1.
City University of New York (CUNY)
–
The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York are separate and independent university systems, CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York. CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York, and the California State University system. More than 270, 000-degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing, the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from 208 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. The following table is sortable, click on a heading to re-sort the table by values of that column. Rosenthal, philosopher Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College, during the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College. Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930, Queens College – Founded in 1937. CUNY has served a student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, during the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY. The City College of New York developed a reputation of being the Harvard of the proletariat, most of these limited matriculation students enrolled in the Evening Session, and paid tuition. Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It wasnt until 1955, under an arrangement with New York State. Unlike the day college students attending the citys public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years. Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year – the equivalent of $2,413 in 2011
City University of New York (CUNY)
–
Seal of the CUNY Board of Trustees
City University of New York (CUNY)
–
The City University of New York
2.
SUNY Press
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The State University of New York Press, is a university press and a Center for Scholarly Communication. The Press is part of the State University of New York system and is located in Albany, SUNY Press was founded in 1966 in order to support the State University of New York’s commitments to teaching, research, and public service. Historically, the Press publishes scholarly works that further research in a variety of fields. The Press publishes around 160-180 books per year, making it one of the larger university presses by output. The Press utilizes the latest advances in communication to offer a range of print and electronic publications to fulfill the evolving needs of scholars, students, authors. Joseph Natoli In 2008 the Press started an imprint called Excelsior Editions. This imprint publishes popular works for all readers and also showcases the diversity of the peoples, histories, and natural beauty of New York, State University of New York Press SUNY Press at Facebook State University of New York
SUNY Press
–
University centers
SUNY Press
–
State University of New York Press
3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
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Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
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Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
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Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
4.
Chair (official)
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
Chair (official)
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Chairman of a Swedish and American society of relatives of over 5000 members, in
Stockholm in 2015 with the society's banner flying
5.
Kristina M. Johnson
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Kristina M. Johnson is an American business executive, engineer, academic, and former government official. She has been a leader in the development of optoelectronic processing systems, 3-D imaging, Kristina Johnson grew up in Denver, Colorado. She attended Hamilton Junior High School, where she founded the environmental club, at Thomas Jefferson High School, she won two state science competitions and played attack on the boys lacrosse team. Dr. Johnson received her B. S. M. S. Johnson was the Undersecretary for Energy at the United States Department of Energy until she stepped down Nov.5,2010. She had previously been the provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at Johns Hopkins University since September 1,2007, previously, she had been the dean of the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University since 1999. Johnson has also served as director of the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Optoelectronics Computing Systems at the University of Colorado at Boulder and she founded several companies including ColorLink, Inc which was later sold to RealD, responsible for the technology that launched the 3D move industry. Additionally, she co-founded the Colorado Advanced Technology Institute Center of Excellence in Optoelectronics and has been a director of Minerals Technologies Inc, AES Corporation, Nortel and Guidant Corporation. She is currently director at Boston Scientific Corporation, Cisco Systems and she was confirmed as Under Secretary of Energy for the Obama Administration in 2009. She is the founder of Enduring Hydro, an energy firm. A strong proponent of women in leadership, science and engineering, she is passioinate about STEM and STEAM education, in 1993 Kristina Johnson was the first woman to be awarded the International Dennis Gabor Award for creativity in modern optics. In 2008, she received the John Fritz Medal, an award in the engineering profession. In 2015, Johnson was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her work developing polarization-control technologies
Kristina M. Johnson
–
Kristina M. Johnson
6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
7.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
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Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
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The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
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Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
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Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
8.
College
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College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university. In ancient Rome a collegium was a club or society, a group of living together under a common set of rules. Aside from the educational context - nowadays the most common use of college - there are various other meanings also derived from the original Latin term. In the United States, college can be a synonym for university, in Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title, in Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The Kings School, there has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges. In the state of Victoria, some high schools are referred to as secondary colleges. Interestingly, the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School, in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as secondary colleges. In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, college refers to the final two years of high school, and the institutions which provide this. In this context, college is an independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a version of matriculation college. This is because these schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects. Some private secondary schools choose to use the college in their names nevertheless. Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the school system. In New Zealand the word normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17
College
–
King's College, one of the constituent
colleges of the University of Cambridge
College
–
King's College London, established by Royal Charter having been founded by
King George IV and the
Duke of Wellington in 1829, is one of the founding colleges of the
University of London.
College
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Scotch College, Melbourne is an independent secondary school
College
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St John's College, Johannesburg
9.
Community college
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A community college is a type of educational institution. In Australia, the community college refers to small private businesses running short courses generally of a self-improvement or hobbyist nature. Equivalent to the American notion of community colleges are Tertiary And Further Education colleges or TAFEs, there are also an increasing number of private providers, which are colloquially called colleges. Most Australian universities can also be traced back to such forerunners, in TAFEs and colleges today, courses are designed for personal development of an individual and/or for employment outcomes. A Certificate I may only run for 4 hours twice a week for a term of 9 weeks, a full-time Diploma course might have classes 4 days per week for a year. Some courses may be offered in the evenings or weekends to accommodate people working full-time, funding for colleges may come from government grants and course fees, and many are not-for-profit organisations. There are located in metropolitan, regional and rural locations of Australia, learning offered by TAFEs and colleges has changed over the years. By the 1980s many colleges had recognised a community need for computer training, TAFEs and colleges have not traditionally offered bachelors degrees, instead providing pathway arrangements with universities to continue towards degrees. The American innovation of the degree is emerging at some institutions. Certificate courses I to IV, diplomas and advanced diplomas are typically offered, recently, some TAFE institutes have also become higher education providers in their own right and are now starting to offer bachelors degrees programs. In Canada, community colleges are adult educational institutions that provide education and tertiary education. Each province has its own system, as prescribed by the Canadian federalism model of governance. A formative trend was the merging of the then separate vocational training, Canadian colleges are either publicly funded or private post-secondary institutions. There are 150 institutions that are equivalent to the US community college in certain contexts. They are usually referred to simply as colleges since in common usage a degree-granting institution is almost exclusively a university, University degrees are usually attained through four years of study. The term associate degree is used in western Canada to refer to a two-year college arts or science degree, in other parts of Canada the term advanced degree is used to indicate a 3- or 4-year college program. In the province of Quebec, three years is the norm for a university degree because a year of credit is earned in the CEGEP system, the word College can also refer to a private High School in Quebec. The courses offered by these colleges are diplomas, advance diplomas, the duration of these courses usually ranges from six months to two years
Community college
–
Pasadena City College (PCC)
Community college
–
Joliet Junior College Main Campus, in
Joliet, Illinois the first Community College in the U.S.
Community college
–
Fullerton College the oldest community college (originally "Junior College") in continuous operation in California, having been established in 1913
Community college
–
Monroe Community College main campus, in
Rochester, NY
10.
Binghamton University
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Since its establishment as Triple Cities College in 1946, the school has evolved from a small liberal arts college to a large doctoral-granting institution. Presently consisting of eight colleges and schools, it is now home to more than 17,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Binghamton is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York system. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified the school as a Research University with high research activity, the Vestal campus is listed as a census-designated place with a residential population of 6,177 as of 2010. Binghamton University was first established in 1946 in Endicott, New York, Thomas J. Watson, a founding member of IBM in Broome County, viewed the Triple Cities region as an area of great potential. Originally, Triple Cities College students finished their bachelors degrees at Syracuse, by the 1948–1949 academic year these could be completed entirely at the College. At the time it joined Champlain College in Plattsburgh as the two liberal arts schools in the New York state system. When Champlain finally closed in 1952 to make way for the Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Harpur also received 16,000 non-duplicate volumes and the complete contents of the Champlain College library. In 1955, Harpur began to plan its current location in Vestal, a site large enough to anticipate future growth was purchased, with the schools move to its new 387-acre campus being completed by 1961. Colonial Hall, Triple Cities Colleges original building in Endicott, stands today as the villages Visitors Center, in 1965 Harpur College was selected to join New York state schools at Stony Brook, Albany, and Buffalo as the four new SUNY university centers. Redesignated the State University of New York at Binghamton, the new name reflected its status as an advanced degree granting institution. In a nod to tradition, its undergraduate College of Arts, with more than 60% of undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in Harpurs degree programs it is the largest of Binghamtons constituent schools. In 1967, the School of Advanced Technology was established, the precursor to the Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science founded in 1983. Since 1992 the school has made an effort to distinguish itself from the SUNY system, rebranding itself as Binghamton University, or Binghamton University, the first president of Harpur College, who began as dean of Triple Cities College, was Glenn Bartle. The second president, G. Bruce Dearing, served several years during the Vietnam era before leaving to become vice chancellor for academic affairs at the SUNY Central Administration in Albany. Next was C. Peter Magrath, former president of the University of Nebraska. He was asked to take on the job of acting president in the fall of 1974 when Magrath left for Minnesota, clark was selected as president and served from March 1975 through mid-1990. During this time he led the evolution from primarily a four-year liberal arts college to a research university. DeFleur became the fifth president upon Clarks retirement in 1990
Binghamton University
–
The Binghamton campus and surroundings
Binghamton University
–
Academic A, School of Management
Binghamton University
–
Downtown campus
Binghamton University
–
The Couper Administration Building
11.
