1.
1,000,000
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One million or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian millione, from mille, thousand and it is commonly abbreviated as m or M, further MM, mm, or mn in financial contexts. In scientific notation, it is written as 1×106 or 106, physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega, when dealing with SI units, for example,1 megawatt equals 1,000,000 watts. The meaning of the word million is common to the scale and long scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers. Information, Not counting spaces, the text printed on 136 pages of an Encyclopædia Britannica, length, There are one million millimeters in a kilometer, and roughly a million sixteenths of an inch in a mile. A typical car tire might rotate a million times in a 1, 200-mile trip, fingers, If the width of a human finger is 2.2 cm, then a million fingers lined up would cover a distance of 22 km. If a person walks at a speed of 4 km/h, it would take approximately five. A city lot 70 by 100 feet is about a million square inches, volume, The cube root of one million is only one hundred, so a million objects or cubic units is contained in a cube only a hundred objects or linear units on a side. A million grains of salt or granulated sugar occupies only about 64 ml. One million cubic inches would be the volume of a room only 8 1⁄3 feet long by 8 1⁄3 feet wide by 8 1⁄3 feet high. Mass, A million cubic millimeters of water would have a volume of one litre, a million millilitres or cubic centimetres of water has a mass of a million grams or one tonne. Weight, A million 80-milligram honey bees would weigh the same as an 80 kg person, landscape, A pyramidal hill 600 feet wide at the base and 100 feet high would weigh about a million tons. Computer, A display resolution of 1,280 by 800 pixels contains 1,024,000 pixels, money, A USD bill of any denomination weighs 1 gram. There are 454 grams in a pound, one million $1 bills would weigh 2,204.62 pounds, or just over 1 ton. Time, A million seconds is 11.57 days, in Indian English and Pakistani English, it is also expressed as 10 lakh or 10 Lac. Lakh is derived from laksh for 100,000 in Sanskrit
2.
1,000,000,000
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1,000,000,000 is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. One billion can also be written as b or bn, in scientific notation, it is written as 1 ×109. The SI prefix giga indicates 1,000,000,000 times the base unit, one billion years may be called eon in astronomy and geology. Previously in British English, the word billion referred exclusively to a million millions, however, this is no longer as common as earlier, and the word has been used to mean one thousand million for some time. The alternative term one thousand million is used in the U. K. or countries such as Spain that uses one thousand million as one million million constitutes a billion. The worded figure, as opposed to the figure is used to differentiate between one thousand million or one billion. The term milliard can also be used to refer to 1,000,000,000, whereas milliard is seldom used in English, in the South Asian numbering system, it is known as 100 crore or 1 Arab. 1000000007 – smallest prime number with 10 digits,1023456789 – smallest pandigital number in base 10. 1026753849 – smallest pandigital square that includes 0,1073741824 –2301073807359 – 14th Kynea number. 1162261467 –3191220703125 –513 1232922769- 35113^2 Centered hexagonal number,1234567890 – pandigital number with the digits in order. 1882341361 – The least prime whose reversal is both square and triangular,1977326743 –7112147483647 – 8th Mersenne prime and the largest signed 32-bit integer. 2147483648 –2312176782336 –6122214502422 – 6th primary pseudoperfect number,2357947691 –1192971215073 – 11th Fibonacci prime. 3405691582 – hexadecimal CAFEBABE, used as a placeholder in programming,3405697037 – hexadecimal CAFED00D, used as a placeholder in programming. 3735928559 – hexadecimal DEADBEEF, used as a placeholder in programming,3486784401 –3204294836223 – 16th Carol number. 4294967291 – Largest prime 32-bit unsigned integer,4294967295 – Maximum 32-bit unsigned integer, perfect totient number, product of the five prime Fermat numbers. 4294967296 –2324294967297 – the first composite Fermat number,6103515625 –5146210001000 – only self-descriptive number in base 10. 6975757441 –1786983776800 – 15th colossally abundant number, 15th superior highly composite number 7645370045 – 27th Pell number,8589934592 –2339043402501 – 25th Motzkin number. 9814072356 – largest square pandigital number, largest pandigital pure power,9876543210 – largest number without redundant digits
3.
Frankfurt
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The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
4.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
5.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
6.
Airline alliance
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An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
7.
SkyTeam
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Founded in June 2000, SkyTeam was the last of the three major airline alliances to be formed, the first two being Star Alliance and Oneworld. As of March 2014, SkyTeam consists of 20 carriers from five continents and it also operates a cargo alliance named SkyTeam Cargo, which partners ten carriers, all of them SkyTeam members. Its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, is based at the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands. In terms of passengers, with 665.4 million carried passengers, SkyTeam has grown and is now the largest alliance in the world ahead of Star Alliance. In 2004, the alliance had its biggest expansion when Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, garuda Indonesia entered the alliance in March 2014. As of March 2014, SkyTeam flies to more than 1,000 destinations in 178 countries and operates some 15,700 daily flights with a fleet of over 4,400 aircraft. The alliance and its members have a workforce of 459,781, furthermore. On 22 June 2000, representatives of Aeroméxico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and these became the four founding carriers of SkyTeam. Upon its formation, SkyTeam would offer its customers a total of 6,402 daily flights to 451 destinations in 98 countries, in September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance, SkyTeam Cargo. The groups inaugural members were Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics, the following month, the newly established airline alliance announced its intentions to incorporate CSA Czech Airlines as the 5th member in April the following year. The alliance saw the joining of CSA Czech Airlines on 25 March 2001, Alitalia entered SkyTeam on 27 July the same year, on 30 September 2001, the alliance received KLMs application for membership, following the airlines plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. In 2003, Deltas subsidiary, Delta Express, was replaced by Song and that same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity and other resources. On 24 May 2004, Aeroflot, the carrier and principal airline of Russia. The event took place in Kremlin following the airlines application earlier in the year for membership, SkyTeam expressed that Aeroflot has not met the consortiums standards, but that the airlines large hub networks made it ideal for the alliance, and made up for its deficiencies. On 28 August, China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the Peoples Republic of China, on 13 September, Continental Airlines, KLM and Northwest Airlines joined the alliance. Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history, every associate adopted a frequent-flyer program of a full member, Copa Airlines already used Continentals OnePass, Kenya Airways and Air Europa used Air France–KLMs Flying Blue. Following a 23-month joining process since May 2004, Aeroflot joined on 14 April 2006 and it was the first Russian airline to be associated with any airline alliance. Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing International Air Transport Associations Operational Safety Audit, Deltas subsidiary Song continued to operate as Delta Air Lines
8.
Oneworld
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Oneworld is an airline alliance founded on 1 February 1999. The alliances stated objective is to be the airline alliance for the worlds frequent international travelers. Its central alliance office is based in New York City in the United States. As of August 2016, Oneworld is the third largest global alliance in terms of passengers more than 557.4 million passengers carried, behind Star Alliance. Its slogan is An alliance of the worlds leading airlines working as one, Oneworld announced the formation of a central alliance team, the Oneworld Management Company, in February 2000, to mark the alliances first anniversary. The oMC was established in May 2000 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and it acts as the alliances central secretariat, with responsibility for driving future growth and the launch of new customer services and benefits. Bruce Ashby, who previously held roles of CEO of Saudi Arabias SAMA Airlines, CEO of Indias IndiGo, rob Gurney succeeded Ashby as CEO in October,2016. Reporting to the CEO are Vice-Presidents for Commercial, Membership and Customer Experience, and Corporate Communications, a Chief Financial Officer, the CEO reports to the Oneworld Governing Board, which is made up of the chief executives of each of the member airlines. The Governing Board meets regularly to set strategic direction and review progress, chairmanship of the board rotates among the alliance members chief executives. Cathay Pacific CEO Ivan Chu currently has the role, Oneworld was unveiled by its founding members, American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas at a press conference in London, United Kingdom, on 21 September 1998. Oneworld was officially launched and became operational on 1 February 1999, at its launch in 1999, Oneworlds member airlines and their affiliates served 648 destinations in 139 countries, and carried 181 million passengers with a fleet of 1,577 aircraft. Finnair, Finlands largest airline and flag carrier, was the alliances first new recruit on 9 December 1998, the alliance welcomed Iberia, Spains flag carrier, as its second recruit on 15 February 1999. Both airlines, together with Iberias franchisee, Iberia Regional Air Nostrum, joined the alliance on 1 September 1999, on 19 May 1999, LanChile became a member-elect, the alliances first representative from Latin America. LanChiles two subsidiaries, LAN Express and LAN Perú, would join the alliance. Irish carrier Aer Lingus was formally elected on board and confirmed as the member of the alliance on 2 December 1999. As LanChile and Aer Lingus joined on 1 June 2000, Canadian Airlines left the alliance, following the purchase by Air Canada. However, Swiss later decided not to proceed with key elements of its agreement with British Airways and was released from its commitment to join Oneworld. Swiss was later taken over by Lufthansa in 2005 and joined Star Alliance in 2006, the mid-2000s saw Oneworld undertake one of the biggest expansions in its history
9.
Livery
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Often, elements of the heraldry relating to the individual or corporate body feature in the livery. Alternatively, some kind of an emblem or badge, or a distinctive colour, is featured. The word itself derives from the French livrée, meaning dispensed, handed over. Most often it would indicate that the wearer of the livery was a servant, dependant, follower or friend of the owner of the livery, or, in the case of objects, that the object belonged to them. In the late medieval phenomenon of bastard feudalism, livery badges worn by the retainers of great lords, sometimes in effect private armies, in the 14th century, livery referred to an allowance of any kind, but especially clothes provided to servants and members of the household. Such things might be kept in a livery cupboard, during the 14th century, specific colours denoting a great person began to be used for both his soldiers and his civilian followers, and the modern sense of the term began to form. Usually two different colours were used together, but the ways in which they were combined varied with rank, often the colours used were different each year. As well as embroidered badges, metal ones were sewn on to clothing, municipalities and corporations copied the behaviour of the great households. The grandest of these is the livery collar, william, Lord Hastings the favourite of King Edward IV of England had a Coller of gold of K. Edwards lyverys valued at the enormous sum of £40 in an inventory of 1489. This would have similar to the collars worn by Hastings sister and her husband Sir John Donne in the Donne Triptych by Hans Memling. Lords gave their servants lead or pewter badges to sew onto their clothes, in the 15th century European royalty sometimes distributed uniform suits of clothes to courtiers, as the House of Fugger, the leading bankers, did to all employees. This practice later contracted to the provision of standardized clothing to male servants, the term most notably referred to the embroidered coats, waistcoats, knee breeches and stockings in 18th-century style, worn by footmen on formal occasions in grand houses. Plainer clothing in dark colours and without braiding was worn by footmen, chauffeurs, for reasons of economy the employment of such servants, and their expensive dress, died out after World War I except in royal households. Most European royal courts still use their state liveries on formal occasions and these are generally in traditional national colours, and are based on 18th century clothing with fine gold embroidery. Only male royal servants normally wear livery, knee breeches are worn, normally with white silk stockings, one exception being the Spanish court which prescribes red. At the British royal court red state livery are still worn by pages, footmen, coachmen, the state livery worn by footmen includes foils. The scarlet coats are handmade, and embroidered in gold braid with the cypher of the monarch. Gold buttons and other trimmings are of designs and patterns which date from the 18th century, unlike the tailor-made uniform clothing issued to full-time royal staff, the seldom-worn full-state dress reserved for court pages is not bespoke
10.
