1.
New Jersey Route 139
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The lower roadway is listed on the federal and NJ state registers of historic places since 2005. The eastern 1.32 miles of the route includes the Holland Tunnel approach that runs concurrent with Interstate 78 on the pair of 12th Street eastbound. Including the concurrency, the length of Route 139 is 2.77 miles. What is now Route 139 was originally the northernmost part of the Route 1 Extension, Route 25 replaced Route 1 in the 1927 renumbering. In 1953 renumbering, Route 25 was changed back to U. S. Route 1, Route 25 from the Pulaski Skyway over Tonnele Circle to the Holland Tunnel became U. S. Route 1/9 Business. By the 1990s, U. S. Route 1/9 Business was replaced by Route 139, the New Jersey Department of Transportation began a rehabilitation program for the lower and upper levels of the highway in 2005. The renovation work for the 12th Street and 14th Street viaducts was completed in 2010, renovation of the upper roadway, including the Hoboken Avenue Viaduct, and Conrail Viaduct on the lower roadway is expected to be completed by 2016. Route 139 is essentially three distinct, but connected highways, the level, the lower level, and the Holland Tunnel approach. The lower level of Route 139 is a freeway with its western end at U. S. Route 1/9 a continuation of the Pulaski Skyway over Tonnele Circle. Northbound U. S. Route 1/9 Truck connects through the circle to eastbound traffic, the skyway soon ends with eastbound and westbound ramps at a cut in Bergen Hill and the four-lane highway passes under John F. Kennedy Boulevard. The road turns to the southeast as the Conrail Viaduct crosses over Bergen Arches and it then runs under the upper level of Route 139 as it passes through the Hudson Palisades and is known as the Depressed Highway. The covered roadway is naturally ventilated with wide openings on the side of the eastbound lanes. The road re-emerges under Palisade Avenue and splits into two viaducts that merge with Interstate 78 just west of Jersey Avenue at the Holland Tunnel approach, the upper level of Route 139 begins at an intersection with County Route 501, which connects to Bayonne and Union City. The road heads to the southeast through residential and commercial areas as a four-lane undivided road. Just past this, the route becomes a divided road. It continues between the Heights district to the north and the Journal Square district to the south and it crosses several streets, including County Route 646, County Route 617, County Route 663, and County Route 644. The road meets Concord Street, where there is a left lane exit. The four-lane 12th Street and 14th Street viaducts, completed in 1927 and 1951 respectively, ramps from western end of 12th Street Viaduct connect to the upper level roadway at the top of Bergen Hill at the Palisades Avenue intersection
2.
Route number
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The numbers chosen may be used solely for internal administrative purposes, however, in most cases they are also displayed on roadside signage and indicated on maps. In the United Kingdom, the number consists of a letter followed by a number of up to 4 digits. For example, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 also radiate out from London to points around the coast, all classified roads starting in the zone between the A1 and the A2 begin with the figure 1, etc. Scotland is similarly divided into zones by the A7, A8, motorways are marked by an M, for example the M25, which forms a ring road around London. Motorways are fast freeways and are larger than A roads. Motorways follow different zoning and numbering systems from A and B roads, a similar clock-face zonal system is used in many other European countries. Common route number used in the United States In the United States. There are two national-level route numbering systems, the older United States Numbered Highway System laid out in 1920s, additionally, every state in the U. S. maintains its own set of numbered state highways. Some states have other systems as well, either a system of numbered county highways or secondary state highways, a few cities also have numbered city highways, for example, the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, maintains Charlotte Route 4. The U. S. Highway System, indicated by a shield with black numbers, is based on a numbering grid, with odd routes running generally north–south. Primary routes have a one- or two-digit number, and are supplemented by spur routes that add a digit to their parent route. Routes increase from east-to-west and north-to-south, such that U. S. Route 1 follows the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, likewise U. S. Route 2 runs near the Canadian border, while U. S. Route 98 follows the Gulf Coast. Major cross-country routes end in either a 1 or a 0, Routes like U. S. Route 141 and U. S. Route 441 branch off U. S. Route 41. The now defunct U. S. Route 66, known as the Mother Road, was a cultural touchstone that inspired literature, songs, the Interstate Highway System, indicated by a red and blue shield with white numbers, is a system of entirely freeways. The Interstate System is also based on a grid, with east–west routes bearing even numbers, like with U. S. Highways, subsidiary routes are numbered by adding a hundreds digit to the parent route. Because of the number of these routes, three-digit numbers may be repeated within the system. The numbering system for state highways varies widely from state to state, each state decides how to number its own routes
3.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
5.
Decommissioned highway
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A decommissioned highway is a highway that has been removed from service, has been shut down, or has had its authorization as a national, provincial or state highway removed. Decommissioning can include the complete or partial demolition or abandonment of an old highway structure because the old roadway has lost its utility, decommissioning can also include the removal of one or more of the multiple designations of a single segment of highway. As an example, what remains as U. S. Route 60 between Wickenburg, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona carried the routes of three US highways and one state highway, the highway remains a federal highway, but with fewer designations. Decommissioned highways are common in the United States, even in the early years of the United States Highway System, some highways had short lives as US highways especially if they were themselves short routes, such as the early US110 in Wisconsin. US6 was itself pared back to Bishop, California in the Great Renumbering of California in 1964. As the states build freeways as a new classification of highways, the state may strip the old highway of its old designation as a numbered highway or downgrade it to a lesser status. For example, US66, which connected Los Angeles and Chicago from 1926 until 1972, lost its designation as a U. S. Highway in favor of faster, more direct Interstate highways, which had supplanted it. US33 in Lancaster, Ohio was signed as US33 Business following relocation of U. S. Route 33, other highways have been wholly decommissioned in favor of newer Interstate routes, as was the case with Texas State Highway 9. On the other hand, some routes are devolved to authorities, as with US61 in Minnesota. At the extreme a decommissioned route may be demolished, as was done with California State Route 480, once part of the Interstate Highway System, it required retrofitting to remain in service after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to remain in use, instead the highway was demolished. A decommissioned route may also find other use besides automobile use, even as superhighways supplant older surface routes as through routes, some historical highways get attention from those with antiquarian interests in the continued recognition of such routes. Many of Quebecs Autoroutes supplant old through routes, most become local or county roads, in some cases a section of the old road would be retained as part of some other provincial highway because it reaches a major town the new road had bypassed. In 1997 and 1998, the province of Ontario undertook a major highway decommissioning project, most of the former highways are now numbered as county roads. See also List of former provincial highways in Ontario, the 1000 Islands Parkway in Ontario was originally four lanes and part of Ontario Highway 401, Canadas busiest highway, before 401 traffic was bypassed inland on completion of that freeway in 1968. Two of the lanes are maintained for automobile traffic by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission but the other pair have been replaced with footpaths. In Germany, many Autobahns supplant an older route, as in Bundesstraße 60. In the Republic of Ireland, National Primary Routes are often realigned after the construction of new motorway sections, the old route thus loses its national route status and is usually redesignated as a Regional Road. Route 66 winds its way through Americas history, Route 66 still a classic American trek
6.