State University of New York at Stony Brook
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The State University of New York at Stony Brook is a public sea-grant and space-grant research university located in Stony Brook, New York in the United States. It is part of the State University of New York system, the institution was founded in 1957 in Oyster Bay as State University College on Long Island, and would evolve into the present university after a move to Stony Brook in 1962. Since its establishment in Stony Brook, the university has expanded to more than 200 major buildings with a combined area of more than 11 million gross square feet across 1,454 acres of land. In 2001, SUNY Stony Brook was elected to the Association of American Universities, joining four private universities and it is also a member of the larger Universities Research Association for which its president Samuel Stanley is a council president. Stony Brook is the largest single-site employer on Long Island, more than 24,500 students are enrolled at the university, which has over 14,500 employees and over 2,400 faculty. Stony Brook has a number of athletics teams, the Stony Brook Seawolves are members of the America East Conference and the Colonial Athletic Association competing at the Division I level of the NCAA since 1994. The State University of New York at Stony Brook was established in Oyster Bay in 1957 as the State University College on Long Island, by the governor and state of New York. Established almost a decade after the creation of New York’s public higher education system, leonard K. Olson was appointed as the first dean of the institution and was instrumental in the recruitment of faculty staff and planning of the later Stony Brook campus. SUCOLI opened with an class of 148 students, on the grounds of the William Robertson Coe Planting Fields estate. These first students were admitted on a tuition-free basis,1961 was a year of firsts as thirty students were conferred degrees in the first commencement and the University was appointed its first president, John Francis Lee. Lee left later that year due to political and bureaucratic matters regarding the future of the University, more recently, it has adopted the short-form name Stony Brook University. In 1963, only three years after the release of the Heald Report, the Governor commissioned the “Education of Health Professions” report, the report outlined the need for expansion of the university system to prepare medical professionals for the future needs of the state. In 1965 the State University appointed John S. Toll, a renowned physicist from the University of Maryland as the president of Stony Brook. In 1966 the University set forth initial timetables for the development of the Health Science Center which would house the University’s health programs, despite the budgetary concerns and challenges from Albany the University released a formalized plan early in 1968 and funding for recruitment of faculty was provided. At the same time, residential housing was expanded to 3,000, the Stony Brook Union opened in 1970, and in 1971, but the University lagged significantly in undergraduate education, prioritizing graduate education and research over undergraduate studies and student life. By 1975, enrollment had reached 16,000 and expansion crossed over Nicolls Road with the construction of the Health Science Center which would be completed in 1980, in 1981 John Marburger was inaugurated as the third president of the University and would continue the expansion of the institution. By the late 1980s the administration affirmed the need to other areas of the institution which included undergraduate education, student and residential life. The University approved a decision to transition athletics to the Division I of the NCAA and followed with the construction of the Stony Brook Arena, the 1990s affirmed Stony Brook’s success at building a research university with a strong undergraduate education
State University of New York at Stony Brook
–
Coe Hall on the original Oyster Bay campus (used 1957-1964)
State University of New York at Stony Brook
–
State University of New York at Stony Brook
State University of New York at Stony Brook
–
Main alley across the Stony Brook Campus
State University of New York at Stony Brook
–
The Staller Center for the Arts at Stony Brook University West Campus
12.
SUNY System Administration Building
–
Locally the building and land it sits on is referred to as State University Plaza, or the D&H Plaza, prior to the construction of the Empire State Plaza it was simply The Plaza. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 as Delaware, in 1980, when the Downtown Albany Historic District was listed on the Register, it was included as a contributing property. The central tower is thirteen stories high and is capped by an 8-foot-tall working weathervane that is a replica of Henry Hudsons Half Moon, the State University of New York is centrally administered from this location. The southern towers four top floors are the residence of the Chancellor of SUNY. The building and the land it sits on itself has a varied history, the building sits at the foot of State Street along Broadway, in the oldest part of the city. It was here that several of Albanys earliest city halls sat, the Albany Plan of Union in 1754, presided over by Ben Franklin, was held here. This land was once along the Hudson Rivers banks, over time being infilled, public access was allowed to the Hudson River through the central tower and by way of an underground tunnel to the other side of the D&H tracks. The design by Marcus T. Reynolds was based on the Nieuwerk annex of the Cloth Hall in Ypres and that design would have cost $1 million and was opposed by neighborhood groups as too expensive and grand a design, along with the problems of the railroad traffic. The idea of opening up the view of the waterfront to the public was considered unfeasible and undesirable as the river was full of commercial docks, wharves, warehouses, William Barnes, editor of Evening Journal had a lavish apartment on the upper floors. In 1924 the paper was sold to the Albany Times Union, SUNY purchased the building in 1973 and construction began that year. The offices were moved into in 1978 and that same year SUNY Chancellor Clifton Wharton, Jr. decided that the southern tower would house the chancellors apartment. The total renovation of the Plaza cost $15 million, in 1977 the neighboring Federal Building was purchased and added to the State University Plaza. William Hall Associates won the top Owens Corning Energy Conservation Award in the government category for their work in the renovation, the buildings facade was restored from 1996 to 2001, it was covered in scaffolding during the five years of the restoration. From north to south the building consisted of at least six sections, when first built the building had an undecorated warehouse directly behind the old Federal Building built of reinforced concrete. South of where the warehouse stood begins the current structure, beginning with a tower with four corner turrets. A 5-story tall arm diagonally connects the tower with the 13-story tall central tower. Those sections were built first, in 1914-5, when finally finished in 1918 the building was 660 feet long. Today, without the warehouse, the Plaza is 630 feet long and 48 feet wide, the Plaza has approximately 200,000 square feet of office space, with the former Federal Building providing an additional 90,000 square feet
SUNY System Administration Building
–
Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company Building
SUNY System Administration Building
–
State Street looking east as it did prior to the Plaza.
SUNY System Administration Building
–
Broadway looking south, the Plaza would soon be on the left
SUNY System Administration Building
–
View east from the southside of
State Street
13.
Albany, New York
–
Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
Albany, New York
–
Clockwise from top: Albany skyline from
Rensselaer; middle-class housing in the
Helderberg neighborhood;
Palace Theatre;
Empire State Plaza from the
Cultural Education Center;
North Pearl Street at Columbia Street; and the State Quad at
SUNY Albany.
Albany, New York
–
This 1895 map of Albany shows the gridded
block system as it expanded around the former
turnpikes.
Albany, New York
–
The
steamer Albany departs for
New York City; at the height of steam travel in 1884, more than 1.5 million passengers took the trip.
Albany, New York
–
The
Albany Institute of History & Art
14.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
15.
Washington, D.C
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
16.
University at Buffalo
–
The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States. It is commonly referred to as the University at Buffalo or SUNY Buffalo, the university was founded in 1846 as a private college, but in 1962 merged with the State University of New York system. By enrollment, UB is the largest in the SUNY system, UB also has the largest endowment and research funding, as a comprehensive university center in the SUNY system. As of 2017, the university enrolls 29,806 students in 13 colleges, the university offers over 100 bachelors,205 masters,84 doctoral, and 10 professional areas of study. According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the University at Buffalo is a Doctoral University with the Highest research activity. In 1989, UB was elected to the Association of American Universities, the university was founded by U. S. President and U. S. Vice President, Millard Fillmore, who served as the schools first chancellor, in the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education 2017 inaugural ranking, UB was ranked as the #1 public university in New York and #28 in the nation. Buffalo has consistently placed in the top cluster of U. S, U. S. News and World Reports 2017 edition of Americas Best Colleges ranked UB 99th on their list of best national universities and 43rd among public universities. City leaders of Buffalo sought to establish a university in the city from the earliest days of Buffalo and this university was chartered by the state on April 8,1836. However, the collapsed and no classes were ever offered. James Platt White was instrumental in obtaining a charter for the University of Buffalo from the legislature in 1846. He also taught the first class of 89 men in obstetrics, State Assemblyman Nathan K. Hall was also particularly active in procuring the charter. The doors first opened to students in 1847 and after associating with a hospital for teaching purposes, founder Millard Fillmore served as the schools first chancellor. Upon his ascension to the presidency after President Taylors death, Fillmore stayed on as part-time chancellor, the first lectures were delivered in a wooden building over the old post office, corner of Seneca and Washington streets. The first building built for the university was a stone building at the corner of Main and Virginia streets, built in 1849–50, through donations, public subscription. There were continuous expansions to the medical programs, including a separate pharmacy division. In 1887, a law school was organized in Buffalo, which became associated with Niagara University just to the north of Buffalo. After four years, in 1891, the law school was acquired by the University of Buffalo as the University of Buffalo Law School, the establishment may have been influenced by the 1910 Flexner Report which criticized the preparation of the medical students at the university
University at Buffalo
–
Official White House portrait of
Millard Fillmore
University at Buffalo
–
State University of New York at Buffalo
University at Buffalo
–
Pub Scene, students singing
University at Buffalo
–
Clark Hall on UB's South Campus
17.