San Francisco International Airport
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San Francisco International Airport is an international airport 13 miles south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a gateway to Europe. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second busiest in California, in 2014, it was the seventh busiest in the United States and the twenty-first busiest airport in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United Airliness primary transpacific gateway and it also serves as Virgin Americas principal base of operations. It is the sole hub of United Airlines, and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum. SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco, between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city-owned SFO Enterprises, Inc. to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures. San Francisco held a ceremony for Mills Field Municipal Airport on May 7,1927 on 150 acres of cow pasture. The land was leased from Ogden L. Mills who had leased it from his grandfather Darius O. Mills, San Francisco International Airport was named Mills Field Municipal Airport until 1931, when it became San Francisco Municipal Airport. Municipal was replaced by International in 1955, United Airlines served SFO and Oakland Municipal Airport beginning in the 1930s. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays— seventeen United flights, the aerial view c.1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R, the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport. Earlier aerial looking NW1943 vertical aerial The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L7000 feet long, 1R7750 feet, 28L6500 feet and 28R8870 feet. Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U. S. and rename itself Chicago and it became a large domestic and international air carrier. Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes, United Airlines Douglas DC-6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan American World Airways terminal beginning in 1947. The first nonstops to the U. S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC-7 propliners in 1954, also in 1954 the airports Central Passenger Terminal opened on August 27 of that year. Included in the static display of aircraft on that day was a Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber. The Central Passenger Terminal was heavily rebuilt as the terminal in 1984. As for international flights, Pan American had 21 departures a week, Japan Airlines had five, the jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707-131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport. United then constructed a large facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC-8 jets
11.
Lufthansa
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It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the name of the company is derived from Luft, and Hansa. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, in 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers. Lufthansas registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne, the main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansas primary hub at Frankfurt Airport. The majority of Lufthansas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there, Lufthansas secondary hub is Munich Airport. Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise until 1994, in 2014, 60% of Lufthansas shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners, since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares, Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A. G. was formed in Berlin. DLH, as it was known, was Germanys flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany, West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport. On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM30,000, on 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights, linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada, the special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a matter, the Division of Germany turned out to be long. East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a dispute with West Germany. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, in 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet, in February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962, Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968, Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s
12.
Scandinavian Airlines
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Scandinavian Airlines, often shortened to SAS is the flag carrier of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and the largest airline in Scandinavia. Part of the SAS Group and headquartered at the SAS Frösundavik Office Building in Solna, Sweden, the airlines main hub is at Copenhagen-Kastrup Airport, with connections to over 50 cities in Europe. Stockholm-Arlanda Airport and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen are the major hubs. Minor hubs also exist at Bergen Airport, Flesland, Göteborg Landvetter Airport, Stavanger Airport, Sola and Trondheim Airport, SAS Cargo is an independent, wholly owned subsidiary of Scandinavian Airlines and its main office is at Copenhagen Airport. In 2012, SAS carried 25.9 million passengers, achieving revenues of SEK36 billion and this makes it the eighth-largest airline in Europe. The SAS fleet consists of Airbus A319, A320, A321, A330 and A340, Boeing 737 Next Generation, in addition, SAS also wetleases ATR72, Saab 2000 and Bombardier CRJ900 aircraft. The airline was founded in 1946 as a consortium to pool the operations of Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik, Det Norske Luftfartselskap. The consortium was extended to cover European and domestic cooperation two years later, in 1951, all the airlines were merged to create SAS. SAS is also one of the members of the worlds largest alliance. Operations started on 17 September 1946, in 1948 the Swedish flag carrier AB Aerotransport joined SAS and the companies coordinated European operations and finally merged to form the SAS Consortium in 1951. When established, the airline was divided between SAS Danmark, SAS Norge and SAS Sverige, all owned 50% by private investors, in 1954 SAS was the first airline to start scheduled flights on a polar route. The DC-6B flew from Copenhagen to Los Angeles, California, United States with stops in Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland, by summer 1956 frequency had increased to three flights per week. It was popular with Hollywood celebrities and film people. Thanks to a structure that allowed free transit to other European destinations via Copenhagen. In 1957 SAS started a second polar route when a DC-7C flew from Copenhagen to Tokyo, Japan, SAS publicized this service as round-the-world service over the North Pole. SAS entered the jet age in 1959 when the Caravelle entered service, in 1971, SAS put its first Boeing 747 jumbo jet into service. In 1989, SAS acquired 18. 4% of Texas Air Corporation, parent company of Continental Airlines, during the 1990s, SAS also bought a 20% stake in British Midland. SAS bought 95% of Spanair, the second largest airline in Spain, in May 1997 SAS formed the global Star Alliance network with Air Canada, Lufthansa, Thai Airways International and United Airlines
13.
Thai Airways
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Thai Airways International Public Company Limited, trading as THAI is the flag carrier airline of Thailand. Formed in 1988, the airline has its headquarters in Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak District, Bangkok. THAI is a member of the Star Alliance. From its hub at Suvarnabhumi Airport, THAI flies to 80 destinations in 37 countries, as of 2013, services between Bangkok and Los Angeles were served via Incheon International Airport near Seoul, however, it ended its service to the US on 25 October 2015. THAIs route network is dominated by flights to Europe, East Asia, THAI was the first Asia-Pacific airline to serve London Heathrow Airport. Among Asia-Pacific carriers, THAI has one of the largest passenger operations in Europe, THAI is an official sponsor of Bangkok United, Reading F. C. and Red Bull Racing. The purpose of the joint venture was to create a wing for the domestic carrier Thai Airways Company. SAS also provided operational, managerial, and marketing expertise, with training assistance aimed at building an independent national airline within the shortest possible time. The carriers first revenue flight was on 1 May 1960, flights were operated to nine overseas Asian destinations from Bangkok. The airlines first intercontinental services using Douglas DC-8s started in 1971 to Australia, a number of the larger Douglas DC-10 wide-body tri-jet was acquired in the later 1970s. Services to North America commenced in 1980, on 1 April 1977, after 17 years of capital participation by SAS, the Thai government bought out the remaining 15 percent of SAS-owned shares and THAI became an airline owned by the Thai government. In 2016, the company is 51 percent owned by the Thai Ministry of Finance, forty-seven percent of its shares trade on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. On 25 June 1991, the new THAI listed its shares on the Stock Exchange of Thailand, the THAI public offering of shares is the largest ever undertaken in the country. In 1997 Thai Airways planned a program, the first in Thai history. On 14 May 1997, THAI, along with Lufthansa, Air Canada, SAS, throughout the 2000s, THAI aggressively continued its route network expansion with new services to Chengdu, Busan, Chennai, Xiamen, Milan, Moscow, Islamabad, Hyderabad, Johannesburg and Oslo. Using the Airbus A340-500s it acquired in 2005, THAI commenced non-stop flights from Bangkok to New York, the airline later converted existing one-stop services to Los Angeles into non-stop services using the same aircraft type. Citing very high costs, THAI discontinued the New York service in July 2008. The service to Los Angeles was again reverted to one-stop service via Seoul on 1 May 2012, the A340s used have been phased out using the Boeing 777-200ER for the Bangkok–Seoul–Los-Angeles route
14.
Air Canada
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Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
15.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
16.
Young & Rubicam
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Y&R is a marketing and communications company specializing in advertising, digital and social media, sales promotion, direct marketing and brand identity consulting. In 1923, John Orr Young and Raymond Rubicam established an advertising agency in Philadelphia. The company moved to New York in 1926 as a condition of securing a contract with the newly formed Jell-O company, soon the company moved into offices at 285 Madison Avenue, which remained the companys location for 87 years. During the 1960s, Y&R produced the first color television commercials, throughout the 1980s, Y&R bought diverse firms like Landor Associates in corporate and brand identity. By the end of the decade there were nine companies formally owned, Y&R became the highest-billing advertising agency in the United States in 1975 with billings recorded at US$477 million. In the 1990s, Y&R was charged with related to a Jamaican tourism account. Y&R and Dentsu reformed as Dentsu, Young & Rubicam Partnerships, Peter Georgescu became chief executive officer in 1994 and began to streamline the companys operations. In 1995, Y&R began an acquisition push again, increasing ownership in advertising agencies and public relations firms across Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. In 1996, Hellman & Friedman became Y&Rs first outside investor, and on May 15,1998, Y&R closed a public offering of its common stock. In 2000, Y&R was acquired by the WPP Group, a London-based marketing communications holding company, the unsourced parts of these summaries are extracted from the 2000 Y&R annual report. Young & Rubicam Advertising is one of the worlds largest consumer advertising agencies, Young & Rubicam Advertising ranks as the worlds 10th largest advertising agency, with revenues of approximately $907 million. David Sable is the Global Chairman and CEO, Tony Granger is the Global Chief Creative Officer, VML, Inc. is a marketing technology company based in Kansas City, Missouri, with additional offices in New York, Seattle, San Francisco and Chicago. The VML network includes Studiocom, with offices in Atlanta, Los Angeles and Bogotá, Colombia, wundermans headquarters is in New York and operates in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific regions. Lester Wunderman, the founder of Wunderman, Ricotta & Kline in 1958 coined the phrase Direct Marketing to describe the new type of advertising he was practicing, KBM provides marketing services to businesses in targeted high-growth industries. KBM delivers its business services by creating consolidated databases, and then designing, implementing and evaluating database marketing programs for clients, kBMs capabilities include data warehousing, data mining, information services and data analysis. Y&R acquired KBM in May 1999 and this public relations company issues analysis, crisis management, consumer and business marketing and research, corporate communications, investor relations and public affairs advocacy. Burson-Marsteller has its headquarters in New York and operates in the United States, Latin America, BAV Consulting is a global consultancy, offering services in corporate, brand, and marketing strategies and customer insights. John Gerzema is the Executive Chairman and CEO of BAV Consulting, cohn & Wolfe is a public relations firm specializing in corporate communication and brand identity
17.