Rodovia Raposo Tavares
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Rodovia Raposo Tavares is the longest highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 654 km. It receives the Castelo Branco Highway at Ourinhos, the highway was named in honour of António Raposo Tavares, one of the leading bandeirantes. It is managed and maintained in its first 120 km by a concession to private company ViaOeste. The remainder of the highway is maintained by the State of São Paulos Department of Roads, Highway system of São Paulo Brazilian Highway System
7.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
8.
Numbered highways in Canada
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Numbered highways in Canada are split by province, and a majority are maintained by their province or territory transportation department. All highways in Canada are numbered except for three in the Northwest Territories, one in Alberta, one in Ontario, and one in Quebec, ontarios 7000 series are not marked with their highway number but have been assigned one by the Ministry of Transportation. A number of highways in all provinces are known locally by their name rather than their number. The territory of Nunavut has no highways and this is a breakdown of the classifications of highways in each province, and an example shield of each classification where available. Provincial highways in Newfoundland and Labrador are divided into three series, all eight are named and numbered 1-8. There are a number of roads and highways in Nunavut, none are yet numbered, there are currently fourteen territorial highways in Yukon. All fourteen are named and numbered 1-11, 14-15, &37
9.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
10.
Trans-Canada Highway
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The Trans-Canada Highway is a transcontinental federal-provincial highway system that travels through all ten provinces of Canada from the Pacific Ocean on the west to the Atlantic on the east. The main route spans 8,030 kilometres across the country, the system was approved by the Trans-Canada Highway Act of 1949, with construction commencing in 1950. The highway officially opened in 1962, and was completed in 1971, upon its original completion, the Trans-Canada Highway was the most lengthy uninterrupted highway in the world. The highway system is recognizable by its distinctive white-on-green maple leaf route markers, throughout much of Canada, there are at least two routes designated as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. For example, in the provinces, both the main Trans-Canada route and the Yellowhead Highway are part of the Trans-Canada system. As of 2012, this made it the longest electric vehicle ready highway in the world, the Trans-Canada is otherwise designated as east-west from Nanaimo to St. Johns, although there are significant north-south sections north of Hope, Sault Ste. From Departure Bay, a 57 km ferry route connects the highway to Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver, at this point, the Trans-Canada Highway becomes a high mobility freeway and passes through the Vancouver metropolitan area, crossing the Fraser River with the Port Mann Bridge. The section around the Bridge has started being electronically tolled as of 8 December 2012, from Horseshoe Bay, the TCH then heads 170 km east through the Fraser Valley to Hope. Then it continues 496 km east through Salmon Arm, Revelstoke, Rogers Pass, Golden, the northwest and northeast segments of Stoney Trail were completed in 2009, serving as an east-west bypass of Calgary. East of Calgary,293 km the highway reaches Medicine Hat. It continues 79 km east to the city of Regina that is bypassed by a freeway segment. Beyond Regina it continues east into Manitoba to the cities of Brandon and Portage la Prairie, throughout the prairie provinces, the speed limit varies from 90 km/h to 110 km/h. The speed limit is restricted to 90 km/h through national parks in Canada, east of Banff, most of Highway 1 through Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba is 110 km/h, but is 100 km/h east of Winnipeg. Speed limits on the British Columbia mainland segment of the Trans-Canada range from 80 km/h to 110 km/h, east of Winnipeg, the highway continues for over 200 kilometres to Kenora, Ontario. At the provincial border, the designation of the highway changes from 1 to 17. In Kenora, the Trans-Canada designation includes both the route through the citys urban core and the 33.6 km Highway 17A bypass route. The existing branch from Kenora continues east for 136 km to Dryden, a second branch extends 157 km southward along Highway 71 from Kenora to Chapple, then 320 km eastward along Highway 11 to Shabaqua Corners, where it reunites with Highway 17. Highway 11/Highway 17 proceeds southeast for 65 km to Thunder Bay, an 83-kilometre segment of the Trans-Canada Highway between Thunder Bay and Nipigon is commemorated as the Terry Fox Courage Highway
11.
State highway (Italy)
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The Strade Statali, abbreviated SS, is the Italian national network of state highways. The total length for the network is about 18,000 km, the Italian state highway network are maintained by ANAS. From 1928 until 1946 state highways were maintained by AASS, the first 137 state highways were created in 1928 with the establishment of Azienda Autonoma delle Strade Statali. Nowadays, a highway can be classified in more types, except Type A highway. The same types also are used for roads, provincial roads. Type B highway is a dual carriageway with at least two lanes for each direction, paved shoulder on the right, no cross-traffic and no at-grade intersections, in Italy are called strade extraurbane principali. Beginning of Type B highway is marked by a traffic sign, speed limit in Type B highways is 110 km/h. Type C highway is a single carriageway road, in Italy are called strade extraurbane secondarie. Speed limit in Type C highways is 90 km/h, Type D highway is a dual carriageway urban road with sidewalk. In Italy are called strade urbane di scorrimento, if Type D highway travels across an urban area with more than 10,000 people, it is maintained by comuni, instead of ANAS. Speed limit in Type D highways is 70 km/h, Type E highway is a single carriageway urban road with sidewalk. In Italy are called strade urbane di quartiere, if Type E highway travels across an urban area with more than 10,000 people, it is maintained by comuni, instead of ANAS. Speed limit in Type E highways is 50 km/h, Type F highway is a road, which it cannot be classified as Type B, Type C, Type D and Type E. In Italy are called strade locali, an example of Type F highway is an urban road without sidewalk. If Type F highway travels across an area with more than 10,000 people, it is maintained by comuni. Speed limit in Type F highways is 90 km/h, if Type F highway is an urban road, speed limit is 50 km/h. From 1998, state highways of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol are maintained by South Tyrol or Trentino local governments, from 2000, many state highways have been downgraded as regional road or provincial road. An example of downgraded state highway is SR203, formerly SS, transport in Italy List of Italian state highways Autostrade of Italy Regional road Provincial road Municipal road ANAS official site
12.