Thomas E. Dewey
–
Thomas Edmund Dewey was an American lawyer, prosecutor, and politician. He served as the 47th Governor of New York from 1943 to 1954, in 1944, he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the closest of Roosevelts four presidential elections. He was again the Republican candidate in 1948, but lost to President Harry S. Truman in one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history. As a New York City prosecutor early in his career, Dewey was relentless in his effort to curb the power of the American Mafia, most famously, he successfully prosecuted Mafioso kingpin Charles Lucky Luciano on charges of compulsory prostitution in 1936. Luciano was given a prison sentence. Dewey almost succeeded in apprehending Jewish mobster Dutch Schultz as well, Dewey led the moderate or progressive faction of the Republican Party, in which he fought conservative Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft. Dewey was an advocate for the professional and business community of the Northeastern United States, in addition he played a large part in the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as President in 1952. Deweys successor as leader of the progressive Republicans was Nelson Rockefeller, the New York State Thruway is named in Deweys honor. Dewey was born and raised in Owosso, Michigan, where his father, George Martin Dewey, owned, edited, and published the local newspaper, the Owosso Times. His mother, Annie, whom he called Mater, bequeathed her son a healthy respect for common sense and the average man or woman who possessed it. One journalist noted that he did show leadership and ambition above the average, by the time he was thirteen and he graduated from the University of Michigan in 1923, and from Columbia Law School in 1925. While at the University of Michigan, he joined Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, a fraternity for men of music. He was an excellent singer with a deep, baritone voice and he briefly considered a career as a professional singer, but decided against it after a temporary throat ailment convinced him that such a career would be risky. He then decided to pursue a career as a lawyer and he also wrote for The Michigan Daily, the universitys student newspaper. On June 16,1928, Dewey married Frances Eileen Hutt, a native of Sherman, Texas, she was a stage actress, after their marriage she dropped her acting career. They had two sons, Thomas E. Dewey Jr. and John Martin Dewey, in 1945, Dewey told a reporter that my farm is my roots. The heart of this nation is the small town. Dapplemere was part of a rural community called Quaker Hill
Thomas E. Dewey
–
President Truman holds up the erroneous
Chicago Daily Tribune headline on November 3, 1948, the day after the election.
Thomas E. Dewey
–
Thomas Dewey
Thomas E. Dewey
–
Former New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey visiting
David Ben-Gurion. October, 1955
18.
Owen D. Young
–
Young was an American industrialist, businessman, lawyer and diplomat at the Second Reparations Conference in 1929, as a member of the German Reparations International Commission. He is best known for his SRC diplomacy and for founding the Radio Corporation of America, Young founded RCA as a subsidiary of General Electric in 1919, he became its first chairman and continued in that position until 1929. Young was born on October 27,1874 on a farmhouse in Stark. His parents’ names were Jacob Smith Young and Ida Brandow and they worked the farm that his grandfather owned, Owen was an only child, his parents lost their first born son before he was born, and his birth was something rejoiced. The ‘D’ in his name was more for adornment than anything else, Owen went to school for the first time in the spring of 1881. He was six years old, and had always been inclined to books and he had a teacher, Menzo McEwan, who taught him for years, and would eventually be responsible for Owen going to East Springfield, one of the few secondary schools that he could afford. Of course, it was not too close to Van Hornesville, following the death of his first wife in February 1937, he married Louise Powis Clark, a widow with three children. St. Lawrence was a small institute struggling to survive and in serious need of money and students and Owen Young was a good candidate. It was still enough to cause some hesitance, however. With his father getting on in years, Owen was needed on the more than ever. His parents were convinced by the president of the college. It was there that Young was able to grow as a person in both his education and his faith and he discovered Universalism, which allowed for more intellectual freedom, separate from the gloom and hellfire permeating other Christian sects. Young remained a student from September,1890 before becoming an 1894 graduate of St. Lawrence University and he completed the three-year law course at Boston University in two years, graduating cum laude in 1896. After graduation he joined lawyer Charles H. Tyler and ten years became a partner in that Boston law firm. They were involved in cases between major companies. During college, he not only became a brother of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, but he met his future wife Josephine Sheldon Edmonds. He married her in 1898, and she bore him five children. Young represented Stone and Webster in a case against GE around 1911 and through that case came to the attention of Charles A. Coffin
Owen D. Young
–
Young as
Time Person of the Year
Owen D. Young
–
Owen D. Young in 1924
Owen D. Young
–
Owen D. Young Central School in
Van Hornesville, New York
19.
General Electric Company
–
The General Electric Company, or GEC, was a major UK-based industrial conglomerate involved in consumer and defence electronics, communications, and engineering. The company was a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, in December 1999, GECs defence arm, Marconi Electronic Systems, was amalgamated with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems. The rest of GEC continued as Marconi plc, the financial troubles that followed the bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2001 led to the restructuring in 2003 of Marconi plc into Marconi Corporation plc. In 2005, Ericsson acquired the bulk of Marconi Corporation plc, along with its principal subsidiary, the remainder of the business was renamed Telent. GEC had its origins in the G. Binswanger and Company, regarded as the year GEC was founded,1886 saw a fellow immigrant, Hugo Hirst, join Byng, and the company changed its name to The General Electric Apparatus Company. Their small business found success with its unorthodox method of supplying electrical components over the counter. Hugo Hirst was a salesman who saw the potential of electricity and was able to direct the standardisation of an industry in its infancy. He travelled across Europe with an eye for the latest products, the following year, the company acquired its first factory in Salford, where electric bells, telephones, ceiling roses and switches were manufactured. In 1889, the business was incorporated as a company known as General Electric Company Ltd. The company was expanding rapidly, opening new branches and factories and trading in everything electrical, in 1893, it decided to invest in the manufacture of lamps. The resulting company, was to lead the way in lamp design, GEC was incorporated as a public limited company, The General Electric Company Ltd. In 1902, its first purpose-built factory, the Witton Engineering Works, was opened near Birmingham, with the death of Gustav Byng in 1910, Hugo Hirst became the chairman as well as managing director, a position he had assumed in 1906. Hirsts shrewd investment in lamp manufacture was proving extremely profitable, in 1909, Osram began production of the most successful tungsten filament lamps in the industry. Rapidly growing private and commercial use of electricity created huge demand, the company expanded both at home and overseas, with the establishment of agencies in Europe, Japan, Australia, South Africa, and India. It also did trade with South America. The outbreak of World War I transformed GEC into a player in the electrical industry. It was heavily involved in the war effort, with such as radios, signal lamps. Between the wars, GEC expanded to become a global corporation, the takeover of Fraser and Chalmers in 1918 took GEC into heavy engineering and bolstered their claim to supply everything electrical
General Electric Company
–
General Electric in Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896
General Electric Company
–
General Electric Company
General Electric Company
–
Plan of Schenectady plant, 1896
General Electric Company
–
A 23-ton
diesel-electric locomotive made at the General Electric Corp. plant in
Schenectady, New York
20.
Nelson A. Rockefeller
–
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was an American businessman and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States under President Gerald Ford from 1974 to 1977 and he also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also an art collector. Rockefeller, a Republican, was considered politically liberal and progressive. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just before the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue, in his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960,1964, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with Ford, marking his retirement from politics. Ford later selected then-Senator Bob Dole from Kansas for his new running mate but ultimately lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter and his running mate, Rockefeller remains, as of 2017, the last Vice President who declined to seek re-election. As a businessman he was president and later chairman of Rockefeller Center, Inc. Rockefeller assembled a significant art collection and promoted public access to the arts. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, Rockefeller was born in 1908 in Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist. He had a sister, Abby, and four brothers, John III, Laurance, Winthrop and their father John Jr. was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia Cettie Spelman. Their mother Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, Rockefeller received his elementary, middle and high school education at the Lincoln School, an experimental school administered by Teachers College of Columbia University. In 1930 he graduated cum laude with an A. B. in economics from Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Casque and Gauntlet, Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the Psi Upsilon. Following his graduation, he worked in a number of family-related businesses, including Chase National Bank, Rockefeller Center, Inc. From 1932 to 1979 he served as a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art, where he served as treasurer, 1935–39. He and his four brothers established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, a philanthropy, in 1940, where he served as trustee, 1940–75 and 1977–79, Rockefeller was a patient of famous psychic Edgar Cayce. Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health and his service with Creole Petroleum led to his deep, lifelong interest in Latin America. He became fluent in the Spanish language, Rockefeller was charged with overseeing a program of U. S
Nelson A. Rockefeller
–
Nelson Rockefeller
Nelson A. Rockefeller
–
Nelson Rockefeller, Under Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, makes a presentation on a proposed public/private health reinsurance program, 1954.
Nelson A. Rockefeller
–
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller (on right) with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, January 3, 1975.
Nelson A. Rockefeller
–
Gov. Rockefeller meets with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968
21.
City University of New York
–
The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York are separate and independent university systems, CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York. CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York, and the California State University system. More than 270, 000-degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing, the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from 208 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. The following table is sortable, click on a heading to re-sort the table by values of that column. Rosenthal, philosopher Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College, during the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College. Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930, Queens College – Founded in 1937. CUNY has served a student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, during the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY. The City College of New York developed a reputation of being the Harvard of the proletariat, most of these limited matriculation students enrolled in the Evening Session, and paid tuition. Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It wasnt until 1955, under an arrangement with New York State. Unlike the day college students attending the citys public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years. Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year – the equivalent of $2,413 in 2011
City University of New York
–
Seal of the CUNY Board of Trustees
City University of New York
–
The City University of New York
22.
Normal School
–
A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
Normal School
–
"County Normal" above an entrace to the normal school in Viroqua, Wisconsin
Normal School
–
Trainee teachers at the college in
Salatiga, October, 5th 1929. Source:
Tropenmuseum.
Normal School
–
Diploma from a Normal School in U.S.
Normal School
–
Historic
Wesleyan Hall in
Florence, Alabama.
23.
Cornell University
–
Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
Cornell University
–
Ezra Cornell
Cornell University
–
Cornell University
Cornell University
–
Andrew Dickson White
Cornell University
–
The Arts Quad on Cornell's main campus with iconic
McGraw Tower in the background
24.
