a martyr in 4th century Rome. The eve falls on 20 January, the feast day on the 21st, the divinations referred to by Keats in this poem are referred to by John Aubrey in his Miscellanies as being associated with St. Agnes night. Keats based his poem on the belief that a girl could see her future husband in a dream if she performed certain rites on the eve of St. Then the proposed husband would appear in her dream, kiss her, in the original version of his poem, Keats emphasized the young lovers sexuality, but his publishers, who feared public reaction, forced him to tone down the eroticism. On a bitterly chill night, an ancient beadsman performs his penances while in the castle of Madelines warlike family, meanwhile, Madeline pines for the love of Porphyro, sworn enemy to her kin. The old dames have told her she may receive sweet dreams of love him if on this night, St. Agnes Eve, she retires to bed under the proper ritual of silence. Angela is persuaded only with difficulty, saying she fears damnation if Porphyro does not afterward marry the girl, Madeline wakes and sees before her the same image she has seen in her dream and, thinking Porphyro part of it, receives him into her bed. Porphyro declares his love for Madeline and promises her a home with him over the southern moors and they escape the castle past insensate revelers and flee into the night. The beadsman, after thousand aves told, / For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold, angelas death, as well as the beadsmans, is revealed in the poems final stanza. Four lines from the final stanza of Keats poem form the motto of H. P, alluded to in 2009 indie drama Cracks. St. Agnes Eve, Text of St. Agnes Eve by Keats from Bartleby, the Eve of St. Agnes at Internet Archive
19.
Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel
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Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel was an English architect and writer, also a musician. He was educated at Eton College, and read music at Trinity College, Cambridge and he worked briefly for Sir Charles Nicholson, and then set up his own architectural practice. He is known for his church projects and he was Oxfords Slade Professor of Fine Art, from 1933 to 1936. His 1934 lectures on Victorian architecture were considered important, as part of the revival of interest in Victoriana. He served as president of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1937 to 1939 and he was awarded the CBE in 1955. Although he was a good 25 years older than Michael Noble, later Baron Glenkinglas and his father was Harry Chester Goodhart, a former international footballer who became Professor of Latin at the University of Edinburgh. His mother was Rose Ellen Rendel, the daughter of Stuart Rendel, 1st Baron Rendel, from whom in 1945 he inherited a substantial estate including Hatchlands Park. Alan Powers, H. S. Goodhart-Rendel 1887-1959 http, //www. cambridge2000. com/gallery/html/P90222343e. html The Clandons, a look into the past (includes The last squire of East Clandon, by Maurice Wiggin
20.
Slindon Cricket Club
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Slindon Cricket Club was famous in the middle part of the 18th century when it claimed to have the best team in England. It was located at Slindon, a village in the Arun district of Sussex, such a team was poor little Slyndon against almost your whole county of Surrey. That quote is taken from a written by Slindons patron, Charles Lennox. Playing at Merrow Down near Guildford on 1 September, Slindon had just beaten Surrey almost in one innings, the Duke of Richmond was the greatest of the sports early patrons and he did an enormous service to the development of the sport in his native Sussex. The brothers were the Newlands, among whom Richard was outstanding, Richard Newland, an all-rounder who batted left-handed, became one of the greatest early cricketers and was famous throughout the 1740s. His brothers, about whom little is known, were Adam, another good player in the village, although he was an unsavoury one, was the notorious smuggler Cuddy whose real name was Edward Aburrow senior. Senior because his son became a regular in the Hambledon team of the 1770s. It is almost certain that Slindon was not just a village team, there can be little doubt that Richmond cast his net wide and that players from elsewhere in Sussex played for Slindon. But Richard Newland was the star and he was definitely local and it seems that Richmond built the team around Newland and so it was perhaps natural that the name of the team, even if it were a Sussex county XI, should be that of Newlands village. The first written record of the Slindon team is on 15 June 1741 when they played against Portsmouth at Stansted Park, Rowlands Castle, Slindon won this match by 9 wickets. It is the earliest report of a match involving Slindon, though the club must have been playing for some time beforehand, the Duke of Richmond in a letter said that above 5000 people were present. In a second letter, he gives the result, on Thursday 9 July 1741, in a letter to her husband, the Duchess of Richmond mentioned a conversation with John Newland re a Slindon v East Dean match at Long Down, near Eartham, a week earlier. This seems to be the first recorded mention of any of the Newland family. In two subsequent letters to his friend the Duke of Newcastle, a future Prime Minister, Richmond spoke about a game on Tuesday 28 July which resulted in a brawl with hearty blows, the game was at Portslade between Slindon and unnamed opponents. Slindon won the battle but the result of the match is unknown, Richmond had been involved in ruckuses of this sort before and Georgian England was an essentially violent society. Tt was quite normal in cricket for the rough to rub shoulders with the smooth, the poor little Slyndon phrase followed the game against Surrey at Merrow Down on 7 September 1741. Richmond in a letter to Newcastle before the game spoke of poor little Slyndon against almost your whole county of Surrey, next day he wrote again, saying that wee have beat Surrey almost in one innings. Soon afterwards, Richmonds wife Sarah, a feisty character in her own right, wrote to him and she had a grudge to those fellows ever since they mob’d you
21.