State governments of India
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State governments in India are the governments ruling States of India, and the head of the council of ministers in a state is chief minister. Power is divided between the government and state governments. While the central government handles military and external affairs etc. the state governments deal with internal security, income for the central government is from customs duty, excise tax, income tax etc. while state government income comes from sales tax, stamp duty. Each state has a legislative assembly, a state legislature that has one house, known as Vidhan Sabha or Legislative assembly, is a Unicameral legislature. A state legislature that has two known as Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad, is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house. The Vidhan Parishad is the house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha. The Sarkaria Commission was set up to review the balance of power between states and the union, the central government can dissolve a state government in favour of Presidents rule if necessary. The state of Jammu and Kashmir has higher autonomy compared to states by virtue of Article 370. For every state, there is a legislature, which consists of Governor and one House or, in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, there are two Houses known as legislative council and legislative assembly. In the remaining states, there is only one House known as legislative assembly, Legislative Council of a state comprises not more than one-third of total number of members in legislative assembly of the state and in no case less than 40 members. Remaining members are nominated by Governor from among those who have distinguished themselves in literature, science, art, cooperative movement, Legislative councils are not subject to dissolution but one-third of their members retire every second year. Legislative Assembly of a state consists of not more than 500, term of an assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier. Powers and Functions State legislature has powers over subjects enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Financial powers of legislature include authorisation of all expenditure, taxation, Legislative assembly alone has power to originate money bills. Legislative council can make recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from Assembly. Assembly can accept or reject these recommendations, reservation of Bills The Governor of a state may reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President. No Bills seeking to impose restrictions on inter-state trade can be introduced in a legislature without previous sanction of the President. They also have their committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by legislature are properly utilised, there is overall 4120 Assembly seats in states and Union Territories in India
13.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
14.
Mexico City
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Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
15.
New Zealand state highway network
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The New Zealand state highway network is the major national highway network in New Zealand. Nearly 100 roads in the North and South Islands are state highways, all state highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency. The highways were designated using a two-tier system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard. State highways are marked by red shield-shaped signs with white numbering, Road maps usually number state highways in this fashion. Of the total state highway network, New Zealand currently has 282.2 km of motorways and expressways with grade-separated access, in the early days all roads were managed by local road boards. Initially they were set up by the Provinces, by 1913 the government was collecting £21,000 in duty on cars, but spending £40,000 on roads. This saw the National Roads Board, an arm of the Ministry of Works, from 1989 to 2008, state highways were the responsibility of Transit New Zealand, a Crown entity. That was done to ensure funding of state highways was considered on a similar basis to funding for local roads. In August 2008, Transit and Land Transport NZ merged to become the NZ Transport Agency, Highways around Tauranga and in the Napier/Hastings region have undergone major changes in recent years. Since 2013, the NZTA has used the One Network Road Classification system to state highways. There are five categories for state highways, with a sixth category used only by local roads. The categories are as follows, National, Generally these roads link the countrys largest urban areas major ports and they generally have an annual average daily traffic volume of 15,000 or more. Examples includes most of SH1, SH29, the Wellington–Palmerston North–Napier route and most State Highways in the Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch urban areas. Regional, Generally these roads link the main urban areas, medium-sized ports, medium-sized airports. They generally have an AADT of 10,000 or more, examples include most of SH2 and SH3, SH5, SH73, and Queenstown–Milford Sound route. They generally have an AADT of 3000 or more, examples includes most of SH6, SH8, SH27, and the SH1 Desert Road detour Primary collector, Generally these roads link the countrys minor urban areas. They generally have an AADT of 1000 or more, examples includes most of SH4, SH7, SH35, and SH83. Secondary collector, Generally these roads link rural towns or rural areas and they generally have an AADT of less than 1000
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State housing
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State housing is a system of public housing in New Zealand, offering low-cost rental housing to residents on low to moderate incomes. Some 69,000 state houses are managed by Housing New Zealand Corporation, in excess of 31,000 former state houses exist, which are now privately owned after large-scale sell-offs during recent decades. Since 2014, state housing has been part of a social housing system. Local bodies were not interested in enforcing existing regulations, such as minimum street widths, the Liberal Government, first elected in 1890, believed that the slums would cease to be a problem as workers moved to the country to become farmers or small town merchants. Instead, the continued to grow. Prime Minister Richard Seddon introduced the Workers Dwellings Act in 1905 to provide well-built suburban houses for workers who earned less than £156 per annum. He argued that these houses would prevent the decline of living standards in New Zealand, by breaking private landlords control over rental housing, housing costs for everyone would decline. The bill passed by 64 votes to 2, despite criticism over the cost of the scheme, the distance the houses would be from workplaces, particularly ports, Seddon estimated that 5,000 houses would be built under the scheme. The Act allowed for workers to rent weekly, lease for 50 years with a right of renewal, in practice, the Government did not initially advertise the weekly rental, but emphasised the lease with the right to buy. The Act specified that workers could be male or female, the standard of materials and construction was high, because the Government was determined that the houses would not become slums. The Act specified that the rent was to be 5% per annum of the capital cost of the house and land, together with insurance and rates. The initial specification was that houses should cost no more than £300 and this resulted in weekly rents ranging between 10s 6d and 12s 7d. All the houses had five rooms—a living room, a kitchen/dining room and this allowed boys and girls to be given separate bedrooms from each other. Some houses were built of wood, some of concrete, twenty-five houses were built at Petone in 1905. Only four applications were received to lease them, Workers could reach Wellington with a 20-minute walk followed by a 30-minute train ride, but the train cost another two shillings a week. This left a family no better off than continuing to rent in Wellington, the Government was forced to allow weekly tenancies and to raise the maximum income level to attract families to the houses. Other settlements such as the one in Belleknowes, Dunedin also had trouble finding renters, Houses built in central suburbs, such as the eight in Newtown and twelve in Sydenham, New Zealand, attracted tenants much more readily. After Seddons death in 1906, the Government Advances to Workers Act allowed urban landowners to borrow up to £450 from the Government at low interest rates to build their own houses and this proved much more popular than the state housing system
