1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
3.
Government of Queensland
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The Government of Queensland, also referred to as the Queensland Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of Queensland. The Government of Queensland, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1859 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, Queensland has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, Queensland ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Key state government offices are located at 1 William Street in the Brisbane central business district, the Government of Queensland operates under the Westminster system, a form of parliamentary government based on the model of the United Kingdom. The Governor of Queensland, as the representative of the Monarch, holds nominal power, the Parliament of Queensland holds legislative power, while executive power lies with the Premier and Cabinet, and judicial power is exercised by a system of courts and tribunals. The Parliament of Queensland is the states legislature and it consists of the Monarch, and a single chamber, the Legislative Assembly. Queensland is the only Australian state with a unicameral parliament after a second chamber, the Legislative Assembly has 89 members, one representing each electoral district in Queensland. Elections for the Legislative Assembly are held every three years. The Cabinet of Queensland is the governments chief policy-making organ, and consists of the Premier, the Queensland Government delivers services, determines policy and regulations, including legal interpretation, by a number of agencies grouped under areas of portfolio responsibility. Each portfolio is led by a government minister who is a member of the Parliament, the judiciary of Queensland consists of the Magistrates Court, the District Court, and the Supreme Court, as well as a number of smaller courts and tribunals. The Chief Justice of Queensland is the states most senior judicial officer, the Magistrates Court is the lowest tier of the judicial hierarchy of Queensland. The courts civil jurisdiction covers matters in which the amount in dispute is less than or equal to $150,000, Appeals against decisions by the Magistrates Court are heard by the District Court. The District Court is the tier of the judicial hierarchy of Queensland. The court has jurisdiction to all appeals from decisions made in the Magistrates Court. Its criminal jurisdiction covers serious indictable offences, the courts civil jurisdiction covers matters in which the amount in dispute is more than $150,000 but less than or equal to $750,000. Appeals against decisions by the District Court are heard by the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court is the highest tier of the judicial hierarchy Queensland. The court has two divisions, the Trial Division and the Court of Appeal, the Trial Divisions jurisdiction covers serious criminal offences, and civil matters involving claims of more than $750,000. The Court of Appeals jurisdiction allows it to hear cases on appeal from the Trial Division, the District Court, Appeals against decisions by the Court of Appeal are heard by the High Court of Australia
4.
Queensland Cultural Centre
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The Queensland Cultural Centre is a multi-venue centre located at South Bank, Brisbane, capital city of Queensland. It consists of the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, the Queensland Museum, the State Library of Queensland, the Queensland Art Gallery, the cultural centre was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2015. The original part was designed by Brisbane architects Robin Gibson and Partners, in 2010, Robin Gibson and Partners were granted a 25 Year Award for Enduring Architecture by the Queensland Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects. The GOMA building designed by Kerry and Lindsay Clare, directors of the Australasian firm Architectus, was added to the complex in 2006. In 2007, the building received three awards, a Brisbane Commendation and a Public Architecture Award from the Queensland Chapter of AIA, then in 2010, the Clares received the AIAs Gold Medal for their work. In the same year, an extension of the SLQ building designed by the Brisbane architects Donovan Hill, for their design, the architects were awarded the prestigious Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture by AIA in 2007. The centre is surrounded by sub-tropical gardens which are maintained and developed by The Plant Management Company and are open to the public. There are several cafés, restaurants, bookshops and other facilities located throughout the site. In 2009, a pedestrian and bicycle bridge called the Kurilpa Bridge was opened and it connects the Roma Street Railway Station area of Brisbane City with the centre, reaching South Bank next to GOMA and close to SLQ, QAG and the Museum. The Queensland Cultural Centre is situated on the site of one of Queenslands historical theatres, by mid-1952, the building had been converted for use as offices and storage facilities for film distribution companies. It burnt down in 1954 and was never rebuilt, the present Cremorne Theatre, in the QPAC building, was named in honour of the historic Cremorne Theatre. During 1972, a decision to build a new Queensland Art Gallery on its present location at South Bank was made by the Queensland Government, the Queensland Art Gallery, was established in 1895. The gallery has had homes, and moved to its present location at the Queensland Cultural Centre at South Bank during 1982. The gallery provides 4,700 m2 of viewing space and includes a mall, fountains, water sculptures. In addition to the areas, it contains the Australian Cinémathèque which has two cinemas and the Childrens Art Centre in which children are able to interact with the galleries collection. The instrument is now being used regularly for the presentation of silent movies, the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, which is also located at South Bank, and is also part of the Queensland Cultural Centre, was opened in 1985. QPAC contains some of Brisbanes main theatres, and the Tony Gould Gallery which is operated by the Queensland Museum, in 2008, the Queensland Government closed QPAC and allocated A$34. 7m for the complete refurbishment of the building under the direction of Cox Rayner Architects. The Queensland Museum moved to the Queensland Cultural Centre at South Bank during 1986 and includes 6, in addition to the main museum area, the building also houses the Queensland Sciencentre, a permanent interactive science exhibition suited for people of all ages
5.
Brisbane River
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The Brisbane River is the longest river in South East Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. John Oxley, the first European to explore the river, named it after the Governor of New South Wales, the penal colony of Moreton Bay later adopted the same name, eventually becoming the present city of Brisbane. Early travellers along the waterway admired the beauty, abundant fish. From 1862 the Brisbane River has been dredged for navigation purposes, the river served as an important carriageway between Brisbane and Ipswich before a railway linking the towns was built in 1875. By the late 1920s, water quality in the river had significantly deteriorated, the river travels 344 km from Mount Stanley. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the waterway is a habitat for the rare Queensland lungfish, Brisbane River cod and bull sharks. The largest ship built on the river was the Robert Miller, the 66,000 tonne vessel became un-moored in the 1974 Brisbane flood. While not the highest experienced along the river since European settlement, major floods also occurred in January 2011 and multiple times during 1893. Extensive port facilities have been constructed on the Fisherman Islands, now known as the Port of Brisbane, there are 16 major bridges that cross the river. The Clem Jones Tunnel, opened in 2010, is the rivers first underground crossing for road transport, the CityCat ferry service collects and delivers passengers along the inner-city reaches of the river. Brisbane Rivers source is located in the Great Dividing Range, east of Kingaroy and it then makes its way south, past Mount Stanley, and townships including Moore and Toogoolawah before being joined by the Stanley River, just south of Somerset Dam. The river runs from there into Lake Wivenhoe, created by the Wivenhoe Dam, beyond the dam, the river meanders eastward, meeting the Bremer River near Ipswich, then making its way through Brisbanes western suburbs, including Jindalee, Indooroopilly and Toowong. The river is traversed by CityCats and other ferries in Brisbane, Water from the highest point in the catchment has fallen from Mount Langley in the Conondale Range,868 m above sea level. On the southern side of the river, opposite Gardens Point, are the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and this was in the vicinity of Edward Street ferry terminal. The volcanic rock Ignimbrite which formed the cliffs was deposited in the Triassic period about 220 million years ago and they currently form the banks of the Brisbane River. On the southside Bulimba Creek, Norman Creek, Oxley Creek, the language group common to most of the area was the Yugarabul language group. Four European navigators, namely Captain Cook, Matthew Flinders, John Bingle and William Edwardson, all visited Moreton Bay, the exploration by Flinders took place during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay in 1799. He spent a total of 15 days in the area, touching down at Woody Point and several other spots and this is consistent with accounts of many other rivers along the east coast of Australia, which could not be found by seaward exploration but were discovered by inland travellers
6.
South Bank, Queensland
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South Bank is a cultural, educational and recreational precinct in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The precinct is located in the suburb of South Brisbane, on the bank of the Brisbane River. The South Bank Parklands, which were established on the site of World Expo 88, are one of Brisbanes most popular tourist attractions. The parklands are home to restaurants and cafés as well as landmarks such as the Queensland Conservatorium, the Wheel of Brisbane, the Nepal Peace Pagoda, Streets Beach. Approximately 11,000,000 people visit the South Bank Parklands each year, a number of Brisbanes most popular restaurants and fashion boutiques are located on Grey Street, and Little Stanley Street which it runs parallel to. The South Bank Cinemas are also located on Grey Street, along with two five star hotels, the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre contains 44 meeting and event spaces, including four exhibition halls with a combined area of 20,000 m² and three stand alone tiered auditora. The venue has received 126 major industry awards, making it the most awarded convention centre in Australia, the centre has also been ranked among the top three convention centres world-wide by the Association Internationale des Palais de Congres on three separate occasions. The centre was also host to the G20 Leaders Summit in November 2014, the Queensland Maritime Museum is located next to the Goodwill Bridge at the southern end of the South Bank Parklands. It houses a two level building, a library, a dry dock, a lighthouse and several retired vessels. Public transport is located, with Brisbane Translinks Ferry, Bus
7.