Varig
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VARIG was the first airline founded in Brazil, in 1927. From 1965 until 1990 it was Brazils leading and almost only international airline, sociedade Anônima Empresa de Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense – VARIG was the first national airline established in Brazil. Varig was an off-spring of the German trade company and airline Condor Syndikat, thus sharing the same origin as Syndicato Condor, Condor Syndikat gave the initial operational and financial support and for a short time Varig and the sister-company Syndicato Condor operated in partnership. The first aircraft of VARIG was a ten-passenger Dornier Do J Wal flying boat and this aircraft, named Atlântico, was also the first aircraft registered in Brazil as P-BAAA. Operations started on 22 June 1927 with a flight from Porto Alegre to Rio Grande via Pelotas, Varig inherited the route rights from Condor Syndikat which since 22 February 1927 had operated the service. VARIG slowly but consistently in spite of difficulties added aircraft and destinations to its network initially focusing on the state of Rio Grande do Sul, on 5 August 1942 Varig began its first international route from Porto Alegre to Montevideo using its de Havilland DH89 Dragon Rapide. On 1941, as the United States declared war against the Axis and joined the Allies in the conflict, aviation supplies became scarce, particularly in terms of petrol, because it used mostly German equipment and had a German Manager-Director, Varig faced particular difficulties. For this reason, Varigs first Manager-Director Otto Ernst Meyer resigned on 24 December 1941, Érico de Assis Brasil was chosen but he died on an aircraft accident shortly after. It was in 1943 that Varigs first employee, Ruben Martin Berta, one of the first decisions of Ruben Berta was to pursue an expansion plan and to unify the fleet around only one type of aircraft. The chosen one was the Lockheed L-10 Electra, the aim of the foundation was to provide health, financial, social and recreational benefits to its employees. Decades later this foundation would be called Fundação Ruben Berta, on 29 February 1952, Varig bought Aero Geral, a small airline with concessions to fly from Natal until Santos. In 1949 the Brazilian government granted to Varig the concession to fly to the United States, since the airline which had the concession. The inaugural flight between Rio de Janeiro-Galeão and New York-Kennedy was on 2 August 1955, the services were operated by three new Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellations. On 30 May 1953 flights to Buenos Aires using Curtiss C-46s started, in January 1956 Varig served 55 cities in Brazil and four abroad, being the second Brazilian airline in terms of passengers transported. In 1954, sensing the need for modern aircraft, new Convair 240s were purchased. On 6 July 1959 Varig, Cruzeiro do Sul and VASP initiated the air services between Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont and São Paulo-Congonhas airports, the first of its kind in the world. The three companies coordinated schedules and operations, and shared revenue, the service was a response to the competition imposed by Real Transportes Aéreos. The idea, baptized as Air bridge, inspired on the Berlin Airlift was so successful that it was abandoned only in 1999, flights operated on an hourly basis initially by Convair 240, Convair 340 and Saab 90 Scandia
18.
Ansett Australia
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Ansett Australia also known as Ansett-ANA and Ansett was a major Australian airline group, based in Melbourne. The airline flew domestically within Australia and from the 1990s to destinations in Asia, the airline was placed into administration in 2001 after suffering financial collapse, and subsequent organised liquidation in 2002, subject to deed of company arrangement. Ansett became an icon and greatly contributed to the advancement of aviation within Australia during its 66-year life, the company was founded by Reg Ansett in 1935 as Ansett Airways Pty Ltd. This was an offshoot of his transport business which had become so successful it was threatening the freight. This led the government to legislate to put private road transport operators out of business. Reg Ansett countered by establishing an airline as aviation was under control of the federal government, Ansetts first route between Hamilton and Melbourne operated by a Fokker Universal monoplane commenced on 17 February 1936. The rapid success of the airline led Ansett to float the business in 1937, as the route network expanded, Ansett Airways imported Lockheed Electra aircraft. During World War II Reg Ansett opted to suspend all scheduled services, except the Hamilton service, after the war Ansett battled to re-establish his domestic routes using war-surplus Douglas DC-3s, converted from C-47s and the remaining L-10s. At this time, the Australian domestic airline travel sector was dominated by Australian National Airways, the Chifley Federal Government was determined to establish a state-owned airline to operate all domestic and international services. It was eventually thwarted in this aim by the High Court of Australia, Ansett Airways remained a big player as ANA and TAA battled for supremacy in the 1940s and 1950s. Ansett operated around the big two, maintaining budget fare interstate operations with DC-3s and later Convair CV-340s, the airline was backed up by extensive road transport operations, including Ansett Freight Express and Ansett Pioneer Coaches, as well as the Ansair coach building operation. The only alternative, as it transpired, was for Ansett to buy the ANA operation, Ansetts bid had a number of financial supporters, most prominent of these being the Shell Oil Company. Douglas Aircraft Company was also concerned about ANAs demise, as TAA had ceased to be a customer for their aircraft, the ANA directors fiercely resisted this initially, but in October 1957 succumbed to Ansetts offer of £3.3 million for their airline. The new entity was called Ansett-ANA, the name it retained until 1 November 1968, ansett-ANAs excellent profit record was, at least in part, courtesy of the Menzies governments Two Airlines Policy. The policy effectively blocked any other domestic interstate operators by way of a ban on importation of aircraft without a government licence, if either airline wished to change their fares, they had to obtain Federal Government approval. Reg Ansett then set out to no other competitors could rise up to challenge his airline. He took control of Adelaide based Guinea Airways and Sydney based Butler Air Transport, the takeover of Butler was achieved with covert support from the Menzies government and by Ansett engineering his employees purchases of Butler shares. He then flew the employees to a meeting in Sydney
19.
Air New Zealand
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Air New Zealand Limited is the national airline of New Zealand. Based in Auckland, the airline operates scheduled flights to 21 domestic and 31 international destinations in 19 countries around the Pacific rim. The airline has been a member of the Star Alliance since 1999, Air New Zealand originated in 1940 as Tasman Empire Airways Limited, a company operating trans-Tasman flights between New Zealand and Australia. TEAL became wholly owned by the New Zealand government in 1965, the airline served international routes until 1978, when the government merged it and the domestic New Zealand National Airways Corporation into a single airline under the Air New Zealand name. Air New Zealand was privatised in 1989, but returned to majority government ownership in 2001 after near bankruptcy due to the tie up with Australian carrier Ansett Australia. In the 2015 financial year to June, Air New Zealand carried 14.29 million passengers, Air New Zealands route network focuses on Australasia and the South Pacific, with long-haul services to eastern Asia, the Americas and the United Kingdom. It was the last airline to circumnavigate the world with flights to Heathrow via both Los Angeles and via Hong Kong, the latter ended in March 2013 when Air New Zealand stopped Hong Kong – London flights, in favour of a code sharing deal with Cathay Pacific. The airlines main hub is Auckland Airport, located near Mangere in the part of the Auckland urban area. Air New Zealand is headquartered in a building called The Hub, located 20 km from Auckland Airport, Air New Zealand currently operates a fleet of Airbus A320, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 aircraft. Air New Zealands regional subsidiaries, Air Nelson and Mount Cook Airline, Air New Zealand was awarded Airline of the Year in 2010 and 2012 by the Air Transport World Global Airline Awards. In 2014, Air New Zealand was ranked the safest airline in the world by JACDEC, Air New Zealand began as TEAL in 1940, operating Short Empire flying boats on trans-Tasman routes. Following World War II, TEAL operated weekly flights from Auckland to Sydney, the New Zealand and Australian governments purchased 50% stakes in TEAL in 1953, and the airline ended flying boat operations in favour of land based turboprop airliners by 1960. In 1965, TEAL became Air New Zealand—the New Zealand government having purchased Australias 50% stake in the carrier, the airline further acquired wide-body McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airliners in 1973. The DC-10s introduced the new koru-inspired logo for the airline, which remains to this day, in 1978, the domestic airline National Airways Corporation and its subsidiary Safe Air were merged into Air New Zealand to form a single national airline, further expanding the carriers operations. As a result, NACs Boeing 737 and Fokker F27 aircraft joined Air New Zealands fleet alongside its DC-8, the merger also resulted in the airline having two IATA airline designators, TE from Air New Zealand and NZ from NAC. TE continued to be used for flights and NZ for domestic flights until 1990. In 1981, Air New Zealand introduced its first Boeing 747 airliner, the five 747-200s owned by Air New Zealand were all named after ancestral Maori canoes. 1985 saw the introduction of Boeing 767-200ER airliners to fill the large gap between the Boeing 737 and 747
20.