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State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
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North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
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South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
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NZ Transport Agency
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It was created on 1 August 2008 by the Land Transport Management Amendment Act 2008, merging Transit New Zealand with Land Transport New Zealand. Its legal name, as established by the Act, is New Zealand Transport Agency and its Māori name, Waka Kotahi, means one vessel and is intended to convey the concept of travelling together as one. Any member of the public can query the Transport Agencys database by making a request using the plate or VIN number at an NZ Post outlet. Road signs in New Zealand fall under the authority of the Transport Agency and are prescribed in the Traffic Control Devices Manual, the Transport Agency has been recognised, alongside its partners, by industry and professional bodies for innovation and best practice. Some of the awards received include, The Transport Agencys Zero Harm Reporting Tool won the award for the Institutes HR technology category for 2016, the Highway and Network Operations Environment and Urban Design team took out the 2015 New Zealand Institute of Landscape Architects Award for landscape publications. The Transport Agency and Hamilton consultancy Bloxam, Burnett and Olliver were the winners at the 2015 Planning Institute Awards, three gold Effie Awards for the Legend drink-driving campaign. The 2012 Civils Demolition award for the Newmarket Viaduct, the 2012 Excellence in Engineering for Safety award for the KiwiRAP star ratings system. IT Project of the Year at the 2012 ITEX Computerworld Awards for the Business Continuity Programme, craig Soutar won Chief Information Officer of the Year in 2013. 2012 WriteMark Plain English Awards and 2013 Public Relations Institute of NZ Awards for the changes to the give way rules campaign, an award for ‘Restoring native plant life to road corridors at the 2012 New Zealand Plant Conservation Network awards. The initial Transport Agency board was criticised by the National Party-led opposition in July 2008 as being stacked with political appointees of the Labour Party-led government. However a National Party-led government was formed after the election later in 2008. Official website NZTAs education portal NZTAs Feet First programme
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New Zealand State Highway 1
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State Highway 1 is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand roading network, running the length of both main islands. It appears on maps as SH1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield. SH1 is 2,033 kilometres long,1,081 km in the North Island and 952 km in the South Island, for the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway, with at-grade intersections and property accesses, in both rural and urban areas. These sections have some passing lanes, around 215 km of SH1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of February 2017,191 km in the North Island and 23 km in the South Island. Current road construction will see an extra 102 km in the North Island and 11 km in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022. SH1 starts at Cape Reinga, at the tip of the Aupouri Peninsula. The highway crosses into the Auckland Region, and passes through Wellsford and Warkworth, near Puhoi, on the Hibiscus Coast, SH1 becomes the Auckland Northern Motorway, the main road north of New Zealands largest urban area. The first 7.5 km of the motorway is a toll road. At Orewa, the motorway becomes toll-free, crossing farmland to the North Shore of Auckland, the road crosses through suburbs to the Waitemata Harbour, which it briefly follows before crossing it by the Auckland Harbour Bridge. The motorway comes off the bridge into Aucklands city centre, at this junction, SH1 becomes the Auckland Southern Motorway, and, after sweeping around the southern end of central Auckland, proceeds in a south-easterly direction. The motorway continues in a broadly southeast direction across the Auckland isthmus, then through Manukau and Papakura to the top of the Bombay Hills, at Bombay, SH1 becomes the Waikato Expressway, a four-lane dual-carriageway expressway. The expressway takes the highway down the Bombay Hills to Mercer, where SH1 meets the Waikato River, the Waikato Expressway temporarily ends at Longswamp and becomes a three-laned dual carriageway, resuming at Te Kauwhata before reverting to single carriageway just south of Ohinewai. SH1 runs as a single carriageway through Huntly to Taupiri, the expressway ends in north-western Hamilton. The highway bypasses the city centre to the west, before crossing to the east side, the expressway resumes at Tamahere, bypassing Cambridge to the north before reverting to a single carriageway east of the town. The highway continues eastward to the town of Tirau, where it turns south to pass through Putaruru and Tokoroa, at Wairakei, SH1 takes an eastern route to bypass Taupo and meet the Lake Taupo shoreline south of the town near the airport. SH1 follows the shore of the lake for 50 km to Turangi. The road between Rangipo and Waiouru is commonly known as the Desert Road, and is closed by snow during winter. At km 794 on the Desert Road, SH1 is 1,074 metres above sea level - the highest point on the New Zealand State Highway network
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Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
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Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
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Numbered highways in the United States
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Highways in the United States are split into at least four different types of systems, Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, state highways, and county highways. Highways are generally organized by a number or letter. These designations are generally displayed along the route by means of a highway shield, each system has its own unique shield design that will allow quick identification to which system the route belongs. Below is a list of the different highway shields used throughout the United States, Interstate highways are all constructed to precise standards, designed to maximize high-speed travel safety and efficiency. Interstate Highways also contain auxiliary routes, which are assigned a three-digit route number. All Interstate Highways are part of the National Highway System, a network of highways deemed essential to the defense, economy and this has led to the decommissioning and truncation of U. S. Highways that were formerly vital long-haul routes, such as U. S. Route 21, each state also has a state highway system. State highways are of varying standards and quality, some state highways become so heavily traveled they are built to Interstate Highway standards. Others are so lightly traveled that they are roads of low quality, many state highway markers are designed to suggest the geographic shape of the state or some other state symbol such as its flag. Most of the others are generically rectangular or some other neutral shape, the default design for state highway markers is the circular highway shield, which is how state highways are designated on most maps. Currently, five states—Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, there are also numbered highways in Washington, D. C. and several U. S. territories. Likewise, they may vary in standards and quality. Some states may include a highway system to supplement the main one. For example, Texas established a system of roads to specifically improve access to rural areas. Nebraska has Connecting Link, Spur, and Recreation Highways to provide access to small towns, the Missouri supplemental route system was designed to provide access to most farm houses, schools, churches, cemeteries, and stores within the state. The final administrative level in some states is the county highway, as the name suggests, this type of road is maintained by a county. In Louisiana, parish roads exist in place of county highways, county roads vary widely from well-traveled multilane highways to dirt roads into remote parts of the county. Other highway systems include, Forest Highway, Highways connecting U. S. National Forests to the state highway systems