State Library of Queensland
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The State Library of Queensland is the main reference and research library provided to the people of the State of Queensland, Australia, by the state government. Its legislative basis is provided by the Queensland Libraries Act 1988 and it contains a significant portion of Queenslands documentary heritage, major reference and research collections, and is an advocate of and partner with public libraries across Queensland. The library is at Kurilpa Point, within the Queensland Cultural Centre on the Brisbane River at South Bank, the Brisbane Public Library was established by the government of the Colony of Queensland in 1896, and was renamed the Public Library of Queensland in 1898. The library was opened to the public in 1902, in 1934, the Oxley Memorial Library, and named for the explorer John Oxley, opened as a centre for research and study relating specifically to Queensland. A year after that, James L. Stapleton was appointed Queenslands first State Librarian, in 1971, the Public Library became the State Library. A few years later the Country Lending Service was established to provide book exchange, the CLS is still going strong today, administered by the State Librarys Public and Indigenous Library Services program. In 2003, the State Library began a new mission of establishing Indigenous Knowledge Centres in the Cape York, there is now a network of 22 IKCs in remote and regional communities, across Cape York, the Northern Peninsula. Area, the islands of the Torres Strait, Central Queensland, the State Librarys current strategic vision is to enrich the lives of Queenslanders through creatively engaging people with information, knowledge and community. In early 2011, the library donated 50,000 pictures to Wikimedia Commons, the library holds general collections, including books, journals and magazines, newspapers, audiovisual items, family history, maps, music, ephemera, Internet and electronic resources. There are research collections and services – including the John Oxley Library and the Australian Library of Art, the library is home to two UNESCO Memory of the World significant collections, Labour Party Manifesto and the Margaret Lawrie collection of Torres Strait Islands material. The library holds a collection of Queensland election-related material, including websites, posters, flyers, access to collections, including access to 50,000 Copyright-free Queensland images through Wikimedia Commons Provides books and other resource material to public libraries throughout Queensland. Specialist services to libraries in a number of areas, including services to young people. Public programs and exhibitions, including exhibition loans to schools, museums, outreach programs in reference, research, information literacy, Internet training and digitisation throughout Queensland for public library staff and the general community. A digital culture centre called The Edge, for young people, a free coworking space, the Business Studio, supports startups, entrepreneurs and small business. Free guided tours of the building are available, in 2010, a total of 3730 school students participated in a tour. The then-Brisbane Public Library moved into the Old State Library Building in William Street and this building had formerly been occupied by the Queensland Museum. The Library originally shared accommodation in the building with an art gallery, in the late 1950s, an extension, with a distinctive tiled mural on the exterior, was built onto the building to provide more space. The mural was the design in a national competition held in 1958
8.
John Oxley
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John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley was an explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. John Oxley was born in 1785 at Kirkham Abbey near Westow in Yorkshire and he was baptised in Bulmer in Yorkshire on 6 July 1785. In 1799, he entered the Royal Navy when he was aged 15 as a midshipman on the Venerable and he travelled to Australia in October 1802 as masters mate of the naval vessel Buffalo, which carried out coastal surveying. In 1805 Governor King appointed him acting lieutenant in charge of the Buffalo, in 1806 he commanded the Estramina on a trip to Van Diemens Land. He returned to England in 1807 and was appointed first lieutenant of Porpoise, in 1809 Porpoise visited Van Diemens Land, carrying as a passenger Governor William Bligh, who had been deposed in the Rum Rebellion. Oxley had obtained an order from the Colonial Office for a grant of 600 acres near the Nepean River, Oxley had to surrender these in 1810, but Governor Macquarie granted him 600 acres near Camden which he increased in 1815 to 1,000 acres again. In 1810 he wrote a report on the settlements in Van Diemens Land before sailing for England in Porpoise in May. In London he applied for the post of Naval Officer in Sydney, Oxley denied that he had been a partisan of Macarthur when Bligh was deposed, but his letters show that he was on very intimate terms with the rebel leader. In 1812 he became engaged to Elizabeth Macarthur, this was broken off when her father discovered the extent of Oxleys debts, by that time, through the influence of Macarthurs friend Walter Davidson, Oxleys second application for the surveyor-generalship had been successful. In 1811 he had retired from the navy, and in May 1812 sailed for Sydney in the Minstrel to take up his new duties, in March 1817 John Oxley was instructed to take charge of an expedition to explore and survey the course of the Lachlan River. He left Sydney on 6 April with George Evans as second-in-command, Evans had discovered a portion of the Lachlan River west of Bathurst in 1815. Oxleys party reached Bathurst after a week, where they were detained by bad weather. They reached the Lachlan River Depot on 25 April 1817 and commenced to follow its course, as the exploring party travelled westward the country surrounding the rising river was found to be increasingly inundated. On 12 May, west of the present township of Forbes and they travelled down a northern branch of the river to Mt Mulguthery they were forced to return up the river. By the end of May the party found themselves in a dry scrubby country north east of Yenda where they ascended several peaks in the Cocoparra National Park, shortage of water and the death of two horses forced Oxleys return passing near Rankins Springs to the Lachlan River. On 23 June the Lachlan River near Merrigal Bridge was reached and they followed the course of the Lachlan River through Hillston and Booligal for a fortnight. The party encountered much flooded country, and reached a point 5km south west of Booligal which was their last camp site, Oxley resolved to turn back and after resting for two days Oxleys party began to retrace their steps along the Lachlan River. Oxley travelled to Dubbo on 12 June 1818 and he wrote that he had passed that day over a very beautiful country, thinly wooded and apparently safe from the highest floods
9.
Local government in Queensland
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Queensland is divided into 77 local government areas which may be called Cities, Towns, Shires or Regions. The Municipalities Act 1858 allowed for the creation of a municipality upon the petition of not less than 50 householders within a defined area, if no counter-petition with more signatures was received, the Governor was able to declare a municipality in the region. Once a municipality had been proclaimed, ratepayers could elect a council to represent them, the first to be declared was Brisbane, with a population of 5,000 and an area of 14.25 square kilometres. On 16 November, a petition containing 91 signatures was received seeking to have Ipswich, on 10 December 1859, the same day that the letters patent were published in Queensland, the petition was regazetted. On 3 March 1860 the Town of Ipswich was proclaimed, following this, eight other councils obtained municipality status under the Act, Toowoomba, Rockhampton, Maryborough, Warwick, Drayton, Gladstone, Bowen and Dalby. By 1879, almost all of Queensland was under some form of administration, either as a municipality under the Local Government Act 1878. In September 1864, the first comprehensive Queensland local government legislation, the Act allowed municipalities to charge rates, borrow money, enact bylaws, control or regulate public infrastructure and utilities, and provide public amenities such as gardens and hospitals. The system for creating new municipalities was redesigned, once this had been done, the Governor could proclaim the change, and residents could then elect a council to represent them. Only qualified voters could stand for elections, which were conducted annually with one-third of the councillors retiring at each election. Once the council was elected, they selected a mayor from among their number, for the first time, municipalities could be divided into wards upon their own request—from two wards for a population under 1,000, to four wards for a population over 5,000. The Queensland Government passed the Local Government Act 1878 in August of that year, according to the Act, the function of municipal councils was to maintain the good rule and government of the municipality, and to provide public services and amenities. It made provision for the creation of municipalities to be known as Cities, Boroughs or Shires. Any man or woman over the age of 21 who was liable to be rated on any property in the district was eligible to vote in elections, in most other respects, the Local Government Act followed on from the 1864 Act. The Act was modelled on the Victorian Local Government Act 1874, the Governments response was the Divisional Boards Act 1879, which intended to extend local government to those areas of Queensland which could not be included in municipalities. The Act divided all lands in the Colony not already included into municipalities into 74 divisions, elections were to be conducted by postal ballot. In 1915–1917 and again in 1949, significant changes were made to local government in south-eastern Queensland, the Local Authorities Act Amendment Bill was passed in late 1920. It introduced adult franchise into local government elections, bringing them into line with the state, from July 1921, local councils were elected every three years instead of annually. Minimum standards of competency were required for town/shire clerks, a City had to be proclaimed by the Governor following certain criteria being met
10.
Cape York Peninsula
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Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled wilderness in northern Australia and one of the last remaining areas on Earth. The land is flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. Edmund Kennedy was the first European explorer to attempt an expedition of Cape York Peninsula. He had been second-in-command to Thomas Livingstone Mitchell in 1846 when the Barcoo River was discovered, the aim was to blaze a trail to the tip of the peninsula where some Sydney businessmen thought of developing a port for trade with the East Indies. The expedition set out from Rockingham Bay near the present town of Cardwell in May 1848, of the thirteen men who set out, only three survived. The others died of fever or starvation, or were speared by hostile aborigines, Kennedy died of spear wounds almost within sight of his destination in December 1848. The only survivor to complete the journey was Jackey Jackey, an aborigine from New South Wales and he led a rescue party to the other two who had been unable to continue. En route they lost most of their horses, many of their stores and fought pitched battles with aborigines, the west coast borders the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast borders the Coral Sea. The peninsula is bordered on three sides, there is no clear demarcation to the south, although the official boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland runs along at about 16°S latitude. At the peninsula’s widest point, it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River in the southeast and it is some 660 km from the southern border of Cook Shire, to the tip of Cape York. The largest islands in the strait include Prince of Wales Island, Horn Island, Moa, at the tip of the peninsula lies Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian continent. The tropical landscapes are among the most stable in the world, the backbone of Cape York Peninsula is the peninsula ridge, part of Australia’s Great Dividing Range. This mountain range is made up of ancient Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks, to the east and west of the peninsula ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. The soils are remarkably infertile even compared to areas of Australia, being almost entirely laterised and in most cases so old. The temperature is warm to hot, with a climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from 18 °C at higher elevations to 27 °C on the lowlands in the drier southwest, temperatures over 40 °C and below 5 °C are rare. Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over 2,000 millimetres in the Iron Range, almost all this rain falls between November and April, and only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above 5 millimetres
11.
Torres Strait
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The Torres Strait /ˈtɔːrᵻs/ is a strait which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately 150 km wide at its narrowest extent, to the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost continental extremity of the Australian state of Queensland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea and it is named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who passed through the Strait in 1606. The strait links the Coral Sea to the east with the Arafura Sea, although it is an important international sea lane, it is very shallow, and the maze of reefs and islands can make it hazardous to navigate. In the south the Endeavour Strait is located between Prince of Wales Island and the mainland, shipping enters Torres Strait via the Adolphus Channel which joins to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon to the southeast. Strong tidal currents occur in the channels between islands and reefs, and large submarine sand dunes migrate across the seafloor. Some 580 coral reefs, including the Warrior Reefs and Eastern Patch Reefs, cover an area of 2,400 km2 in the region. Several clusters of islands lie in the Strait, collectively called the Torres Strait Islands, there are at least 274 of these islands, of which 17 have present-day permanent settlements. Over 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders live on the Islands and 42,000 live on the mainland and these islands have a variety of topographies, ecosystems and formation history. Several of those closest to the New Guinea coastline are low-lying, the central islands are predominantly coral cays, and those of the east are of volcanic origins. The islands are considered Australian territory and are administered from Thursday Island, most important of these is the Torres Strait Treaty entered into by Australia and Papua New Guinea in February 1985. The Treaty defines sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries, the Treaty established a Torres Strait Protected Zone within which both nations manage access to fisheries resources. Each country exercises sovereign jurisdiction for resources on either side of the agreed jurisdiction lines, the islands indigenous inhabitants are the Torres Strait Islanders, Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of adjoining New Guinea. The various Torres Strait Islander communities have a culture and long-standing history with the islands. In the 2001 Australian national census, the population of the islands was recorded as 8,089, the islands of the Torres Strait have been inhabited for at least 2,500 years and possibly much longer. After Queiróss ship returned to Mexico, Torres resumed the voyage to Manila via the Maluku Islands. He sailed along the south coast of New Guinea, and may also have sighted the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland and it was Dalrymple who named the strait after Torres. In 1770 Cook claimed the whole of eastern Australia for the British Crown, in 1823 Lieutenant John Lihou, then Master of HMS Zenobia, was on passage from Manila to South America and chose a route through Torres Strait
12.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
13.
