1.
Police state
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Police state is a term denoting a government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the police force. Political control may be exerted by means of a police force that operates outside the boundaries normally imposed by a constitutional state. Robert von Mohl, who first introduced the rule of law to German jurisprudence, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the phrase police state back to 1851, when it was used in reference to the use of a national police force to maintain order, in Austria. The German term Polizeistaat came into English usage in the 1930s with reference to governments that had begun to emerge in Europe. Because there are different political perspectives as to what an appropriate balance is between individual freedom and national security, there are no standards defining a police state. This concept can be viewed as a balance or scale, along this spectrum, any law that has the effect of removing liberty is seen as moving towards a police state, while any law that limits government oversight is seen as moving towards a free state. An electronic police state is one in which the government aggressively uses electronic technologies to record, organize, search, the Oprichnina established by Ivan IV within the Tsardom of Russia in 1565 functioned as a police state, featuring persecutions and autocratic rule. Nazi Germany emerged from a democratic process, yet gradually exerted more and more repressive controls over its people in the lead-up to World War II. In addition to the SS and the Gestapo, the Nazi police state used the judiciary to assert control over the population from the 1930s until the end of the war in 1945, the Republic of Cuba under president Fulgencio Batista was an authoritarian police state during his rule. Police influence continued following his overthrow during the Cuban Revolution in 1959 with the rise to power of Fidel Castro, in response to government proposals to enact new security measures to curb protests, government of AK Party has been accused of turning Turkey into a police state. Fictional police states have featured in a number of media ranging from novels to films to video games, george Orwells 1984 has been described as the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term. Amnesty International,2005 — annual report on human rights violations Council for Secular Humanism article describing attributes of police states David Mery Suspicious behaviour on the tube. Whitehead to Speak to Senior Statesmen of Virginia on the Emerging American Police State and What 2014 Holds in Store for Our Freedoms
2.
Nebraska (album)
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Nebraska is the sixth studio album by Bruce Springsteen. The album was released on September 30,1982, by Columbia Records, sparsely-recorded on a cassette-tape Portastudio, the tracks on Nebraska were originally intended as demos of songs to be recorded with the E Street Band. However, Springsteen ultimately decided to release the demos himself, Nebraska remains one of the most highly regarded albums in his catalogue. Unlike with his previous albums, very little salvation and grace is present within the songs, initially, Springsteen recorded demos for the album at his home with a 4-track cassette recorder. The demos were sparse, using acoustic guitar, electric guitar, harmonica, mandolin, glockenspiel, tambourine, organ, synthesizer. The songs themselves also have sparse composition, and many of the songs are simple three chord songs, after he completed work on the demos, Springsteen brought the songs to the studio and recorded the album with the E Street Band. Complications with mastering of the tapes ensued because of low recording volume, the demo recording sessions done by Springsteen featured a total of 17 songs, where 10 of them ended up on Nebraska, and the demo for Born In The USA would appear on the Tracks compilation. The remaining six unreleased demos are circulating among Springsteen fans, Springsteen fans have long speculated whether Springsteens full-band recording of the album, nicknamed Electric Nebraska, will ever surface. In a 2006 interview, manager Jon Landau said it was unlikely, but in a 2010 interview with Rolling Stone, E Street Band drummer Max Weinberg praised the full band recording of the album as killing. Other songs demoed during the Nebraska sessions include Born in the U. S. A, downbound Train, Child Bride, Pink Cadillac, The Big Payback, Johnny Bye Bye, and Losin Kind. The remaining songs are largely of the bleak tone, including the dark State Trooper. Criminal behavior continues as a theme in the song Highway Patrolman, even though the protagonist works for the law, open All Night, a Chuck Berry-style lone guitar rave-up, does manage a dose of defiant, humming-towards-the-gallows exuberance. Springsteen stated that the stories in this album were inspired by historian Howard Zinns book A Peoples History of the United States. A music video was produced for the song Atlantic City, it features stark, black-and-white images of the city, still, this is a conceptual coup, especially since its selling. In the newspapers annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, Nebraska was voted the third best album of 1982, in 1989, it was ranked 43rd on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s. That same year, Richard Williams wrote in Q magazine that Nebraska would simply have been a better record with the benefit of the E Street Band. In 2003, Nebraska was ranked number 224 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, pitchfork listed it as the 60th greatest album of the 1980s. In 2006, Q placed the album at number 13 in its list of 40 Best Albums of the 80s, in 2012, Slant Magazine listed the album at number 57 on its list of Best Albums of the 1980s
3.
State Trooper (TV series)
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State Trooper is an American crime drama set in the American West of the 1950s, starring Rod Cameron as Rod Blake, an officer of the Nevada Department of Public Safety. Its fictional stories focus upon miners, ranchers, dude ranches, released convicts, the series pilot entitled Killer on a Horseback starring Rod Cameron aired in February 1956 on an episode of the NBC anthology series Star Stage. Robert Armstrong appeared in episodes as Sheriff Andy Anderson, who developed a good working relationship with Camerons character. Don Haggerty played Sheriff Elder in nine episodes in the 1956-1957 season, paul Stader appeared five times in the 1958-1959 season as Deputy Sheriff Jim Wallace. Tom Greenway appeared in four episodes as Sheriff Bronson, Stay Lost, Little Girl, Dangerous Honeymoon, Full Circle, Timeless Media Group released the complete first season on DVD in Region 1 on December 14,2010. The complete second and third season were released together in a set on December 13,2011. On September 23,2014, Timeless Media Group will release State Trooper - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1, the 11-disc set will contain all 104 episodes of the series. State Trooper at the Internet Movie Database
4.
Federation
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A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central government. The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism and it can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. Federations are often multiethnic and cover an area of territory. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, at some time, that is recognized and a movement is organized to merge more closely. At other times, especially when common cultural factors are at such as ethnicity and language. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an example of formal non-unitary statehood. Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces, the oldest continuous federation, and a role model for many subsequent federations, is the United States. Some of the New World federations failed, the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states ten years after its founding, others, such as Argentina and Mexico, have shifted between federal, confederal, and unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy, australia and Canada are also federations. Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815, the North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations. The Russian Federation has inherited a similar system, Nigeria, Pakistan, India and Malaysia became federations on or shortly before becoming independent from the British Empire. In some recent cases, federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iraq since 2005. The component states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government, however, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy, however, German Länder have that power, which is beginning to be exercised on a European level. Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others, an example of such a federation is Malaysia, in which Sarawak and Sabah agreed to form the federation on different terms and conditions from the states of Peninsular Malaysia. A federation often emerges from an agreement between a number of separate states. The purpose can be the will to solve problems and to provide for mutual defense or to create a nation state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland, however, as the histories of countries and nations vary, the federalist system of a state can be quite different from these models
5.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
6.
South Asia
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Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, the current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form the countries of South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985, South Asia covers about 5.1 million km², which is 11. 51% of the Asian continent or 3. 4% of the worlds land surface area. The population of South Asia is about 1.749 billion or about one fourth of the worlds population, overall, it accounts for about 39. 49% of Asias population and is home to a vast array of peoples. The area of South Asia and its extent is not clear cut as systemic. Aside from the region of South Asia, formerly part of the British Empire, there is a high degree of variation as to which other countries are included in South Asia. Modern definitions of South Asia are consistent in including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar is included by some scholars in South Asia, but in Southeast Asia by others. Some do not include Afghanistan, others question whether Afghanistan should be considered a part of South Asia or the Middle East, the mountain countries of Nepal and Bhutan, and the island countries of Sri Lanka and Maldives are generally included as well. Myanmar is often added, and by various deviating definitions based on often substantially different reasons, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the common concept of South Asia is largely inherited from the administrative boundaries of the British Raj, with several exceptions. The Aden Colony, British Somaliland and Singapore, though administered at various times under the Raj, have not been proposed as any part of South Asia. Additionally Burma was administered as part of the Raj until 1937, the 562 princely states that were protected by but not directly ruled by the Raj became administrative parts of South Asia upon joining Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan. China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of members of SAARC. This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj – Nepal, and Bhutan, Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The United Nations Statistics Divisions scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, population Information Network includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia. Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle, the Hirschman–Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC. The British Indian Ocean Territory is connected to the region by a publication of Janes for security considerations, the inclusion of Myanmar in South Asia is without consensus, with many considering it a part of southeast Asia and others including it within South Asia. Afghanistan was of importance to the British colonial empire, especially after the Second Anglo-Afghan War over 1878–1880, Afghanistan remained a British protectorate until 1919, when a treaty with Vladimir Lenin included the granting of independence to Afghanistan. Following Indias partition, Afghanistan has generally included in South Asia
7.