Wicket
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In the sport of cricket, the wicket is one of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at either end of the pitch. The wicket is guarded by a batsman who, with his bat, the origin of the word is from wicket gate, a small gate. Historically, cricket wickets had only two stumps and one bail and looked like a gate, the third stump was introduced in 1775. Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batsman is the taking of a wicket, and the cricket pitch is sometimes called the wicket. The size and shape of the wicket has changed several times during the last 300 years and its dimensions and placing is now determined by Law 8 in the Laws of Cricket, thus, Law 8, the wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches tall. The stumps are placed along the crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches wide, two wooden bails are placed in shallow grooves on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches above the stumps, there are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket, the umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit. Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix A to the laws, losing a wicket refers to a batsman getting out. If dismissed by a bowler, the bowler is said to have taken his wicket, the number of wickets taken is the primary measure of a bowlers ability. For a batsman to be dismissed by being bowled, run out, stumped or hit wicket, what this means is defined by Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Crickets wicket is put down if a bail is removed from the top of the stumps, or a stump is struck out of the grounds by the ball, the strikers bat, the strikers person. The wicket is put down if a fielder pulls a stump out of the ground in the same manner. If one bail is off, removing the remaining bail or striking or pulling any of the three out of the ground is sufficient to put the wicket down. A fielder may remake the wicket, if necessary, in order to put it down to have an opportunity of running out a batsman. The sequence of time over which two particular batsmen bat together, a partnership, is referred to as a specifically numbered wicket when discriminating it from other partnerships in the innings. The first partnership is from the start of the innings until one of the first two batsmen gets out, the second wicket partnership is from when the third batsman gets in until a second batsman gets out
22.
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
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Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny KG, KB, PC, FRS was a British nobleman, peer, and politician. He was the son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and he held a number of posts in connection with his high office but is best remembered for his patronage of cricket. He has been described as the most important of the early patrons. Lennox was styled Earl of March from his birth in 1701 as heir to his fathers dukedom and he also inherited his fathers love of sports, particularly cricket. He had an accident at the age of 12 when he was thrown from a horse during a hunt. They were married at The Hague, in 1722, March became Member of Parliament for Chichester as first member with Sir Thomas Miller as his second. He gave up his seat after his father died in May 1723, a feature of Richmonds career was the support he received from his wife Sarah, her interest being evident in surviving letters. Their marriage was a success, especially by Georgian standards. The 2nd Duke of Richmond has been described as early crickets greatest patron, although he had played cricket as a boy, his real involvement began after he succeeded to the dukedom. He captained his own team and his players included some of the earliest known professionals, later, when he patronised Slindon Cricket Club, Richmond was associated with the Newland brothers. His earliest recorded match is the one against Sir William Gages XI on 20 July 1725, Records have survived of four matches played by Richmonds team in the 1727 season. Two were against Gages XI and two against an XI raised by the Surrey patron Alan Brodrick and these last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up Articles of Agreement beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points and it is believed that this was the first time that rules were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744, essentially the articles of agreement focused on residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains. In 1728, Richmonds Sussex played twice against Edwin Steads Kent, in 1730, Richmonds team played two matches against Gages XI and another match against a Surrey XI backed by a Mr Andrews of Sunbury. The second of his matches against Gage, due to be played at The Dripping Pan, near Lewes, was put off on account of Waymark, in 1731, Richmond was involved in one of the most controversial matches recorded in the early history of cricket. On 16 August, his Sussex team played a Middlesex XI backed by one Thomas Chambers at a venue in Chichester. Chambers team won this match, which had a prize of 100 guineas, and a return was arranged to take place at Richmond Green on 23 August
23.