Land grant college
–
A land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to funds, to establish. This mission was in contrast to the practice of higher education to focus on an abstract liberal arts curriculum. Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are schools, including Cornell University. The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857, the bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was enacted into law in 1862. Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College as the land grant college on March 29,1864. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, the oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University and this designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut. A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states and this act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of historically black colleges and universities. In imitation of the land-grant colleges focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges, space grant colleges and it is also the smallest land-grant university in the country. The Farmers High School of Pennsylvania, later to become The Pennsylvania State University, michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. Older state universities – such as the University of Georgia, which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of land grants. Indeed, land grants to institutions are a practice inherited from Europe. These earlier examples, however, offered a different mission than the education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act
Land grant college
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Painting of an early land grant college (
Kansas State University) from the Westward Expansion Corridor at the
U.S. Capitol
Land grant college
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Contents
Land grant college
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United States Postal Service commemorative
stamp
25.
New York State College of Forestry
–
The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry is an American, specialized, doctoral-granting institution based in Syracuse, New York. It is immediately adjacent to Syracuse University, within which it was founded, ESF is a part of the State University of New York system. ESF also operates facilities in the Adirondack Park, the Thousand Islands, elsewhere in central New York, the Colleges curricula focus on the understanding, management and sustainability of the environment and natural resources. ESF is ranked at 43rd in the 2017 US News & World Report rankings of the top national universities. It commemorated its centennial in 2011, the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University was established in 1911 through a bill signed by New York Governor John Alden Dix. The previous year, Governor Hughes had vetoed a bill authorizing such a college, both bills followed the states defunding, in 1903, of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell. Originally a unit of Syracuse University, in 1913, the College was made a separate, legal entity. The first dean of the College was William L. Bray, in 1907 he was made head of the botany department at Syracuse, and in 1908 he started teaching a forestry course in the basement of Lyman Hall. Bray was an associate of Gifford Pinchot, who was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service, in 1911, in addition to assuming the deanship of forestry, Bray organized the Agricultural Division at Syracuse University. He remained at Syracuse until 1943 as chair of botany and Dean of the Syracuse Graduate School, in 1950, the 1917 activist wing of that Society formed todays The Nature Conservancy. The forestry students at Syracuse but not at Cornell were referred to as stumpies by their classmates, fifty-two students were enrolled in the schools first year, the first 11 graduating two years later, in 1913. One of the hallmarks of the College, its research, dates back to 1912, in 1912, the College opened its Ranger School in Wanakena, New York, in the Adirondacks. The College began enrolling women as early as 1915, but the first women to complete their degrees—one majoring in landscape engineering, in January 1930, Governor Franklin D. In 1972, the Colleges name was changed yet again to State University of New York College of Environmental Science, ESFs main campus, located in Syracuse, New York, is where most academic and administrative activity takes place. The campus is made up of nine buildings, Baker Laboratory, Named after Hugh P. Baker, Dean of the College from 1912–1920. The building is the location of several computer clusters and auditorium-style classrooms and it is home to the Department of Environmental Resources Engineering and the Division of Environmental Science. The building underwent a $37 million overhaul in the early 2000s, providing updated space for the Tropical Timber Information Center, Baker Lab is the site of ESFs NASA-affiliated Research Center. Baker Laboratory houses two lecture halls, a smart classroom outfitted for computer use and distance learning
New York State College of Forestry
–
Hunter Mountain, Twilight (1866) by
Hudson River school artist
Sanford Robinson Gifford, showing the devastation wrought by years of tanbarking and logging.
New York State College of Forestry
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State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
New York State College of Forestry
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"Young Abe Lincoln on Horseback", sculpture by
Anna Hyatt Huntington, on the SUNY-ESF campus
New York State College of Forestry
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Centennial Hall
26.
Syracuse University
–
Syracuse University, commonly referred to as Syracuse, Cuse, or SU, is a private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States. The institutions roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, after several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was established in 1870, independent of the college. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church, the campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, east and southeast of downtown, on one of the larger hills. Its large campus features a mix of buildings, ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings. Syracuse University athletic teams, known as the Orange, participate in 20 intercollegiate sports, SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference for all NCAA Division I athletics, except for the mens rowing and womens ice hockey teams. SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, New York, south of Rochester. In 1850, it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary, however, the location was soon thought by many to be insufficiently central. Its difficulties were compounded by the set of technological changes. The trustees of the college then decided to seek a locale whose economic. Meanwhile, there were years of dispute between the Methodist ministers, Lima, and contending cities across the state, over proposals to move Genesee College to Syracuse. At the time, the ministers wanted a share of the funds from the Morrill Land Grant Act for Genesee College and they agreed to a quid pro quo donation of $25,000 from Senator Cornell in exchange for their support for his bill. Cornell insisted the bargain be written into the bill and Cornell became New York States Land Grant University in 1865. In 1869, Genesee College obtained New York State approval to move to Syracuse, but Lima got an injunction to block the move. By that time, however, the injunction had been made moot by the founding of a new university on March 24,1870. On that date the State of New York granted the new Syracuse University its own charter, the City of Syracuse had offered $100,000 to establish the school. Bishop Jesse Truesdell Peck had donated $25,000 to the school and was elected the first president of the Board of Trustees. Rev. Daniel Steele, a former Genesee College president, served as the first administrative leader of Syracuse until its Chancellor was appointed, the university opened in September 1871 in rented space downtown. George F. Comstock, a member of the new Universitys Board of Trustees, had offered the school 50 acres of farmland on a hillside to the southeast of the city center
Syracuse University
–
Crouse College, a
Romanesque building completed in 1889, housed the first College of Fine Arts in the United States. It is now the home of the university's College of Visual and Performing Arts and the Setnor School of Music.
Syracuse University
–
Syracuse University
Syracuse University
–
A graduate of the Genesee Seminary,
Henry Jarvis Raymond later went on to found
The New York Times.
Syracuse University
–
Belva Lockwood was the first woman (or second, depending on one's opinion, after Victoria Woodhull) to run for President of the United States.
27.
Alfred University
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Alfred University is a small, comprehensive university in the Village of Alfred, Allegany County in Western New York, USA, south of Rochester and southeast of Buffalo. Alfred has an population of around 2,000. The institution has five schools and colleges, Alfred was founded in 1836 as the Select School by Seventh Day Baptists as a non-sectarian institution. Unusual for the time, the school was co-educational, the origin of the name Alfred is uncertain. State records which might have verified the connection between the Saxon king and the university were lost in a fire in 1911, since its founding, Alfred University has hosted guest lecturers, artists and musicians from Ralph Waldo Emerson to Ghostface Killah. S. Extending to the 20th and 21st centuries, Alfred has continued its history of defending equal rights for members of the community. In 1971, Alfred became only the 4th municipality in the U. S. to ban employment discrimination based on sexuality, in the mid-1990s, the university became one of the first to strip credit for ROTC programs, which exhibit prejudice on basis of sexual orientation. However, students attending Alfred University are still free to receive an Army ROTC contract with full tuition paid and that action triggered several other national fraternities and sororities to follow suit. Alfred University is not to be confused with the Alfred State College, although autonomous, both institutions have their origins in the Alfred Select School, and were heavily shaped by Boothe C. In 1908 Davis petitioned the New York State Legislature to fund the New York State College of Agriculture at Alfred University, Alfred Universitys mascot is the Saxon, a knight in shining armor. Since the year 871 is when King Alfred the Great succeeded his brother, Ethelred I as King of Wessex and Mercia, hot Dog Day is held in early April of each year since 1972 at Alfred to raise money for local charities and community-based civic organizations. It is a joint project with Alfred State College coordinated by students, typical events include a carnival, small amusement park rides, mud olympics, concerts, a parade, and the consumption of hot dogs. In recent years approximately $7,000 to $8,000 has been raised for charities including the fire departments, public library. Alfreds Davis Memorial Carillon, erected in 1937 as a tribute to longtime president Boothe C, Davis, can often be heard while on campus. The bells of the carillon, purchased from Antwerp, were thought to be the oldest bells in the western hemisphere, research later showed that the bells were of a more recent vintage, and that Alfred had been the victim of a fraud. On the brighter side, the nature of the bells allows the university to replace those that have poor tonal quality. Concerts continue four times a week when school is in session, besides the resident carilloneur, guest carilloneurs have in the past frequently visited and played during the summer. The Black Knight has been a part of Alfred University folklore for a long time, the relic was originally part of a parlor stove in a classroom in Kanakadea Hall
Alfred University
–
The
Steinheim Building (“the castle”) houses the Career Development Center.
Alfred University
–
Aerial view of Alfred University taken in April 2006
Alfred University
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Originally built in 1884, Kanakadea Hall served as Alfred's schoolhouse until a large fire destroyed the tower and devastated the second floor in 1907. It was sold to Alfred University and repaired in 1908. The exterior has since been restored to its original appearance, although the interior has been fully modernized. The building now houses the Division of Human Studies.
Alfred University
–
The statue of King Alfred stands at the center of AU's quad, and is often decorated by students. In this picture, he is wearing one of the purple shirts worn by student Orientation Guides (OGs) during the 2006 freshman orientation.
28.