Oceania
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Oceania, also known as Oceanica, is a region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. The term is used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia. The term was coined as Océanie circa 1812 by geographer Conrad Malte-Brun, the word Océanie is a French word derived from the Latin word oceanus, and this from the Greek word ὠκεανός, ocean. Natives and inhabitants of this region are called Oceanians or Oceanicans, as an ecozone, Oceania includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand. New Zealand, along with New Guinea and nearby islands, part of the Philippine islands, Australia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, in geopolitical terms, however, New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia are almost always considered part of Oceania. Australia and Papua New Guinea are usually considered part of Oceania along with the Maluku Islands, puncak Jaya in Papua is often considered the highest peak in Oceania. Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean and it comprised four regions, Polynesia, Micronesia, Malaysia, and Melanesia. The area extends to Sumatra in the west, the Bonin Islands in the northwest, the Hawaiian Islands in the northeast, Rapa Nui and Sala y Gómez Island in the east, and Macquarie Island in the south. Not included are the Pacific islands of Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese archipelago, all on the margins of Asia, and the Aleutian Islands of North America. The islands at the extremes of Oceania are Bonin, a politically integral part of Japan, Hawaii, a state of the United States. There is also a geographic definition that excludes land on the Sunda Plate. Biogeographically, Oceania is used as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone or the Pacific ecozone, Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which constitute the major ecological regions of the planet. The Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia constitute the separate Australasian ecozone. The Malay Archipelago is part of the Indomalaya ecozone, related to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of western Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently settled. The term is used to denote a continent comprising Australia. New Zealand forms the corner of the Polynesian Triangle. Its indigenous Māori constitute one of the cultures of Polynesia. It is also, however, considered part of Australasia, the history of Oceania in the medieval period was synonymous with the history of the indigenous peoples of Australasia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia
8.
Special Deployment Commando
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Special Deployment Commandos, German, Spezialeinsatzkommandos, are the specialized operation armed response units of the sixteen German state police forces. The comparable units of the German Federal Police are GSG9, the organization of special police forces varies from state to state. Whilst most states have created one Special Deployment Commando which is based in their capital city, north Rhine-Westphalia Police or Rheinland-Pfalz State Police have established Special Deployment Commandos in other major cities as needed. The Bavarian State Police and Hessen State Police both have two Special Deployment Commandos - one each for the north and the south, a SEK unit can be attached to the Rapid Reaction Police or to big regional police headquarters. The internal organisation of SEKs rests with the units and therefore differs as well, the SEK of South Bavaria has an alpine component and the SEK units of Bremen and Hamburg have elements trained for maritime tasks. Some SEKs also have specialized groups for cases like hostage situations or suicide attempts. Any state police officer is eligible to apply for service in a SEK unit, the age limit is mostly between 23 and 35 years, whilst operatives have to leave the entry teams when they reach the age of 42. Both sexes can be recruited, however, only a few policewomen have been able to handle the extensive, at the moment, only the SEK units of Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Southern Hesse have women in their ranks. Basically the requirements demand physical and mental strength, discernment and capacity for teamwork, only about 30 percent of all candidates pass the tests. The length of the necessary to become an operative in a SEK unit differs but is generally five to eight months long. Mainly unrecognized by the media and public, the missions of SEK units are to serve arrest warrants. Hostage sieges, kidnappings and raids also belong to their missions as well as other scenarios like personal security detail for VIPs or witnesses, since the 1970s, each SEK has handled several thousand deployments. The front-runner is the SEK of the Berlin Police with up to 500 deployments a year, the basic gear for every SEK officer is a standard sidearm and a submachine gun. SEK would gain other weaponry including rifles, sniper rifles, unlike other police institutions, members are not bound to normal procurement policies and can order the equipment they feel the best for their mission. If cited in a trial they are referred to by numbers. When off-duty SEK officers are called to a scene, they may appear plain-clothed, only wearing their special protective gear. Mobile Task Force units operate hand-in-hand with the SEKs and these plain-clothed units are specialized in surveillance, quick arrests and mobile hostage sieges or kidnappings. They are often used in investigations against organized crime or blackmailers, however, the deployment of the MEK units is requested only for serious offenses
9.
Landespolizei
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Landespolizei is the term used to refer to all police of any one of the states of Germany. The Landespolizei in the meaning of today can trace its origins to the late 19th century Germany, various towns and cities also maintained police forces as the increasing number of new laws and regulations made controlling urban life more complicated. In Nazi Germany, all state and city forces were absorbed into the Ordnungspolizei which existed from 1936 to 1945, after World War II, massive numbers of refugees and displaced persons, hunger and poverty characterised everyday life in Germany. Attacks by armed gangs, robbery, looting and black-marketing were commonplace, in all three Western zones, the emphasis was to decentralise, demilitarise and democratise the police. Some restrictions were lifted as Cold War tensions grew and certain police functions necessitated central rather than local direction, the Landespolizei became the police force for the federal states in the West. East Germany created a national force in the form of the Volkspolizei. All state police forces are subordinate to the Land Minister of the Interior, the internal structures of these police forces differ somewhat, but usually immediately subordinate to the interior ministries are the regional police headquarters. These direct operations over an area or in a big city and have administrative. The Präsidium often has direct control of the force’s specialist units such as patrols, mounted police detachments. Under the regional headquarters, there are district police headquarters serving communities of from 200,000 to 600,000 citizens. Subordinate to each Direktion, there are several stations or precincts that are manned on a 24-hour basis, conduct day-to-day policing. Below this level, the Polizeiposten is a police office manned by one or two officers, normally only during office hours. The State Police wear the patch on the uniform sleeve. Police officers can be transferred anywhere within their state, once skilled, officers of the state police can be moved theoretically nationwide. In practice, such requests are made by the officers themselves and they usually swap workplaces with an exchange partner from another federal state. Such an exchange is thus possible nationwide and is not dependent on the state, State police forces are divided into the following branches, Schutzpolizei - the uniformed police officers who patrol the streets and respond to emergency calls etc. In 1950 the Bepo was founded as an organized, armed and trained police force. In some states the police academy is part of the Bepo
10.
North Rhine-Westphalia
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North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous state of Germany, with a population of approximately 18 million, and the fourth largest by area. Its capital is Düsseldorf, the most populous city is Cologne, four of Germanys ten largest cities—Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, and Essen—are located within the state, as well as the largest metropolitan area on the European continent, Rhine-Ruhr. North Rhine-Westphalia was formed in 1946 as a merger of the provinces of North Rhine and Westphalia, the state has been run by a coalition of the Social Democrats and Greens since 2010. The Ubii and some other Germanic tribes such as the Cugerni were later settled on the west side of the Rhine in the Roman province of Germania Inferior, North of the Sigambri and the Rhine region were the Bructeri. By the 8th century the Frankish dominion was established in western Germany. But at the time, to the north, Westphalia was being taken over by Saxons pushing south. The Merovingian and Carolingian Franks eventually built an empire which controlled first their Ripuarian kin, the Ottonian dynasty had both Saxon and Frankish ancestry. As the central power of the Holy Roman Emperor weakened, the Rhineland split into small independent principalities, each with its separate vicissitudes. Such struggles as the War of the Limburg Succession therefore continued to create military, Aachen was the place of coronation of the German emperors, and the ecclesiastical principalities of the Rhine bulked largely in German history. Prussia first set foot on the Rhine in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves and about a century later Upper Guelders and Moers also became Prussian. At the peace of Basel in 1795 the whole of the bank of the Rhine was resigned to France. In 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium, around 1 AD there were numerous incursions through Westphalia and perhaps even some permanent Roman or Romanized settlements. The Battle of Teutoburg Forest took place near Osnabrück and some of the Germanic tribes who fought at this came from the area of Westphalia. Charlemagne is thought to have spent considerable time in Paderborn and nearby parts and his Saxon Wars also partly took place in what is thought of as Westphalia today. Popular legends link his adversary Widukind to places near Detmold, Bielefeld, Lemgo, Osnabrück, Widukind was buried in Enger, which is also a subject of a legend. Along with Eastphalia and Engern, Westphalia was originally a district of the Duchy of Saxony, in 1180 Westphalia was elevated to the rank of a duchy by Emperor Barbarossa. The Duchy of Westphalia comprised only an area south of the Lippe River. Parts of Westphalia came under Brandenburg-Prussian control during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years War
11.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
12.