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
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He is commonly known as the Duke of Newcastle. A protégé of Sir Robert Walpole, he served him for more than twenty years. He held power with his brother, Prime Minister Henry Pelham until 1754 and he had at this point served as a Secretary of State continuously for thirty years—dominating British foreign policy. After Henrys death the Duke was prime minister six years, in two separate periods, while his first premiership was not particularly notable, Newcastle precipitated the Seven Years War, his weak diplomacy cost him the premiership. After his second term as Prime Minister, he served for a short while in Lord Rockinghams ministry and he was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or Pitt. Few politicians in British history matched his skills and industry in using patronage to maintain power over long stretches of time and his genius appeared as the chief party manager for the Whigs, 1715-1761. He used his energy and his money to candidates, distribute patronage. He was especially influential in the counties of Sussex, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and his greatest triumph came in the 1734 election. Outside the electoral realm, his reputation has suffered, many modern historians have depicted him as the epitome of unredeemed mediocrity and as a veritable buffoon in office. He studied at Westminster School and was admitted a fellow-commoner at Clare College, Cambridge in 1710, Pelhams uncle died in 1711, and his father the next year, both leaving their large estates to their nephew and son. When he came of age in 1714, Lord Pelham was one of the greatest landowners in the kingdom, one stipulation of his uncles will was that his nephew add Holles to his name, which he faithfully did, thereafter styling himself as Thomas Pelham-Holles. A long-standing legal dispute over the estate with his Aunt was finally settled in 1714 and he increasingly identified with Whig politics, like his father and uncle – but whereas they had been moderate in their views, he grew increasingly more partisan and militant in his views. This issue dominated British politics during the last few years of Queen Annes reign and he joined the Hannover Club and the Kit Kat Club, both leading centres of Whig thinking and organisation. Newcastle House in London became his premier residence and he also became Lord-Lieutenant of the Counties of Middlesex and Nottingham and a Knight of the Garter. In his new position he was in charge of suppressing Jacobitism in the counties under his control, in Middlesex he arrested and questioned eight hundred people, and then drew up a Voluntary Defence Association to defend the county. During 1715 he became involved in a riot ended with two men being killed, and Newcastle fleeing along rooftops. The succession of George I was secured in late 1715 by the defeat of a Jacobite army at the Battle of Preston, the victory of the Hanoverians over the Jacobites marked the beginning of the Whig Ascendancy which lasted for much of the 18th century. Following their victory, the Whigs split with one forming the government for George I
24.
Historic England
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Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It is tasked with protecting the environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings, ancient monuments. The body was created by the National Heritage Act 1983. Historic England has a remit to and complements the work of Natural England which aims to protect the natural environment. Historic England inherits English Heritages position as the UK governments statutory adviser and this includes archaeology on land and under water, historic buildings sites and areas, designated landscapes and the historic elements of the wider landscape. It monitors and reports on the state of Englands heritage and publishes the annual the Heritage at Risk survey which is one of the UK Governments Official statistics and it is tasked to secure the preservation and enhancement of the man-made heritage of England for the benefit of future generations. Giving grants national and local organisations for the conservation of buildings, monuments. In 2013/14 over £13 million worth of grants were made to support heritage buildings, advising central UK government on which English heritage assets are nationally important and should be protected by designation. Administering and maintaining the register of Englands listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered battlefields, conservation areas and protected parks and this is published as an online resource as The National Heritage List for England. Advising local authorities on managing changes to the most important parts of heritage, providing expertise through advice, training and guidance to improve the standards and skills of people working in heritage, practical conservation and access to resources. In 2009–2010 it trained around 200 professionals working in local authorities, consulting and collaborating with other heritage bodies, local and national planning organisations e. g. It is not responsible for approving alterations to listed buildings, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It also owns the National Heritage Collection of nationally important historic sites, however they do not run these sites as this function is instead carried out by the English Heritage Trust under licence until 2023. Britain from Above, presents the unique Aerofilms collection of photographs from 1919-1953. Images of England website Heritage Explorer, Education site for teachers Department for Culture Media and Sport
25.