All Nippon Airways
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All Nippon Airways Co. Ltd. also known as Zennikkū or ANA, is the largest airline in Japan. Its headquarters are located at Shiodome City Center in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo and it operates services to both domestic and international destinations and had more than 20,000 employees as of March 2016. In May 2010, ANAs total passenger traffic was up year-on-year by 7. 8%, ANAs main international hubs are at Narita International Airport outside Tokyo and Kansai International Airport outside Osaka. Its main domestic hubs are at Tokyo International Airport, Osaka International Airport, Chūbu Centrair International Airport, in addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers, including its regional airline, ANA Wings and charter carrier, Air Japan. ANA is also the largest shareholder in Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group, in October 1999, the airline became a member of Star Alliance. On 29 March 2013, ANA was named a 5-Star Airline by Skytrax, ANAs earliest ancestor was Japan Helicopter and Aeroplane Transports Company, an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. Nippon Helicopter was the source of what would later be ANAs International Air Transport Association airline code, NH began helicopter services in February 1953. On 15 December 1953, it operated its first cargo flight between Osaka and Tokyo using a de Havilland Dove, JA5008 and this was the first scheduled flight flown by a Japanese pilot in postwar Japan. Passenger service on the route began on 1 February 1954. In 1955, Douglas DC-3s began flying for NH as well, in December 1957 Nippon Helicopter changed its name to All Nippon Airways Company. ANAs other ancestor was Far East Airlines and it adopted the DC-3 in early 1957, by which point its route network extended through southern Japan from Tokyo to Kagoshima. Far East Airlines merged with the newly named All Nippon Airways in March 1958, the combined companies had a total market capitalization of 600 million yen, and the result of the merger was Japans largest private airline. The merged airline received a new Japanese name, the company logo of the larger NH was selected as the logo of the new combined airline, and the new carrier operated a route network combined from its two predecessors. ANA grew through the 1960s, adding the Vickers Viscount to the fleet in 1960, October 1961 marked ANAs debut on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as well as the Osaka Securities Exchange. 1963 saw another merger, with Fujita Airlines, raising the capital to 4.65 billion yen. In 1965 ANA introduced jets with Boeing 727s on the Tokyo-Sapporo route and it also introduced Japans first homegrown turboprop airliner, the NAMC YS-11 in 1965, replacing Convair 440s on local routes. In 1969, ANA introduced Boeing 737 services, as ANA grew it started to contract travel companies across Japan to handle ground services in each region. Many of these companies received shares in ANA as part of their deals, by 1974, ANA had Japans largest domestic airline network
21.
Austrian Airlines
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Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. The airline is headquartered in the grounds of Vienna International Airport in Schwechat where it maintains its hub. It flies to 6 domestic and more than 120 international year-round, the airline was formed in 1957 by the merger of Air Austria and Austrian Airways, but traces its history back to 1923 at the founding of Austrian Airways. During the 2000s, the airline expanded through the acquisitions of Rheintalflug and Lauda Air, throughout the decade, Austrian sustained several years of losses, and in 2008 its owner, the Austrian Government was advised to sell the airline to a foreign company. In 2009, the Lufthansa Group purchased the airline after receiving approval from the European Commission following an investigation into the tendering process. Following disputes with staff over cost-cutting, all Austrian Airlines flights were transferred on 1 July 2012 to its subsidiary Tyrolean Airways, on 1 April 2015, all flights transferred back to Austrian, and Tyrolean Airways was merged into its parent. On 3 May 1923 Walter Barda-Bardenau received approval by the Austrian government for establishing an airline and he participated in the newly formed Austrian Airlines with one percent, with the remaining shares went to the Austrian railway transportation company and the Junkers-Werke. The initial fleet consisted of Junkers F 13s, the first flight of the company took place in Vienna on 14 May 1923 by Munich, with pilot Hans Baur. The landing took place in Vienna Jedlesee, there occurred a conversion to float, the company was operated by Junkers Trans European Union. Its destinations included Munich, Budapest, Nuremberg, Graz, Klagenfurt, some targets in Austria were served with seaplanes. The union was dissolved in September 1926, from 1927 the company procured new aircraft with support from the government. In the same year it began a partnership agreement with Deutsche Luft Hansa. Line connections were planned and operated jointly by the two companies, a route network to Berlin, Budapest and Milan ranged Vienna was created. In 1932 Luft Hansa Junkers held 49% interest, after the end of the world economic crisis the fleet with several Junkers Ju 52/3 m was added. In 1938, the company began planning of routes to Rome, Paris, Junkers Ju 90 planes were used. After the annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938, these plans were abandoned, the airline was fully under the control of Lufthansa from 1 January 1939. In June 1939, the company was deleted from the commercial register, after the Second World War, Austria was separated from Germany, and Austria was left without a national airline. Austrian Airlines was formed as Österreichische Luftverkehrs AG through the merger of Air Austria and it began operations on 30 September 1957, making its maiden flight on 31 March 1958 when a leased Vickers Viscount 779 took off from Vienna for a scheduled service to Zurich and London
22.
Tyrolean Airways
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Tyrolean Airways, officially Tyrolean Airways Tiroler Luftfahrt GmbH, was an Austrian airline based in Innsbruck with its hub at Vienna International Airport and its homebase at Innsbruck Airport. It was owned by the Lufthansa Group and was an affiliate of the Star Alliance together with its parent Austrian Airlines, following a new labour agreement, Tyrolean was merged into Austrian Airlines and dissolved as a company on 31 March 2015. The airline was established in 1978 as Aircraft Innsbruck by Gernot Langes-Swarovski and it adopted the title Tyrolean Airways when scheduled services began on 1 April 1980. Tyrolean Airways was the airline to operate Dash 7 airplanes into the dangerous Courchevel Airport in France. The airline was acquired by Austrian Airlines in March 1998 after the original owner Mr. Gernot Langes-Swarovski made the company available for purchase. In 2003, as part of an effort by its parent company to consolidate its brand, airline operations, however, were still managed independently by Tyrolean from its Innsbruck base. Since 1 July 2012, all flights of the Austrian Airlines Group were carried out by Tyrolean Airways, all Austrian Airlines Group flights - except for a single Boeing 777-200ER due to international traffic laws - were operated by Tyrolean, but maintained their Austrian flight numbers. In October 2014, it was reported that Tyroleans flight operations, as of September 2014, the Tyrolean Airways fleet consisted of the following aircraft with an average age of 14.8 years
23.
Lauda Air
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Lauda Air Luftfahrt GmbH, branded as Lauda Air, was an Austrian airline headquartered at Vienna International Airport in Schwechat. It was owned by Niki Lauda during much of its existence, on 6 April 2013, Lauda Air ceased to exist and was replaced by Austrian myHoliday, a new brand name that is used for flights and leisure offers provided by Austrian Airlines. Lauda Air was established in April 1979 by former Formula One world motor racing champion, Niki Lauda, One of the first jetliner types used by Lauda Air was the British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven series 500 with these aircraft being leased from Romanian airline TAROM. It opened its headquarters in the Lauda Air Building in Schwechat, scheduled operations were licensed and initiated in 1987, and in 1990 licences for international flights were obtained. In 1989 Lauda started its first long-haul flights from Vienna to Sydney and Melbourne, in the 1990s, it started to fly its Sydney and Melbourne flights via Kuala Lumpur and Bali. Daily flights to Dubai, Cuba, and Miami via Munich followed, Lauda Air became a wholly owned subsidiary of Austrian Airlines in December 2000, and employed 35 as of March 2007. In 2005 the flight operation merged with Austrian Airlines, and the label, at an AAG board meeting in November 2006, plans were approved to retire the Airbus wide-bodied fleet by mid-2007, to concentrate on a Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 fleet. As a result of subsequent fleet cuts, Austrian Airlines suspended some long-haul services and this led to a refocus on the short/medium haul market, and led to the addition of a 737–800 to take over most of the charter routes. Lauda Air also had an Italian subsidiary, Lauda Air S. p. A. which ended its operations in 2007, Lauda Air was officially merged into Austrian Airlines on 1 July 2012. All aircraft within the group were transferred to Austrian Airlines on 1 July 2012, the last carried the Lauda Air livery until the closure of the brand to secure the Air operators certificate. The brand was retired at the start of the flight schedule on 31 March 2013. It is no longer an airline but a branding that is used to sell Austrian Airlines own leisure offers and these were available for private charter flights. This accident resulted in the deaths of all 223 passengers and crew, media related to Lauda Air at Wikimedia Commons Official website
24.
Singapore Airlines
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Singapore Airlines Limited is the flag carrier of Singapore with its hub at Singapore Changi Airport. The airline uses the Singapore Girl as its figure in its corporate branding. The Singapore Airlines group includes many airline-related subsidiaries, SIA Engineering Company handles maintenance, repair and overhaul business across nine countries, with a portfolio of 27 joint ventures, including with Boeing and Rolls-Royce. Singapore Airlines Cargo operates SIAs freighter fleet and manages the cargo-hold capacity in SIAs passenger aircraft and it has three subsidiaries, SilkAir operates regional flights to secondary cities, while Scoot and Tigerair operate as low-cost carriers. Singapore Airlines was the customer for the Airbus A380, the worlds largest passenger aircraft. It ranks amongst the top 15 carriers worldwide in terms of passenger kilometers. On 15 December 2010, Singapore Airlines was named by the International Air Transport Association as the second largest airline in the world by market capitalisation, Singapore Airlines is majority-owned by the Singapore government investment and holding company Temasek Holdings, which holds 56% of voting stock. Singapore Airlines is headquartered at Airline House, by Changi Airport in the Changi area of Singapore, branding and publicity efforts have revolved primarily around flight crew, in contrast to most other airlines, who tend to emphasise aircraft and services in general. In particular, the promotion of its flight attendants known as Singapore Girls has been widely successful and is a common feature in most of the airlines advertisements. Although a successful marketing image for the airline, the Singapore Girl emphasis has been criticised as portraying women as subservient to males. The Singapore Airlines logo is a bird, inspired by a kris, which comes from the keris. The keris is central in Singapore Airlines branding, such as the SilverKris lounge, the logo is featured on the tailfin and in the airlines collaterals, and has remained unchanged since Singapore Airlines inception from the split of Malaysia–Singapore Airlines. The logotype and stripes underwent a minor tweak in 1987, however, the stripes and the bird remain the same. Singapore Airlines flies to 62 destinations in 32 countries on five continents from its hub in Singapore. The airline has a key role on the Kangaroo Route and it flew 11. 0% of all international traffic into and out of Australia in the month ended March 2008. On 14 October 2015, Singapore Airlines announced plans to resume the worlds longest non-stop flight between Singapore and Newark – a 15,300 km, 19-hour route that the airline had dropped in 2013. According to the airline, the route would be accommodated after the acquiring of new Ultra Long Haul Airbus A350 aircraft in 2018, a340-500 aircraft were formerly employed to serve this route until their retirement in 2013. Singapore Airlines offers five classes of service – suites, first class, business class, premium economy class, major upgrades to its cabin and in-flight service were announced on 17 October 2006, constituting the first major overhaul in over eight years and costing the airline approximately S$570 million
25.