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Freeway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
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California State Route 99
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State Route 99, commonly known as Highway 99 or, simply, as 99, is a north–south state highway in the U. S. state of California, stretching almost the entire length of the Central Valley. From its southern end at Interstate 5 near Wheeler Ridge to its end at SR36 near Red Bluff. Cities served include Bakersfield, Delano, Tulare, Visalia, Kingsburg, Selma, Fresno, Madera, Merced, Modesto, Stockton, Sacramento, Turlock, Yuba City, and Chico. The highway is a remnant of the former Mexico to Canada U. S. Route 99, north of Sacramento, the road ranges from a rural two-lane road to a four-lane freeway. SR99 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the entirety of this segment is now built to freeway standards with complete access control, although some older portions are not yet in compliance with Interstate Highway standards. The freeway sections connect and serve the agriculture and industry of the California Central Valley, most of the freeway also parallels the Union Pacifics Fresno Subdivision. In Sacramento, SR99 first joins with I-80 Business as part of the Capital City Freeway and these SR99 concurrences are not officially designated by the California Department of Transportation, but mapmakers often show it as such. SR99 signage had existed along that route for motorists convenience, but was removed in 2000, and replaced by TO SR99 signs instead. SR99 then splits from I-5 in northern Sacramento, and then heads along the segment of the Sacramento Valley through Yuba City. A majority of SR99 from Sacramento to Red Bluff is a highway, while segments in Yuba City. SR99 remains a freeway as the route leaves Sacramento County. As SR99 crosses SR20 as an intersection, the highway becomes a four-lane freeway for 3 miles before reverting to a two-lane road, passing the smaller towns of Live Oak, Fagan. SR99 briefly is a local road through Gridley before continuing as a two-lane highway. SR99 passes by the side of the Thermalito Afterbay. SR162 joins SR99 for 2 miles before splitting off east towards the end of the Thermalito Afterbay. SR99 then transitions from a road to a four-lane divided expressway just before the interchange at SR149 turning northwest. As SR99 leaves Chico, the highway reverts to a 2-lane road before crossing into Tehama County and passing rural areas. The route then curves to the west and terminates at the junction with SR36, approximately 1.5 miles from I-5 in Red Bluff
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Central Valley (California)
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Californias Central Valley is a large, flat valley that dominates the geographical center of the U. S. state of California. It is 40 to 60 miles wide and stretches approximately 450 miles from north-northwest to south-southeast, inland from and it covers approximately 18,000 square miles, about 11% of Californias total land area. More than 7 million acres of the valley are irrigated via a system of reservoirs. The valley also has many cities, including the state capital Sacramento, as well as Redding, Stockton, Modesto, Fresno. The Central Valley watershed comprises 60,000 square miles, or over a third of California, the delta empties into the San Francisco Bay, and then ultimately flows into the Pacific. The Central Valley is commonly known to simply as the Valley. Older names include the Great Valley, a name often seen in scientific references, and Golden Empire. The Central Valley is outlined by the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, and Tehachapi mountain ranges on the east, the broad valley floor is carpeted by vast agricultural regions, and dotted with numerous population centers. While there are many large and small between these cities, these four cities act as hubs for regional commerce and transportation. About 6.5 million people live in the Central Valley today, there are 12 Metropolitan Statistical Areas and 1 Micropolitan Statistical Area in the Central Valley. Below, they are listed by MSA and μSA population, the largest city is Fresno, followed by the state capital, Sacramento. The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench further offshore, the San Joaquin Fault is a notable seismic feature of the Central Valley. The valley was later enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges, faulting moved the Coast Ranges, and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay. The one notable exception to the valley floor is Sutter Buttes. Another significant geologic feature of the Central Valley lies hidden beneath the delta, the Stockton Arch is an upwarping of the crust beneath the valley sediments which extends southwest to northeast across the valley. However, much of the Central Valley environment has been removed or altered by human activity including the introduction of exotic plants, the oak woodlands and chaparral that fringe the valley have been categorized as the California interior chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. The wetlands have been the target of operations to restore areas nearly destroyed by agriculture. The dominant grass of the valley was Nassella pulchra mixed with other species, grassland flowers include California poppy, lupins, and purple owls clover which can still be seen, especially in Antelope Valley in the Tehachapi hills
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Massachusetts Route 128
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Route 128 is a state highway in Massachusetts, maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Spanning 57 miles, it serves as a beltway around Boston, presently, its southern terminus exists at Interstate 93, Interstate 95, and Route 1 in Canton, where it begins running concurrently with Route 1 and I-95. Route 128 completes its concurrency with Route 1 in Dedham, although its dual-designation with I-95 exists for a portion of its length. Independently, Route 128 continues towards its terminus at Route 127A in Gloucester. In local culture, Route 128 is recognized as a dividing line between the inner municipalities of Greater Boston and the more distant suburbs. The Route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s, by the 1950s, it ran from Nantasket Beach in Hull to Gloucester. The first, 27-mile, section of the current limited-access highway from Braintree to Gloucester was opened in 1951 and it was the first limited-access circumferential highway in the United States. Route 128 popularly runs concurrently with Interstate 95 from Canton north to Peabody and, until the early 1990s, it also ran concurrently with the present Interstate 93 from Canton to Braintree. This stretch of Interstate 93, which is now designated as part