UNESCO
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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Paris. It is the heir of the League of Nations International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, UNESCO has 195 member states and nine associate members. Most of its offices are cluster offices covering three or more countries, national and regional offices also exist. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs, education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and it is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, on 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development. However, the work of predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944, a prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, the Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state. The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director-General and this change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI, in how member states would work together in the organizations fields of competence. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organizations publications amounted to interference in the racial problems. South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, UNESCOs early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by missions to other countries, including, for example. In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory, in 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults. Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, UNESCOs early activities in culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960. The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam, during the 20-year campaign,22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro, Fes, Kathmandu, Borobudur, the organizations work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 and 2005
14.
Margaret Lawrie
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Margaret Lawrie was famous for capturing and retelling many of the myths and Legends of the Torres Strait Islander people. She was born in Victoria in 1917 and died in 2003 and she studied English and music and later became a music teacher. Margaret married Alexander Lawrie who was a senator for Queensland, Margaret Lawrie became interested in a range of social issues in the course of assisting her husband. As a result of her work, Margaret developed an interest and association with the Torres Strait Islands, during her various visits to the area she formed many friendships with the Torres Strait community. Because of her connections to the people she was approached to record some of the local myths and she also undertook detailed research into the history and culture of the Torres Strait Islands and people. The State Library of Queensland now holds this collection of information, contained within the collection are the manuscripts of the two works she published, Myths and legends of the Torres Strait and Tales from Torres Strait. The former work was published in both Australia and the United States and although out of print, is widely considered an iconic work. The Margaret Lawrie Collection complements the work done by Alfred Haddon. His expedition team from Cambridge University visited the Torres Strait in 1898 publishing the results of their regional ethnography in six volumes between 1901 and 1935, the Margaret Lawrie Collection has been included on UNESCOs Australian Memory of the World Register. Http, //hdl. handle. net/10462/eadarc/6587, TR1791 Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Islands, John Oxley Library, http, //hdl. handle. net/10462/eadarc/3939, OM89-02 Margaret Lawrie Collection, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Http, //hdl. handle. net/10462/eadarc/5589, TR2098 Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Islands Material, John Oxley Library, http, //hdl. handle. net/10462/eadarc/1657, M339 Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Island Material audiotapes, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland
15.
How-to-vote card
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How-to-vote cards are small leaflets that are handed out by party supporters during elections in Australia. Voting in the Australian lower house uses a voting system. Voters must rank every candidate on the ballot in order for their vote to count, there are often numerous candidates on the ballot, some with little public profile, so voters may find it difficult to decide on all of them. Parties produce how-to-vote cards ostensibly to help voters and they contain details about the candidate or party as well as instruction how to cast a ranked vote in the order that the party would prefer the voter follow. The flow of preferences can assist the party dispersing the cards directly and indirectly help allied parties, the use of how-to-vote cards has benefited minor parties in a number of ways including increasing their chances of winning, punishing opponents and receiving policy commitments. Sometimes preference deals are done between political parties so that they are favoured by each others how-to-vote cards, voters are under no obligation to follow the cards. In South Australia, all cards are displayed on all polling booths. The Importance Of How-To-Vote Cards Example images Faulkner, Andrew, labor accused of sneaky how-to-vote cards. How-to-vote cards awaken the rebel in inner-city voter, the ‘How-to-vote’ Cards used in Australia’s elections that use preferential voting
16.
Old State Library Building, Brisbane
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Old State Library Building is a heritage-listed former library building at 159 William Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as the former Queensland Museum and it was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. This building was constructed in two stages, the four-storeyed extension was erected in 1958-59 as the Queensland Governments major centennial project. In 1876 the design for the first section was completed under the supervision of Queensland Colonial Architect FDG Stanley, the building was erected as stage one of a complex which was to incorporate two flanking wings housing the main staircases, and an arcade and colonnade fronting the river. The building was completed and occupied early in 1879, but proved inadequate for museum purposes, in 1881 the area below was levelled and the basement was extended. A £1,900 contract was let in September 1900 for conversion of the museum building into premises for the free Public Library of Queensland. The library opened in the building in April 1902. The name was changed to the State Library of Queensland in 1971, the John Oxley Library, established in 1926 as the principal centre for research material on Queensland history, was housed in the State Library building from 1931. As a major project, the library building was extended in 1958-1959. In 1958 national competitions were held for designs for a wall mural and these were won by Victorian artist Lindsay Edward and Brisbane sculptor Leonard George Shillam. Shillams aluminium sculpture was cast by the Non-Ferrous Foundry of Brisbane, the extensions were opened officially in August 1959 by Princess Alexandra. The exterior brickwork may also have been rendered at this time, the William Street frontage remained largely intact, as one of the citys few surviving 1870s facades. The State Library of Queensland moved to new premises in the Queensland Cultural Centre in 1988, the Old State Library Building is situated between William Street and the Brisbane River, overlooking Queens Gardens. It was the first of a series of government buildings, the Treasury Building, the Lands Administration Building, and the Family Services Building. It is adjacent to the North Quay porphyry wall, the Old State Library Building consists of two main parts, the original 1879 neoclassical structure and the 1959 modern extension. The original building was a three storeyed structure with a sandstone facade. The facade is designed using classical elements, with a rusticated base, the centre of the facade is marked by an aedicular containing an arched doorway, at ground level and a small pediment above in the entablature. The large unfluted columns with lotus leaf capitals form a colonnade in front of the second, corbels rise through the entablature above each column
17.
William Street, Brisbane
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William Street is a small, relatively quiet road in the uptown part of the Brisbane central business district. The street is historically significant to the early development as a penal colony. The first convict buildings were built along William Street in 1825, the streets northern end starts at the intersection of Queen Street and the Victoria Bridge. One of the most notable buildings on William Street is the Treasury Building which now houses the Conrad Treasury Casino and this building was built in three stages, with the William Street section being constructed first. The Queens Gardens are nearby with an underground carpark that exits on to William Street, the park is found on the corner of William and Elizabeth Street. On the river side of the street is the Old State Library Building, the gardens mark the end of the North Quay and the beginning of the government precinct. Further south is the Lands Administration Building and the Neville Bonner Building which contains a number of Queensland Government departments, also in the area is the Commissariat Store which was built by convicts in 1829, making it one of Brisbanes oldest surviving buildings. At the southern end of William Street is Alice Street and the old Parliament House building, parallel to this road on the western side is the Riverside Expressway and to the east is George Street. The Queensland Museum was once situated on William Street
18.
Queensland Museum
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The Queensland Museum is the state museum of Queensland, Australia. The museum currently operates four campuses, at South Brisbane, Ipswich, Toowoomba. The museum is funded by the State Government of Queensland, the temporary homes included, The Old Windmill, Parliament House and the General Post Office. The first professional curator was Karl Theodor Staiger, the Queensland Government built a home for the Museum in William Street, with Queensland Museum moving there in 1879. The museum occupied the William Street location for 20 years, in 1899, the Queensland Museum moved into the Exhibition Hall, on Gregory Terrace in the Brisbane suburb of Bowen Hills, remaining there for 86 years. In 1986, the Queensland Museum moved to the Queensland Cultural Centre at South Bank, the Queensland Museum now operates at a number of locations. Queensland Museum connects visitors to Queensland, its people and their stories of the past, present, the Museum is also a world-class research facility in the fields of biodiversity, geoscience and cultural history. Queensland Museum is home to the Sciencentre, which offers hands-on, interactive activities for kids, the Workshops Rail Museum opened in August 2002 and is housed in the North Ipswich Railway Workshops. The collection includes 15 items of rolling stock and thousands of smaller items, some operational steam locomotives from the Queensland Rail Heritage Fleet are often placed on display within the museum when not required for main line use. In 1987, when the Queensland Museum required more room to display its coaches and carriages. Cobb+Co Museum is home to the National Carriage Collection, the museums collection includes examples of a vast range of vehicles from the horse-drawn era, from farm wagons and delivery carts to the Rolls Royce of Carriages, the landau. Cobb+Co Museum run a heritage workshops program, Workshops include blacksmithing, silversmithing, leadlighting and leatherwork. The Museum of Tropical Queensland is located in Townsville, the star attraction is the HMS Pandora gallery. Sent to catch the famous HMS Bounty and her mutinous crew, hundreds of artefacts have been recovered from the wreck and are on display. The most popular area for kids is the MindZone, a science centre. Other galleries celebrate the rainforest, corals and marine creatures from the deep sea, the exhibition provided a glimpse into the world of the ancient Silk Road and some of the most remarkable archaeological finds in all of Central Asia. Included in the exhibition were jewellery, sculpture and gold work, mummy, Secrets of the Tomb was a major exhibition of four Egyptian mummies and over 100 pieces from the British Museum, London, held from 19 April -21 October 2012. The first Queensland Museum Medal was awarded in 1987, recipients of the Queensland Museum Medal for research include,1987 — Professor Mike Archer 1988 — Mr Jack Woods, ISO — Mr F. S
19.