British Midland International
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British Midland Airways Limited was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington, close to East Midlands Airport, in the United Kingdom. BMI was a member of Star Alliance from 1 July 2000 until 20 April 2012, BMI was acquired from Lufthansa by International Airlines Group on 20 April 2012, and was integrated into British Airways by 27 October 2012. BMIs subsidiaries Bmibaby and BMI Regional were also purchased, although IAG did not wish to retain either, BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings in May 2012 and continues to operate, whereas Bmibaby closed down in September 2012. British Midland Airways Limited held a Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to passengers, cargo. The airline dates back to 1938, when Captain Roy Harben established Air Schools Limited as a school for training pilots of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Captain Harben had been approached by the Derby Corporation to run a new aerodrome under construction near Burnaston, Sir Kingsley Wood, the Secretary of State for Air, officially opened the aerodrome as Derby Municipal Airport on 17 June 1939. Military flying training continued at the airport throughout the war, Air Schools Limited formed a parent company, Derby Aviation Limited, in 1946, and Harben died the following year of a heart attack. His wife remained the controlling shareholder of the business and asked E. W. Phillips, in 1953, Derby Aviation ceased flying training, following the award of a licence to operate scheduled flights from Burnaston and Wolverhampton to Jersey. Flights in each direction were required to land at Elmdon Airport in Birmingham to allow passengers to clear customs, the first flight was made on 18 July 1953, using a Dragon Rapide. The following year, Wolverhampton Aviation was merged into Derby Aviation, and, in 1955, the company purchased its first Douglas DC-3, International services to Ostend commenced in 1956, and flights carrying holidaymakers from the UK to mainland Europe began as well. The company was contracted by Rolls-Royce to transport aero engines to customers all over the world. In 1959, Derby Aviation formed Derby Airways as its airline business, domestic scheduled flights within the United Kingdom began the same year. The corporate colours of blue and white were adopted at that time, along with the first turboprop aircraft, from this point, Bishop drove the company forward, with domestic and European expansion continuing apace. As a first step, in November 1969, BMA took over Autairs Heathrow–Teesside route, in 1970, BMA entered the jet age with the introduction of three new BAC One-Eleven 500s, followed by an ex-Pan Am Boeing 707–321 in 1971. The former had been intended to be used on European inclusive tour charters while the latter was to be mainly used on transatlantic affinity group charters. All of these were leased to other operators, with none operating for BMA on scheduled or charter services until 1981, on 1 November 1974, BMA began operating between London Gatwick and Belfast, where it replaced the service previously operated by British Caledonian. London–Belfast was BMAs first UK domestic trunk route and the first all-year round route it served in competition with British Airways. BMAs Gatwick debut also made it the only airline at the time to operate scheduled services from all five contemporary London airports – Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Southend and Stansted
26.
Heathrow Airport
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Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, Heathrow lies 14 miles west of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres. London Heathrow is the hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, in July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow and the government approved a third runway in October 2016. Heathrow is 14 mi west of central London, near the end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway, Heathrow falls entirely under the TW postcode area. As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, for a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of Heathrow Airport. Heathrow Airport originated in 1929 as an airfield on land south-east of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there, there was a Heathrow Farm about where Terminal 1 is now, a Heathrow Hall and a Heathrow House. This hamlet was largely along a lane which ran roughly along the east. Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended, the government continued to develop the airport as a civil airport, it opened as London Airport in 1946 and was renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries, the airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four terminals and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrows 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers, the busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram, from the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways
27.
Emirates (airline)
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Emirates is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The airline is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, which is owned by the government of Dubais Investment Corporation of Dubai. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 3,600 flights per week from its hub at Dubai International Airport, Cargo activities are undertaken by Emirates SkyCargo. Emirates had the longest non-stop commercial flight from Dubai to Auckland until it was surpassed by Qatar Airways, during the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, with $10 million in start-up capital it was required to operate independently of government subsidy. Pakistan International Airlines provided training facilities to Emirates cabin crew in its academy, the airline was headed by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the airlines present chairman. In the years following its founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations, in October 2008, Emirates moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3. Emirates operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of the few airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet. As of September 2016, Emirates is the largest Airbus A380 operator with 83 planes in service, since their induction, Airbus A380 planes have become an integral part of Emirates fleet, especially on long-haul heavily trafficked routes. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, the Royal Familys Dubai Royal Air Wing also provided the airline with two used Boeing 727–200 Adv. The airlines first flight, flight EK600, was Dubai–Karachi on 25 October 1985, maurice Flanagan, who previously worked at British Airways, Gulf Air, and BOAC and at the time was overseeing Dnata, was appointed chief executive officer of the new airline. To acknowledge his services for aviation, in 2000, Flanagan was made CBE in the Queens Birthday Honour List and he would be joined at the airline by Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum and now-Emirates president Tim Clark. Current chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum has since inherited the role of CEO, during its first year, it carried about 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight. To highlight the early success, Gulf Air, during Emirates first year of operations, suffered a 56% drop in profits. By 1986, the airline had added such as Colombo, Dhaka, Amman. In 1987, a second Boeing 727 was purchased from the Dubai Government, on 3 July, Emirates received its first bought aircraft, an Airbus A310, and with two examples, launched daily non-stop services to London Gatwick on 6 July 1987. The airline in 1987 added Frankfurt via Istanbul, and Malé, by the end of 1987, Emirates was serving 11 destinations. This was followed by an expansion into the Far East market in 1989, with flights to Bangkok, Manila and Singapore, during the first decade of operations, Emirates recorded strong growth averaging 30%
28.
BWIA West Indies Airways
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BWIA West Indies Airways Limited, known locally as Bee-wee, was the national airline based in Trinidad and Tobago. BWIA was, at the end of its operations, the largest airline operating out of the Caribbean, operating services to the United States, Canada. Its main base was Piarco International Airport, Port of Spain, with hubs at Grantley Adams International Airport. It was headquartered in the BWIA Administration Building in Piarco, Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporation on the island of Trinidad, the company announced on 8 September 2006 that the airline would be shut down on 31 December 2006. All of the approximately 1700 employees were separated from the company, British West Indian Airways was established on 27 November 1939 by New Zealander Lowell Yerex. Operations started on 27 November 1940 with a Lockheed Lodestar twin on daily services between Trinidad and Barbados, by 1942, the airline had three aircraft of this type. In 1949, BSAA merged with British Overseas Airways Corporation and BWIA became a subsidiary of BOAC, vickers Viscounts were introduced in 1955 with Bristol Britannias leased in 1960 to fly the long-haul route to London, via New York City. In 1960 BWIA had its office in Port of Spain. On 1 November 1961 the government of Trinidad and Tobago acquired 90% of the shares in the airline, for BWIA the jet age began in 1964 with the introduction of new Boeing 727-100 jetliners billed as the Sunjet, which replaced the Viscount turboprops on the New York route. In early 1971 four second-hand Boeing 707 series 200 airliners were purchased and operated on services until their disposal in late 1975. The London route was restarted in 1975 using Boeing 707 jets, in 1976 Peter Look Hong replaced Sven-Erik Svanberg as CEO of BWIA. BWIA became BWIA International Airways in 1980 after a merger with Trinidad and Tobago Air Services, BWIA aircraft livery had the Trinidad and Tobago Airways adjacent to the BWIA International after the merger. The same year saw the Boeing 707s replaced on the London service with long range Lockheed L-1011-500 TriStar wide body jetliners. In 1986, BWIA bought its first McDonnell Douglas MD-83, the airline also operated stretched McDonnell Douglas DC-9-50 jetliners at one point. By 1994, the airline had become partially privatised, a substantial reorganisation of its route network left London and Frankfurt the only European destinations. The airline ordered Boeing 757 and 767 aircraft, then canceled the order in favor of Airbus A321 and Airbus A340 jets, in turn, this order was dropped after only two A321s were delivered. In the early 2000s, BWIA changed its livery to a new Caribbean green and blue scheme with its famous steelpan trademark. BWIA earned roughly US$276 million per year, employed 2,350 staff, had 70 daily flights and its inflight magazine, Caribbean Beat, was well regarded
29.
Qantas
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Qantas Airways is the flag carrier airline of Australia and its largest airline by fleet size, international flights and international destinations. It is the third oldest airline in the world, after KLM and Avianca having been founded in November 1920, the Qantas name comes from QANTAS, an acronym for its original name, Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, and it is nicknamed The Flying Kangaroo. Qantas is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. The airline is based in the Sydney suburb of Mascot with its hub at Sydney Airport. As of March 2014, Qantas had a 65% share of the Australian domestic market and carried 14. 9% of all passengers travelling in, various subsidiary airlines operate to regional centres and on some trunk routes within Australia under the QantasLink banner. Its subsidiary Jetconnect provides services between Australia and New Zealand, flying under the Qantas brand, Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. The airlines first aircraft was an Avro 504K, in 1920 Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd had its headquarters in Winton before moving to Longreach, Queensland in 1921 and Brisbane in 1930. In 1934, QANTAS and Britains Imperial Airways formed a new company, the new airline commenced operations in December 1934, flying between Brisbane and Darwin. QEA flew internationally from May 1935, when the service from Darwin was extended to Singapore, after World War II began, enemy action and accidents destroyed half of the fleet of ten, when most of the fleet was taken over by the Australian government for war service. Flying boat services were resumed in 1943, with flights between Swan River, Perth and Koggala lake in Ceylon and this linked up with the British Overseas Airways Corporation service to London. Qantas kangaroo logo was first used on the Kangaroo Route, begun in 1944, from Sydney to Karachi, in 1947, QEA was nationalised by the Australian government led by Labor Prime Minister Ben Chifley. QANTAS Limited was then wound up, after nationalisation, Qantas remaining domestic network, in Queensland, was transferred to the also nationally owned Trans Australian Airlines, leaving Qantas with a purely international network. Shortly after nationalisation, QEA began its first services outside the British Empire – to Tokyo, Services to Hong Kong began around the same time. In 1957 a head office, Qantas House, opened in Sydney, in June 1959 Qantas entered the jet age when the first Boeing 707-138 was delivered. On 14 September 1992, Qantas merged with nationally owned domestic airline, the airline started to be rebranded to Qantas in the following year. Qantas was gradually privatised between 1993 and 1997, under the legislation passed to allow the privatisation, Qantas must be at least 51% owned by Australian shareholders. In 1998, Qantas co-founded the oneworld alliance with American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, the main domestic competitor to Qantas, Ansett Australia, collapsed on 14 September 2001. Market share for Qantas immediately neared 90%, but with the entry of new budget airline Virgin Blue into the domestic market, in 2004, the Qantas group expanded into the Asian budget airline market with Jetstar Asia Airways, in which Qantas owns a minority stake
30.