of U. S. Route 1. The I-95 and I-93 signage were added in the mid-1970s when plans to construct I-95 through Boston, the routes southern end was then truncated to its intersection with Route 3 in Braintree. The non-freeway section of Route 128 from Route 3 through Hingham to Nantasket was redesignated Route 228, the area along the western part of Route 128 is home to a number of high-technology firms and corporations. This part of Route 128 has been dubbed and even signed as Americas Technology Highway, Route 128 makes more than a 180-degree arc around Boston, and clockwise is north even when the road heads slightly south of east when approaching the Atlantic Ocean. Hackers in the area refer to this as going logical north on the route, Interstate 93, going north-and-south, intersects Route 128, which nominally goes north-and-south, at a right angle, about 15 miles north of Boston. A traveller going logical south on 128 from the I-93 interchange will soon find himself driving due west, travelling south on 128 and I-95. This abrupt termination requires the US3 signage to continue along 128 for somewhat over a mile until it can interchange the old US3 surface arterial, much of Route 128 is now part of the Interstate system, being concurrent with I-95. However, the vast majority of locals refer to these stretches as 128. The northernmost several exits along Route 128, past exit 12, are not grade-separated interchanges, Exit 10 is signed as the signalized intersection with Route 127, and there are two rotaries between that and exit 12. Following the completion of the Peabody I-95/Route 128 interchange in 1988, the exits, which had gone from Gloucester to Braintree, were renumbered along I-95, from the Rhode Island state line to the border with New Hampshire
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Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway
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Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway, formerly and locally known as Cross County Highway, is a west-east freeway in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. It stretches 16.4 miles from southern Colerain Township to Montgomery, connecting many of Cincinnatis northern suburbs to Interstate 71, State Route 126 is routed over most of the highway, while the remainder is a county-maintained road. Cross County Highway was built by Hamilton County in seven stages from 1958 to 1997, Highway revolts in Indian Hill and Crosby Township prevented it from crossing the entire county. On March 17,1993, it became the first highway to be named after former U. S. President Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan Highway was mostly transferred to the state highway system in 1997. Ronald Reagan Highway begins as a 2. 3-mile-long county-maintained highway in Colerain Township and this westernmost portion is designated as County Road 453, however, signs indicate this stretch solely by its name. From Groesbeck, the highway carries State Route 126 along a roughly parallel to the Norwood Lateral, State Route 562. The short, easternmost stretch from Interstate 71 to Montgomery Road is a limited-access road, Ronald Reagan Highway ends abruptly at a junction with Montgomery Road. A short stub extends to the east, State Route 126 continues north- and eastward on Montgomery Road through Montgomery and Indian Hill. A redwood sign commemorating the dedication of Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway stands at the eastern terminus in the Montgomery Heritage District. The majority of Ronald Reagan Highway, between Interstates 275 and 71, is included in the National Highway System, the NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility, and defense of the nation. The entirety of Ronald Reagan Highway has two lanes in each direction, with speed limits ranging from 50 to 60 miles per hour. ODOTs State Farm Safety Patrol vans provide assistance to stranded motorists along Cincinnati-area highways, including the entirety of Ronald Reagan Highway, in 1950, the concept was upgraded to an expressway, five years later, it grew into a 22-mile-long lateral that would span the proposed Circumferential Highway. The project, originally estimated at $30 million, was intended to connect the east and west sides of town and relieve congestion on Galbraith Road. In 1959, amid the success of the Greater Cincinnati Airport in Northern Kentucky, officials dropped plans to expand Blue Ash Airport and connect Cross County directly to the airport. The first leg of Cross County Highway, a 1. 3-mile stretch from Ridge Road to Galbraith Road, was built between 1957 and 1958 and cost $800,000. In 1965, a year after Hamilton County voters passed a tax levy for Cross County expansion. Then, in 1968, it was extended 0.7 miles further east to Montgomery Road, through the nine holes of the Swaim Fields golf course. In 1963, Hamilton County commissioners asked the Bureau of Public Roads to add the route of Cross County Highway to the Interstate Highway System
30.
New Hampshire Route 101
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New Hampshire Route 101 is a state-maintained highway in southern New Hampshire extending from Keene to Hampton Beach. It is the major east–west highway in the portion of the state. The western terminus of NH101 is in Keene at the junction with New Hampshire Routes 9,10 and 12, the eastern terminus is in Hampton Beach at the junction with Ocean Boulevard. The total length of NH101 is 95.189 miles, however, the New Hampshire Department of Transportation has installed mileposts on the freeway section east of Interstate 93 that begin at mile 100. Between Exeter and Hampton, NH101 is known as the Exeter–Hampton Expressway, NH101 is a two-lane surface road from its western terminus in Keene to the western terminus of New Hampshire Route 101A in Milford. From there, NH101 splits off to the south and becomes a two-lane limited-access highway that bypasses Milford and Amherst, at the eastern terminus of New Hampshire Route 114 in Bedford, NH101 becomes a four-lane limited-access highway. It expands to six lanes upon merging with Interstate 293 in Manchester, east of I-93, NH101 narrows to four lanes. The route remains an expressway until exit 12 in Hampton. At an interchange with U. S. Route 1, it becomes a surface road to its terminus in Hampton Beach. Most of the section of NH101 was originally going to be part of the cancelled New England East–West Highway from Albany, New York. Because of the cancellation, NH101 remained a two-lane freeway until the mid-1990s, locally, this road was known as the Highway of Death for the unusually high number of accidents and the sign advertising. The old Highway of Death nickname and the signs have disappeared from use, in 1991, an overpass was constructed over North Road in Brentwood near the Rockingham County Jail Farm for the future routing of NH101. However, the NH101 expressway was not built in area until 2000. During this time, NH101 exited the expressway at NH108, after traversing a traffic circle, NH101 split from NH108 and followed the current alignment of New Hampshire Route 33 into downtown Portsmouth, where NH101 terminated at U. S. Route 1. While NH88 was rerouted on a new stretch of road to intersect with NH108 just south of the NH 101/108 SPUI interchange at exit 11, NH27 west of Stratham was formerly NH101 prior to the completion of the four-lane bypass. Old NH101 between Stratham and downtown Portsmouth became NH33 and the NH51 designation was eliminated, New Hampshire 101 has long been proposed as a part of the greater East–West Highway, which would provide upgraded freeway connections across the three Northern New England states. Some early proposals suggested that the route be part of the Interstate Highway System as Interstate 92, more recent proposals suggested that the entire route could be part of a privately-maintained toll road. New Hampshire Route 101A is a 13. 819-mile-long east–west highway in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, connecting Milford and it also runs through Merrimack and Amherst, and very briefly touches Hollis
31.