States and territories of Australia
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Australia is a federation of six states, together with ten federal territories. The Australian mainland consists of five of the six federated states, the state of Tasmania is an island about 200 kilometers from the mainland. The remaining seven territories are classified for some purposes as external territories, aside from the Australian Antarctic Territory, which is Australias claim to part of Antarctica, Australia is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area. Since 2015, federal control has also extended to the formerly self-governing territory of Norfolk Island. Three of the territories are inhabited, the others are uninhabited. The term geographic Australia is used by the Australian government to describe the area covered by demographic statistics such as national population figures and this area comprises Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands in addition to the six states and three mainland territories. Norfolk Island is the territory with a native population that is not part of geographic Australia. Both territories were reincorporated as the Northern Territory at the end of this period, from 1923 to 1968, the United Nations Trust Territory of Nauru was under Australian administration, until independence as the Republic of Nauru. From 1949 to 1975, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea was a territory of Australia, the states originated as separate British colonies prior to Federation in 1901. Upon Federation, the six colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, the territories, by contrast, are from a constitutional perspective directly subject to the Commonwealth Government, laws for territories are determined by the Australian Parliament. Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth Government, in the self-governing territories, the Australian Parliament retains the full power to legislate, and can override laws made by the territorial institutions, which it has done on rare occasions. For the purposes of Australian intergovernmental bodies, the Northern Territory, each state has a Governor, appointed by the Queen, which by convention she does on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrator of the Northern Territory, by contrast, is appointed by the Governor-General, Jervis Bay Territory is the only non-self-governing internal territory. Until 1989, it was administered as if it were a part of the ACT, although residents of the Jervis Bay Territory are generally subject to laws made by the ACT Legislative Assembly, they are not represented in the Assembly. They are represented in the Parliament of Australia as part of the Electoral Division of Fraser in the ACT, in other respects, the territory is administered directly by the Federal Government through the Territories portfolio. The external territory of Norfolk Island possessed a degree of self-government from 1979 until 2015, each state has a bicameral parliament except Queensland, which abolished its upper house in 1922. The lower house is called the Legislative Assembly, except in South Australia and Tasmania, Tasmania is the only state to use proportional representation for elections to its lower house, all others elect members from single member constituencies, using preferential voting. The upper house is called the Legislative Council and is elected from multi-member constituencies using proportional representation
13.
Australian Federal Police
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The Australian Federal Police is the federal police agency of the Commonwealth of Australia. The role of the AFP is to enforce Australian federal criminal law and to protect federal-government and national interests from crime in Australia, the AFP is Australias international law enforcement and policing representative, and the Governments chief source of advice on policing issues. The AFP was formed on 19 October 1979 under the Australian Federal Police Act 1979 after the merging of the former Commonwealth Police, in November 1979, the Federal Narcotics Bureau was transferred to the new agency. The AFP fell within the portfolio of the Home Affairs Ministry, the minister responsible for the AFP was the Minister for Home Affairs Jason Clare, MP. Before the creation of this portfolio at the start of the Rudd government in November 2007. Key priorities of the AFP are set by the Australian Minister for Home Affairs and Justice, the current ministerial direction was issued by then Minister for Home Affairs, Brendon OConnor, MP, on 1 July 2010. The AFP enforces federal law and protects federal and national interests from crime in Australia, the AFP provides community policing to the Australian Capital Territory, the Jervis Bay Territory, Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands. The AFP provides protective security for the Australian Government, the AFP is Australias international law enforcement and policing representative, and is the chief adviser on policing issues to the Australian government. The AFP maintains an international liaison network, officers are posted to 33 international posts. The AFP works closely and collaboratively with all Australian police forces and criminal investigative agencies, the AFP consists of a workforce of more than 6,500. The Australian Federal Police Act 1979 is the base for the employment of all AFP staff. Each employee is described in the legislation as an AFP employee, in addition, the Commissioner may appoint any person as a special member of the AFP. A special member may be given any powers and duties of an AFP member under the Act but is not regarded as a special constable, industrial representation of AFP staff solely rests with the Australian Federal Police Association branch of the Police Federation of Australia. Members of the AFP outside the ACT and other federal territory do not exercise the powers, obligations, consequently, they are identified by each state as federal agents, that is, a member of a law enforcement agency, not a police service. Assault rifle-armed AFP officers are situated in chambers of the Australian Parliament as of 2015. It is the first time in Australian history that parliament has been guarded by armed personnel, the AFP provides community policing services to the ACT, under a contractual agreement between the Australian Government and the ACT government. This AFP portfolio, ACT Policing, is the successor of the ACT Police, the mission of ACT Policing is to keep the peace and preserve public safety for the residents of the ACT. Key sections of ACT Policing include general duties, crime and safety management, criminal investigations, crime prevention, traffic operations, the head of ACT Policing is known as the chief police officer of the ACT
14.
Australian Capital Territory
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The Australian Capital Territory is the federal district in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. Its only city is Canberra, the city of Australia. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. The need for a territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, the territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo. The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra and this trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australias states and territories. There is a proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom, almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land, small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall. There are a range of mountains, rivers and creeks in the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers, Canberra is noted for its warm to hot, dry summers, and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts. Many of the mountains in the territorys south-west are snow-covered for at least part of the winter. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm, with rainfall highest in spring and summer, the highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 °C at Acton on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −14.6 °C at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971, notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale. In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, at the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting, the oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago
15.
Jervis Bay Territory
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The Jervis Bay Territory is a territory of the Commonwealth of Australia. It was surrendered by the state of New South Wales to the Commonwealth Government in 1915 so the capital at Canberra would have access to the sea. It was administered by the Department of the Interior as if it were part of the Australian Capital Territory, although it has always been a separate Commonwealth territory. The perception that it is part of the ACT stems from the fact that under the terms of the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act, the bay was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard HMS Endeavour on 25 April 1770 and he named the southern headland Cape St George. In August 1791 the bay was entered and named by Lieutenant Richard Bowen aboard the transport ship Atlantic of the Third Fleet in honour of Admiral John Jervis. In November 1791 Master Matthew Weatherhead aboard the Matilda entered the bay to undertake repairs, survivors of the Sydney Cove shipwreck in 1797 reached the area by foot, heading to Port Jackson. Explorer George Bass entered the bay on 10 December 1797, John Oxley, an English explorer and surveyor, travelled from Sydney by sea to explore the bay in 1819. Jervis Bay was selected to be that federal port, the crown land in the area was granted by New South Wales to the Commonwealth in 1909 at the same time that the ACT was surrendered to the Commonwealth. In 1915 the jurisdiction over the Jervis Bay Territory was also surrendered to the Commonwealth, NSW also granted to Commonwealth permission to build a rail corridor linking the two territories but this was never implemented. At the 2011 census, an estimated 377 people lived in the territory, the area of land and water owned by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council in the JBT is approximately 68 km2, which is about 90% of the land. The remaining land in the JBT is managed by the Department of Infrastructure, There is an Aboriginal community at Wreck Bay in the Booderee National Park. Vincentia is the nearest town, roughly 3 km north of the border, Jervis Bay Territory is administered by the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. However, it is counted as part of the ACT for the purpose of the ACTs representation in the Senate, residents have access to the courts of the ACT, but are not separately represented in the ACT Legislative Assembly. The Jervis Bay Territory is in the Commonwealth Electoral Division of Fenner, Jervis Bay Territory residents are not represented at the local or State government level but have access to the decision-making process through community organisations. Having 65.7 km2 of land and 8.9 km2 marine reserve, Jervis Bay is a natural harbour 16 km north-south and 10 km east-west, opening to the east onto the Pacific Ocean. The bay is situated about 198 km south of the city of Sydney, the nearest city is Nowra, about 40 km on the Shoalhaven River to the north. The majority of Jervis Bay embayment is part of Jervis Bay Marine Park, the park itself encompasses approximately 90% of the territory of Jervis Bay and covers the overlap between Australias northern and southern climatic zones. Ancient sand dunes overlay the bedrock formations formed from upheaval of the surrounding marine environment 280–225 million years ago
16.
Norfolk Island
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The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it one of Australias external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on an area of about 35 km2. Norfolk Island was first settled by East Polynesians but was long unpopulated when it was also settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island, in 1914 the UK handed Norfolk Island over to Australia to administer as an external territory. The evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a symbol of the island, native to the island, the pine is a key export for Norfolk Island, being a popular ornamental tree on mainland Australia, where two related species grow, and also worldwide. Norfolk Island was settled by East Polynesian seafarers either from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand or from the North Island of New Zealand and they arrived in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, and survived for several generations before disappearing. The first European known to have sighted and landed on the island was Captain James Cook, on 10 October 1774 and he named it after Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk. Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited, in 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russias decision to restrict sales of hemp, practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia. They arrived on 6 March 1788, during the first year of the settlement, which was also called Sydney like its parent, more convicts and soldiers were sent to the island from New South Wales. As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping. The first group of left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned, in 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send the worst description of convicts. Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners, furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years. The second penal settlement began to be wound down by the British government after 1847, the island was abandoned because transportation from the United Kingdom to Van Diemens Land had ceased in 1853, to be replaced by penal servitude in the UK
17.