Fraternities
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A fraternity, fraternal order or fraternal organisation is an organisation, a society or a club of men associated together for various religious or secular aims. Fraternity in the Western concept developed in the Christian context, notably with the orders in the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. Members are occasionally referred to as a brother or - usually in religious context - Frater or Friar, additionally, in modern times, it sometimes connotes a secret society, especially regarding freemasonry, odd fellows and various academic and student societies. There are mixed male and female fraternities and fraternal orders, as well as female religious orders and societies. Notable modern fraternities or fraternal orders that with time have evolved to more or less permit female members, include some grand lodges operating among freemasons, there are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient Greece and in the Mithraic Mysteries of ancient Rome. Analogous institutions developed in the medieval period called confraternities, which were lay organizations allied to the Catholic Church. The development of fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the United States. There have been hundreds of organizations in the United States. This led to the period being referred to as the Golden age of fraternalism, in 1944 Arthur M. Schlesinger coined the phrase a nation of joiners to refer to the phenomenon. Alexis de Tocqueville also referred to the American reliance on private organization in the 1830s in Democracy in America, there are many attributes that fraternities may or may not have, depending on their structure and purpose. On college campuses, fraternities may be divided into groups, social, service, professional, trade unions also grew out of fraternities such as the Knights of Labor. The ability to organize freely, apart from the institutions of government, the development of fraternities in England can be traced from guilds that emerged as the forerunners of trade unions and friendly societies. These guilds were set up to protect and care for their members at a time there was no welfare state. Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as proof of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong. When Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church, he viewed the guilds as supporters of the Pope, later, Elizabeth I appropriated apprenticeships away from guilds, and by the end of her reign most guilds had been suppressed. The suppression of trade guilds removed an important form of social and financial support from ordinary men and women. In London and other cities, some Guilds survived by adapting their roles to a social support function. Eventually, these groups evolved in the early 18th century into more philosophical organizations focused on brotherly love, among guilds that became prosperous are the Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Foresters
Fraternities
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Kraków 's Kur Fraternity during the inauguration of
Józef Piłsudski Monument in Kraków
Fraternities
–
The
German Student Corps are known for practicing their tradition of engaging in
academic fencing by rules dating back to the 1750s.
29.
Sororities
–
Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
Sororities
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The fraternity system in North America began at the
College of William and Mary in 1750.
Sororities
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Members of
Phi Kappa Sigma at
Washington & Jefferson College in 1872.
Sororities
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U.S. Army soldiers, presumably alumni members of
Sigma Phi Epsilon, display that fraternity's flag in Iraq in 2009.
Sororities
–
Members of a sorority pictured in 2012. In general, sorority membership is limited to women, while fraternity membership is limited to men.
30.
Racial discrimination
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Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racial discrimination
–
A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racial discrimination
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1902 use of the word "racism".
Racial discrimination
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Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racial discrimination
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Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
31.
Governor of New York
–
The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the U. S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the branch of New Yorks state government. The current governor is Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, Cuomo won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 56th governor of the state of New York on January 1,2011. Cuomo was re-elected on November 5,2014, defeating his Republican challenger Robert Astorino, unlike the other government departments that compose the executive branch of government, the governor is themselves head of the state Executive Department. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy style of His/Her Excellency while in office, the governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States, the office of Governor was established by the first New York State Constitution in 1777 to coincide with the calendar year. An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years, but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years, the most recent constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years. The state constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor, originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor would take on the governors duties and powers. Since the 1938 constitution, the lieutenant governor becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office. Although no provision exists in the constitution for it, precedent set in 2009 allows the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor should a vacancy occur, should the president pro tempore be unable to fulfill the duties, the speaker of the assembly is next in the line of succession. The lieutenant governor is elected on the ticket as the governor
Governor of New York
–
Incumbent
Andrew Cuomo since January 1, 2011
Governor of New York
–
Flag of the Governor
Governor of New York
–
The original Certificate of Election of
John Jay as Governor of New York (June 6, 1795)
32.
New York Legislature
–
New York State Legislature refers to the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U. S. state of New York. The New York Constitution does not designate an official term for the two houses together and it says only that legislative power is vested in the senate and assembly. The session laws are published in the official Laws of New York, the permanent laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York. The legislature is seated at the New York State Capitol in Albany, legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year. Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms, the Assembly consists of 150 members, they are each chosen from a single-member district. The Senate, in accordance with the New York Constitution, varies in its number of members, Senate districts are currently between two and three times more populous than Assembly districts. As of 2009 the New York State Legislature has 2700 employees, the Assembly is headed by the Speaker, while the Senate is headed by the President, a post held ex officio by the State Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor, as President of the Senate, has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President or by a senator of the Majority Leaders choosing, the Assembly Speaker and Senate Majority Leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the Governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York. The New York State Legislature currently have split party control with a Democratic majority in the Assembly, following the 2010 elections, Republicans gained two seats in the Senate to regain control after two years in the minority. Republicans also gained nine seats in the Assembly, fracturing the veto-proof supermajority, to begin the 2009 session, Democrats had a 32-30 seat majority in the State Senate and, in the Assembly, Democrats have a 109-41 seat supermajority. However, the Republicans were able to control of the Senate during a leadership coup. The Democratic Senators regained control of Senate leadership on July 8,2009, until 2009, the State Senate had been in Republican hands for decades. Economic troubles and population loss in upstate New York are also a factor, in the past, Democrats would occasionally switch parties when they ran for the Senate so they could sit with the majority. The Assembly has been dominated by Democrats for about 30 years, between 2002 and 2005, the Republican conference dropped from 53 seats to 45. Republicans even lost some districts that historically have been reliably Republican, the Republican conference was increased by nine seats beginning with the 2011 session. The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the power to veto a bill
New York Legislature
New York Legislature
–
New York State Legislature
New York Legislature
–
Title page of volume 1 of the
Consolidated Laws of New York
33.
Faculty Council of Community Colleges
–
The Faculty Council of Community Colleges is the official agency through which State University of New York community college faculty engage in university governance. The first meeting of the Faculty Council of Community Colleges was held on May 12,1967, developed in parallel to the SUNY Faculty Senate, the FCCC originally represented faculty at all New York community colleges. When the City University of New York and SUNY were legislatively separated in 1975, today, the FCCC represents faculty at SUNYs 30 community colleges. In addition, the Faculty Council of Community Colleges works with the University Faculty Senate on matters of concern in the conduct of university affairs. An alternate delegate is designated by each college to attend the meetings when the delegate cannot, FCCC plenary meetings are held twice a year - once in the fall semester and once in the spring semester. Community college delegates, and their colleges, volunteer to host the meetings, official website SUNY FCCC Bylaws SUNY FCCC Twitter page SUNY FCCC Facebook page
Faculty Council of Community Colleges
–
University centers
34.
CUNY
–
The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, and the largest urban university in the United States. CUNY and the State University of New York are separate and independent university systems, CUNY, however, is additionally funded by the City of New York. CUNY is the third-largest university system in the United States, in terms of enrollment, behind the State University of New York, and the California State University system. More than 270, 000-degree-credit students and 273,000 continuing, the university has one of the most diverse student bodies in the United States, with students hailing from 208 countries. The black, white and Hispanic undergraduate populations each comprise more than a quarter of the student body, fifty-eight percent are female, and 28 percent are 25 or older. The following table is sortable, click on a heading to re-sort the table by values of that column. Rosenthal, philosopher Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, by 1979, the Board of Higher Education had become the Board of Trustees of the CUNY. The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the Female Normal and High School – Founded in 1870, and later renamed the Normal College. It would be renamed again in 1914 to Hunter College, during the early 20th century, Hunter College expanded into the Bronx, with what became Herbert Lehman College. Brooklyn College – Founded in 1930, Queens College – Founded in 1937. CUNY has served a student body, especially those excluded from or unable to afford private universities. Its four-year colleges offered a high quality, tuition-free education to the poor, the working class, during the post-World War I era, when some Ivy League universities, such as Yale University, discriminated against Jews, many Jewish academics and intellectuals studied and taught at CUNY. The City College of New York developed a reputation of being the Harvard of the proletariat, most of these limited matriculation students enrolled in the Evening Session, and paid tuition. Demand in the United States for higher education rapidly grew after World War II, community colleges would have drawn from the same city coffers that were funding the senior colleges, and city higher education officials were of the view that the state should finance them. It wasnt until 1955, under an arrangement with New York State. Unlike the day college students attending the citys public baccalaureate colleges for free, community college students paid tuition fees for approximately 10 years. Over time, tuition fees for limited-matriculated students became an important source of system revenues. In fall 1957, for example, nearly 36,000 attended Hunter, Brooklyn, Queens and City Colleges for free, but another 24,000 paid tuition fees of up to $300 a year – the equivalent of $2,413 in 2011
CUNY
–
Seal of the CUNY Board of Trustees
CUNY
–
The City University of New York
35.
New York State Education Department
–
In addition, the State Education Department oversees higher education, cultural institutions such as museums and libraries, and the licensing of numerous professions. It is headed by the regents of the University of the State of New York and its regulations are compiled in title 8 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The main offices of the department are housed in the New York State Department of Education Building, located at 89 Washington Avenue in Albany, the creation of new Common Core State Standards are now being introduced and phased in. The new standards and related new assessments will be inline by 2014-2015 and it incorporated New York-specific additions on January 10,2011, creating the Common Core Learning Standards. The Board of Regents adopted a new social studies curriculum at its April 2014 meeting, at its December 2016 meeting, the Board of Regents approved new P-12 Science Learning Standards. The NY State Education Department requires that all students in grades 3-8 take state tests in the areas of Mathematics, English, All grade 8 students are tested in these subjects as well as a Foreign Language test in a Language Other Than English of the students choice. Previously it was mandated that students take a Social Studies standardized test, Regents exams are administered to New York high school students in the subjects of English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and a LOTE. Students who decide not to study a language may make up the regents credit by taking an appropriate number of business education, art, music. Students, for some with IEPs for special needs, who cannot pass the Regents exams may receive a local diploma by passing the RCT. In order to improve school performance across the state, NYSED developed a Data Warehouse for the purposes of tracking performance data connected to state examinations, the states Education Data Portal partners with inBloom to integrate student data. Level 0 represents the regional or local level where individual schools, at the level, input state assessment results. Schools often use software utilities and online tools to make school improvement decisions. Level 1 represents a regional or local level where data is placed after Level 0 data has been submitted for aggregate processing. For example, New York State BOCES Regional Information Center or large city level, Level 1C represents repository data ready for migration to the state repository level Level 2 represents a statewide repository where data is moved. Includes name and unique identifier for comparative and independent school performance, Level 3 represents locked assessment data used for state use, such as school report cards and decisions involving accountability. For privacy reasons, no names are used and unique identifiers are encrypted, schools who fall short of reaching state standards are given a state designation of SURR and have only two years to turn around their rating according to the accountability division of NYSED. Each year, the Commissioner publishes a report highlighting which schools have taken off the list. In order to teach in New York, the applicant must hold a valid New York State Teaching License, most new certified teachers come from NYS-approved teaching programs in colleges or universities either in New York or another state that has a reciprocal agreement with New York
New York State Education Department
–
The
State Education Building in
Albany
New York State Education Department
–
The
Cultural Education Center, home of the Office of Cultural Education
36.