Munro Price
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Munro Price is a British historian noted for his award winning work on French history. Price was educated at Cambridge University, where he was president of the Social Democrat club in 1983, for most of his career he has been based at the University of Bradford, where he is currently professor of Modern European History. He has also taught at the University of Swansea and the University of Lyon, the Fall of the French Monarchy, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the baron de Breteuil won the Franco-British Society’s Enid McLeod Literary Prize. It was shortlisted for the Longman-History Today Prize, and the Hessell-Tiltman Prize and it was published in the U. S. in 2003 with the title The Road from Versailles, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy by St. Martins Press. The Perilous Crown, Ruling France 1814-1848 was well received in the UK, the Road to Apocalypse, The Extraordinary Journey of Lewis Way with Stanley Price. This book was shortlisted for the Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Prize, napoleon The End Of Glory OUP, Oxford,2014
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
28.
Addington Hills
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Addington Hills is a park in Upper Shirley, London, England. It is managed by the London Borough of Croydon and it was part of the old parish of Addington before the suburb of Shirley was developed in the 1930s. The site consists largely of woodland on a bed, with Londons largest area of heathland at its heart. It is a Site of Metropolitan Importance and it is a peaceful area with many pathways close to central Croydon. There is a viewpoint with views across Croydon and across to north London, including Docklands. It is served by Coombe Lane tram stop on Tramlink route 3, the park covers an area of 130 acres. The London Loop path runs through the park, the park is fully accessible at all times. Addington Hills and neighbouring Croham Hurst to the west and Shirley Hills to the east form part of a chain of open spaces in Croydon. The plateau drops sharply to the north, exposing the pebbles at the end of the gullies, to the north-west the plateau has been broken into by a number of steep valleys which are covered with birch to the west and oak to the east. Below the Blackheath pebbles an outcrop of less impervious Woolwich Beds was marked by a line of springs, Addington Hills borders Coombe Park on its north, and Coombe Wood on its south. The area was called the hill of Pripledeane or Prible Dean. The land was acquired in four parts over a 45-year period, in 1963 a viewing platform was provided by Alderman Basil Monk as a permanent commemoration of Croydons 1960 Millennary Year. The platform, which is north-west of the restaurant, is at the top of steeply sloping ground and provides views over Croydon. The nearby Shirley Windmill can also be seen, Addington Reservoir on the southern side of the Hills is the only area that is fenced off and not open to the public. The reservoir was built in 1888 and the Valve House was initially open to the public with refreshments being served from the ground floor, an outbreak of typhoid in 1937 was traced to the reservoir and the cafe was quickly closed and the area fenced off. Below the reservoir on the Coombe Road frontage was once Broadcombe Cottage, Broadcombe was the old name for the tract of land alongside Oaks Road at the foot of Addington Hills. Also in this vicinity was the Lamb Inn, according to tradition the site of an affray between smugglers and revenue officers. The heathland areas are dominated by heather and gorse, with some bilberry, drier spots are indicated by the occurrence of bell heather
29.