Circular highway shield
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A highway shield or route marker is a sign denoting the route number of a highway, usually in the form of a symbolic shape with the route number enclosed. As the focus of the sign, the number is usually the signs largest element. Highway shields are used by travellers, commuters, and all levels of government for identifying, navigating, simplified highway shields often appear on maps. There are several uses for the highway shield, Junction signs inform travelers that they are approaching an intersection with a numbered highway. Guide signs inform travelers which way to go at intersections, usually with an arrow pointing the way, reassurance markers are used after major junctions and periodically in between to confirm the route and direction. Australia has maintained distinctly different trends pertaining to Highway shields in the past and will continue in this somewhat, despite the conversion to alpha-numeric routes. Alpha-numeric route numbering has been in use in Tasmania since the 1970s, however, from 1996 states on the mainland began conversion to the alpha-numeric system. The state of Victoria was the first to implement the policy, prior to this conversion and concurrently, Federal Highway, National Highway, State Highway and Tourist Route shields existed. In Victoria Freeway shields were used until the late 1980s, while during the 1990s Queensland, with the opening of the Western Ring Road, that road used a shield quite similar to the U. S. Interstate shield, albeit with Ring Road written instead of Interstate and with 2 peaks, to further complicate matters, with the introduction of the alpha-numeric system, roads that are federally funded have a squared-off bullet encompassing the alpha-numeric designation. Freeways and dual-carriageway roads often use an M prefix, particularly in Victoria, in addition, trapezoidal signs are placed every 5 km on major regional highways and freeways indicating the distance to the post office of the next city or major town on the route. These signs usually only have the first letter of the destination, Federal and state highways shields are standardized in Brazil by the National Transit Department, but implementation is not always consistent nor even existent. In many states, highway names appear on highway location markers, each province dictates the type of shields used as their highway system is a provincial responsibility. Ontario highways shields vary in shape and colour, the general format is a black letter/numbers on white background. Major or 400-series highways use a bullet with a crown on top. These are referred to as Kings Highway markers, but the wording has been removed since the 1990s, secondary and local or county roads use an isosceles trapezoid as markers. Background colour is white, but they can be green. Tertiary road signs are rectangular in shape, text is black or white and will indicate the county name
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Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
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These specifications include the shapes, colors, and fonts used in road markings and signs. In the United States, all control devices must legally conform to these standards. The manual is used by state and local agencies as well as construction firms to ensure that the traffic control devices they use conform to the national standard. While some state agencies have developed their own sets of standards, including their own MUTCDs, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises the FHWA on additions, revisions, and changes to the MUTCD. However, each highway had its own set of signage, usually designed to promote the highway rather than to assist in the direction, in fact, conflicts between these automobile clubs frequently led to multiple sets of signs—sometimes as many as eleven—being erected on the same highway. They reported their findings to the Mississippi Valley Association of Highway Departments and these suggestions included the familiar circular railroad crossing sign and octagonal stop sign. In 1927, the American Association of State Highway Officials, or AASHO, published the Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, standard Road Markers and Signs to set standards for traffic control devices used on rural roads. This was followed by the Manual on Street Traffic Signs, Signals, and Markings, the MUTCD was first released in 1935, and set standards for both road signs and pavement markings. In 1966, Congress passed the Highway Safety Act, P. L. 89-564,72 Stat,885, which is now codified at 23 U. S. C. §401 et seq. The penalty for noncompliance was a 10% reduction in funding, in turn, taking advantage of broad rulemaking powers granted in 23 U. S. C. §402, the Department simply adopted the entire MUTCD by reference at 23 C. F. R, thus, what was formerly a quasi-official project became an official one. States are allowed to supplement the MUTCD but must remain in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, most of the repainting to the 1971 standard was done between 1971 and 1974, with a deadline of 1978 for the changeover of both the markings and signage. Comments were accepted until July 31,2008, the new edition was published in 2009. Proposed additions and revisions to the MUTCD are recommended to FHWA by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the NCUTCD also recommends interpretations of the MUTCD to other agencies that use the MUTCD, such as state departments of transportation. NCUTCD develops public and professional awareness of the principles of safe traffic control devices and practices, the NCUTCD is supported by twenty-one sponsoring organizations, including transportation and engineering industry groups, safety organizations, and the American Automobile Association. Each sponsoring organization promotes members to serve as voting delegates within the NCUTCD, compared to the Vienna Convention, the MUTCD stresses a consistent color scheme and relatively large, verbose warning signs. MUTCD guide signs tend to be less verbose than their equivalents in Vienna Convention countries, the MUTCD has become widely influential outside the United States, for example, the use of yellow stripes to divide opposing traffic has been widely adopted throughout the Western Hemisphere. Many U. S. states produce their own standards, which take the form of either a manual or supplement to the federal MUTCD
33.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
34.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
35.
Missouri supplemental route
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A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U. S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. The goal of the highway system was to place state-maintained roads within 2 miles of more than 95% of all farm houses, schools. The more major routes of the system are ones assigned with single-letter designations. Additionally, combinations of letters may be used, but always with A as the first letter, the vast majority of the highways in the system are designated with 19 letters of the alphabet. The letters G, I, L, Q, and S are not used because of the confusion with other letters and numbers. The only current use of X is on Route AX in Macon County and these routes rarely run for more than a few miles, although they may cross county lines. But when Route MM crosses Route 360, it remains Route MM, Route J in Boone County is one of the few exceptions to this, as it continues past U. S.40 for three miles before becoming Route O upon passing I-70. The names are reused, but not near one another. Rarely is a letter re-used in a county, there are two Route Zs in Randolph County and two route Ks in Carter County, Route D exists in the counties of Cole, Greene, Newton, St. Louis, and several others. Supplemental routes are signed by black letters on a background with a black border. Rarely, the shields will be marked with such as EAST, WEST. List of Missouri highways Special route
36.