Christmas Island
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Christmas Island, officially the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. Christmas Island is located in the Indian Ocean, around 350 kilometres south of Java and Sumatra and it has an area of 135 square kilometres. Christmas Island has a population of just over 2,000 residents, the main settlement is Flying Fish Cove. Around two-thirds of the population are Malaysian Chinese, with significant numbers of Malays. Several languages are in use, including English, Malay, and various Chinese dialects, while Buddhism is the primary religion, the first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. The island was named on Christmas Day 1643 by Captain William Mynors. Its geographic isolation and history of human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna. The majority of the island is included in the Christmas Island National Park, Phosphate, deposited originally as guano, has been mined on the island since 1899. Located at 10°30′S 105°40′E, the island is about 19 kilometres in greatest length and 14.5 km in breadth, the total land area is 135 square kilometres, with 138.9 km of coastline. The island is the summit of an underwater mountain more than 4,500 metres high. The mountain was originally a volcano, and some basalt is exposed in places such as The Dales and Dolly Beach, the karst terrain supports numerous anchialine caves. Steep cliffs along much of the coast rise abruptly to a central plateau, elevation ranges from sea level to 361 m at Murray Hill. The island is tropical rainforest, 63% of which is national park land. The narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard, Christmas Island lies 2,600 kilometres northwest of Perth, Western Australia,500 km south of Indonesia,975 km ENE of the Cocos Islands, and 2,748 km west of Darwin, Northern Territory. Its closest point to the Australian mainland is 1,560 km from the town of Exmouth, Christmas Island has 80 kilometres of shoreline but only small parts of the shoreline are easily accessible. The islands perimeter is embodied by sharp cliff faces, making many of the beaches difficult to get to. As Christmas Island is located towards the edge of the equatorial region, climate is tropical. The highest temperature is usually around 29 °C in March and April, while the lowest temperature is 23 °C, there is a dry season from July to November with only occasional showers
18.
Federation of Australia
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Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth, Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority and this period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style. A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s, a time there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians. The idea of being Australian began to be celebrated in songs and this was fostered by improvements in transport and communications, such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872. The Australian colonies were influenced by other federations which had emerged around the world, notably in Argentina, Canada, Switzerland. Sir Henry Parkes, then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, the Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent, trade, and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised. The final push for the Federal Council came at a conference in 1883, called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea, Sir Samuel Griffith, the Premier of Queensland, drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council. The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885, as a result, a Federal Council of Australasia was formed, to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands. New South Wales and New Zealand did not join, the self-governing colonies of Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji, became involved. South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890, furthermore, the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value. Nevertheless, it was the first major form of inter-colonial co-operation and it provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas. The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australias constitutional structure, the individual colonies, Victoria excepted, were somewhat wary of Federation. Queensland, for its part, worried that the advent of national legislation would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers and these were not the only concerns of those resistant to federation. Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs, which would deprive them of a proportion of their revenue. New South Wales, traditionally free-trade in its outlook, wanted to be satisfied that the federations tariff policy would not be protectionist, Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as the lion in the way of federation. A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the government to the states
19.
Consolidation (business)
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In business, consolidation or amalgamation is the merger and acquisition of many smaller companies into much larger ones. In the context of accounting, consolidation refers to the aggregation of financial statements of a group company as consolidated financial statements. The taxation term of consolidation refers to the treatment of a group of companies, there may be amalgamations, either by transfer of two or more undertakings to a new company, or to the transfer of one or more companies to an existing company. Consolidation is the practice, in business, of combining two or more organizations into a single new one. Upon consolidation, the original organizations cease to exist and are supplanted by a new entity, statutory Consolidation, a business combination that creates a new company in which none of the previous companies survive. Stock Acquisition, a combination in which the purchasing company acquires the majority, more than 50%, of the Common stock of the acquired company. Variable interest entity Parent-subsidiary relationship, the result of a stock acquisition where the parent is the acquiring company, controlling Interest, When the parent company owns a majority of the common stock. Non-Controlling Interest or Minority Interest, the rest of the stock that the other shareholders own. Wholly owned subsidiary, when the parent owns all the common stock of the subsidiary. In an amalgamation, the companies which merge into a new or existing company are referred to as companies or amalgamating companies. The resultant company is referred to as the transferee company, a parent company can acquire another company by purchasing its net assets or by purchasing a majority share of its common stock. Costs of issuing securities, these reduce the issuing price of the stock. Treatment to the company, The acquired company records in its books the elimination of its net assets. If the acquired company is liquidated then the needs a additional entry to distribute the remaining assets to its shareholders. Treatment to the company, The acquired company records in its books the receipt of the payment from the acquiring company. FASB141 Disclosure Requirements, FASB141 requires disclosures in the notes of the financial statements when business combinations occur, such disclosures are, The name and description of the acquired entity and the percentage of the voting equity interest acquired. The primary reasons for acquisition and descriptions of factors contributed to recognition of goodwill. The period for which results of operations of acquired entity are included in the statement of the combining entity
20.
New South Wales Police Force
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The New South Wales Police Force is the primary law enforcement agency of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a servant of the Crown, independent of Government, under the Police Regulation Act,1862, the organisation of the NSW Police Force was formally established in 1862 with the unification of all existing independent police units in the state. The authority and responsibility of the police force was given to the inspector general of police. The 1990s were a turbulent period in NSW police history, the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service was held between 1995 and 1997. The Royal Commission uncovered hundreds of instances of bribery, money laundering, drug trafficking, the police commissioner, Tony Lauer, resigned as the level of corruption in the service became clear and his own position untenable. Peter James Ryan was recruited from the UK, wide-ranging reforms occurred as a result of the recommendations of the Royal Commission, including the establishment of a permanent Police Integrity Commission. The minister for justice and police, Troy Grant, is responsible to the NSW parliament for the police portfolio, Grant is a former NSW police officer who served 22 years before entering politics. As of October 2014, the force consists of some 16,467 officers. The motto of the NSW Police Force is the Latin Culpam poena premit comes, the NSW Police insignia includes the motto. The overall mission of the police is to life and property and to detect. Like all other states of Australia, municipalities and shires in NSW have only limited law enforcement responsibilities. The police perform the primary law enforcement role in all areas of the state, the New South Wales Police Force has existed in various forms since the foundation of the colony of New South Wales at Sydney in 1788. Police units were under the rule of the district magistrates, responding to the various forms of crime, a number of independent specialised units were set up. The earliest of these units formed was the Mounted Police, established in 1825 to keep the settlers safe, in 2009, it had 34 horses and was claimed to be the oldest mounted police unit in the world. Other specialist groups formed during this time were the Water Police, the Border Police and the Native Police. After a failed attempt made by Act No.38 of 1850, unified control of the police eventuated in 1862 when the Police Regulation Act was passed, the first inspector general of police, John McLerie, was appointed to assume overall authority and responsibility. The Police Regulation Act, passed in 1935, changed the title to commissioner of police. The position of deputy commissioner was also created, by 1872, there were seventy police stations throughout the colony in sub-districts, with a total of 803 police officers
21.
Northern Territory Police
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The Northern Territory Police is the police body that has legal jurisdiction over the Northern Territory of Australia. This police service has 1302 gazetted police positions made up of 55 senior sergeants,200 sergeants,741 constables,159 auxiliaries, the rest of the positions are members of commissioned rank and 10 inoperative positions. It also has a staff of 297 across 48 stations. Police in the Northern Territory are part of a Tri-Service, the Northern Territory Police, Fire, sworn police can be recruited in two divisions, police constables and police auxiliaries. The Northern Territory Police traces its roots back to the South Australian Mounted Police from 1870 when Inspector Paul Foelsche, a small rural constabulary had existed earlier but was disbanded. The Native Police Corps was formed in 1884 and their role was mostly as a security force to protect the early inhabitants of the Northern Territory than as a police force. The current NTP came into existence in 1911, in December 1869, the governor commissioned Paul Foelsche, a Corporal in the SA Mounted Police stationed at Strathalbyn, to be the first sub-inspector of police at Palmerston. He sailed for Darwin soon afterwards, the police uniform then worn in the Territory was the same as that worn in South Australia. It consisted of a short cut-away blue serge tunic with nine regulation buttons, silver twisted cord shoulder knots, black braid on the sleeves, the riding breeches were dark blue corkscrew serge with a white stripe. The first firearms were a Schneider rifle or carbine, calibre.577 and these were the first breech loaded rifles used in the British Army, and the original cartridges had a cardboard case. Later Martini-Henry rifles were used, and Webley revolvers were issued, like their predecessors, the Rural Constabulary at Escape Cliffs, the first detachment of police at Palmerston had as their first responsibility the maintenance of law and order in the community. With the discovery of gold near Pine Creek in 1872 the police themselves with never a dull moment. Stations were established at Adelaide River, Yam Creek, Pine Creek, the first police fatality occurred in 1872 when Mounted Constable Davis, a noted swimmer, disobeyed a local Standing Order and had a dip in the sea. He was killed by a crocodile, darwin’s first police station was constructed of poles and plaster measuring 20 ft by 12 ft. The inspector lived nearby in three rooms, a small stone building with two cells was the accommodation for those in custody. These are now incorporated in the Administrator’s offices on the Esplanade, in Central Australia the police were part of the South Australian Mounted Police. Mounted Constable Shirley was the first mounted trooper in charge at Alice Springs, at one time there were two Commissioners of Police in the Northern Territory, one for the Territory of North Australia and one for the Territory of Central Australia. In 1931, the two Territories became the Northern Territory of Australia and the authority of the Commissioner of Police was vested in the Administrator of the Northern Territory, events connected with search and rescue operations at sea, in swamps and the desert have also made the news
22.