Mural
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A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface. A distinguishing characteristic of painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Some wall paintings are painted on canvases, which are then attached to the wall. Whether these works can be accurately called murals is a subject of controversy in the art world. Murals of sorts date to Upper Paleolithic times such as the paintings in the Chauvet Cave in Ardèche department of southern France, many ancient murals have been found within ancient Egyptian tombs, the Minoan palaces and in Pompeii. During the Middle Ages murals were executed on dry plaster. The huge collection of Kerala mural painting dating from the 14th century are examples of fresco secco, in Italy, circa 1300, the technique of painting of frescos on wet plaster was reintroduced and led to a significant increase in the quality of mural painting. In modern times, the became more well-known with the Mexican muralism art movement. There are many different styles and techniques, the best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, a rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts. The colors lighten as they dry, the marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media, the styles can vary from abstract to trompe-lœil. Initiated by the works of artists like Graham Rust or Rainer Maria Latzke in the 1980s, trompe-loeil painting has experienced a renaissance in private. The buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a layer of wet, fresh. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster, after a number of hours. After this the painting stays for a time up to centuries in fresh. Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster, the pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. By the end of the century this had largely displaced the buon fresco method. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work, in Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used
20.
Queensland Art Gallery
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The Queensland Art Gallery is an art museum located in the South Bank precinct of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The gallery is part of the Queensland Cultural Centre and it complements the Gallery of Modern Art building, situated only 150 metres away. The Queensland Art Gallery is owned and operated by the Government of Queensland, the gallery was established in 1895 as the Queensland National Art Gallery. The Queensland Art Gallery was considered to be a building of its time for it incorporated the best techniques and materials available within the economic limits of the project. It was also the first major building to be built on the side of the river adjacent to the new Victoria Bridge. The Queensland Art Gallery is a 4700 square metre display space broken down with walls, the walls have been placed purposely to create flow and change of course of the viewer’s journey. The varying ceilings heights and floor levels, colour and textured surfaces enhance variety, the buildings use of light coloured and maintenance free materials such as cement reflect and adapt to the Mediterranean- like quality of Brisbane’s sub tropical climate. California Design 1930-1965, Living in a Modern World Quilts 1700-1945 Portrait of Spain and this work was acquired by the Queensland Art Gallery in 2012. The Gallery is also recognised as a leader in presenting innovative museum-based learning programs for children. These programs are coordinated through the Childrens Art Centre, developing youth audiences for visual art is another priority for the Gallery. To ensure all Queenslanders have access to the collection, travelling exhibitions tour to regional, the Gallerys governing body is a Board of Trustees appointed by the Queensland Government, and it is managed by an Executive Management Team. Closed Christmas Day and Good Friday, open from 12 noon ANZAC day
21.
Donovan Hill
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Donovan Hill was a Brisbane, Australia, based architecture firm that was founded by Brian Donovan, Timothy Hill in 1992. The firm worked extensively in Brisbane, growing from a workforce of four to 50 within their 17-year existence, Donovan Hills designs emphasized environmental impact and life cycle. The majority of their commissions were commercial, institutional and civic buildings, in 2013 Donovan Hill merged with BVN Architecture to form BVN Donovan Hill, now called BVN. Brian Donovan, an independent architect, and Timothy Hill, who was employed by the Brisbane-based firm Lambert Smith, Donovan had previously worked for the Japanese architect Atsushi Kitagawara, whose emphasis on uniform geometry influenced many Donovan Hill designs. The firm worked from the verandah of an old property in Kelvin Grove for a period before moving to Doggett Street. Finally the firm established themselves in the home of fashion label Eponymous on Bowen Street. The firm existed as an entity until 2012 when it merged with BVN Architecture. When this merger occurred, both Timothy Hill and former director Paul Jones left Donovan Hill, but key staff members such as Brian Donovan, Damien Eckersley and Michael Hogg remained. Donovan Hill were able to bring to BVN a new sense of material as well as a more eco-friendly approach to residential projects, built in 1998 for an unpublished client, The C House has been the headline of the pre-merged Donovan Hill name. It was also cited by Phaidon as one of the houses of the 20th Century. Allowing the program to be divided into sup-plots inspires a sprawling effect in the house which creates space between programmed areas. This plays with the views to frame them according to their most pleasing qualities. The implementing of this is a key concept in Donovan Hills vision for this project, a key aspect in architecture is the future planning for buildings past their first completion dates. Essential program or nodes of the home have been arrayed in response to the ambiguity of the buildings future, in plan it allows for intuitive enhancement and further spread to accommodate future prospective uses to ensure its lifespan. It is because of design concept that the C House whilst being essentially mute from a demographic perspective. A family, a single or home office could occupy the C House without the occupants acknowledgment of it being used incorrectly, the C House is termed to be the product of Donovan Hill’s ‘redressing’ of international and local distinctions in architecture. They cite Australian domestic architecture as being stemmed from the wooden Japanese house and pavilion floor plan in conjunction, the ‘D House’ built in New Farm, Queensland in 2000 for an unpublished client attempts to address the concept of the urban subdivision’s isolation through its design. It aims to show that individuality can still be obtained thought objective design solutions to re-parameterise the concept of urban living, concurrent with some other Donovan Hill Houses is the apparent illusion and subsequent realization of the capacity and program within the building
22.
Australian Institute of Architects
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The Australian Institute of Architects, formally the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, is a professional body for architects in Australia. The Australian Institute was formed in 1930, when state architectural institutes combined to form a national association. A chapter is now maintained in each state and territory, though full federation did not come about immediately, the RVIA was the last to join, in 1968. The Institute is represented on national and state industry and government bodies. The AIA Gold Medal is the highest award of the Australian Institute of Architects awarded annually since 1960, the National Architecture Awards have been presented since 1981. H. M
23.
Queensland Gallery of Modern Art
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The Queensland Gallery of Modern Art is an art museum located in the South Bank precinct of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The gallery is part of the Queensland Cultural Centre, GOMA opened on 2 December 2006. It is the Queensland Art Gallerys second building, and is the largest gallery of modern and it complements the Queensland Art Gallery building, situated only 150 metres away. Queenslands Gallery of Modern Art also houses Australias first purpose built cinematheque, the gallery is situated on Kurilpa Point next to the Queensland Art Gallery and State Library of Queensland and faces the Brisbane River and the CBD, which is just across the river. The Gallery of Modern Art has a floor area over 25,000 square metres. The building was designed by Sydney architecture firm Architectus, the gallerys first purchase was made in 1895. A main theme of Architectuss design was a pavilion in the landscape, critical to this is the buildings response to the site, its natural topography, existing patterns of urban generation, and the river. Architectus was awarded the 2007 RAIA National Award for Public Architecture for the design of GOMA
24.
Queensland University of Technology
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The Queensland University of Technology, abbreviated as QUT, is a public research university located in the urban coastal city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. QUT is located on three campuses in the Brisbane area, Gardens Point, Kelvin Grove, and Caboolture, QUT is a member of the Australian Technology Network of universities. The university had a total of 4,700 Full-time equivalent staff members in 2014, Queensland University of Technology has a history that dates back to 1849 when the Brisbane School of Arts was established. Queensland Institute of Technology succeeded the Central Technical College and was formed in 1965, as a result, QIT was granted university status and was operational as Queensland University of Technology from January 1989 onwards. Later, the Brisbane College of Advanced Education had joined with QUT in 1990, the Gardens Point campus was once solely occupied by the 19th Century building, the former Government House of Queensland. In 1909, during the relocation of the Governors residence, Old Government House, the first university on the site was the University of Queensland which was moved to St Lucia in 1945, where it remains today. QUT has three campuses, each is a micro-community, with academic, recreational, and support facilities. Gardens Point campus is located in Brisbane’s city centre, beside the Brisbane River and adjacent to the City Botanic Gardens, at the centre of the campus is the Old Government House which was built in 1862 and re-opened in 2009. The faculties of Business, Law, and Science and Engineering are based at this campus, Gardens Cultural Precinct Gardens Point campus hosts the Gardens Cultural Precinct, comprising the Gardens Theatre and QUT Art Museum, which offer a full theatre and exhibition program. The QUT Art Museum houses the art collection, which focuses on contemporary Australian art, including painting, sculpture, decorative art. The Museum opened in 2000 and attracted about 350,000 people in its first decade of operations, the building is a 1930s neo-classical revivalist building, and the QUT Art Museum was designed by Peddle Thorpe Architects, Brisbane. The Gardens Theatre features professional theatre, childrens theatre, and student showcases, the Gardens Point Precinct also comprises a cafe, bar, and free parking. The Gardens Theatre is a venue, formerly known as the Basil Jones Theatre. It was reopened as the Gardens Theatre in 1999 by the then Premier of Queensland and it provides space for QUT productions and visiting performers, and is the only theatre complex in Brisbanes central business district. Science and Engineering Centre The Science and Engineering Centre was completed in November 2012 and it brings together teaching and research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. QUT has received gifts, and federal government funding to support the project’s $230 million budget. Kelvin Grove campus hosts the faculties of Creative Industries, Education, and Health as well as the QUT International College, Kelvin Grove campus is connected to the Kelvin Grove Urban Village, a development comprising private residences, education, retail, health, and business in one precinct. QUT Kelvin Grove Health Clinics offer services for free or low-cost to staff, students, the Caboolture campus, located 45 kilometres north of Brisbane, shares its campus with the Brisbane North Institute of TAFE
25.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
26.