New York State University Police
–
The New York State University Police, is the law enforcement agency of the State University of New York system. Approximately 600 uniformed officers and investigators, as well as chiefs, serve the 29 state college. State University Police Officers are charged with crime detection and prevention, in addition to the enforcement of state and local laws, rules, as part of the units prevention activities, officers speak on topics such as sexual assault, drugs, crime prevention and traffic safety. Officers are responsible for developing and maintaining a relationship with students, faculty. The New York State University Police was formed in response to growing unrest in the SUNY system during the mid-1960s, several incidents during the 1990s emphasized the need for a full service police agency. These and other incidents moved the Governor and Legislature to create the New York State University Police in 1999, Officers have the powers of arrest, issue uniform traffic tickets, and enforce New York State laws. 1971 - First Campus Security Officer exam was given 1972 - Security, for minor offenses, officers can use discretion to refer students to the college judicial board instead of pursuing an arrest. Officers have the option of referring arrested students to the judiciary system. Campus Public Safety Officers currently serve as communications specialists within the department, taking on the roles of desk officer,911 operator, and dispatcher. As they move about the campus the SSAs are the eyes, in 1999, the SUNY Police bill was signed. One clause requires each campus president to enter into an aid agreement with adjoining police agencies. New trainees are trained at regional academies located in the area in which they are stationed, training for new officers meets or exceeds the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Standards for Police Officers. Some campuses need to have training for active shooters on SUNY College Campuses because there is no uniform way SUNY police deal with active shooters. Depending on location and training, Officers can be selected for specialized units that allow the agency to serve the community. Criminal Investigators train in investigative topics, such as assault, domestic violence, crimes. In 2010, the Stony Brook force became the second in NYSUP to become a law enforcement agency by the New York State Department of Criminal Justice services. The accreditation shows that the department exceeds the required to be a law enforcement agency in the state of New York. Fewer than half of the law enforcement agencies in New York meet accreditation requirements, NYSUP union President James McCartney testified in 2007 before the state Senate Higher Education Committee and, again in 2008, to the SUNY Board of Trustees
New York State University Police
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Patch of the New York State University Police
New York State University Police
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University centers
37.
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.
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Born in Boston, his father Clifton Reginald Wharton, Sr. was a 40-year Foreign Service officer and the first African-American to pass the Foreign Service exam and to become a career ambassador. He graduated from Boston Latin School and entered Harvard College at 16, while there, he was National Secretary and a founding member of the U. S. National Students Association. In the course of his career, Wharton had become a member of the establishment rather than a member of the black establishment. Wharton’s first 22-year philanthropic career began in Latin America with Nelson Rockefeller, subsequently, he was resident in Southeast Asia from 1958 to 1964 representing a foundation headed by John D. Rockefeller 3rd. During this period he supervised the foundation’s programs in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Many of his students and grantees became leaders in the region and his research ranged from the supply response of Southeast Asian perennial crops and international trade to the economics of subsistence agriculture and the impact of the Green Revolution. He was a member of the Presidential Mission to Vietnam in 1966, in February 1969 he was elected to the board of Equitable Life, becoming the second black corporate director in the U. S. He later became a director of eight other U. S. corporations, on October 17,1969, Wharton was elected president of Michigan State University thereby becoming the first African American president of a major U. S. university. The New York Times story lead was, Negro Pacesetter - Clifton Wharton has done it again, as the newly appointed president of Michigan State University, Dr. Wharton will be the first Negro president of a major predominantly white college in the country. Wharton’s term of office, from 1970 to 1978, was often a turbulent one, Whartons most lasting contribution to the University was the completion of a new center for the performing arts. The building, dedicated in 1982, was named in honor of Wharton and his wife Dolores, in recognition of the strong support, the universitys Wharton Center for Performing Arts is named for him and for his wife, Dolores. In 1978, he became Chancellor of the 64-campus State University of New York system, again he was identified as the first African-American to head the largest university system in the nation. SUNY Chairman Donald Blinken stated that Wharton’s most enduring achievement was the Independent Commission, in 1982 he was named chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation succeeding Father Theodore Hesburgh and served as a trustee for 17 years. In 1987 he became CEO of TIAA-CREF, the giant pension and financial company, making him first Black chairman. A cartoon on the cover of the March 27,1988 New York Times, the unspoken question was whether he would successfully reach the other side safely without losing all the pension assets. “Wharton had lived up to his reputation as a crisis manager. In the course of nine months, he had initiated dramatic changes in the structure and methods of the venerable pension fund. ”Among Wharton’s former corporate directorships are Ford Motor Company, Time-Warner, Equitable Life. Federated Department Stores, Public Broadcasting Service, New York Stock Exchange, Harcourt General, TIAA-CREF, Wharton has served six presidents in foreign policy advisory posts
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr.
–
John N. Irwin, II
38.
John R. Ryan
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John R. Ryan is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who served as the Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy and as the Chancellor of the State University of New York. He is currently the CEO and President of Center for Creative Leadership, a native of Mountainhome, Pennsylvania, Ryan graduated from the United States Naval Academy in June 1967 with his twin brother, Vice Admiral Norbert Ryan Jr. USN. After designation as an aviator, his initial assignment was to Patrol Squadron EIGHT. From 1972 to 1975, he was assigned to the Candidate Guidance Office at the Naval Academy and he then served two years aboard the USS Nimitz as Assistant Navigator followed by a department head tour in Patrol Squadron TWENTY-SIX. Ryan received a Master of Science Degree in Administration from George Washington University and he has also completed the program for Senior Executives in National and International Security at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Prior to the selection for flag rank, Ryan commanded Patrol Squadron ELEVEN, Patrol Squadron THIRTY-ONE, in March 1991, he was promoted to rear admiral and served as the Director, Logistics and Security Assistance for the Commander in Chief, U. S. In August 1993, Ryan assumed his duties as Commander, Patrol Wings, pacific Fleet/Commander, Anti-Submarine Warfare Forces, U. S. Ryan served as the United States Naval Academys Superintendent for four years before retiring and he assumed his duties as the 32nd President of the State University of New York Maritime College on June 14,2002. Concurrent with his duties at the Maritime College, Ryan briefly filled in as Interim President of the University at Albany, Ryan was named Acting Chancellor of the State University of New York System in April 2005. and assumed the full role in December of that year. They have three daughters, Tricia, Kelly, and Julie. Ryan has served as a director of Cablevision Systems Corporation since 2002, in 2012, Mr. Ryan received $247,508 in cash and stock for his services as a Cablevision director
John R. Ryan
–
John R. Ryan
39.
New York State Comptroller
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The New York State Comptroller is a state cabinet officer of the U. S. state of New York and head of the New York state governments Department of Audit and Control. The duties of the comptroller include auditing government operations and operating the states retirement system, the audit and control departments regulations are compiled in title 2 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. In 1776, the New York Provincial Congress appointed an Auditor-General to settle the public accounts, after his resignation, the Council of Appointment appointed an Auditor to succeed. In 1797, the office of the State Comptroller was created by the State Legislature to succeed the State Auditor, the Comptroller was appointed by the Council of Appointment to a one-year term, and could be re-appointed without term limit. In 1800, the Legislature reduced the salary of the Comptroller from $3,000 to $2,500, under the Constitution of 1821, the Comptroller was elected by joint ballot of the New York State Legislature to a three-year term. The comptroller was elected in 1895 to a term, and subsequently the state officers were elected in even years. In 1926, the responsibilities of the New York State Treasurer were transferred to the Comptroller as the head of the Department of Audit, since 1938, the comptroller has been elected to a four-year term, like the governor
New York State Comptroller
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Incumbent
Thomas DiNapoli since February 7, 2007
40.
Citibank
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Citibank is the consumer division of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, Citibank provides credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, commercial loans, and lines of credit. The bank has a total of 2,649 branches in 19 countries, the U. S. branches are concentrated in six metropolitan areas, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D. C. and Miami. In 2016, the United States accounted for 70% of revenues, aside from the U. S. and Mexico, most of the companys branches are in Poland, Russia, India and the United Arab Emirates. As a result of the crisis of 2007–2008 and huge losses in the value of its subprime mortgage assets, Citigroup. On November 23,2008, in addition to an investment of $25 billion. By 2010, Citibank had repaid the loans from the Treasury in full, including interest, the City Bank of New York was founded on June 16,1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood, during Taylors ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for Taylors own extensive business empire. In 1865, the joined the U. S. s new national banking system. By 1868, it was one of the largest banks in the United States, by 1893 it was the largest bank in New York, which was forbidden to U. S. national banks. In 1918, IBC became a wholly owned subsidiary and was merged into the bank. The same year, the bank evacuated all of its employees from Moscow and Petrograd as the Russian Civil War had begun, by 1919, the bank had become the first U. S. bank to have $1 billion in assets. Charles E. Mitchell, also called Sunshine Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921 and in 1929 was made chairman, under Mitchell the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. In 1933 a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, senator Carter Glass said of him, Mitchell, more than any 50 men, is responsible for this stock crash. In following years, branches in Germany and Japan closed, with the handling, in 1945, $5.6 billion in Treasury securities for War. In 1960, his cousin, David Rockefeller, became president of Chase Manhattan Bank. Following its merger with the First National Bank in 1955, the changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card – popularly known as the Everything Card – in 1967, in 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B
Citibank
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Manhattan Chinatown Citibank
branch (New York City)
Citibank
–
View of the northeast corner of William and Wall streets. The house to the far right became City Bank of New York's first home at 38 Wall Street, later re-numbered as №52. (Painting by
Archibald Robertson, c. 1798)
Citibank
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Citibank branch on Michigan Avenue, Chicago
Citibank
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Asset/Liability Ratio
41.