Queensland Police Service
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The Queensland Police Service is the law enforcement agency responsible for policing the Australian state of Queensland. In 1990, the Queensland Police Force was officially renamed the Queensland Police Service, the headquarters of the Queensland Police Service is located at 200 Roma Street, Brisbane. The 1980s was a turbulent period in Queensland Police history, terry Lewis, a former Queensland Police commissioner, was convicted and jailed for 10 years for corruption and forgery as a result of the Fitzgerald Inquiry. Commissioner Ian Stewart is the present Commissioner of the Queensland Police Service, the Queensland Police has marked 150 years of service to the state of Queensland on 1 January 2014. Queensland as a state did not exist until 6 June 1859, the area now called Queensland was known as North Eastern New South Wales. The colony would have been under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales Police Force up until Queensland established its own police force. The Queensland Police were established on 1 January 1864 and started operations with approximately 143 employees, the service had four divisions, Metropolitan Police, Rural Police, Water Police, and Native Police. Police often worked a week, although they were entitled to every second Sunday free. At the turn of the century there were 845 men and 135 Aboriginal trackers at 256 stations in Queensland, in 1904 the Queensland Police started to use fingerprinting in investigations. In the 1912 Brisbane general strike the Queensland Police were used to striking workers. The first female officers were inducted in 1931 to assist in inquiries involving female suspects. Following World War II a number of innovations were adopted including radio for communication within Queensland. By 1950 the Service was staffed by 2,030 police officers,10 women police and 30 trackers, in February 1951, a central communication room was established at the Criminal Investigation Branch in Brisbane. On 14 May 1963, the Juvenile Aid Bureau was established, in 1965 female officers were given the same powers as male officers. The Queensland Police Academy at Oxley, Brisbane, was completed in 1972, bicycles were phased out in 1975 and more cars and motorcycles were put into service. The Air Wing also became operational in 1975 following the purchase of two single-engine aircraft, the decade was a turbulent period in Queenslands political history. Allegations of high-level corruption in both the Queensland Police and State Government led to a judicial inquiry presided by Tony Fitzgerald, Lewis was jailed and served ten and a half years. The Fitzgerald Inquiry also led to a trial against former Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen
23.
South Australia Police
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The South Australia Police is the police force of the Australian state of South Australia. It is an agency of the Government of South Australia within the South Australian Department of Justice, SAPOL is directed by the Commissioner of Police, who then in turn reports to the Minister for Police. Formally established in 1838 under Henry Inman, the force is the oldest in Australasia, unlike other Australian police forces, which originally employed soldiers or former convicts, the South Australia Police enlisted only volunteers. This occurred because South Australia was the free colony on the continent. In the early stages of the force, the team consisted of ten mounted constables. By 1840, Major Thomas Shouldham OHalloran was appointed as the first official Commissioner of Police, at this time, SAPOL consisted of one Superintendent, two Inspectors, three Sergeants and 47 Constables divided into foot and mounted sections. From 1848 to 1867, SAPOL also served as the state fire and they also supplied the Civil Ambulance Service 1880 til 1954 when it was taken over by the St John Ambulance Service. Advocacy Education Community engagement Incident response Investigation Law enforcement Prosecution Victim support,1893, Introduced bicycles for metropolitan and country foot police. 1893, Pioneered the fingerprint system in Australia,1915, Appointed the first women police in the British Commonwealth - Kate Cocks and Annie Ross 1987, The first Australian police service to introduce videotaping of suspect person interviews. 1999, The first Australian policing jurisdiction to appoint a police officer, Senior Sergeant Jane Kluzek. 1993, Introduced Operation Nomad, as an initiative to reduce the threat of bushfires. Established Neighbourhood Policing Teams in various metropolitan areas,2011, The first police jurisdiction in Australia to launch its own web platform connecting mobile phone users to the latest police news. SAPOLs structure consists of various units, through chain of command, all units are accountable to the Commissioner. Services are the largest units, and are headed by a sworn Assistant Commissioner, or for areas which are not policing specific, such as information technology, Services are directly accountable to either the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner. Services are based on Local Service Areas which provide operational policing services, and Branches and these areas are further broken down into Sections. Larger sections may be divided into a number of Teams, Local Service Areas are the main organisational unit to provide policing services to the public. A local service area contains a number of stations, and specialist services to support frontline police such as Detectives, Crime Scene Investigators. Each LSA has an office known as a Complex where majority of operations in the area start
24.
Tasmania Police
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Tasmania Police is the police force of the Australian state of Tasmania. Established in 1899, the force has more than 1,200 officers policing Tasmanias population of half a million people. The Commissioner of Police also serves as the secretary of the Department of Police and Emergency Management, each district is divided into several geographical divisions, and is administered by a Commander. There are 73 police stations across the state, the Tasmania Police Academy is located in the suburb of Rokeby on Hobarts Eastern Shore. Local training of officers in Tasmania began in 1958 at Sackville Street in Hobart. Several sites were considered until Rokeby was selected, the main road into the Tasmania Police Academy, Phil Fletcher Drive, was named in his honour. The Academy was officially opened on 6 March 1976 by the Premier of Tasmania, Tasmania Police had the first purpose-built Police Academy in Australia. The Tasmania Police Academy offers training for Tasmania Police recruits, currently serving Tasmania Police officers, the Night Watch was disbanded in 1806 due to ineffectiveness and was replaced by British military patrols. A municipal police force was established at Port Dalrymple on 19 November 1804, with the introduction of the Police Regulation Act 1898, one unified police force was established which came into being on 1 January 1899. The early police officers were to undertake a variety of tasks from compiling the electoral roll in 1903. Richardson complained frequently about the workload placed upon his officers, until a Royal Commission in 1905 recommended his replacement, the Police Act 1905 defined and expanded the powers of Tasmania Police, which included liquor and lodging licensing, dog registration, vehicle regulation and disorderly conduct. In October 1917, the force appointed its first female officer, Kate Campbell. As of 30 June 2011, around 29 per cent of Tasmania Police officers were female, in 2004 the Police Regulation Act 1898 was finally repealed and the new Police Service Act 2003 was proclaimed. The powers of the Commissioner may, generally speaking, only be used if there is sort of suspicion attached to an individual police officer. In addition to its social aspects, the Association also negotiated long-service leave arrangements for officers and this promotion process has been in effect since 2003. Contrary to popular belief, there was never a Glock model specifically developed for use that was unique to Tasmania Police, Tasmania Police underwent a period of individual issue of the weapon until the adoption of the Glock 17 as the standard-issue weapon in 1999. The S&W Model 10 is no longer issued, or carried by Tasmania Police officers by the time of 2013. The Glock 19 compact pistol was then generally issued mainly to traffic sections, a degree of individual preference of model adopted by the individual officer exists to this day
25.
Victoria Police
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For the Canadian Force see, Victoria Police Department Victoria Police is the primary law enforcement agency of Victoria, Australia. It was formed in 1853 and operates under Victoria Police Act 2013 and it has a running cost of some A$2. 51bn. Victoria Police enjoys one of the highest community confidence in the world, the general satisfaction is also high, with more than 76. 9% of the Victorian residents satisfied with policing services in general. Victoria Police Mission Statement, The Victoria Police mission is to provide a safe, secure and orderly society by serving the community and the law. The early settlers of Melbourne provided their own Police force and in 1840 there were 12 constables who were two shillings and nine pence per day and the chief constable was Mr. W Wright. Charles Brodie followed Wright as chief constable in 1842 and was succeeded by W. J. Sugden who held the positions of chief constable. By 1847 there were Police in country centres and the Melbourne force was composed of one officer, four sergeants. There was also a force of 28 mounted natives enlisted and trained by DeVilliers and, later, later that month William Henry Fancourt Mitchell was gazetted as Chief Commissioner of Police for the Colony of Victoria. In 1853, Victoria Police was the first police organisation in Australia who merged all its police entities into one organisation under Victoria Police Chief Commissioner William Mitchell and it remains until this day, that Victoria is the only state in Australia with a Chief Commissioner of Police. From a report at the time, the troops and Police were under arms, following the brutality of the police after the stockade, public opinion turned against them, the 13 miners charged with treason were all acquitted and police numbers were dramatically cut. Mitchell resigned as commissioner and Charles MacMahon, was appointed acting chief commissioner that same year. After the formation of the Victorian Police, the first recorded death on duty was Edward Gray in 1853, followed by William Hogan in 1854, six years later, three more officers who were hunting the Kelly Gang, were killed by them at Stringybark Creek. Two years later, in 1880, the police confronted the Kelly Gang at Glenrowan, a shoot-out ensued on 28 June, during which three members of the Kelly Gang were killed and following which Ned Kelly was shot and captured. In 1888 senior constable John Barry produced the first Victoria Police Guide, Police officers were granted the right to vote in parliamentary elections the same year. In 1899 the force introduced the Victoria Police Valour Award to recognise the bravery of members, three years later, in 1902, the right to a police pension was revoked. On 31 October 1923 members of the Victoria Police Force refused duty, the police strike led to riots and looting in Melbournes central business district. The Victorian government enlisted special constables, and the Commonwealth of Australia called out the Australian military, Victoria Police are the only Australian police department to ever go on strike. Only a few of the strikers were ever employed as policemen again, Members of the Victoria Police now have among the highest union membership rates of any occupation, at well over 90%
26.