State Library of New South Wales
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The State Library of New South Wales is a large reference and research library open to the public. It is the oldest library in Australia, being the first established in New South Wales in 1826, the library is located on the corner of Macquarie Street, Sydney and Shakespeare Place, adjacent to the Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The library is a member of the National and State Libraries Australasia consortium, the first library collections were part of the Australian Subscription Library which was started by a group of wealthy Sydney citizens in 1826. It was then purchased for £5100 by the New South Wales Government in 1869, in 1895 it was renamed the Public Library of New South Wales until its most recent name change in 1975, when it became the State Library of New South Wales. The Australian Subscription Library was established in 1826 at a meeting at the Sydney Hotel chaired by barrister John Mackaness, Library membership was subject to committee approval. Dr James Mitchell, father of David Scott Mitchell, was a member from 1832 to 1853. Fortunately for the later negotiations with the government were more successful. The foundation stone for new building, on the corner of Bent and Macquarie Streets, was laid by Alexander Macleay. Financial difficulties continued, and by 1869 the subscription library was in serious debt, the New South Wales Government was persuaded to buy it for £5100. In September 1869, the Sydney Free Public Library opened its doors with a stock of 20000 volumes, over 60,000 people visited the library in its first year of operation as the Free Public Library. Robert Cooper Walker was appointed Principal Librarian and he, in collaboration with the Trustees, worked to expand the educational role of the library both through collection expansion and the production of printed catalogues of the librarys collection. The library expanded its operations, opening a branch in 1877. This lending branch was handed to the Sydney Municipal Council in 1909, the librarys collection continued to grow, causing continual storage and overcrowding problems, new additions included a First Folio in 1885 and the papers of William Bligh in 1902. Australiana was a focus for the library and David Scott Mitchells collecting activities came to the attention of Henry Charles Lennox Anderson. Andersons stated aim of making the library a National, and not a Municipal, Anderson realised that the library did not have the budget or contacts to compete with Mitchell, and attempted to build a working relationship with Mitchell. In 1898, Mitchell announced his intention to leave his collection to the people of New South Wales, although his offer was quickly accepted, construction of a new building to house the collection was delayed for several years. Construction commenced in 1906, one year before Mitchells death, following Andersons resignation in 1907, Frank Murcott Bladen was appointed Principal Librarian. In 1909, Hugh Wright was appointed to the newly created position of Mitchell Librarian, nita Kibble was another early member of the library staff
27.
State Library of South Australia
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The State Library of South Australia, located on North Terrace, Adelaide, is the official library of the Australian state of South Australia. It is the largest public library in the state with a collection focus on South Australian information. It holds the South Australiana collection, which documents South Australia from pre-European settlement to the present day, reference material comes in a wide range of formats from digital and electronic to film, sound recordings, photographic, video and microfiche. Library collections are not for loan and must be used on site, customers can gain access to a large array of journals, newspapers and other resources from the comfort of their own home by registering for Home Access. The building now known as the Mortlock Wing was opened on 18 December 1884 as a Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery for the colony of South Australia with 23,000 books and a staff of three. In 1860 the Library was housed in the Institute Buildings, North-terrace, the foundation stone was laid on 7 November 1879 by Sir William Jervois and the building was constructed by Brown and Thompson at a total cost of £43,897, and opened in 1884. Supervision for the Board of Directors was undertaken by secretary Robert Kay, later director and secretary of the Public Library, Museum. The building is French Renaissance in style with a mansard roof, the walls are constructed of brick with Sydney freestone facings with decorations in the darker shade of Manoora stone. The interior has two galleries, the first supported by columns, and the second by cast iron brackets. The balconies feature wrought iron balustrading ornamented with gold while the glass-domed roof allows the chamber to be lit with natural light, two of the original gas sunburner lamps survive in the office space located on the second floor at the southern end. Restoration of the building occurred in 1985 as a Jubilee 150 project by Danvers Architects, consultant architect to the South Australian Department of Housing, the $1.5 million project was jointly funded by the government and the community. In August 2014 the Mortlock Wing featured in a list of the top 20 most beautiful libraries of the world, the State Library has a national responsibility to collect, preserve and give access to historical and contemporary South Australian information. The South Australiana collections document South Australia from pre-white settlement to the present day, the South Australiana collection is one of the most comprehensive in the world due to legal deposit requirements for published material, and through donations of unpublished material. A well known donation is the Bradman Collection of cricketing memorabilia, the State Librarys rare books collection is the major collection of its kind in South Australia. It comprises Australian and international items which have identified as having a special interest through subject matter or rarity. The Childrens Literature Research Collection was formed in 1959 and has over 65,000 books, periodicals, comics, board and table games, the collection has been enhanced by donations from South Australian individuals and families and from organisations. It is one of the State Librarys heritage collections and is of international importance, South Australian Museum Art Gallery of South Australia State Library of South Australia Arts SA
28.
State Library of Tasmania
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The State Library of Tasmania is the main library of the library system in the state of Tasmania, Australia. The State Library of Tasmania administers and funds all public libraries in Tasmania, there are 7 city/suburban lending libraries and 39 smaller branch libraries located in the main cities, regional and rural centres throughout the state. All libraries share a single catalogue and the collection circulates freely between the libraries, located on the second floor of the Hobart LINC building, Murray Street, Hobart, the State Reference Library contains over 200,000 books, periodicals, maps and directories. Items in the catalogue not located on the floor can be retrieved by library staff from an area called the Stack within 30 minutes. Reference and research services are provided to on-site and off-site clients using a range of print, the Ask a Librarian webpage provides clients with access to virtual and online enquiry services. The library operates several collections and archives of historical publications and documents, all Tasmanian-related material is collected including all works published in Tasmania, all works published about Tasmania, and all works by Tasmanian authors. A collection of books, documents, photographs, works of art and objects collected by Sir William Crowther. The library contains about 15,000 books and manuscripts, as well as photographs and artworks, another collection of historical material, bequeathed to the people of Tasmania by the Allport family to the library in 1965. It includes about 6,000 books, and outstanding collection of about 2,500 colonial-era artworks and collections of Georgian era furniture, British, French and Chinese porcelain. State Library of Tasmania - www. think-tasmania. com State Library of Tasmania website TALISPlus, New Tasmanian Library Catalogue Our Digital Island Allport Library and Museum of Fine Arts
29.
State Library of Victoria
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The State Library of Victoria is the central library of the state of Victoria, Australia, located in Melbourne. It is on the bounded by Swanston, La Trobe, Russell. The library holds over 2 million books and 16,000 serials, including the diaries of the founders, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. It also houses the original armour of Ned Kelly, in 1853, the decision to build a state library was made at the instigation of Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Mr Justice Redmond Barry, Q. C. On 3 July 1854, the recently inaugurated Governor Sir Charles Hotham laid the stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne. The library opened in 1856, with a collection of 3,800 books chosen by Mr Justice Barry, augustus H. Tulk, the first librarian, was appointed three months after the opening. The first reading room was the Queens Reading Room, which opened in 1859, temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition remained in use by the library until 1909, when work began on a new annexe building to mark the librarys Jubilee. This new building was the landmark Domed Reading Room, which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles, the reading domes original skylights were modified and covered in copper sheets in 1959 due to water leakage. The library underwent major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004, designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley, the project cost approximately A$200 million. The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation, during which light was returned. The renamed La Trobe Reading Room reopened in 2003, as a result of the redevelopment, the State Library of Victoria can now be considered one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world. In February 2010, the wing of the library on Little Lonsdale Street was reopened as the Wheeler Centre. On 29 April 2015 the Minister for Creative Industries Martin Foley announced that the 2015–16 State Budget would provide $55, the grassy lawn in front of the librarys grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the citys workers and students at the adjacent RMIT University. Originally enclosed by a fence, then by a wrought iron fence and gates in the 1870s. A number of statues are in the entrance area, a pair of bronze lions graced the park from the 1860s until 1937. There are statues of Mr Justice Sir Redmond Barry, Q. C, on Sundays between 2,30 pm and 5,30 pm, a speakers forum takes place on the library forecourt, where orators take turns in speaking on various subjects. The landmark Domed Reading Room, which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles and its octagonal space was designed to hold over a million books and up to 600 readers. It is 34.75 m in diameter and height, and its oculus is nearly 5 m wide
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State Library of Western Australia
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The State Library of Western Australia is a research, reference and public lending library located in the Perth Cultural Centre in Perth, Western Australia. It is an agency of the Western Australia Department of Culture and the Arts. The State Library has particular responsibility for collecting and preserving Western Australias documentary heritage, the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History is the section of the library dedicated to West Australiana. In 1886, the Western Australian Legislative Council allocated £5000 to be spent in celebrations for Queen Victorias golden jubilee, of this, it was decided that £3000 would be used to establish a free public library in Perth. A foundation stone was laid at a site in St Georges Terrace in 1887, instead, books to the value of £1000 were ordered from England, and the library found temporary accommodation in a building opposite the site. The Victoria Public Library, named in honour of Queen Victoria, the first managers of the library were the clerks to the management committee, W. C. The first Chief Librarian, James Sykes Battye, was appointed in 1894, by 1896, construction had begun on a site at the corner of James and Beaufort Streets, and in 1897 the library moved to the new James Street site. In 1904, the word Victoria was removed from the name of the library, a new addition to the site was opened in 1913. It was called Hackett Hall after Sir John Winthrop Hackett, the President of the Trustees of the Library, Museum, the library shared this building with the Art Gallery and Museum, and the Western Australian Museum still occupies the building today. The Library Board of Western Australia was established with the passing of the Library Board of Western Australia Act 1951, appointing the first State Librarian, Francis Aubie Sharr. The purpose of the Board was to assist local authorities in establishing public libraries throughout the state. However, James Battye successfully resisted having the Board take over control of the Public Library of Western Australia and it was only after Battye died in office in 1954 that the Library Board gained control of the library. It was closed for a year for renovations, then reopened in 1956 as the State Library of Western Australia and this included a section dedicated to collecting Western Australian material – the J. S. Battye Library of West Australian History and State Archives, between 1964 and 2002 the organisation was known as the Library and Information Service of Western Australia. This reflected the Library Boards broader operations beyond the walls of the library, in July 2002, the library once again became known as the State Library of Western Australia. By the late 1970s, the library had grown sufficiently that staff were working from ten different sites and annexes in the city, planning was undertaken for a new building as part of the development of the Perth Cultural Centre. In 1985 the library’s current home, the Alexander Library Building, was opened and it is named after Professor Fred Alexander, the first chairman of the Library Board of Western Australia. Responsibility for the collection and management of records was transferred to SRO