Artillery Ground
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The Artillery Ground in Finsbury is an open space originally set aside for archery and later known also as a cricket venue. Today it is used for exercises and, in the summer months, rugby. It belongs to the Honourable Artillery Company, whose headquarters, Armoury House, from 1498, about 11 acres of the 23-acre Bunhill Fields were set aside for the practice of archery and shooting. Todays 8-acre site was given to the Artillery Company in 1638, in the eighteenth century it was the home of the original London Cricket Club. Before the creation of the Hambledon Club in the 1760s, the Artillery Ground was the venue of all London cricket. In the 18th century sources, the Artillery Ground was said to lie between Chiswell Street and Bunhill Fields, the latter being a cemetery. It was referred to in reports as the old Artillery Ground. In a report dated 23 June 1722 in the London Journal, the earliest definite cricket match at the Artillery Ground took place on 31 August 1730 between London and Surrey. London won but no details are known. The ground quickly became Londons first choice home venue with five matches recorded there in 1731, a report in 1732 states that the playing area was staked out and roped off. This practice is first reported at Kennington Common the previous year, by the 1740s, the Artillery Ground had become the sports feature venue and for about twenty years it had a social status that only Lords Cricket Ground has subsequently equalled. Single wicket was especially popular in the 1740s and huge crowds gambling huge sums of money were attracted to the ground whenever these contests took place, the history of the ground is coloured by references to its keepers, or lessees. The first known reference is in The Craftsman dated Sat 26 February 1732 re Mr Christopher Jones, Master of the Artillery Ground, the keepers were responsible for maintaining order at the ground. If any persons get on the Walls, they will be prosecuted as the Law directs, obviously, by coming through the pub, many might well stop and buy a drink. Jones, as the landlord, would have no objection to that, the most charismatic keeper was George Smith who had frequent disputes with the HAC during his tenure. He also had problems and there are surviving reports of his attempts to pay off his debts by raising the ground admission. On 15 September 1784 Vincent Lunardi, flew a balloon from the Artillery Ground, the area is now used for rugby and football in the winter and cricket in the summer by HAC teams including HAC RFC. Notably, it hosted a rugby match between Saracens and the USA national team on 9 November 2010, won 20–6 by Saracens
30.
Barnes Common
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Barnes Common is common land in the south east of Barnes, London, England, adjoining Putney Lower Common to the east and bounded to the south by the Upper Richmond Road. Along with Barnes Green, it is one of the largest areas of land in London with 49.55 hectares of protected commons. It is also a Local Nature Reserve and its facilities include a full-size football pitch and a nature trail. The Common is made up of mixed woodland, scrubland. Barnes railway station is on the edge of Barnes Common, the Common is also served by London Buses routes 33,72,265 and 485. On Wednesday,11 August 1736, Barnes Common was the venue for an important cricket match between Surrey and London, which Surrey won by 19 runs. The match report in the Whitehall Evening Post on Saturday,14 August, refers to Surrey as Barnes, Fulham and it goes on to say that the return on Tuesday,17 August would be played in the fields behind Powis House. It extends the hope that the company keep a good ring which was very much wanted at Barnes Common. This is the time that a reference to the common is found in surviving cricket records. Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Barnes Common Management Plan 2009-14 Friends of Barnes Common Map of Barnes Common
31.
Blackheath, London
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Blackheath is an area of south-east London, divided between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Lewisham, located east of the town of Lewisham, and south of the town of Greenwich. It is notable for its pubs, village-y feel. The name is recorded in 1166 as Blachehedfeld and means the dark coloured heathland and it is formed from the Old English blæc and hǣth and refers to the open space that was the meeting place of the ancient hundred of Blackheath. The name was applied to the Victorian suburb that developed in the 19th century and was extended to the areas known as Blackheath Park. An urban myth is that Blackheath was associated with the 1665 Plague or the Black Death of the mid-14th century, virtually every part of London has a local tradition about plague pits under, say, a local school or shop. The sheer number of bodies meant that the traditional churchyards became, as one put it. During the seventeenth century Blackheath was, along with Hounslow Heath, in 1673 the Blackheath Army was assembled under Marshal Schomberg to serve in the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The Roman road that became known as Watling Street crosses the northern edge of Blackheath, probably heading for the mouth of Deptford Creek. Blackheath was a point for Wat Tylers Peasants Revolt of 1381. Wat Tyler is remembered by Wat Tyler Road on the heath, after pitching camp on Blackheath, Cornish rebels were defeated in the Battle of Deptford Bridge, just to the west, on 17 June 1497. With Watling Street carrying stagecoaches across the heath, en route to north Kent, in 1909 Blackheath had a local branch of the London Society for Womens Suffrage. The Vanbrugh Pits are on the north-east part of the heath, the site of old gravel workings, Vanbrugh Pits have long been reclaimed by nature and form one of the more attractive parts of the generally rather flat Blackheath. It is particularly attractive in spring when the extensive gorse blossoms, the pits are named after Sir John Vanbrugh, architect of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard, who had a house nearby, adjacent to Greenwich Park, now called Vanbrugh Castle. Mince Pie House built for his family, survived until 1911, the sizeable estate of Blackheath Park, created on lands of Wricklemarsh Manor by John Cator is situated east of Blackheath. The Cator Estate was built on part of the formerly owned by Sir John Morden. The Cator Estate also contains innovative 1960s Span houses and flats by the renowned Span Developments, St Michael and All Angels Church, designed by local architect George Smith and completed in 1830, was dubbed the Needle of Kent in honour of its tall, thin spire. All Saints Church, situated on the heath, designed by the architect Benjamin Ferrey, another Anglican church, St John the Evangelists, was designed in 1853 by Arthur Ashpitel. The Pagoda is an example of a beautiful property situated in Blackheath
32.