Western Australia Police
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The genesis of the police was the appointment of a sheriff by Captain Stirling on 18 June 1829, as part of the proclamation of the Swan River Colony. The proclamation provided for the appointment of a sheriff having under his direction a high constable, constables, bailiffs, the sheriff still exists as an officer of the Western Australian Justice Department—no longer having jurisdiction over police or highways. The sheriff retains responsibility for enforcement of judgments and the administration of jury service. Police continue to carry out sheriff and bailiff duties, particularly in remote country locations, early colonial policemen were recruited by magistrates and worked part-time. They were paid only for specific tasks, such as one shilling for serving a summons, by 1830, there were fifteen part-time constables in the state, of whom five worked in Perth. It was involved in the Pinjarra Massacre, in which Captain Ellis, the first full-time constable for Perth was appointed in 1840. The Legislative Council passed an ordinance in 1849 that outlined police powers. An organised police force was established in 1853. After convicts started arriving in the colony in 1849, the acquired the duties of registering and supervising the ticket-of-leave men. By 1870, after transportation had ceased, some 1,244 ticket-of-leave men had to be supervised by 146 police employees, applicants for police service were required to be aged under forty, literate and physically fit. Leave was difficult to obtain and officers were not to appear in public out of uniform. Until the end of the century, the monthly pay day was marked by a parade with band. A Criminal Investigation Department was set up in 1873, although two detectives had been sent out from Britain in 1854, a fingerprint bureau was set up in 1902 and the first female officer was appointed in 1921. The Police Headquarters is located in East Perth overlooking the Causeway, the 1960s curved building also housed the former East Perth Lockup. and a magistrates courtroom. The structure is entered on the State Heritage Register, recruits are trained at the Western Australian Police Academy at Joondalup. Previously the Academy was located at Maylands, in premises used by various units including the mounted. The command structure has the state divided into three regions and sub-divided into fourteen districts, as of 2012 there were 35 metropolitan and 123 regional police stations. The highest-ranking officer is the Commissioner of Police, the current Commissioner is Karl OCallaghan, appointed in June 2004
27.
States of Brazil
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The Federative Republic of Brazil is a union of 27 Federative Units,26 states and one federal district, where the federal capital, Brasília, is located. The states are based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The Federal District is not formally a state, but shares some characteristics of a state as well as some of a municipality, the codes given below are defined in ISO 3166-2, BR. The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies, stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land, as the map shows, these divisions generally followed lines of latitude. Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary and these captaincies were to be passed from father to son, but the Crown retained the power to revoke them, which the King indeed did in the 16th century. In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as the first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America and this dominion overall became known as the State of Brazil. In several periods of history, the half of the dominion was detached from the State of Brazil. Unlike Spanish America, the territory remained united under a single governor-general. This arrangement later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, in 1759, the heritability of the captaincies was totally abolished by the government of the Marquis of Pombal, with all captains becoming appointed by the Crown. The captaincies were officially renamed provinces on 28 February 1821, with independence, in 1822, the former captaincies became provinces of the Empire of Brazil. Most internal boundaries were unchanged from the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers. Minor changes were made to domestic politics, as well as additions resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes by the end of the 19th century. When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces immediately became states, after the war, the first four territories became states, with Rio Branco and Guaporé being renamed Roraima and Rondônia, respectively, whilst Ponta Porã and Iguaçu remained as territories. In 1960, the square-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás in preparation for the new capital, Brasília. The previous federal district became Guanabara State, but in 1975 it was merged with Rio de Janeiro State, retaining its name, in 1977, Mato Grosso was split into two states. The northern area retained the name Mato Grosso while the area became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The new Mato Grosso do Sul incorporated the territory of Ponta Porã, central Iguaçu went to Paraná, and southern Iguaçu went to Santa Catarina. In 1988, the portion of Goiás became the state of Tocantins
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Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
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Civil Police (Brazil)
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In Brazil, the Civil Police is the name of the investigative state police forces. The Civil Polices of Brazil had origin in the General Intendancy of Police, with the transference of the Portuguese Royal Family to Brazil in 1808, the Police started to be regulated, have structure and important social role. The Police General Intendancy of the Court and the State of Brazil was created by charter of D, the first Police General Superintendent was Councilor Paulo Fernandes Viana who organized the police administration in Rio de Janeiro city as it used to be in Lisbon. The Police General Intendancy went through the phase of the Brazilian politic emancipation movement which culminated on September 7,1822. Civil Police had been developing for all country during the governments Imperial. Today, the existence of the Civil Police and its attributions elapse of article 144, IV and 144 § 4°. 27 Civil Polices in Brazil, one for each State of the federacy exist and they are directed by a Head of Police, chosen amongst the Commission agents of Police of career. The services of judiciary police are given through the Police stations of Police, the function of Judiciary Police is exercised through the police inquiry, included in the Brazilian prosecution law in order to investigate the penal infractions and their responsibility. When concluded the inquiry is sent to the criminal judge
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Military Police (Brazil)
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Military Police are a type of preventive state police in every state of Brazil. Deployed solely to act as a deterrent against the commission of crime, detective work, forensics and prosecutions are undertaken by a states Civil Police. In 1999 the National Public Security Force was created to handle any significant security crisis, the unit, which is composed of the most qualified Military Police personnel from all federal states, can only be deployed through the express command of a state governor. All state Military Police and Military Firefighters Corps are classed as reserve troops, in time of war the military police forces can be pressed into federal service. The first militarized police in Portugal was the Royal Police Guard of Lisbon, established in 1801, with the abdication of Emperor Pedro I in 1831, the Regency held reformulations on the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Royal Guard Police of Rio de Janeiro was extinct, and replaced by the Municipal Guard Corps of Volunteers, the same law allowed each province to establish its own Guard of Volunteers. In 1834 Pedro I died in Portugal and this reduced the fear in Brazil of a reunification of the kingdoms, the Guard of Volunteers were then transformed into Province Police Corps, with professional troops. The Police Corps were created with the structure as the Army. With the Proclamation of the Republic, Brazil adopted a constitution based on the United States one, the Corps of Police began to be administered by the states and became smaller regional armies, with infantry, cavalry, artillery, and later, even with air forces. This dangerous situation to the national security remained until the end of World War II, after World War II, the Military Police assumed the roles of a more traditional police force, similar to a gendarmerie subject to the states. They sought a rapprochement with the society, slowly developing the configuration it currently possesses. The Secretariat for Public Security supervises all state police activities, the SSPs are subordinate to the National Council of Public Security. According to Article 144 of the constitution, the function of the Military Polices is to serve as a conspicuous police force. The Military Police of any state are organized as a force and have a military-based rank structure. Training is weighted more heavily toward police matters, but counterinsurgency training is also included, arms and equipment of state forces include machine guns and armored cars, in addition to other items generally associated with police. Between 1969 and 1985, the Ministry of Army has controlled the Military Police during periods of declared national emergency, before 1930 these forces were under individual state control, and known as the governors armies. They sometimes outnumbered regular troops in many states, in 1932, after Constitutionalist Revolution in São Paulo, the Federal Army took steps to reverse this situation. In 1964 most Military Police members were on the side of the successful conspirators, the commandant of a states Military Police is usually a Colonel
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Gendarmerie
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A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military component with jurisdiction in civil law enforcement. The term gendarmerie is derived from the medieval French expression gens darmes, in France and most Francophone nations, the gendarmerie is the branch of the armed forces responsible for internal security during wartime. This concept was introduced to several other Western European countries during the Napoleonic conquests, in the mid twentieth century, a number of former French mandates or colonial possessions such as Syria and the Republic of the Congo adopted a gendarmerie after independence. A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of units which fall under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie, some of the more prominent modern gendarmerie organizations include the French National Gendarmerie, Italian Carabinieri, and Spanish Civil Guard. The word gendarme comes from the Old French gens darmes, meaning men-at-arms, during the Late Medieval to the Early Modern period, the term referred to a heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth, primarily serving in the French army. The word gained policing connotations only after the French Revolution when the Maréchaussée of the Ancien Régime was renamed the Gendarmerie, historically, the spelling in English was gendarmery, but now the French spelling gendarmerie is more common. The Oxford English Dictionary uses gendarmery as the spelling, Merriam-Webster uses gendarmerie as the principal spelling. Gendarmes are often deployed in situations, sometimes in their own country. A gendarmerie may come under the authority of a ministry of defence, generally there is some coordination between a ministry of defence and a ministry of the interior over the use of gendarmes. A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title gendarmerie for reasons of tradition, since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as gendarmerie, there are cases in which the term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking Cantons of Switzerland the gendarmeries are the civil police. In Chile, the word gendarmerie refers for historic reasons to the prison service, in some cases, a police services military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether a force should be defined as a gendarmerie. Some historical military units, such as South-West Africas Koevoet, were defined as police for political reasons. In 2014 the Mexican Federal Police, an armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of the French gendarmerie, in countries where the gendarmerie and civilian police co-exist there may be rivalries and tensions between the forces. This was one of the reasons cited for the decision to disband the Belgian Gendarmerie, since the year 2000 four European countries—Belgium, Luxembourg, Greece and Austria—have replaced long-established gendarmeries with civilian police forces having no military links or functions. The GNA often take part in UN peace keeping missions, the use of military organisations to police civilian populations is common to many time periods and cultures