New York State Attorney General
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The Attorney General of New York is the chief legal officer of the State of New York and head of the New York state governments Department of Law. The office has been in existence in some form since 1626, the current Attorney General is Eric Schneiderman. He was elected on November 2,2010 and took office on January 1,2011, the Attorney General advises the executive branch of state government and defends actions and proceedings on behalf of the state. The Attorney General acts independently of the Governor of New York, the departments regulations are compiled in title 13 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The legal functions of the Department of Law are divided primarily into five divisions, Appeals and Opinions, State Counsel, Criminal Justice, Economic Justice. In 1693, the Attorney General earned a salary of 50 pounds, from 1777 to 1822, the Attorney General was appointed by the Council of Appointment. From 1823 to 1846, the Attorney General was elected by the New York State Legislature for a three-year term, attorneys General have been elected by the voters since 1847. Justia. com U. S
New York State Attorney General
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Seal of the Attorney General
New York State Attorney General
–
Incumbent
Eric Schneiderman since January 1, 2011
42.
Tobacco advertising
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Tobacco advertising is the advertising of tobacco products or use by the tobacco industry through a variety of media including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. It is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing, some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries. The first known advertisement in the United States was for the snuff, lorillard and Company and was placed in the New York daily paper in 1789. Advertising was a concept, and tobacco-related advertisements were not seen as any different from those for other products. Local and regional newspapers were used because of the production and transportation of these goods. The first real name to become known on a bigger scale in the USA was Bull Durham which emerged in 1868. The development of lithography in the late 1870s allowed the companies to create attractive images to better present their products. This led to the printing of pictures onto the cards, previously only used to stiffen the packaging. By the last quarter of the 19th century, magazines such as Punch carried advertisements for different brands of cigarettes, snuff, Advertising was significantly helped by the distribution of free or subsidized branded cigarettes to troops during World War I and World War II. The second invention was a machine developed in the 1880s. Modern advertising was created with the techniques used in tobacco advertising beginning in the 1920s. Advertising in the leading up to World War II consisted primarily of full page, color magazine. Many companies created slogans for their cigarettes and also gained endorsements from famous men and women. Some advertisements even contained children or doctors in their efforts to new customers to their specific brand. Much of these advertisements sought to make smoking appear fashionable and modern to men and women, also, since the health effects of smoking werent entirely proven at this time, the only real opposing argument to smoking was made on moral grounds. However, there were still a number of doctors and scientists who believed there was a health risk associated with smoking cigarettes. During World War II, cigarettes were included in American soldiers C-rations since many tobacco companies sent the soldiers cigarettes for free, after World War II, cigarette companies advertised frequently on television programs. After the television ban, most cigarette advertising took place in magazines, newspapers, restrictions on cigarette companies became even tighter in 2010 with the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
Tobacco advertising
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German cigarette ad by
Hans Rudi Erdt (1915)
Tobacco advertising
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Early 20th-century advertisements of Tobacco products made in Durham, NC
Tobacco advertising
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Winchester cigarettes advertisement in front of a drug store in
Montreal,
Quebec in 1942
43.
Public Citizen
–
Public Citizen is a non-profit, liberal / progressive consumer rights advocacy group and think tank based in Washington, D. C. United States, with a branch in Austin, Texas, Public Citizen advocates before all three branches of the United States federal government. Broadly speaking, Public Citizen favors robust corporate accountability and strong government regulation, particularly in the areas of transport, healthcare, the organizations priorities range from campaign finance reform to drug and auto safety and financial reform. The unifying theme is an effort to curb the impact of power on American democracy. Public Citizens pro-regulatory stance has been criticized by the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, Public Citizens slogan is “Corporations have their lobbyists in Washington, D. C. As explained on its website, its goal is “to ensure that all citizens are represented in the halls of power. ”It is a nonprofit organization unaffiliated with any partisan political activity. It survives on donations from its 80,000 supporters and on other income, in the aftermath of Ralph Naders role in the 2000 presidential election, Public Citizen disassociated itself from its founder. Mother Jones also pointed out that Nader’s association with Public Citizen was causing fundraising problems, Public Citizen—and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded—act independently. Ralph Nader, founder Joan Claybrook, first Executive Director Representative Donna Edwards Robert Weissman, Executive Director Mark J. Green Lori Wallach, Director, Global Trade Watch Sidney M
Public Citizen
–
Public Citizen's headquarters in
Washington, D.C.
44.
Albany Medical Center
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Albany Medical Center is the name of the umbrella organization over the Albany Medical Center Hospital and Albany Medical College in Albany, New York. AMC awards the Albany Medical Center Prize, the second-highest value prize in medicine and biomedical research in the United States, in 1839 Dr. Alden March founding Albany Medical College in the former Lancaster School at the corner of Lancaster and Eagle Streets in the City of Albany. Albany Hospital was incorporated in 1849 and established two years later on the southwest corner of Dove Street and Lydius Street. Physicians who taught in the school saw patients in the hospital. Regional Trauma Center Stroke Center Regional Perinatal Center AIDS Center William Wallace Farley, david Sweat was treated at Albany Medical Center from June 28 to July 4,2015, after being shot by law enforcement following his escape from Clinton Correctional Facility. Albany Medical Center Hospital Media related to Albany Medical Center at Wikimedia Commons
Albany Medical Center
–
Albany Medical College is on the left;
Albany Medical Center Hospital is on the right.
45.
Andrew Cuomo
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Andrew Mark Cuomo is an American politician and attorney who has been the 56th Governor of New York since January 1,2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 2010, holding the position his father, Mario Cuomo. Born in Queens, New York City, Cuomo is a graduate of Fordham University and Albany Law School of Union University, New York in New York. He began his working as the campaign manager for his father. He founded HELP USA, and was appointed Chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, in 1993, Cuomo joined the Clinton Administration, when he was appointed Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development in the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. From 1997 to 2001, he was U. S. Secretary of Housing, in 2006, Cuomo was elected Attorney General of New York. In May 2010, Cuomo announced he was running for Governor in the 2010 election, during his first term, New York legalized same-sex marriage and toughened gun control. In 2014, he was elected to a term with 54% of the vote. Cuomo was born on December 6,1957, in the New York City borough of Queens and his parents were both of Italian descent, his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in South Italy, while his maternal grandparents were both from Sicily. His younger brother is CNN journalist Chris Cuomo and he graduated from St. Gerard Majellas School in 1971 and Archbishop Molloy High School in 1975. He received a B. A. from Fordham University in 1979, from 1984 to 1985, Cuomo was a New York assistant district attorney, and briefly worked at the law firm of Blutrich, Falcone & Miller. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged in 1986 and left his law firm to run HELP full-time in 1988, budgets enacted during his term contained initiatives to increase the supply of affordable housing and home ownership, and to create jobs and economic development. During Cuomos tenure as HUD Secretary, he called for an increase in home ownership and he also pushed government-sponsored lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to buy more home loans issued to poor homeowners, in an attempt to end discrimination against minorities. Some believe that this lead to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. Edward J. Pinto, former chief credit officer at Fannie Mae, Cuomo was pushing mortgage bankers to make loans and basically saying you have to offer a loan to everybody. But others disagree with the assessment that Cuomo caused the crisis, dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said Cuomo was a contributor in terms of him being a cheerleader, but I dont think we can pin too much blame on him. He championed a new program called Community Builders, created without appropriation by Congress, in a June 16,1999, speech, Cuomo declared that one purpose of the program was to fight against HUDs abolition. In August 1999, Community Builders distributed a letter to community groups to fight against proposed tax cuts, in 1999, Gaffneys office concluded that most Community Builders goals were activities rather than actual accomplishments
Andrew Cuomo
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His Excellency Andrew Cuomo
Andrew Cuomo
–
Cuomo as HUD Secretary
Andrew Cuomo
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Cuomo, as HUD Secretary holding a press conference with then Treasury Secretary
Larry Summers
Andrew Cuomo
–
Cuomo with Representative
Gary Ackerman
46.