Broadhalfpenny Down
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Broadhalfpenny Down is a historic cricket ground in Hambledon, Hampshire. It is known as the Cradle of Cricket because it was the venue in the 18th century of the Hambledon Club. The club is in the parish of Hambledon close to the parish of Clanfield. The club took the name of the rural village of Hambledon. The ground lies on a ridge connecting Broadhalfpenny Down itself with higher ground to the north at Wether Down, the ridge and the down to the south are crossed by the Monarchs Way long distance footpath before it descends towards Horndean. The cricket ground was the venue for first-class matches organised by the Hambledon Club from 1753 to 1781 which generally involved a Hampshire county team. It was used for sports including horse racing and hare coursing. Immediately next to the ground is the Bat & Ball Inn, known as the cradle of cricket, Nyren was succeeded by his Hambledon colleague William Barber, who ran the pub from 1772 to 1784. The name Broadhalfpenny is properly pronounced broad hapenny a contraction following the pronunciation of the word for the halfpenny coin. Places that had obtained a charter from the King to hold markets or establish fairs were issued with Letters Patent that were stamped with Broad-Halfpenny. Hambledon in the century was a large parish of over 9,000 acres containing small hamlets. Much of the land had been enclosed in small farms but there remained extensive commons, including Broadhalfpenny. As an important match venue, the earliest known use of Broadhalfpenny Down was in August 1753 for a match between a Hambledon team and one from Surrey. Three years later, the Hambledon team was able to challenge Dartford, then one of the strongest teams in England, on Wednesday,18 August, one of these matches was played at Broadhalfpenny Down. Reverend Keats was the father of Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats who is renowned for his actions at the Battle of Algeciras Bay in July 1801, chalton is three and a half miles east of Broadhalfpenny Down, beyond Clanfield. Scores were higher then than in times and matches were tending to go into a second day. In 1770, a Sussex lawyer called John Baker left an account in his diary of a match between Hambledon and the Surrey club Coulsdon which lasted two days, Baker came from Chichester, a journey of twenty miles taking four hours on horseback. He wrote how he went to Petersfield for overnight accommodation, Baker wrote about the very large crowds which gathered at these matches and the good business done by vendors on site
33.
Bromley Common
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Bromley Common is the area centered on the road of the same name, stretching between Masons Hill at the south end of Bromley and Hastings Road, Locksbottom. The area borders on other suburbs in the London Borough of Bromley such as Petts Wood, the pub, which opened around 1870, was originally named the Hit or Miss, presumably a reference to Shooting Common, dating back to the dark days of highwaymen. The area has been awarded village status by the authority and is known as Chatterton Village. Recent improvements include flower boxes, a sign, Victorian-style lamp posts. The nearby Whitehall Recreation Ground has also enhanced by Bromley Councils Parks Department with flower beds, seating, a picnic area, a wildlife pond. The network of mostly Victorian streets comprising Chatterton Village is becoming popular with younger professionals working in the centre of London. The first definite mention of the Bromley area in a connection is a 1735 match on Bromley Common between Kent and London Cricket Club. Kent won by 10 wickets after scoring 97 and 9-0 in reply to Londons 73 and 32, the report of this match states that a large crowd attended and a great deal of mischief was done. It seems that horses panicked and riders were thrown while some members of the crowd were rode over, one man was carried off for dead as HRH passed by at the entrance to the Common. HRH was Frederick, Prince of Wales who was a patron of cricket. The last important match known to have played there was Bromley v London on 30 June 1752. Richmal Crompton, author of Just William lived at The Glebe in Cherry Orchard Road Major-General Charles W. Norman, British Army officer Bromley Common and its schools CricketArchive – matchlist
34.