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ACT Heritage Library
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The ACT Heritage Library is the state library of the Australian Capital Territory and the pre-eminent ACT reference library. The Library is the section of the ACT Library and Information Services and is located on Level 1, Woden Library, Corner Corinna Street and Furzer Street. Antoinette Buchanan has been the Manager of the ACT Heritage Library since 2004, the ACT Heritage Library collects, manages and provides access to material relevant to the ACTs documentary heritage. It offers assistance in researching matters relating to the ACT, its history, the collection of books and journals in the ACT Heritage Library focuses on the works published in the ACT, by ACT residents, or about the ACT. Special collections include the collection and a small zine collection, the ACT Heritage Library holds 4,000 maps and plans of Canberra and the ACT and plans of some public and private buildings. A full listing of the maps and plans collection is located on the ACT Heritage Library website, the collection of approximately 200 archives and manuscripts collections in the ACT Heritage Library focuses on local groups and individuals who have made notable contributions to the ACT community. Strengths include early education and performing arts. An index of archives held and links to finding aids is accessible from the ACT Heritage Library website, the ACT Heritage Library has an extensive ephemera collection of around 300 archive boxes and 2,000 posters, with a particular strength in the performing arts. Finding aids for the Librarys general ephemera, posters and performing arts ephemera collections are available from the Librarys website, additional ACT photographs held in national and state institutions, as well those from Images ACT, can be found on Picture Australia. The ACT Heritage Library regularly presents small exhibitions and display in their reading room, reflections of Canberra is an online exhibition, sampling the collection of the ACT Heritage Library and reflecting the changing landscape lifestyles of the Canberra region and its community. ACT Heritage Library ACT Library and Information Services ACT Public Library Blog
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Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
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Brisbane City Hall
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Brisbane City Hall, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, is the seat of the Brisbane City Council. It is located adjacent to King George Square, where the rectangular City Hall has its main entrance, the City Hall also has frontages and entrances in both Ann Street and Adelaide Street. The building is considered one of Brisbanes finest and is registered on the Register of the National Estate since 1978, the building has been used for royal receptions, pageants, orchestral concerts, civic greetings, flower shows, school graduations and political meetings. In 2009, it was discovered that the building suffered severe structural problems. After a three-year restoration, the building was re-opened on 6 April 2013, the City Hall was once the tallest building in Brisbane. The building was designed by the firm Hall and Prentice, in association with four young New South Wales Architects, Bruce Dellit, Peter Kaad, Emil Sodersten and Noel Wilson. Although there was a desire to construct a new city hall. The first foundation stone was laid on Saturday 3 February 1917 by Queensland Governor in advance of the buildings construction, the stone was placed facing Albert Square. At the time there were no plans for the new building, the stone was hollowed to allow a time capsule to be placed within it. In 1935, it was claimed that the stone was in a Brisbane City Council depot in Macrossan Street, however, in 1954, it was claimed that the original foundation stone was lost as it was believed to have been used as part of a buildings foundations. The second foundation stone was laid on 29 July 1920 by Edward, Prince of Wales, with an opal encrusted 18ct gold and trowel, the site was swampy and contained a creek. Pumping was needed to keep the site dry, one man died as he was inspecting the construction site. Although not complete, the building was occupied from 3 January 1928, the lord mayor William Jolly presented a cheque, paying for his electricity bill, as the first official transaction in the new building. Brisbane City Hall was opened in 1930 by Queensland Governor, the building was officially opened on 8 April 1930 by Lord Mayor of Brisbane William Jolly. However it had been occupied since 1927. In 1969 the council commenced the acquisition of the properties to the south of the City Hall, and in 1975 opened the Brisbane Administration Centre, most of the Councils offices then moved from the City hall to the BAC. The Council Chambers, Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayors offices remain however in City Hall, in the 1980s work commenced on the full-scale restoration of the building, opening up the side entrance vestibules and restoring a number of the reception rooms to their original design. These reception rooms are named for local government areas subsumed into Greater Brisbane in 1925, such as the Sherwood Room
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Customs House, Brisbane
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Customs House is a heritage-listed customs house at 427 Queen Street, Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles H McLay and built from 1886 to 1889 at a cost of ₤38,346 by John Petrie & Son. It was originally used for the collection of duty and was opened in 1889. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005, the collection of custom duties on imported products was particularly important to Queensland where the manufacturing sector was slow to develop. Brisbane was declared a city in 1846. In 1908, seven years after federation, the building was acquired by the federal government, Customs House is within reach of the CityCat catamaran ferry service, as well as the Free Loop Bus. The 1880s building replaced an earlier and much smaller house on the site. The location had been chosen in 1849 following the declaration of Moreton Bay as a port of entry in 1846, a small building was erected for customs purposes in 1850 and in the following decades became increasingly inadequate as Brisbane emerged as the principal commercial centre and port of Queensland. In 1884 the Queensland Government decided to construct a new customs house, in March 1886 a design by Charles McLay was selected from many proposals in the Colonial Architects Office for a new Brisbane Customs House. McLay completed the specification in May 1886 and construction commenced in September that year, Charles McLay was the major designer under the colonial architect George Connolly and was appointed Chief Draftsman in 1889. The contract was let to one of Brisbanes oldest and most respected contractors, John Petrie & Son, retaining walls, fencing, a double staircase down to the river and nearby earth closets were also constructed. The completed building incorporated pedimented gables and a massive colonnade, heraldic scenes in the pediments were precursors to the official Queensland coat of arms, which was not granted until 1893. A curved iron balustrade to the balconies included the initials of the sovereign, Victoria Regina. Red cedar was used extensively for desks, counters, cabinets and tables as well as for a massive, public pride in the new customs house was considerable. In 1891 stables, additional retaining walls and fencing, and more earth closets were erected at a cost of £446, by the mid-1890s gardens and a driveway had been developed. The mature fig tree now at the site was planted about this time. Minor repairs were carried out throughout the 1890s, including work in 1895 after seven feet of water inundated the basement during the 1893 Brisbane River floods. As a consequence of the Federation of Australia, the Brisbane Customs House, in 1906 the inadequacies of the original flat roof were overcome by the installation of a new hipped roof
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Government House, Brisbane
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Government House is a heritage-listed mansion at 170 Fernberg Road, Paddington, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is the residence of the Governor of Queensland, the representative of the Australian monarch in Queensland. It was originally designed by Benjamin Backhouse and built 1865, but has been extended and refurbished. It is also known as Fernberg and it was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. The Premier of Queensland must visit the Governor at Government to request the dissolution of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, following the outcome of such elections, the governor appoints the Premier and Ministry and the swearing-in of Members of the Legislative Assembly takes place at Government House. Government House is open to the public on certain open days, usually on Australia Day,26 January. The land on which the Government House stands was granted as two separate portions. Portion 223 was bought in May 1860 by Johann Christian Heussler, in 1864 Francksen died and the land passed to Heussler. At that time the landscape in this suburb of Brisbane may have been close to undeveloped natural bushland. The Hon Johann Christian Heussler, 1820-1907, was a native of Germany who emigrated to Victoria, Australia in 1852, due to poor health he moved to Brisbane 1854 and established the mercantile firm Heussler and Co. Over two decades Heussler became a respected business man and citizen of Queensland. He was recognised as a member of the Queensland Club, Consul for the Netherlands, German Consul. In 1866 he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council, Heussler commissioned Brisbane architect Benjamin Backhouse to design a residence for Heussler, which was constructed in 1865. Heussler named his home Fernberg, giving it a name of German origin that meant distant mountain, Benjamin Backhouse was an architect responsible for several substantial commissions in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Local examples of his work include other villa residences such as Baroona, Cintra House, Riversleigh, due to financial difficulties, Heussler was forced to leave the property by 1871 after which it was leased to Arthur Palmer, then the Premier of Queensland. The roof is covered with slates, the verandahs and balconies being spacious, and presenting a delightful retreat for the enjoyment of pure air, shade, and widespread and charming view. The whole of the internal and external workmanship and materials are of the very best description, the stable contains a great many stalls. There is also carriage-house, storeroom, grooms room, harness-room, the grounds are all enclosed, the timber having been thinned so as to give the place a park-like appearance, and there is a shrubbery and garden round the house
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Land Administration Building
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Land Administration Building is a heritage-listed former government building at 142 George Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye and built from 1899 to 1905 by Arthur Midson for the Queensland Government and it was also known as the Executive Building or the Old Executive Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992, the building was originally occupied by the offices of the Lands and Survey Departments, the Premier of Queensland, the Executive Council, and the Queensland National Art Gallery. It contains a heritage-listed World War I Honour board, since 1995, the building has been used as the hotel of the Treasury Casino. This four-storeyed masonry government office building was erected between 1901 and 1905 and it is the most prominent Brisbane example of Queensland Government building activity associated with the economic recovery of the late 1890s and with the Federation of Australia. In 1898-1899 plans were prepared under the supervision of chief architect Thomas Pye of the Queensland Government Architects office, special provisions for the Lands Department included Ministers offices, drafting rooms, photographic and heliographic rooms, and a Land Court. With the inclusion of offices for the Executive Council and Cabinet, a £2,900 contract for site preparation and foundations was commenced in 1899, and in 1901 the principal construction contract for £141,000 was let to Brisbane builder Arthur Midson. The use of expanded metal lathing as a re-enforcement to the floors and ceilings was amongst the earliest application of such technology in Australia. The building was symbolic of Queenslands pride and achievement, and was seen as a showcase for Queensland materials, granite used as the base course and plinth was obtained from Enoggera and Mount Crosby. Brown freestone from Helidon was used to face the outer walls, the decorative carving to the facades was completed during 1903-1904. In the north-western elevation an allegorical group representing Queensland mining and agriculture was carved by New South Wales sculptor William Priestly MacIntosh to a design by Thomas Pye, the mantelpieces were constructed of a variety of Queensland timbers representing the states timber resources. Allegorical stained glass highlighted the nature of the Queensland economy. From 1901, the Queensland National Art Gallery occupied a room the length of the third floor above George Street. In 1930 the art gallery was relocated to the Exhibition Building Concert Hall, both Executive Council and Cabinet met in the building from 1905 until 1971, when new offices were constructed at 100 George Street, known as the Executive Building. Since then this former Executive Building has been known as the Land Administration Building, the gas lamps on the pavements at the William and George Street entrances were erected by about 1911. Those delineating the George Street entrance appear to have moved further apart. They still function, lit by natural gas, the Lands Administration Building is a four-storeyed government office building occupying a site bounded by George Street, Stephens Lane, William Street and Queens Gardens. The form and scale of the building complement the Treasury Building and it forms the southeastern edge of the important group of government buildings surrounding Queens Gardens, which also includes the Family Services Building and the William Street retaining wall