Asiana Airlines
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Asiana Airlines Inc. is one of South Koreas two major airlines, along with Korean Air. Asiana has its headquarters in Asiana Town building in Seoul, the airline has its domestic hub at Gimpo International Airport and its international hub at Incheon International Airport. As a member of Star Alliance, it operates 14 domestic and 90 international passenger routes, and 27 cargo routes throughout Asia, Europe, North America, as of December 2014, the company employs 10,183 people. The majority of Asianas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based in Seoul, Asiana Airlines is the largest shareholder in Air Busan, a low-cost regional carrier joint venture with Busan Metropolitan City. The airline also holds 100% share of Air Seoul, a subsidiary, Asiana is also currently an official sponsor of the South Korea national football team and The Presidents Cup 2015. Korean Air, which was privatized in 1969, had a monopoly on the South Korean airline industry until the establishment of Asiana in 1988. Asianas formation did not come about as a policy initiative favoring liberalized market conditions but rather because of pressure from other chaebols and it was formed by the Kumho Asiana Group and was originally known as Seoul Air International. Asiana was established on 17 February 1988 and started operations in December 1988 with flights to Busan, as of 2007 the airline was owned by private investors, Kumho Industrial, Kumho Petrochemical, foreign investors, Korea Development Bank, and others. Asiana began operations in December 1988, using Boeing 737 Classic planes, with flights to Busan, in 1989, Asiana began regular services to Jeju City, Gwangju, and Daegu and later the same year, Asiana began international chartered flights to Sendai in Japan. In 1990, Asiana began its first scheduled service to Tokyo, Nagoya, Sendai. In the same year, Asiana had 9 Boeing 747-400s,10 Boeing 767–300s and 8 Boeing 737–400s, in early 1991, Asiana began services to Bangkok, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taipei. Transpacific flights to Los Angeles began in December 1991 with a Boeing 747-400 Combi, services to Vienna, Brussels, and Honolulu began in the mid 1990s. In 1993, Asiana began services to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, Asiana Airlines has rapidly expanded since its establishment in 1988 to become a mid-sized, global carrier with a current fleet of 85 aircraft. In December 1998, the airline operated the airplane for the first time. The Airline was listed in KOSDAQ In December 1999, on 28 January 2003, the airline became a full Star Alliance member, expanding its worldwide network and global brand. In 2004, the added the Airbus A330 and the Boeing 777-200ER to its fleet. Currently it provides services to 71 cities in 23 countries on 91 routes. It also provides cargo services to 29 cities in 14 countries on 28 routes by Asiana Cargo
31.
LOT Polish Airlines
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Polskie Linie Lotnicze LOT S. A. trading as LOT Polish Airlines, is the flag carrier of Poland. Based in Warsaw and established in 1929, it is one of the worlds oldest airlines still in operation, with a fleet of 41 aircraft, LOT operates a network to 60 destinations in Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia. It is the airline in the region to offer nonstop long-haul flights to New York City, Newark, Chicago, Los Angeles, Toronto, Beijing. Most of the destinations originate from its hub, Warsaw Chopin Airport, LOT is also a member of the Star Alliance. As Poland made the transition to an economy from 1989. During this time LOT also started a process of renewal with the purchase of modern aircraft. The company found itself undergoing constant management change in the late 2000s due to reductions in market share, at the end of 2012, LOT Polish Airlines became the first European airline that took delivery of one of the most modern aircraft in the world, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. LOT Polish airlines offers three classes on its flights, Economy, Premium Economy and Business class. The first aircraft used were Junkers F.13 and Fokker F. VII and its first international service began on 2 August 1929 to Vienna. It was also at this point in time that LOTs well-renowned logo was picked as the entry of the Airlines logo design competition. Accepted into IATA in 1930, LOT opened a route to Bucharest that year, followed by Berlin, Athens, Beirut, Helsinki. Douglas DC-2, Lockheed Model 10A Electra and Model 14H Super Electra joined the fleet in 1935,1936 and 1938 respectively, the airline had carried 218,000 passengers by the outbreak of war. Services were suspended during the Second World War, and all of LOTs aircraft were destroyed or evacuated to Romania. From August 1944 until December 1945 the Polish Air Force maintained basic transport in the country, on 10 March 1945 the Polish government recreated the LOT airline, as a state-owned enterprise. In 1946,7 years after the service was suspended, the airline restarted its operations after receiving ten Soviet-built Lisunov Li-2s, then a further 30 Li-2s, both domestic and international services restarted that year, first to Berlin, Paris, Stockholm and Prague. Five Sud-Est Languedoc joined the fleet for a period in 1947-1948, followed by five Ilyushin Il-12B in 1949. After the end of Stalinism in Poland, few Western aircraft would be acquired, five Convair 240s in 1957, after that, the composition of the airlines fleet shifted exclusively to Soviet-produced aircraft. Only in 1955 LOT inaugurated services to Moscow, being the centre of the Marxist–Leninist world, services to London and Zürich were not re-established until 1958, and to Rome until 1960
32.
Flag carrier
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The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
33.
Codeshare agreement
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A codeshare agreement, sometimes simply codeshare, is an aviation business arrangement where two or more airlines share the same flight. Sharing, in sense, means that each airline publishes and markets the flight under its own airline designator. The term code refers to the used in flight schedule, generally the two-character IATA airline designator code. Thus, XX123, might also be sold by airline YY as YY456, Airlines YY and ZZ are in this case called Marketing airlines. Most of the major airlines today have code sharing partnerships with other airlines, typically, code-sharing agreements are also a part of the commercial agreements between airlines in the same airline alliances. When a flight is sold under several designators and flight numbers as described above, in 1967, Richard A. Henson joined with US Airways predecessor Allegheny Airlines in the nations first codeshare relationship. Code sharing has become widespread in the industry since that time. These alliances have extensive codesharing and networked frequent flyer programs and this is not only a superficial addition as cooperating airlines also strive to synchronize their schedules. When an airline sacrifices its capacity to other airlines as a code share partner, several types of codeshare exist, commonly three types, Block space codeshare, A commercial airline purchases a fixed number of seats from the administrating carrier. A fixed price is paid, and the seats are kept away from the Administrating carriers own inventory. The marketing airline decides on their own which booking classes the seats are sold in, free flow codeshare, The airlines inventory and reservation systems communicate in real-time by messaging, commonly IATA AIRIMP/PADIS messaging. A booking class mapping is defined between the airlines, no seats are locked to any of the airlines, and any airline can sell any number of seats. Capped free flow, Basically the same as above, but a capping are defined for each of the marketing airlines participating in the codeshare with the Administrating carrier, much competition in the airline industry revolves around ticket sales strategies. Criticism has been leveled against code sharing by consumer organizations and national departments of trade since it is claimed it is confusing, there are also code sharing agreements between airlines and rail lines. These are more known as an air-rail alliance, but more commonly known as Rail & Fly due to the popularity of the Deutsche Bahn codeshare with many airlines. In Europe these air-rail alliances are used to divide markets by selling these combination tickets abroad for a price to attract more customers. The systems also prevent local customers from buying these much cheaper tickets as the customer is allowed to board the plane with a valid train stamp from a station outside the country. Change of gauge Interlining Snyder, Brett and this isnt the airline I signed up for
34.
US Airways
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Publicly, the two carriers appeared to merge when their reservations systems and booking processes were merged on October 17,2015, however, other systems were still separate at that time. The airline had an international and domestic network, with 193 destinations in 24 countries in North America, South America, Europe. The airline was a member of the Star Alliance, before becoming a member of Oneworld in March 2014. The carrier operated the US Airways Shuttle, a US Airways brand which provided service between Boston, New York City and Washington, D. C. As of October 2013, US Airways employed 32,312 people worldwide, in 1979, after passage of the Airline Deregulation Act, Allegheny Airlines changed its name to USAir and began seeking to expand its operations. A decade later, it had acquired Piedmont Airlines and Pacific Southwest Airlines, in February 2013, American Airlines and US Airways announced plans to merge, creating the largest airline in the world. The holding companies of American and US Airways merged effective December 9,2013, in preparation for their eventual integration, the airlines began offering reciprocal frequent flyer benefits on January 7,2014, and US Airways left Star Alliance to join Oneworld on March 31,2014. US Airways management runs the combined airline from the American headquarters in Fort Worth, on April 8,2015, the FAA officially granted a single operating certificate for both carriers, marking the end of US Airways as an independent carrier. The brand continued to exist until October, on July 13,2015, American announced that it planned to discontinue the US Airways brand name on October 17,2015. On that date, US Airways made the flight for the airline from San Francisco to Philadelphia with stops at Phoenix and Charlotte. US Airways traces its history to All American Aviation Inc, a company founded by du Pont family brothers Richard C. du Pont, Alexis Felix du Pont, Jr. headquartered in Pittsburgh, the airline served the Ohio River valley in 1939. In 1949 the company was renamed All American Airways as it switched from airmail to passenger service, it became Allegheny Airlines in 1953. Alleghenys first jet was the Douglas DC-9 in 1966, it absorbed Lake Central Airlines in 1968, in 1973 it was the ninth largest airline in the free world by passengers carried. With expansion came growing pains, in the 1970s Allegheny had the nickname Agony Air due to customer dissatisfaction, Allegheny changed its name to USAir in 1979 after the passage in 1978 of the Airline Deregulation Act that allowed the airline to expand its network to the southeastern US. USAir was a customer for the Boeing 737-300, as it needed a larger aircraft for its growing Florida routes. USAir was then the worlds largest operator of DC-9s and approached McDonnell Douglas for a new design, after negotiations with McDonnell Douglas broke down, Boeing came forward with a proposed variant of the 737. USAir selected the new 737 and the company worked closely with Boeing during its development, USAir expanded in the late 1980s, purchasing San Diego–based Pacific Southwest Airlines in 1986 and Winston-Salem, North Carolina–based Piedmont Airlines in 1987. The PSA and Piedmont acquisitions were completed in 1988 and 1989, the Piedmont acquisition in 1989 was the largest airline merger until then and USAir became one of the worlds largest airlines, operating more than 5,000 flights daily
35.