County highway
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A county highway is a road in the United States and in the Canadian province of Ontario that is designated and/or maintained by the county highway department. Route numbering can be determined by each county alone, by agreement among counties. Any county-maintained road, whether or not it is given a signed number, many other systems are also used, some counties rather arbitrarily assign numbers to all maintained roads, but do not sign them at all or only sign them on standard street sign blades. County roads and highways vary greatly in design standards, funding, some county highways in urban areas are freeways or expressways. County roads that link communities or serve residential areas are often indistinguishable from state highways or residential streets, in rural areas, many county roads carry very little traffic, these roads are maintained less frequently. They may be in poor condition or not paved at all, in remote areas, county roads are made of sand, gravel, or graded earth, seeing only occasional foot, equestrian, and four wheel drive traffic. Some states, such as Wisconsin, use county highways in great numbers, linking major highways, in England and Wales, the term County Road means a road for which the county council is the highway authority. County highway shields are usually a yellow-on-blue pentagon, a black-on-white rectangle, some states, like Virginia and North Carolina, have no county highways in most of their counties, the state government maintains all roads in unincorporated areas. Others, like Connecticut, have no county routes because there is no government at the county level, alaskas county-equivalent boroughs maintain roads in unincorporated areas but none are numbered, Louisianas county equivalents are parishes, and, accordingly, have parish routes. Ohios county roads vary widely in construction, signage, and naming from county to county, in Minnesota, some county roads are known as County state aid highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by counties, but they are eligible for funding from the County State Aid Highway Fund, differences in signage between CSAH routes and other county roads depends on the county. Some counties, such as Stearns County, delineate between the two by using the standard blue pentagon shield for CSAH routes and Minnesotas normal white square shield for other county routes. Most county roads in Minnesota are designated with numbers, although a few non-CSAHs in Dodge County utilize letters instead, a few roads that cross county borders are also signed with an inter-county designation and a letter, but this system is not shown on most maps. In the United States, county highways are denoted in various ways, in states like Wisconsin, county highways are marked with letters—in Wisconsin with 1 to 3 letter combinations. Wisconsins county highways are frequently and clearly marked at most intersections, because the county names are non-exclusive, the state has many county roads with similar or identical names. These highways are marked at the beginning of the highway and marked occasionally throughout the route. In Iowa, county roads are marked with a single letter, the latter generally use numbers in the 600-series with some counties having routes in the 700s along with one route in the 800s. Two counties, Bergen and Monmouth, along some routes in Ocean County, have routes outside this range with 1- or 2-digit numbers along with some numbers in the 100s
37.
Highways in Australia
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Prior to European settlement, the earliest needs for trade and travel were met by narrow bush tracks, used by tribes of Indigenous Australians. The formal construction of roads began in 1788, after the founding of the colony of New South Wales, similar road networks were established in the other colonies of Australia. Local government authorities, often known as Road Boards, were established to be primarily responsible for funding and undertaking road construction. The early 1900s saw both the widespread use of motorised transportation, and the creation of state road authorities in each state. These authorities managed each states road network, with the arterial roads controlled and maintained by the state. The federal government became involved in funding in the 1920s. The depression of the 1930s slowed the funding and development of the road network until the onset on World War II. Supply roads leading to the north of the country were considered vital, resulting in the construction of Barkly, Stuart, in 1974, the federal government assumed responsibility for funding the nations most important road links, between state and territory capitals cities, which were declared National Highways. Some sections of the 16, 000-kilometre-long National Highway system were no more than dirt tracks, the network was gradually improved, and by 1989, all gravel road sections had been sealed. National Routes were assigned to significant interstate routes which, both now and in the future, comprise the more important arteries of road communications throughout Australia in all its aspects. East-west routes were planned to have numbers, increasing from south to north, while north-south routes would have odd numbers. National Route 1 would be an exception, as a route along the coastline of Australia. A state route marking systems was designed to supplement the system, for inter-regional. Each state could choose their own numbering scheme, as long as National Route and State Route numbers werent duplicated in the same state, or nearby routes in another state. When the National Highway system was introduced, National Routes along it became National Highway routes with the same numbers, during the 1990s, planning began for a new alphanumeric route system. Alphanumeric routes have been introduced in most states and territories in Australia, the earliest needs for trade and travel were met by narrow bush tracks, used by tribes of Indigenous Australian prior to European settlement. The formal construction of roads began in 1788, after the founding of the colony of New South Wales and these roads were little more than cleared paths, constructed without grading, drainage systems, and road surfaces. By the end of his term in 1822 the colony had a network of three roads, with the Great Western Road as the most important link, traversing the Blue Mountains from Sydney to Bathurst
38.
Numbered street
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Not to be confused with Route number A numbered street is a street whose name is an ordinal number, as in Second Street or Tenth Avenue. Such forms are among the most common names in North America. Numbered streets were first used in Philadelphia and now exist in major cities. Grid-based naming systems usually start at 1, and then proceed in numerical order, in the United States, seven out of the top ten most common street names are numbers, with the top three names being 2nd, 3rd, and 1st respectively. Some cities also have lettered street names, for example, Washington, D. C. in addition to having numbered streets, also has streets identified as a letter followed by Street, going as high as the letter W. New York City has avenues titled Avenue followed by the letter of the alphabet. The idea for such a system was developed by Pierre Charles L’Enfant, the numbered street system is criticized for taking away the individuality from a community that a named street would provide. The city of Baltimore, Maryland, has numbered streets in the part of the city. The numbered streets, which go as high as 43rd Street, unlike in Washington, where the numbered streets run north–south, Baltimores numbered streets run west–east. All begin their names with either West or East, depending on which side of Charles Street the block is located, some of Baltimores numbered streets are well known for various reasons. 28th and 29th streets, a pair, are the only numbered streets to have an interchange with I-83. They use the designations to the east of the expressway. East 33rd Street was the location of the now-demolished Memorial Stadium, home to the Baltimore Orioles for 38 years and the Baltimore Colts for 31. West 34th Street is the location of the annual Miracle on 34th Street, the City of Chicago is set on a grid with eight standard city blocks per mile. Some blocks are divided in half. A standard block has 100 address numbers, meaning there are 800 numbers per mile, Chicago address numbering begins downtown at State Street and Madison Street, State Street is 0 east and west, and Madison Street is 0 north and south. Major streets a mile apart have address numbers that, for the most part, are multiples of 800, the south side of the city uses numbered east–west streets, although older streets that were already named retained their names, particularly in the Loop. As stated above, Chicago house numbers are assigned at the rate of 8 blocks to a mile
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