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Military police
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Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In the Second World War, the police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem. Naval police members are sometimes called masters-at-arms and shore patrol, Military police in Brazil has two meanings. There are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces, Army Police for the Army, Navy Police for the Navy, the second type are the civilian preventative police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police. Each State has their own Military Police, there is also a joint National Public Security Force, created in 1999. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states and they have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, MP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. MP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Acts on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations, in Colombia, MPs are very common. They can be seen guarding closed roads, museums, embassies, government buildings, in the National Army of Colombia they are assigned to the 37 Military Police Battalions, wearing green uniforms with the military police helmet. A Naval Police battalion is in service in the Colombian Marine Corps, Each branch of the military of the United States maintains its own police force. The U. S. CGIS primarily investigates and charges those in its own population with serious crimes, such as rape, assault or forgery, Navy, designated as Naval Security Force, primarily responsible for law enforcement and force protection. NSF personnel are led by Naval commissioned officers from the Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer communities, additionally, a host installations Security Force are augmented by Sailors on Temporary Assignment of Duty from their parent units, as part of the Auxiliary Security Force. Prior to the 1970s, Master-at-Arms and Shore Patrol were used synonymously to refer to Sailors assigned to law enforcement. Air Force Security Forces —United States Air Force Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments and they are referred to as Department of Defense Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example, the Department of the Air Force Police operate under the Air Provost Marshal. The police officers duties are similar to those of civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice, federal and state laws, the United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II
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Acre (state)
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Acre is a state located in the northern region of Brazil. It occupies an area of 152,581.4 km2 and its capital and largest city is Rio Branco. Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul, Sena Madureira, Tarauacá, the intense extractive activity, which reached its height in the 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state. From the mixture of sulista, Southeast Brazil, nordestino, and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine, which unites sun-dried meat with pirarucu, such dishes are seasoned with tucupi, a sauce made from manioc. There is also a hypothesis that Acquiri derives from Yasiri, or Ysiri, Acre possesses some nicknames, the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State, the Latex State and the Western End. The native inhabitants of Acre are called acrianos, in the singular acriano, until the entry in force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990, the correct spelling was acreano in the singular and in the plural acreanos. The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km2 in the extreme west of Brazil and it is located at 70º0000 west longitude from the Prime Meridian and at 09º0000 latitude south of the equator. In Brazil, the state is part of the North Region, forming borders with the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, and with two countries, Peru and Bolivia. Practically all of the terrain of the state of Acre is part of the low plateau, or terra firme. These terranes rise, in Acre, from the southeast to the northeast, in the extreme west is found the Serra da Contamana or Serra do Divisor, along the western border, with the highest altitudes in the state. About 63% of states surface is lies between 200 and 300 m in height, 16% between 300 and 609, and 21% between 200 and 135. The rainfall reaches a total of 2,100 mm, with a clear dry season in the months of June, July. The Amazon Rainforest covers all of the state territory, very rich in rubber trees of the most valuable species and Brazil nut trees, the forest guarantees that Acre is the greatest national producer of rubber and nuts. Acres principal rivers, mostly navigable during the wet season, cross the state with almost parallel courses which will only converge outside of its territory, the Amazon represents over half of the planets remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa, as the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than 1/3 of all species in the live in the Amazon Rainforest. Until the beginning of the 20th century Acre belonged to Bolivia, in 1899, Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations, generating the episode which became known as the Acre Revolution. On November 17,1903, with the signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis, Acre was then integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments
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Alagoas
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Alagoas is one of the 27 states of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region. It borders, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Bahia, and the Atlantic Ocean and it occupies an area of 27,767 km², being slightly larger than Haiti. Its capital is the city of Maceió, next to last Brazilian state in area and 16th in population, it is one of the greatest producers of sugarcane and coconuts in the country and has an economy based on cattle raising. Land of the sururu, lagoon shellfish which serves as food for the coastal population, initially, the Alagoano territory constituted the southern part of the Captaincy of Pernambuco and only gained its autonomy in 1817. Its occupation pushed the expansion of the captaincys sugarcane farming, which required new areas of cultivation, thus arose Porto Calvo, Alagoas and Penedo, nuclei which guided the colonization, economic, and social life of the region for a long time. The Dutch invasion in Pernambuco was extended to Alagoas in 1631, the invaders were expelled in 1645, after intense fighting in Porto Calvo, leaving the economy totally disorganized. The escape of African slaves during the Dutch invasion created a labour shortage problem on the sugarcane plantations. Grouped in villages called quilombos, the Africans were only completely dominated at the end of the 17th century with the destruction of the most important quilombo, during the empire, the separatist and republican movement the Confederation of the Equator received the support of noteworthy Alagoano figures. Throughout the 1840s, political life was marked by the conflict between the lisos, conservatives, and the cabeludos, liberals, delmiro Gouveia was killed in October 1917 in circumstances still unclarified, after being pressured, according to rumor, to sell his factory to competing foreign firms. After his death, his machines would be destroyed and thrown into Paulo Afonso Falls, the suffix -ano is characteristic of Brazil, pernambucano, alagoano, sergipano, baiano, goiano, and later acriano. The states name originates with the lakes along its coast near the city of Maceió, the coast is bordered by fringing reefs and many fine beaches. This is the area dominated by sugar cane. Still farther inland lies the Sertão of the Northeast region of the nation, the Sertão is a high dry region dominated by scrub that is often thorn-filled and sometimes toxic, the caatinga. This area and its people are famed in legend and song and it is the land of the cowboy who is clad from head to toe with very thick leather to avoid the sharp vegetation. During the first three centuries of its history, Alagoas was part of the captaincy of Pernambuco, only changing into an independent captaincy in 1817. Initially, in the first years of the 16th century, Alagoas settlement went on slowly, in the period of the 16th and 17th centuries, French pirates invaded its territory attracted by the commerce of Brazil wood. Some time later, Duarte Coelho, owner of the captaincy of Pernambuco, gave the control of the back to the Portuguese. In 1630, the territory was taken by the Dutch, whose interest was to manage the commerce of sugarcane in most parts of the region of Brazil
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Amazonas (Brazilian state)
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Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the northwestern corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian State by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world, being greater than the areas of Uruguay, Paraguay and it would be the sixteenth largest country in land area, slightly higher than Mongolia. It is larger than the northeast region of Brazil with its nine states, Amazonas is roughly the size of the US state of Alaska and is equivalent to 2.25 times the area of Texas. Neighbouring states are Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and it also borders Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas State, Venezuela, Amazonas is named after the Amazon River, and was formerly part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, a region called Spanish Guyana. It was settled by the Portuguese in the early 18th century and it became a state of the Brazilian Republic in 1889. Most of the state is tropical jungle, cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are only by boat or plane. The capital and largest city is Manaus, a city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean. Nearly half the population lives in the city, the other large cities, Parintins, Manacapuru, Itacoatiara, Tefé. The name was given to the Amazon River that runs through the state by the Spaniard Francisco de Orellana in 1541. Claiming to have come across a warlike tribe of Indians, with whom he fought, he likened them to the Amazons of Greek mythology, fifteen million years ago, the Andes were formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Nazca Plate plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields, blocked the river, gradually this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. For example, over 20 species of stingray, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be today in the fresh waters of the Amazon. About ten million years ago, waters worked through the sandstone to the west, at this time the Amazon rainforest was born. During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained, three million years later, the ocean level receded enough to expose the Central American isthmus and allow mass migration of mammal species between the Americas. The Ice Ages caused tropical rainforest around the world to retreat, although debated, it is believed that much of the Amazon reverted to savanna and montane forest. Savanna divided patches of rainforest into islands and separated existing species for periods long enough to allow genetic differentiation, about 6,000 years ago, sea levels rose about 130 meters, once again causing the river to be inundated like a long, giant freshwater lake. The pre-Columbian Amazonas was inhabited by peoples whose livelihood mixed occasional agriculture with a fishing