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Newstead House, Brisbane
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Newstead House is Brisbanes oldest surviving residence and is located on the Breakfast Creek bank of the Brisbane River, in the northern Brisbane suburb of Newstead, in Queensland, Australia. Built as a cottage in the Colonial-Georgian style in 1846. Newstead House is the oldest surviving home in Brisbane, but not the oldest surviving building, built in 1846, for Patrick Leslie, in 1847 he sold Newstead House to his brother-in-law John Clements Wickham, the Police Magistrate and Government Resident. Newstead House is said to have taken its name from Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, England, the property was referred to as Newstead until it left the possession of J. C. Wickham in 1859 after which it became known as Newstead House. Newstead house was built as a residence by Brisbanes first architect and builder Andrew Petrie for fellow Scottish settler Patrick Leslie, then it was leased to Attorney-General Ratcliffe Pring. It was later leased, then sold, then leased again to merchant, George Harris and his wife Jane lived in the house for 27 years. The Lysaght Brothers bought the property in March 1898 with the intention to demolish the house and build a factory that produced iron and these plans to establish a factory at the property were abandoned due to the downturn in the agricultural sector. It was purchased by the Brisbane City Council in 1918 and was the residence of the superintendent of their council parks, the Council leased part of the property to the Historical Society of Queensland in 1934 and it was used to store historical records. In 1939, the Queensland Parliament created a Trust and ownership was transferred to the Newstead House Trust, the building was occupied by American troops during World War II. There is an Australian–American War Memorial in the grounds in memory of this and it was dedicated on 3 May 1952 by the Queensland Governor, Sir John Lavarack. Other than the occupation it was operated as a museum. Newstead House is now a museum and it is open to the public, and concerts are sometimes held at the house and grounds. Newstead House is now maintained by the Newstead House Board of Trustees assisted the Friends of Newstead, Newstead Park is still managed and maintained by the Brisbane City Council. Newstead House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in 1992, Newstead Park is a significant historic park. The land originally formed a part of the land purchased by Patrick Leslie in 1845 on which he built Newstead House, in the 1920s the Brisbane City Council constructed an electrical substation for its tramway system in the grounds of the House. Since the closure of the system in 1969 the substation was purchased by the Newstead House Board of Trustees and has been used as a Resource Centre. In May each year the park is host to the commemoration of the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Australian-American monument in the park is dedicated to the United States service men and women for helping in the defence of Australia during World War II. A playspace featuring an Alice through the Looking Glass theme has developed by the Brisbane City Council is located on the southern side of the park
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Old Government House, Queensland
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Queenslands first Government House is located at Gardens Point in the grounds of the Queensland University of Technology at the end of George Street in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The buildings construction was the first important architectural work undertaken by the newly formed Government of Queensland, the government residential building was constructed to accommodate the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Bowen, and his family. On 22 May 1860, the first Queensland parliament met, one month later a vote to fund a new government house was successful. The site chosen for the building was a point of Gardens Point overlooking the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. There was an issue with the building being built in Brisbane, the two-storey building was designed by colonial architect Charles Tiffin in the Classical revival style in 1860. The front half of the contained the Governors public and private rooms while the rear housed the service section. The front of the house had a design without displays of grandeur so as not to affront politicians. The first stage of the building was completed in March 1862 by builder Joshua Jeays, the building is built from locally sourced materials, with sandstone facades, Brisbane tuff to the service areas, red cedar, hoop pine and cast iron. The Governor and his family moved into the building in April 1862, the first public function held in the building was a ball on Monday 16 June 1862 to celebrate the birthday of Queen Victoria. The ball was to have been earlier, but was postponed due to a period of mourning for the Prince consort Albert. Sir George and Lady Diamantina Bowen hosted 300 to 400 guests and it was a gala occasion and the new Government House was praised for enabling the Governor to exercise his hospitality without restrictions through the want of space. There were rooms available for dancing, drinking of claret, sherry, tea and coffee, meanwhile, the dowagers and other ladies not involved in the drinking, dancing and card playing were entertained in drawing room. At 1 am, supper was served in the quadrangle, protected by a roof and decorated with candles. The dancing continued until 4 am, although the Bowens did not participate in the due to his wife Lady Diamantinas delicate health. Approximately one month later on 26 July 1862, Lady Diamantina was safely delivered of a daughter, Lady Diamantinas delicate health at the Birthday Ball was presumably a delicate reference to her advanced pregnancy. Agnes is believed to be the first child born in the building and their son, George William Howard, was also born at Government House on 9 April 1864. The house was lit with candles and kerosene lamps, but by the late 1860s. Unfortunately the initial pipes used were too thin and it was not possible to turn on all the gas lights simultaneously, the building was home to the first 11 of the Governors of Queensland and their families
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Parliament House, Brisbane
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Parliament House in Brisbane is the meeting place of the Parliament of Queensland, housing its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly. It is located on the corner of George Street and Alice Street at Gardens Point in the CBD, the Parliament of Queensland first met on 22 May 1860 in the former convict barracks on Queen Street. In November 1863 a commission chose the site for the new building on the corner of Alice. The commission soon opened an Australia-wide competition for the new buildings design, in October 1864, a design by William Henry Ellerker was recommended by the Parliamentary Commissioners. However in November 1865, the commissioners withdrew their recommendation and resigned, in December 1864, Ellerker wrote a public complaint about the process, but ultimately plans by Charles Tiffin, the Queensland Colonial Architect, were selected. Amid controversy and allegations of influence on the outcome of the competition. On 14 July 1865 the foundation stone for the building was laid by Sir George Bowen and it was built by Joshua Jeays who used sandstone from his own quarries. Stained glass windows depicting royalty were imported from Birmingham, the first section was completed in 1867. The George Street frontage was completed in 1868 in French Renaissance Revival style, the archways and colonnades facing George Street were built in 1878, and construction on the Alice Street frontage commenced in 1887. The Alice Street wing was completed in 1889, in 1886 Parliament House was connected to the Government Printing Office via an underground cable which provided it with electricity. The building was the first Parliament House in Australia to be electrified, in 1969 the Government began to investigate the feasibility and cost of an extension to Parliament House. Three years later the State Works Department and Parliamentary Buildings Committee began planning the building, tenders for the Annexe were called in August 1975, and construction began soon after. The Annexe was completed in March 1979 at a cost of $20,000,000, the building is linked to Parliament House, forming a square like the one in Tiffins original 1864 plan. The square has become known as Speakers Green and is used for ceremonial purposes, the Annexe was refurbished in 2000. The George Street face of Parliament House has a porte-cochère, with a terrace above. The original zinc roof was replaced in the 1980s with one constructed from Mount Isa copper, art exhibitions and other displays are frequently staged in the spacious ground floor areas of the Annexe. Free public guided tours of the Parliament are available each week day, also, a gift shop, selling souvenirs and memorabilia, is located in the main foyer. Parliament House was also used as one of the locations for the 1980s Australian series of Mission
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South Brisbane Town Hall
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The Old South Brisbane Town Hall is the heritage-listed town hall of the Borough of South Brisbane, later the City of South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In 1888 the Borough of South Brisbane was established, independent of the Brisbane Municipal Council, in 1891, work commenced on the construction of the town hall. The building was opened on 1 July 1892. Although it was known as the Town Hall, it was officially the South Brisbane Municipal Chambers. The building is planned in a simple manner. Consistent with that claim, there is no public hall within the building and it was commonly known as the South Brisbane Town Hall. The building was used for its intended purposes from 1892 until 1925. The building was used by the amalgamated council as a Council Works Depot. During World War II the old Town Hall and the neighbouring Cumbooquepa were occupied by the American Armed Services. As both sets of building were perched high above the street, the Americans decided to create a ramp between them to avoid the need to walk up and down to the street. They removed a leadlight window from the upper storey of the Town Hall to provide a point for the ramp. After the war, the Town Hall was converted into residential flats, in 1957, the building was extensively refurbished to be used as the Queensland Conservatorium of Music. In 1984 a replica leadlight window was created to replace the one lost in World War II, in 1984 the heritage value of the building was acknowledged in 1984 when it was listed by the National Trust of Australia, followed by listing in 1989 by the Australian Heritage Commission. On 15 June 1999, neighbouring Somerville House purchased the building, the Chamber Room is used for school functions and the office areas used for various administrative functions. In 2011, the decided to call the building The Chambers to reflect its origins. In early 1890, a competition for the design of the chambers was announced. The competition required that the cost of the building be less than ₤5000, twenty designers were submitted and the winner was from architects Messrs John Hall And Son of Queen Street, Brisbane. The design was attributed to John Smith Murdoch who was later to be become Commonwealth Deputy-General of Works, on the last day of 1890, the mayor Arthur Morry signed a contract with builder Abraham James of Coorparoo for the cost of ₤6999
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Treasury Building, Brisbane