Adria Airways
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Adria Airways d. d. formerly Inex-Adria Airways, is the largest airline in Slovenia. Today, the majority of Adria Airways business is in scheduled flights, Adria operates to 22 scheduled destinations throughout Europe. It has been a Star Alliance member since 2004 and a Lufthansa partner since 1996, IOSA Registration was received among the first airlines in the world. The company’s head office is Ljubljana Airport in Zgornji Brnik, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Slovenia, the company has also representative offices in Brussels, Moscow, Frankfurt, Zurich and sales agents in almost all European countries. Adria Airways operates charter flights for the most part seasonally, sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada in Egypt are currently the only charter destinations served by Adria Airways all year round. Ad hoc charter flights are also provided, the airline was founded in March 1961 as Inex-Adria Aviopromet. In August the company purchased 2 DC-6B from KLM and flew their first commercial flight with a Dutch crew, at the same time, the first Adria crew and technical teams were trained by JAT Yugoslav Airlines and the air force. Adria carried out its first flight with a crew in December 1961. At the same time all other activities necessary for the company were set up and organised, during the following years Adria gradually acquired a market with tourist flights from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia to airports on the Adriatic coast. In 1964 flights to the United States and Canada were added in order to meet the needs of expatriate organisations, Adria also carried out a considerable number of flights for the United Nations. With the opening of the new airport in Ljubljana in 1964, the DC-6B aircraft gradually became non-competitive on the market. The company fell into a crisis in 1967, which ended with a bankruptcy procedure at 1968. After a compulsory settlement, Adria continued its operations largely thanks to the efforts of the president of the Slovenian Chamber of the Commerce, in December 1968 Adria merged with the Serbian company InterExport based in Belgrade and changed its name from Adria Aviopromet to Inex-Adria Aviopromet. In 1969 the first jet aircraft was purchased, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 with 115 seats, thus began a period of modernisation of the fleet, which allowed Adria to increase its share on the tourist flights market. In September 1969 the first scheduled service was established on the Ljubljana-Belgrade route, in March 1970, Adria had four Douglas DC-6B and a Douglas DC-9-30 with one more on order. Adria, in addition to expanding the number of its own aircraft, in 1972 Adria renewed its transatlantic flights to the United States and Canada with Douglas DC-8-55 aircraft. However, it withdrew from that service next year, in late 1970s, Adria was awarded as most punctual carrier on the charter flight market. The greatest commercial successes of that period were achieved on the German market which was also the largest at that time, the number of flights to Great Britain, France, Spain and Scandinavia also increased
36.
Blue1
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Blue1 Oy was a Finnish airline owned by CityJet. It was formerly a subsidiary of the SAS Group and flew to around 28 destinations in Europe and it carried over 1.7 million passengers in 2011. The airline was a member of Star Alliance and had its office in Vantaa. The airline was purchased by SAS Group in January 1998, who replaced its Jetstreams with Saab 340s later that year, air Botnia received its first jets, Fokker F28 Fellowships, in 1999. The elderly F28s were soon replaced as their high noise levels restricted operations, the Saab 340s were replaced by larger Saab 2000s at the same time. Air Botnia was renamed Blue1 in January 2004, and joined Star Alliance as its first regional member on 3 November 2004, Blue1 became a full member of Star Alliance on 1 January 2010/2009. Blue1 left Star Alliance in November 2012 and became an affiliate of Scandinavian Airlines, in 2005 Blue1 became the second-largest Finnish airline with more than 100 daily flights and the biggest operator between Finland and Scandinavia. In 2006 Blue1 started 10 new non-stop routes to Europe increasing its capacity by more than 50%. In 2008 Blue1 moved its London operations from Stansted to Heathrow Airport, in 2009 new routes to Lapland, including Paris-Kittilä were opened for the winter season and routes to Biarritz, Dubrovnik and Split for summer travel. Blue1 was the first network airline in Northern Europe to be granted ISO14001 environmental certificate, on 1 November 2012, Blue1 became a service producer for SAS. This means that marketing and sales are now handled by SAS, in October 2015, Scandinavian Airlines announced the sale of Blue1 to CityJet, which will continue to operate the company on behalf of SAS as part of a larger relationship. However, as of December 2015, Blue1 did not operate any aircraft, sometime during 2016, Blue1 has been dissolved and merged into its new parent CityJet. As of December 2015, Blue1 did not operate any aircraft as the Boeing 717-200s previously operated have been phased out without replacement, Blue1 previously operated the following aircraft types, Blue1 offered two service classes, Economy and Economy Extra. Economy Class, Coffee and tea were included on all Blue1 operated flights, sandwiches and other drinks were available for purchase from Cafe1. Flights with very short time may have reduced service. Economy Extra, Fast Track security and Business Class check-in was included where available, stars In Their Eyes, Finlands Blue 1 Regional Airline. Air International, Vol 67 No 4, media related to Blue1 at Wikimedia Commons
37.
Croatia Airlines
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Croatia Airlines Ltd. is the state-owned flag carrier of Croatia. It is headquartered in Buzin near Zagreb and operates domestic and international services mainly to European destinations and its main hub is Franjo Tuđman Airport with focus cities being Dubrovnik, Split, and Zadar. Since November 2004, the airline has been a member of Star Alliance, the airline was established on 20 July 1989, trading with the name Zagal, and started operations using a single Cessna 402 aircraft on cargo services for UPS. After the first democratic elections held in Croatia, Zagal changed its name to Croatia Airlines on 23 July 1990, in 1991 Croatia Airlines signed an agreement with Adria Airways which allowed it to lease a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 to commence domestic jet services between Zagreb and Split. Due to the Croatian War of Independence and the closure of the airspace over Croatia, as soon as flights restarted, Croatia Airlines acquired three Boeing 737s from Lufthansa and became a member of the International Air Transport Association. As the flag carrier of newly-independent Croatia, the airline launched its first international service on April 5,1992, by 1994, Croatia Airlines had welcomed its one millionth passenger. Later that year, Pope John Paul II flew the airline on a trip to Croatia, in 1995, another ATR42 was welcomed, as was the two millionth passenger. In 1996, Croatia Airlines became the first airline to fly to Sarajevo after the Bosnian War, in 1997 the airlines first Airbus A320 arrived and was named Rijeka. In 1998, another first plane of a new type arrived when the airlines first Airbus A319 joined the fleet, in the same year, Croatia Airlines became a member of the Association of European Airlines. By 1999, two more Airbus jets had arrived and Croatia Airlines started selling the Boeing part of their fleet, the airline flew its five millionth passenger. In 2000 two more Airbus planes arrived and a ticketing system was inaugurated. In 2001 the airline received maintenance and technical performing certificates from the German aviation authority Luftfahrt-Bundesamt, on 18 November 2004, Croatia Airlines joined Star Alliance. Airbus and Croatia Airlines announced on 22 October 2008 the order of four additional 132-seat A319 aircraft, the airline carried its 20,000, 000th passenger in July 2009, and has carried well over 1 million passengers annually from 2000. Losses have been made for years, in November 2012 the government announced that it would provide HRK 800m for Croatia Airline to become cost-effective from 2013 on. The government is seeking to restructure the airline, which plans to cut its workforce by ten percent within two years and it is also looking for a strategic investor. In 2015 the airline confirmed plans to lease 2 Embraer 190 aircraft from Montenegro Airlines, the largest shareholder of the airline is the Government Asset Management Agency for the Republic of Croatia, with 97. 02% of the issued capital. Zagreb airport LLC holds 1. 72%, The State Agency for Deposit Insurance, in 2001 the company received maintenance and technical performing certificates from the German aviation authority Luftfahrt-Bundesamt. It is the line and base maintenance provider for Croatia Airlines but also provides a service of maintenance to Lufthansa, Thomas Cook Airlines, Sky Work Airlines and many others
38.
TAP Air Portugal
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TAP Portugal is the flag carrier airline of Portugal, headquartered at Lisbon Airport which also serves as its hub. TAP is a member of the Star Alliance and operates on average 2,500 flights a week to 76 destinations in 29 countries worldwide. The company has a fleet of 80 airplanes,63 of which manufactured by Airbus, the Atlantic Gateway Consortium purchased 61% of the carrier from the government of Portugal on 24 June 2015, with an option to buy the Portuguese governments remaining 34 percent stake in 2018. This deal has been surrounded in controversy because it was completed at the end of the governments mandate with wide opposition from TAP employees. Since the October 2015 elections a new government has sought to return majority control to the state. In February 2016 the government signed a deal with the private consortium, currently the company is owned 50% by the Portuguese state, 45% by the Atlantic Gateway Consortium and 5% available shareholder to collaborators and employees of TAP. TAP Portugal is rated as three-star by Skytrax, the airline, founded on 14 March 1945 as Transportes Aéreos Portugueses, SGPS, S. A. began commercial services on 19 September 1946, from Lisbon to Madrid with a Douglas DC-3. On 31 December, TAP began its Linha Aérea Imperial, a colonial service including Luanda, Angola and Lourenço Marques. In 1947, domestic services commenced from Lisbon to Porto as well as from São Tomé to London, four Douglas DC-4 Skymasters were purchased in 1947, remaining in service until 1960. These were used on the routes to Africa and to major European destinations including London, TAP began service to Tangier and Casablanca in 1949. In 1953, the became a private company. Lockheed Super Constellation four-engined pressurised airliners were acquired in late 1955 and were introduced on the TAP African scheduled services to Luanda. Three Sud Aviation Caravelle twin-jet airliners were acquired in July 1962 and were operated on the airlines most competitive European routes, the one-millionth passenger flew on TAP on 19 June 1964,18 years after the airline began operations. In 1969, service to New York City via Santa Maria Island began, Boston was added to the New York service in 1970. In 1975, TAP was nationalised, becoming a state-owned corporation, TAP dropped its original name, Transportes Aéreos Portugueses, in 1979 when the company officially changed its name to TAP Air Portugal. TAP purchased 4 Boeing 747s in 1970, beyond some more Boeing 707s, after the independence of Angola and Mozambique, the important market for Africa decreased extremely and two 747 were sold in 1976. Since the 1980s the 707s and the 747s were replaced by Lockheed L-1011 TriStars, in 1985 TAP established its charter subsidiary Air Atlantis which operated Boeing 707, Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 jets. By the late 1990s, TAP had expanded its fleet by selling its older Boeing 727s and Boeing 737s, the TriStars were sold to Air Luxor and were replaced by Airbus A340s, giving TAP an Airbus-only fleet
39.