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Bahia
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Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area, Bahias capital is the city of Salvador, located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, the name of the state derives from the earlier captaincy of Bahia de Todos os Santos, named for Bay of All Saints, a major feature of its coastline. The bay itself was named by the explorer Amerigo Vespucci during his second voyage and he named it after his parish church in Florence, San Salvatore di Ognissanti. Over time, the bay became distinguished as the Bay of All Saints, the state as Bahia, Bahia is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, with its Bay of All Saints the largest in Brazil. In the north, it is now bordered by Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, in the northwest, it is bordered by Tocantins. In the southwest, it borders Goiás, and in the south it is bordered by Espírito Santo, the state is crossed from north to south by the Diamantina Tableland, which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. To the east, the soil is fertile and the rain falls regularly, the western area is more arid and its predominate vegetation the cerrado. The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass. The Green Road, a road that connects Mangue Seco in the far north to Praia do Forte, for this reason, the route is sometimes more than 10 km from the beach. At Praia do Forte, the road meets the Coconut Road leading to Salvador, passing through spots, in this region is located Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport. The largest bay on the Brazilian coast, the Bay of All Saints has a number of islands with tropical beaches. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of 26 °C. Major popular events and sport activities occur throughout the year, beginning on January 1, the islands of the bay are a separate attraction. Some are privately owned, others were declared a state heritage, other islands are the patrimony of 12 municipalities located around the bay. Only a few are uninhabited and many have small communities where the live on fishing. All have common characteristics, such a sea, dense vegetation, especially coconuts. Of the 56 islands, the most important are Itaparica, Madre de Deus, Maré, Frades, Medo, the Dendê Coast, south of Salvador, is surrounded by verdant vegetation, clear waters, islands, bays, coral reefs and a very diversified fauna
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Federal District (Brazil)
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The Federal District is one of 27 federative units of Brazil. The capital — the seat of the three branches of the government of Brazil — is the main attraction of this dry area. During the dry season, the humidity can reach critical levels, the artificial Paranoá Lake, with almost 40 km2 and 500 million cubic metres of water, was built to minimize the severe dry, climatic conditions of winter in the Cerrado vegetation. The capital of Brazil was transferred from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília on 21 April 1960, after the transfer the old Federal District became Guanabara state, the only city-state Brazil ever had so far. This existed from 1960 until 1975 when it merged with Rio de Janeiro state, with the merge, the capital was transferred back from Niterói to Rio de Janeiro, as it was until 1834 when the empire created the Neutral Municipality. According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 2,393,000 people residing in the Federal District, the population density was 410.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. In area, the Federal District is more than double the size of Tokyo or the island of Maui and it is slightly larger than French Polynesia, the US State of Rhode Island, or Cape Verde. It is slightly smaller than Bali or Trinidad and Tobago, the Parque da Cidade Located in Brasília, the Parque da Cidade, which is named after the wife of Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, extends over four million square meters. It includes landscape works of Burle Marx, and wall tiles that decorate restrooms in the park designed by Athos Bulcão, the parks main entrance is located in the Monumental Axis South, but there are secondary exits that lead to other areas in the citys south wing. The Metropolitan Cathedral of Brasilia Designed by Oscar Niemeyer, it was inaugurated in 1970 and its shape is circular horizontally and structured around 16 curved pillars, forming a crown filled with futuristic and/or spatial stained-glass works in a triangular shape. The pillars evoke reversed praying hands that deconstruct the traditional church window pattern. The curves present in many of Niemeyers works pay homage to the beautifully built bodies of Brazilian women, the stained-glasses were designed by Marianne Peretti. Their disposition ensures natural lighting into the aisle, which was built below street level, around the church, in the outside area, visitors can see Alfredo Ceschiattis sculptures — the four evangelists — and inside, suspended angels. There are also paintings by Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, representing the stages of the Passion of Christ, the Cathedral is located in the Eixo Monumental mall, at the entry to the Esplanada dos Ministerios, or Ministries Sector. The Square also hosts, the Panteão da Pátria, the Lúcio Costa Space and three important sculptures — Pombal, by Niemeyer, Justice, by Alfredo Ceschiatti, and Os Candangos, by Bruno Giorgi. In the central plaza, a giant Brazilian national flag 286 square meters is supported by a triangular black 100-meter and it is located at the end of the Esplanada dos Ministerios. Vehicles,910,502 Mobile phones,2.7 million Telephones,884 thousand Cities,31 The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 92. 5%, Federal District exports, soybean 77. 1% and gold 16. 4%. The Federal Districts share of the Brazilian economy is 3. 7% as of 2005, because of its strategic location it is considered a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country
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Mato Grosso
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Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the western part of the country. Neighboring states are Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and it also borders Bolivia to the southwest. A state with a landscape, alternating great chapadas and plain areas. The vegetation of the open pasture covers 40% of the state, in the north is the Amazonian forest, with a biodiversity originally covering half of the state, currently largely devastated for logging, agricultural purposes and pastures. The Xingu National Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso, further south, the Pantanal, the worlds largest wetland, is the habitat for almost a thousand species of animals, with many aquatic birds. Located in the Mato Grosso is the Chapada dos Guimarães, an environment made from sandstone mountains. The terrain of the Mato Grosso is varied and includes cliffs, canyons, the biologically rich Pantanal, one of the worlds largest wetland/prairie ecosystems, is also located within this state. Much environmental degradation has occurred to the Pantanal within the past few decades, the Pantanal can be compared to the Everglades in Florida, as both share much in common, habitat wise, although the Pantanal is of much larger scale. In 1977, the state was split into two halves, with Mato Grosso do Sul becoming a new state, the Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area. As late as 1880, soldiers patrolled lands on the outskirts of Cuiabá, Mato Grossos capital and largest city, the southwestern part of it was ceded to Bolivia in exchange for Acre, according to Treaty of Petrópolis in 1903. The historic remoteness of this area led it to be the subject of exploration, most notably by Captain Percy Fawcett and it was also the rumored location of access to the interior of the earth in various Hollow Earth theories. Mato Grosso had a rate of population growth in the 20th century. Despite this, the state as a whole has one of the lowest population densities of any Brazilian state, according to the IBGE of 2008,3,010,000 people resided in the state. The population density was 3.2 inh. /km², urbanization,76. 6%, Population growth,2. 4%, Houses,836,000. Ethnically, the state includes a high proportion of caboclos. The last PNAD census revealed the numbers,1,532,000 Brown people,1,179,000 White people,239,000 Black people,41,000 Amerindian people,14,000 Asian people. Agriculture is the largest component of GDP at 40. 8%, the industrial sector represents 19% of GDP. Mato Grosso exports, soybeans 83%, wood 5. 6%, meats 4. 8%, the states share of the Brazilian economy is 1. 7%
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Mato Grosso do Sul
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Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the Central-Western states of Brazil. Its total area of 357,125 square kilometers, or 137,891 square miles, is roughly the size as Germany. Neighboring Brazilian states are Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and it also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and Bolivia, to the west. The economy of the state is based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate, the state is also famous for its natural beauty, and is a major destination for domestic and international tourism. The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna, with forests, natural sand banks, savannahs, open pasture, fields. The city Bonito, in the mountain of Bodoquena, has prehistoric caves, natural rivers, waterfalls, swimming pools and the Blue Lake cave. The name Mato Grosso do Sul literally means Thick Bushes of the South in Portuguese and it is not uncommon for people to mistakenly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply Mato Grosso. Other names that were proposed, at the time of the split and afterwards, include Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul has humid subtropical and tropical climates. The average annual rainfall is 1471.1 mm. January is the warmest month, with maximum of 34 °C and minimum of 24 °C and more rain, July experiences the coldest temperatures, with mean maximum of 25 °C and minimum of -2,0 °C. The cerrado landscape is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests, Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. Humid fields and buriti palm paths are found where the table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils, the cerrado trees have characteristic twisted trunks covered by a thick bark, and leaves which are usually broad and rigid. Many herbaceous plants have extensive roots to store water and nutrients, the plants thick bark and roots serve as adaptations for the periodic fires which sweep the cerrado landscape. The adaptations protect the plants from destruction and make them capable of sprouting again after the fire, the state is located in western Brazil, in a region mostly occupied by the inland marshes of the Pantanal. The highest elevation is the 1,065 m high Morro Grande, in October 11,1977, the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. Its status as a state went into effect two years later on January 1,1979
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