Charlwood
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It is immediately northwest of London Gatwick Airport in West Sussex, close west of Horley and north of Crawley. The historic county boundary between Surrey and Sussex ran to the south of Gatwick Airport, a narrow ridge of Sussex Marble runs through the west of the parish, where it is followed for a distance by the Sussex Border Path. Elevations range from 60 to 140m above sea level, no dual carriageways bisect the area and London Gatwick Airport has its perimeter immediately to the south-west. The village anciently lay within the Reigate Hundred and its variant spellings from such medieval records as the feet of fines include, Cherlewude, Cherlwude. After this Charlewood appears commonly in 18th century records, the place is not mentioned in Domesday, and was probably a forest district of the manor of Merstham, Surrey which until shortly after 1911 reached into the parish. In the medieval period this was held by Christchurch Priory, about 1890 a vessel of Paludina Limestone was found on the estate of Mr. Young, Stan Hill/Stanhill, which the finders regarded as an ancient font, but which was perhaps a stone mortar. Charlwood Place is a 16th-century listed moated house situated on the perimeter of the village. The mother of John Pitseus, a recusant Bishop in France, sir Richard Lechford, following a Lechford owner of 1567, conveyed the manor in 1625 to Edmund Jordan whose family held it until 1759. A descendant, John Sharp, succeeded and held the property intact until 1806, an important cricket match was held in Charlwood on Monday,1 June 1741. This was Surrey v London and won by the county team, the match is the only time that Charlwood features in surviving cricket records. Total enclosure took place in phases, in 1843,1844 and 1854, including of Johnsons Common and Whites Common, lowfield Heath was in the parish and was enclosed in 1846. Charlwoods cottage hospital opened in 1873 but was closed in 1911, Charlwood Boys School was built in 1840. Charlwood Girls and Infants School was built in 1852 and enlarged in 1893, lowfield Heath School was built in 1868. Gatwick Racecourse, opened in 1891, after the closing of the Croydon Racecourse at Woodside, the village has more crown post timber-framed houses than any other village in Britain. Charlwood is in the Mole Valley District who co-administer local services with Surrey County Council, additional local amenities are provided, with Hookwood, by its parish council. St Nicholass is a Grade I listed building with intact Norman era stones and it has a particularly historically significant series of murals on the south wall of the chancel, contemporary with the south aisle which has been dated as c. These include scenes from the story of St Margaret and St Nicholas, providence Chapel, a Grade II* listed building, stands on a lane to the north of the village. The weatherboarded single-storey building was re-erected there in 1816 after being moved from Horsham and it was used as a Nonconformist chapel for almost 200 years, but was put up for sale in 2012
35.
The Dripping Pan
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The Dripping Pan is a football stadium in Lewes, England. It has been home to Lewes F. C. since their incarnation in 1885. It had previously used by Lewes Priory Cricket Club, though the ground itself had been used by the people of Lewes as a centre for recreation as far back as records exist. The spoil from the forms the Mount behind the Clubhouse. An archaeological survey during construction of the new terrace failed to any further insights into either the purpose or the age of the ground itself. The earliest known use for cricket was 2nd Duke of Richmonds XI v Sir William Gages XI on Wednesday,5 August 1730. It is not clear if the game was started as the announcement states that it was put off on account of Waymark, thomas Waymark was the outstanding player of the time and a lot of money will have been staked on his expected performance. Two earlier matches are known to have taken place in Lewes, the first was towards the end of the 1728 season and was a proposed match between the 2nd Duke of Richmonds XI and Sir William Gages XI. The second was in September 1729 when a combined Sussex, Surrey, Lewes F. C. have played at the Dripping Pan every year since 1885, apart from a couple of seasons prior to the First World War when the club was banished to the adjoining Convent Field. Developing the ground has had its obstacles as the walls of the Dripping Pan are listed. In April 2008, the ground was awarded a B grade allowing it to be used in the Conference National, the ground has been updated further to ensure it is awarded the required A grade by April 2009. The ground has one covered terrace, one uncovered terrace, a bank with walkway. Rookery Stand, opened in July 2007 is the newest stand at the ground and it is a covered, all-seater stand. Ham Lane End is a newly built uncovered terrace on the east side of the pitch, during Lewes season in the Conference Premier strict regulations meant away fans had to be segregated here. However, at the moment it is used by home and away supporters. Philcox Terrace is a terrace for the home supporters which was opened in April 2003. From some areas of the terrace the view of one of the flags is obscured by the clubhouse. There is one remaining grass bank at the Dripping Pan, opposite the Rookery, spectators are permitted on the flat walkway on top of the bank, but the slope is fenced off
36.