United States Attorney
–
United States Attorneys represent the United States federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. There are 93 U. S. Attorneys located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U. S. Attorney is assigned to each of the districts, with the exception of Guam. Each U. S. Attorney is the federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U. S. Attorneys, an Assistant U. S. Attorney, or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U. S. Attorney in criminal prosecutions. U. S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice, U. S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Departments Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U. S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney Generals Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys, the Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, thus, the office of U. S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each district of a Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States. The U. S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years, a U. S. Attorney continues in office, beyond the appointed term, until a successor is appointed and qualified. By law, each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President, the Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U. S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy. If an appointment expires under subsection, the court for such district may appoint a United States attorney to serve until the vacancy is filled. The order of appointment by the court shall be filed with the clerk of the court, on March 9,2007, President George W. This, in effect, extinguished the 120-day limit on interim U. S. Attorneys, and their appointment had an indefinite term. Related to the dismissal of U. S. attorneys controversy, in March 2007 the Senate, the bill was signed by President George W. Bush, and became law in June 2007. Senator Dianne Feinstein, summarized the history of interim United States Attorney appointments, the U. S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U. S. Attorney for the district. The U. S. Attorneys Office is the prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases. However, they are not the one that can represent the United States in Court. These responsibilities include certain legal, budgetary, administrative, and personnel services, the EOUSA was created on April 6,1953, by Attorney General Order No
United States Attorney
–
Seal of the
Department of Justice.
47.
Robert Duffy (politician)
–
Robert John Bob Duffy is a Democratic politician who served as Lieutenant Governor of New York from 2011 to 2014 and also served as mayor of Rochester, New York from 2006 to 2010. Earlier in his career Duffy worked as a officer in Rochester. He was elected the 65th mayor of the city in November 2005, in May 2010, New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo selected Duffy as his running mate in the race for Governor. Cuomo and Duffy were elected in November 2010 for a term beginning January 1,2011. Duffy chose not to run for re-election in 2014, and instead became the President, Duffy was born to Catherine Cuddihy and Cornelius Duffy and raised in Rochester. He attended Holy Rosary Catholic grammar school, and graduated from the Aquinas Institute in 1972 and he went on to earn an associate degree in Recreational Leadership from Monroe Community College in 1975, and another associate degree in Criminal Justice from the same school in 1988. He was promoted to captain in January 1992 and deputy chief of five months later. He was sworn in as the chief of police in 1998 after his predecessor, johnson threatened to fire Duffy if he ran for office. Duffy retired as Chief to run in the Democratic Primary for Mayor in 2005, during the opening months of his administration, Mayor Duffy closed down the fast ferry service across Lake Ontario between Toronto and Rochester. Opinion polls taken during 2010 indicated that a majority was in favor of the idea, the plan is still on the table and awaiting approval by the State Legislature a year after it was originally proposed. In May 2010, Duffy was picked by Cuomo to be the lieutenant gubernatorial nominee and they won on November 2,2010 with 62% of the vote. Cuomo subsequently named Duffy director of his transition team, on May 8,2014, Duffy announced he would not seek re-election as Lieutenant Governor, citing health and family reasons. At the end of his term, he was hired as the President and he married his wife, Barbara, in 1986, and raised two daughters, Erin and Shannon. One of Duffys hobbies is running - he has run in the New York City Marathon, Robert J. Duffy Administration 2006-2010, City of Rochester website
Robert Duffy (politician)
–
Robert John Duffy
48.
Ronald G. Ehrenberg
–
Ronald Gordon Ehrenberg is an American economist. He has primarily worked in the field of economics including the economics of higher education. Currently, he is Irving M. Ives Professor of Industrial and Labor Relations and he is also the founder-director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute. Ehrenberg received a B. A. in mathematics from Harpur College in 1966, an M. A. after teaching at Loyola University and University of Massachusetts Amherst, he moved to Ithaca in 1975 and spent rest of his professional career at Cornell University. At Cornell, Ehrenberg is a faculty member in the department of economics in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations and in the department of economics in the College of Arts. He also served as the universitys Vice President for Academic Programs, Planning and Budgeting, in 2005, he was named a Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow, the highest award for undergraduate teaching that exists at Cornell. Ehrenbergs academic contributions have been primarily in the field of economics including the economics of higher education. He has authored or edited over 30 books and book-length reports and he has supervised the dissertations of over 45 Ph. D. students and served on the committees of numerous other students. Ehrenberg has served on editorial boards and has been a consultant to many governmental agencies and commissions and university. He currently serves as a member of the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York, Ehrenberg was the founding editor of Research in Labor Economics and served as a co-editor of the Journal of Human Resources. He is an associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He is a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists, of the Labor and Employment Relations Association, and he coauthored with Robert S. Smith a leading textbook, Modern Labor Economics, Theory and Public Policy. Ehrenbergs more recent research has focused on education issues. In 1998, Ehrenberg founded Cornell Higher Education Research Institute to provide a vehicle for research on higher education. Ehrenberg is a Fellow of the American Educational Research Association and the TIAA-CREF Institute, Ehrenberg has received numerous academic honors and professional distinctions. He received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Binghamton University State University of New York in 2008 and he was a commencement speaker at Pennsylvania State Universitys 2011 Commencement during which he received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the university. Binghamton University Alumni Association gave him Glenn G. Bartle Distinguished Alumnus/a Award in 2015 and he was awarded Society of Labor Economists 2011 Jacob Mincer Lifetime Achievement Award and the Association for the Study of Higher Educations 2013 Howard Bowen Distinguished Career Award. In recognition of his achievements and contributions, Cornell University honored him in 2014 by creating the Ronald G. Ehrenberg Professorship in Labor Economics position at the university, R. G. Ehrenberg, American University, National Treasure or Endangered Species, Cornell University Press,1997
Ronald G. Ehrenberg
–
Ronald G. Ehrenberg
49.
Irving Ives
–
Irving McNeil Ives was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from New York from 1947 to 1959 and he was previously a member of the New York State Assembly for sixteen years, serving as Minority Leader, Speaker, and Majority Leader. A liberal Republican, he was known as a specialist in labor, Irving Ives was born in Bainbridge, New York, to George Albert and Lucie Hough Ives. His father worked in the coal and feed business and he received his early education at public schools in Bainbridge and Oneonta, graduating from Oneonta High School in 1914. Ives attended Hamilton College for two years before enlisting in the U. S. Army following the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917. During the war, he served with the American Expeditionary Forces in France and Germany, participating in the Meuse-Argonne and he was honorably discharged as a first lieutenant of the Infantry at the wars end in 1919. He then resumed his studies at Hamilton, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1920, Ives worked as a bank clerk for Guaranty Trust Company in New York City from 1920 to 1923, earning $25 per week. In 1920, he married Elizabeth Minette Skinner, to whom he remained married until her death in 1947, joining Manufacturers Trust Company in 1923, he was placed in charge of the banks business activity in Upstate New York and subsequently moved to Norwich. He remained with Manufacturers Trust until 1930, when he entered the insurance business in Norwich. On February 18,1930, Ives was elected to the New York State Assembly to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Bert Lord and he was Minority Leader in 1935, and Speaker in 1936. His re-election as Speaker was opposed by his fellow liberal Republicans, Ives stepped aside in favor of Oswald D. Heck, who subsequently named Ives as Majority Leader. He served in that position from 1937 to 1946, from 1938 to 1946, Ives was chairman of the State Joint Legislative Committee on Industrial and Labor Conditions. In 1946, when Democratic incumbent James M. Mead decided to run for Governor of New York and he faced former Governor Lehman in the general election, during which he became the first Republican to be endorsed by the New York American Federation of Labor. He eventually defeated Lehman by a margin of 52% to 47% and he was the first Republican to represent New York in the Senate since James W. Wadsworth, Jr. who was defeated for re-election in 1926. He served as a delegate to the 1948 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and that same year, he married his longtime secretary, Marion Mead Crain. Ives was re-elected to a term in 1952, defeating Brooklyn borough president John Cashmore by 55% to 36%. He received the largest number of votes ever won by a candidate in New York, carrying all. A strong supporter of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, he served as a delegate to the 1952 Republican National Convention in Chicago, in 1954, Ives unsuccessfully ran to succeed Dewey as Governor of New York
Irving Ives
–
Irving Ives
50.
Jacob Mincer
–
Jacob Mincer, was a father of modern labor economics. He was Joseph L. Buttenwiser Professor of Economics and Social Relations at Columbia University for most of his active life, born in Tomaszów Lubelski, Poland, Mincer survived World War II prison camps in Czechoslovakia and Germany as a teenager. After graduating from Emory University in 1950, Mincer received his Ph. D. from Columbia University in 1957, Mincer was also a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1960 through his death. Mincer died at his Manhattan home on August 20,2006 due to complications from Parkinsons disease, according to his wife, Dr. Flora Mincer, Mincer was considered by many to be a father of modern labor economics. During his academic career, Mincer authored four books and hundreds of articles, papers. He calculated, for example, that annual earnings rose by 5 to 10 percent in the 1950s and 1960s for every year of additional schooling, there was a similar, although smaller, return on investment in job training—and age played a role. Mincers work continues to have a impact on the field of labor economics. Papers in the field frequently use Mincerian equations, which model wages as a function of capital in statistical estimation. And as a result of Mincers pioneering work, variables such as schooling, in 1967 Mincer was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. The citation for the degree also recognized Mincers work in area that has helped guide a generation of economists who study these important social questions. In recognition of his achievements in economics, Mincer was awarded the first IZA Prize in Labor Economics of the Institute for the Study of Labor. The $50,000 prize was presented to Mincer by more than 100 of his students at a conference at Columbia University in 2002. The close blending of theory and data represented in Mincers work has shaped the direction of labor economics and his very simple formulation basically fits the data for understanding how earnings are related to educational attainment in virtually every country in every time period. Book chapters Mincer, Jacob, Labor force participation of married women, journal articles Mincer, Jacob, Polachek, Solomon. Family investments in capital, earnings of women. Journal of Political Economy, special issue, Marriage, Family Human Capital, IZA Prize in Labor Economics University of Chicagos Society of Labor Economists Mincer Award
Jacob Mincer
–
Jacob Mincer