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The former Queensland Government Treasury Building is a heritage-listed public administration building located at 21 Queen Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is currently occupied by the Treasury Casino owned by Star Entertainment Group, the building is located at North Quay, near the northern end of Victoria Bridge. Although officially fronting on Queen Street, the building occupies a city block surrounded by Queen Street, George Street, Elizabeth Street. The Elizabeth Street frontage is opposite the Queens Gardens, in the 1890s and early 1900s the imposing Treasury Building served as a symbol of self-government and as a focus for celebratory and patriotic displays. Prior to the Treasury Buildings construction the site housed a military barracks. In 1901, the proclamation of the federation of the Australian Commonwealth was read by the Governor of Queensland Baron Lamington from a balcony on the William Street elevation. The Queensland Government Cabinet met in the building until the 1905, subsequently, more departments moved out and the Treasury Building, along with the Lands Administration Building were sold and now form the Treasury Casino. The Treasury was erected in three stages between 1886 and 1928, in 1883, a design competition for a two-storeyed building was won by Melbourne architects Grainger and DEbro. However this design was never used as the Queensland Colonial Architect, John James Clark, clarks own neo-Italianate design, entered in the competition prior to his appointment, was used. Clarke is also known for his work on the Old Treasury Building in Melbourne. The first stage of the building to be completed was the William Street, when completed in September 1889, the new building was occupied by the Premier, Colonial Secretary, Registrar-General, Treasury, Mines, Works, Police and Auditor-General. The construction of two, which completed the Elizabeth Street section, was commenced almost immediately and was completed by February 1893. This new wing was occupied by the Registrar of Titles, Justice, Works, Public Instruction, the final stage of construction was started in 1922 and the Queen and George street frontages were officially opened in 1928, providing additional space for the existing occupants. In 1961, an annexe was built in the courtyard. The building is faced with sandstone ashlar except for the walls of the arcade. These brick walls are finished with lined and unpainted render imitating ashlar, each phase of construction has used a different type of sandstone. A colour difference is discernible between the Highfields stone used for the first phase of construction, and the Helidon sandstones used for the later stages, the external walls sit on a porphyry plinth. The design was proposed by Australian Architect John James Clark, in that time the treasury building would be home to many government authorities such as the Registrar-General, Premier, Treasury, Security, Mines, and the Police
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Arts and culture in Brisbane
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The culture of Brisbane derives from mainstream Australian culture and incorporates a strong history in the performing arts, music and sport. The Queensland Cultural Centre, located at South Bank, within the suburb of South Brisbane, is the hub of Brisbane. In addition to the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art and Queensland Art Gallery, the University of Queensland has a purpose built gallery on its St. Lucia campus. The Queensland College of Art, is based on the former Expo 88 site at South Bank, every year the Rotary Clubs of Stones Corner, Hamilton and Brisbane High-Rise host the Rotary Art Spectacular, one of Queensland’s most prestigious art exhibition. Brisbane has a range of public sculptures ranging from the impressive statue of Queen Victoria in front of the Old Executive building to a number of others. King George Square in front of the Brisbane City Hall features a statue of King George V. There other examples of sculpture featured in Anzac Square, City Roos sculptures made by sculptor Christopher Trotter, during 1999 from scrapmetal from a broad cross-section of industries are not far from the former Law Courts Complex, in George Street. The Brisbane City council has a database of public artworks which can be searched for locations, artists. The database covers the whole Brisbane Council area, Queensland University of Technology and the University of Southern Queensland offer professional acting courses. Some notable professionals who have taught performing arts in Brisbane include Rhoda Felgate, Babette Stephens, Jean Trundell, Joan Whalley, Alan Edwards, Ian Thomson, the Queensland Performing Arts Centre is also located at South Bank. It is also part of the Queensland Cultural Centre and contains Brisbane’s main theatres, the Australian Ballet visits Brisbane every second year and other touring companies also visit Brisbane each year. Large scale visiting musicals make up the majority of offerings at the Lyric Theatre, the Queensland Conservatorium and Queensland College of Art were subsequently built within the South Bank Parklands, along with many other buildings, including the Suncorp Piazza. Other theatres located in Brisbane include the Tribal Theatre, Brisbane Arts Theatre, Twelfth Night Theatre, Roundhouse Theatre, Metro Arts Theatre and the Brisbane Powerhouse. There are also several theatres located at the universities, including the QUT Gardens Theatre & the QUT Creative Industries Precinct, newly constructed in an old community building in Spring Hill is the Centre Stage Theatre. Outdoor venues include the Roma Street Parkland Amphitheatre and Riverstage in the City Botanic Gardens, Brisbane has a long history of demolishing performing arts venues and theatres. Festival Hall, a music and entertainment venue was demolished in 2003, before the Queensland Performing Arts Centre was built, major performing arts theatres included the 2,000 seat Her Majestys Theatre in Queen Street, which was demolished. It was replaced by the Hilton Hotel without a theatre, artists such as Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, Robert Helpmann and Dame Nellie Melba performed there. The Suncorp Theatre, a purpose built theatre for the Queensland Theatre Company, was also demolished in 2007
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Brisbane Powerhouse
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Brisbane Powerhouse is an arts and cultural hub located in a former power station in the Brisbane suburb of New Farm, Queensland, Australia. The venue offers an array of performing arts, visual arts, festivals, the first stage of the New Farm Powerhouse was built in 1927-28 as part of the growing need for Powerhouses for the Brisbane Trams. The power station operations in 1928, was decommissioned in 1971. It was renovated and re-opened as an entertainment hub in 2000. Positioned on the bank of the Brisbane River, Brisbane Powerhouse was developed from a decommissioned power station. Earlier power stations in Brisbane had been operated by private companies, the New Farm powerhouse supplied electricity for the whole tramway network. A total of 56MW could be produced at 11KV3 phase and it also produced power and lighting loads for the suburbs of Yeerongpilly, Toowong and Ithaca. As Brisbane grew more suburbs drew their power from the powerhouse. The Government of Queensland decided that there should be one electrical authority for South East Queensland in 1961, in 1963, the City Council sold the New Farm powerhouse to the Southern Electrical Authority which was part of the Queensland Government. Following a change in Council transport policy in 1967 the tram system was converted to bus operation, the powerhouse was decommissioned in 1971 becoming derelict due to declining workloads and increasing maintenance costs. Swanbank Power Station became the main supplier of electricity. For approximately 20 years the building was used as a depot, chemical store by the Queensland Government. These elements contribute to its being such a place that photographers. In 1989, the ownership of the site was returned to the Brisbane City Council, the building comprises three sections, the boiler house, switch house and the turbine room. Apart from the demolition of the Boiler Room in 1984 almost the whole building remained intact. The building was constructed in stages, externally from load bearing masonry, through a programme of land exchange in 1989 the Brisbane City Council was able to re-acquire the building. Original elements such as materials from the wall that was heavily damaged were utilized in other parts of the building. A gantry crane and switch from its power station days and graffiti remain intact, the refurbished building was opened in May 2000 with additions that appropriate the 1920s building with todays culture
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Museum of Brisbane
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The Museum of Brisbane is a museum which displays exhibits relating to the history of Brisbane, Australia. It is owned and operated by the Brisbane City Council and is located in Brisbane City Hall in the citys CBD, the museum was opened in 2003 and has since had more than 3,000,000 visitors. The Museum of Brisbane was opened in October 2003 and occupied a space on the floor of City Hall. The museum replaced the Brisbane City Gallery which opened in 1977, in 2010, when City Hall closed for restoration, the museum was relocated to Ann Street. On 6 April 2013 the museum was reopened after returning to City Hall where it now occupies a space on the buildings third floor. Since its reopening the museum has been overseen by a board chaired by Sallyanne Atkinson, the museum manages the City of Brisbane Collection. The collection was created in 1859 when the Town of Brisbane was founded and it has grown to have more than 5,000 items including works by local artists, and historical ceramics. Entry to the museum is free, the nearest bus station to the museum is King George Square, while Central and Roma Street are the nearest train stations. Paid parking is available in the King George Square Car Park, media related to Museum of Brisbane at Wikimedia Commons Official site
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Old Museum Building, Brisbane
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The Old Museum Building is a heritage-listed performance venue in Bowen Hills, Brisbane, Australia. The Old Museum was originally called the Exhibition Building and Concert Hall and it was built in 1891 for the Queensland National Agricultural and Industrial Association after Brisbanes first exhibition building, which had occupied the land, was destroyed by fire on 13 June 1888. At the time of the fire the building was being used as a skating rink, the land had been used by the Queensland Acclimatisation Society from 1863-1875. The new exhibition building was designed by the architect George Henry Male Addison, the style of the building may best be described as progressive eclecticism. It is entered in the Queensland Heritage Register, the Queensland Government took over control of the building and grounds when the National Association was forced into liquidation by the economic depression in 1897. In 1899, the Exhibition Hall became home to the Queensland Museum, during the Queensland Museums 86 years in the building, other parts of the building were used as a Concert Hall and an Art Gallery. Because of the Queensland Museums long occupancy of the building, the building is now known as the Old Museum, the Old Museum building is home to the Queensland Youth Orchestras, who use the building as a rehearsal, performance and office space. The play Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare, was presented in the Old Museum building in 1989. Members of the cast included Geoffrey Rush, Jane Menelaus and Russell Dykstra, the Old Museum building was also used as one of the sites for the 1980s Australian series of Mission, Impossible. The building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992, the Exhibition Grounds and Buildings - includes information about the Old Museum building the Old Museum Building Troilus and Cressida at the Old Museum Building Brisbane Symphany Orchestra
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Queensland Maritime Museum
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It is housed in the building used for the “Pavilion of Promise” at World Expo 88, and the South Brisbane Dry Dock which was built in the 1870s and was 313 feet long and 60 feet wide. In 1887 the dock was extended to 430 feet due to the size of vessels. The museum also includes a library that stocks documents, pictures, there are several maps that show how early navigators created accurate charts. Information is also provided some of the 1,500 plus shipwrecks that have occurred along the Queensland coast including the Great Barrier Reef. The 121 feet steam tug Forceful, the remaining working coal-fired steam tug in Queensland, is berthed at the Museum wharf. It was built in 1925 by Alex Stephen & Son Ltd, in 1941 it was chartered by the government for service in the Middle East, but did not sail because Japan entered World War II. She was then requisitioned by the Royal Australian Navy and became known as HMAS Forceful and she was armed with a 20mm Oerlikon Machine Gun and a.303 Vickers machine gun. At present, she is laid up for repairs, estimated to reach around $250, HMAS Diamantina, a River Class frigate is in the South Brisbane Dry Dock, and on board visitors can view the Museums collection of Australian Naval memorabilia. Also visible is the Light Ship Carpentaria, information is also provided about how lighthouse technology developed from the early oil wick burners to the modern equipment used in the present day. The former Bulwer Island Light, which operated at Bulwer Island at the mouth of the Brisbane River from 1912 to 1983, is on display outside the Museum and it is a white, octagonal wooden tower covered with corrugated iron sheets, and the roof of lantern is red. Also displayed are the lens of Archer Point Light, the pedestal and gearbox of Bustard Head Light. Queensland Maritime Museum Website Queensland Maritime Museum from Collections Australia Network