Ealing Common
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Ealing Common is a large open space in Ealing, west London. It is also the name of the area surrounding Ealing Common station where Piccadilly & District line trains stop. The Ealing Common Area is bounded by Ealing Town Centre to the west, North Ealing and Hanger Hill to the north, Acton to the east and South Ealing, the Ealing Common open space is bounded by Gunnersbury Ave to the east and the Uxbridge Road to the north. A smaller area of the common extends to the east of Gunnersbury Ave, the western boundary includes The Common and Warwick Dene, with Elm Avenue to the south. The Ealing Common open space is a land as designated by the 1866 Metropolitan Commons Act. On Monday,20 August 1733, a match with important status was played on the common between Ealing & Acton and London. The result is unknown but the terms of the match were for £50, play or pay, London was the sports premier club at the time. This is the mention of Ealing & Acton and of Ealing Common in the surviving records of early cricket. The strength of the Ealing & Acton team cannot now be determined but the stake was high, the northern part of the common has a large English oak tree at its centre, and London plane trees are also found with the horse chestnuts around the perimeter of the common. Charles Jones was the borough surveyor responsible for the layout, in the south-west corner of Ealing Common there is a small enclosed park, called Warwick Dene, with rose beds at its centre. There is a local Conservation Area which includes streets around the common, Ealing Common is also the name of the area in the London Borough of Ealing surrounding Ealing Common station, which is named after the common, however, it is officially part of the Ealing district. Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Ealing Common Conservation area Appraisal on Ealing Council Website
37.
Epping Forest
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Epping Forest is an area of ancient woodland near Epping, straddling the border between Greater London and Essex. It is a royal forest, and is managed by the City of London Corporation. It covers 2,476 hectares and contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds, and most of it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding, its elevation and thin gravelly soil historically made it unsuitable for agriculture and it gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district which covers part of it. The name Epping Forest was first recorded in the 17th century, the area which became known as Waltham, and then Epping Forest has been continuously forested since Neolithic times. The former lime/linden Tilia-dominated woodland was permanently altered during Saxon times by cutting of trees. Todays beech-birch and oak-hornbeam-dominated forest was the result of partial forest clearance in Saxon times, the forest is thought to have been given legal status as a royal forest by Henry II in the 12th century. This status allowed commoners to use the forest to gather wood and foodstuffs, and to graze livestock and turn out pigs for mast, but only the king was allowed to hunt there. Forest in the sense of royal forest meant an area of land reserved for royal hunting, where the forest laws applied. In Tudor times, Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have hunted in the forest, in 1543, Henry commissioned a building, known as Great Standing, from which to view the chase at Chingford. The building was renovated in 1589 for Queen Elizabeth I and can still be today in Chingford. The building is now known as Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge, and is open to the public, there is another hunt standing, which now forms the core of the Forest HQ at the Warren, Loughton. There were disputes between landowners and commoners, one group of commoners was led by Thomas Willingale who on behalf of the villagers of Loughton continued to lop the trees after the Lord of the Manor had enclosed 550 hectares of forest in Loughton. This led to an injunction against further enclosures, the Epping Forest Act 1878 was passed, saving the forest from enclosure, and halting the shrinkage of the forest that this had caused. Epping Forest ceased to be a royal forest and was placed in the care of the City of London Corporation who act as Conservators, in addition, the Crowns right to venison was terminated, and pollarding was no longer allowed, although grazing rights continued. This act laid down a stipulation that the Conservators shall at all times keep Epping Forest unenclosed and unbuilt on as a space for the recreation. In compensation for the loss of lopping rights, Lopping Hall in Loughton was built as a community building, the City of London Corporation still manages Epping Forest in strict conformity with the Epping Forest Act. This care is funded from Citys Cash, the funds of the Corporation rather than any money for its upkeep coming from local rates or taxes
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