Swiss International Air Lines
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Swiss International Air Lines AG is the flag carrier airline of Switzerland operating scheduled services in Europe and to North America, South America, Africa and Asia. Its main hub is Zurich Airport, with a city operation at Geneva Airport. The airline was formed after the 2001 bankruptcy of Swissair, Switzerlands former flag carrier, Swiss is a member of the Star Alliance. It is a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group, with headquarters at EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg near Basel, Switzerland, the companys registered office is in Basel. The airline uses the IATA code LX that it inherited from the Swiss regional airline Crossair, the ICAO code is SWR, inherited from Swissair, in order to keep international traffic rights. Swiss was formed after the 2002 bankruptcy of Swissair, Switzerlands former flag carrier, Crossair had 40% of its income come from the defunct Swissair. The new airlines losses totaled US$1.6 billion from startup until 2005, Swissairs biggest creditors, Credit Suisse and UBS, sold part of Swissairs assets to Crossair, the regional counterpart to the transatlantic Swissair. At the time, both Swissair and Crossair were under the holding company, called SAirGroup. Crossair later changed its name to Swiss International Air Lines, the airline was first owned by institutional investors, the Swiss Confederation, cantons and communities and others. Swiss also owns subsidiary companies Swiss Sun and Crossair Europe and it has a total of 7,383 employees. Swiss talked to Air France-KLM, British Airways, and Lufthansa, however, Swiss was tied up with debt and an uncertain future, and seemed to be an unattractive investment. After merging with KLM, Air France said they were too busy to deal with Swiss joining them, British Airways was open, and Oneworld partners thought Zurich Airport would be a viable alternative hub for London Heathrow. After almost a year of disputes, Swiss was finally accepted into the Oneworld airline alliance, after having been blocked by British Airways, which competes with Swiss on many long-haul routes. On 3 June 2004, Swiss announced its decision not to join Oneworld because they did not want to integrate their current frequent flyer program into British Airways Executive Club. Furthermore, Swiss thought the relationship was one sided, where British Airways sapped out the benefits of the airline, the airline annually halved its losses, and in 2006 recorded a net profit of $220 million. The net profit for 2007 was $570 million, biedermann stated in the March 2008 edition of Airways, that this was the beginning of getting our house back in order. He said that help was needed and looked up to Lufthansa as a comparison, so their coming together was natural, even with the smaller network, Swiss carries the same number of passengers as they did in 2002. On 22 March 2005 Lufthansa Group confirmed its plan to take over Swiss, the Swiss operations were gradually integrated with Lufthansas from late 2005, and the takeover was completed on 1 July 2007
40.
South African Airways
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South African Airways is the flag carrier and largest airline of South Africa, with headquarters in Airways Park on the grounds of OR Tambo International Airport in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. Thuli Mpshe was appointed as the acting CEO of SAA in August after Nico Bezuidenhout, South African Airways was founded in 1934 after the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. The airline was initially overseen and controlled by South African Railways, sanctions by African countries which would have otherwise provided stopover airports during apartheid forced it to adopt long-range aircraft and other measures to counter these restrictions. During this time, it was known by its Afrikaans name, Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens. In 1997 SAA changed its name, image and aircraft livery, in 2006, SAA split from Transnet, its parent company, to operate as an independent airline. SAA is the airline of the Association of Tennis Professionals. SAA owns Mango, a low cost domestic airline, and has established links with Airlink and it currently operates as a member of the Star Alliance. South African Airways was formed on 1 February 1934 following the acquisition of Union Airways by the South African government. Forty staff members, along with one de Havilland DH.60 Gypsy Moth, one de Havilland 80A Puss Moth, upon acquisition, the government changed the airlines name to South African Airways. Came under control of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, on 1 February the following year, the carrier acquired Suidwes Lugdiens / South West Airways, which had since 1932 been providing a weekly air-mail service between Windhoek and Kimberley. During this time, South African ordered three Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft, which were delivered in October 1934 and entered service 10 days later and these aircraft were configured to carry 14 passengers, along with four crew. They enabled thrice-weekly Durban–Johannesburg services, with services on the Durban–East London–Port Elizabeth–George/Mossel Bay–Cape Town route. From July the following year a weekly Rand–Kimberley–Beaufort West–Cape Town service commenced, in April 1936, a fourth Ju 52/3m soon joined the fleet. Orders for a further 10 Ju 52/3m, along with eighteen Junkers Ju 86 and this raised the number of Ju 52 to fourteen, although three older models were sold when deliveries of the newer Ju 52s began. From 1 February 1934 until the start of World War II, SAA carried 118,822 passengers,3,278 tonnes of airmail and 248 tonnes of cargo, on 24 May 1940, all operations were suspended. Following the war, frequencies were increased and more routes were opened and these aircraft would prove to be unsuitable for passenger and cargo services and were returned to the SAAF after the arrival of the Junkers Ju 86s. The main aircraft of SAA in the 1930s was the Junkers JU-52, other types used in the 1930s included eighteen Junkers JU-86s, which served from 1937 onwards, and of which one spotted the Watussi off the Cape Coast at the start of the war. The slow growth continued during the 1940s, though the airline was closed for the duration of World War II
41.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
42.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
43.
Air China
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Air China Limited is the flag carrier and one of the major airlines of the Peoples Republic of China, with its headquarters in Shunyi District, Beijing. Air Chinas flight operations are based at Beijing Capital International Airport, in 2015, the airline carried 90 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 80%. Air China was given responsibility for intercontinental flights and took over the CAACs long haul aircraft. In January 2001, the former CAACs ten airlines agreed on a merger plan, before the acquisition, Air China was the countrys fourth largest domestic airline. The merger created a group with assets of 56 billion Yuan, in October 2002, Air China consolidated with the China National Aviation Holding and China Southwest Airlines. On 15 December 2004, Air China was successfully listed on the Hong Kong, the airline also listed its shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange on 18 August 2006. In 2006, Air China signed an agreement to join the Star Alliance and it became a member of the alliance on 12 December 2007 alongside Shanghai Airlines. In July 2009, Air China acquired $19.3 million of shares from its troubled subsidiary Air Macau, one month later, Air China spent HK$6.3 billion to raise its stake in Cathay Pacific from 17. 5% to 30%, expanding its presence in Hong Kong. On 2 December 2010, Air China received Spains highest tourism industry award, Air China was the first foreign airline to receive the award, which is given to organisations and individuals contributing to the Spanish tourism industry. On 23 December 2010, Air China became the first Chinese airline to offer combined tickets that include domestic flights, the first combined flight-shuttle bus ticket connected Tianjin via shuttle bus with domestic flights passing through Beijing. Air China began offering Wi-Fi internet service on board its aircraft on 15 November 2011, in 2012, after pressure from PETA, Air China stated that it would no longer transport monkeys to laboratories. On July 3,2013 in time for the companys 25th anniversary and it was the first global satellite Internet flight in Mainland China. In early 2015 it was announced that the airline had selected the Boeing 737 Next Generation and 737 MAX for its fleet renewal programme of 60 aircraft, the deal, with a value of over $6B at current list prices, has yet to be finalised. The entity Air China Limited was registered in 2003, and its shares began trading in Hong Kong, as of June 2015, it ranks no.1 of Chinese companies for long term accounts payable. The Air China HQ Building, the headquarters, is located in Zone A of the Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone in Shunyi District. The company registered office is on the floor of the Blue Sky Mansion. The enterprise logo of Air China consists of an artistic pattern, the name of the airline written in calligraphy by former national leader Deng Xiaoping. The phoenix logo is also the artistic transfiguration of the word VIP, Air China is a member of Star Alliance
44.
Shanghai Airlines
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Shanghai Airlines is an airline headquartered in Shanghai, China. It is an owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines, but its operations remain separate post-merger, retaining its distinct brand. Shanghai Airlines operates domestic and international services, the logo is a white crane on a red vertical tail fin. Its bases are Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, the airline is an affiliate member of the SkyTeam airline alliance with its parent company China Eastern Airlines. Shanghai Airlines was established in 1985 and it is Chinas first commercial airline of multidimensional investment funded by the Shanghai municipal government and Shanghai local enterprises. The airline was initially restricted to domestic flights, but has operated international services since 1997, in late 2002, Shanghai Airlines was successfully listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, which enabled the airline to fuel its further expansion. In 2006, the cargo subsidiary was founded. On December 12,2007, Shanghai Airlines was officially welcomed as the 19th member of Star Alliance, on June 11,2009, it was announced that Shanghai Airlines would merge with China Eastern Airlines. It was also aimed at consolidating Shanghais status as an aviation hub. In February 2010, the merger was completed, Shanghai Airlines was delisted from the Shanghai Stock Exchange and became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines. The new combined airline is expected to have half of the market share in Shanghai. Prior to the merger it was headquartered in Jingan District, as a result of the merger with China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines reached an agreement with Star Alliance to terminate its membership. On 1 November 2010, the airline left the Star Alliance. Shanghai Airlines also maintained its own division, Shanghai Airlines Cargo. Shanghai Airlines has a domestic network shared with its parent company China Eastern Airlines. The airline serves over 140 domestic and international destinations, giving access to more than 60 large and medium-sized cities in Mainland China and its international flights focus on Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Thailand. Shanghai Airlines also operates services from Shanghai to Melbourne Airport, Australia on behalf of China Eastern Airlines utilising its own aircraft, however, Shanghai Airlines announced on April 2011 that the Crane Club will be merged into China Easterns Eastern Miles Program. It was officially merged into Eastern Miles on June 8,2011, after the merger, members can earn and use their mileage on China Easterns flights
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Ansett Australia
Blue1
British Midland International
Continental Airlines
Mexicana
Shanghai Airlines
Spanair
TACA Airlines
TAM Airlines
TAM Paraguay
PLUNA
Air Canada Tango
Air Next
Scandinavian Airlines
Centralwings
Cyprus Turkish Airlines
Turkish Airlines
Darwin Airline
Adria Airways
Korongo Airlines
Brussels Airlines
Lauda Air
Lufthansa Italia
Lufthansa
Tigerair
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