1.
State Street (Chicago)
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State Street is a large south-north street in Chicago, Illinois, USA and its south suburbs. It resumes north of 137th Street in Riverdale and runs intermittently through Chicagos south suburbs until terminating at New Monee Road in Crete. Its intersection with Madison Street has marked the point for Chicagos address system since 1909. The street runs parallel and adjacent to the Dan Ryan Expressway from 65th Street south to just beyond 95th Street and it took on the name State Road after some state-funded improvements. Vincennes Avenue, one of Chicagos rare diagonal streets, is a vestige of the Vincennes Trace, in its early days, State Road was unpaved and known for having mud so deep it was jokingly said that it could suck down a horse and buggy. In the late 1860s, Potter Palmer embarked on efforts to raise the profile, for many years the citys most well-known seafood retailer, Burhops Seafood, was located on North State Street, as well as the historic Chicago Theatre. The latter was lit by Commercial Light Company in 1958, making it the brightest thoroughfare in the world, State Street became a shopping destination during the 1900s and is referred to in the song Chicago, which mentions State Street, that great street. In 1979, Mayor Jane Byrne converted the downtown portion into a mall with only bus traffic allowed. Mayor Richard M. Daley oversaw the State Street Revitalization Project and on November 15,1996, during the second half of the 20th century, State Street was eclipsed by Michigan Avenues Magnificent Mile as a shopping district. Various projects to restore State Streets glory have been met with success. New York & Company, Old Navy, Urban Outfitters, Borders Books had a flagship on State, but the Borders chain has since shut down. Today, the two main department store chains that remain are Macys and Sears on State. The department store chain Carson Pirie Scott closed their store on State Street on February 21,2007 after over 100 years of business in that location. The Block 37 opened in 2009, bringing with it a group of upscale retailers to State Street, including Anthropologie, Puma AG. On January 12,2012, Walgreenss opened a location at Randolph Street, where it had previously existed from 1926 to 2005. Crown Hall Shimer College State Street Village Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ Building Harold L. Condit, Carl W. Chicago 1910-29, Building, Planning, and Urban Technology
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Chicago Housing Authority
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The Chicago Housing Authority is a municipal corporation that oversees public housing within the city of Chicago. The agencys Board of Commissioners is appointed by the citys mayor, CHA is the largest rental landlord in Chicago, with more than 50,000 households. It also oversees the administration of 37,000 Section 8 vouchers, the current acting CEO of the Chicago Housing Authority is Eugene Jones, Jr. Formed in 1937 by the state of Illinois, CHA was created to clear slums which were describe by most as unlivable in Chicago, the first director of CHA was Elizabeth Wood, from 1937 until 1954. CHA first housing project to be constructed by the Public Works Administration was the Lathrop Homes in 1937, robert Taylor Homes was started in 1961 and completed by 1962, it was considered as the largest public housing development in the United States. Between 1950 and 1969, the authority built 11 high rise projects for public housing. CHA created the Chicago Housing Authority Police Department which was formed in 1989 and was dissolved in 1999, in April 2013, CHA created Plan Forward, the next phase of redeveloping public housing in Chicago. The plan includes the rehabilitation of homes, increasing economic sales around CHA developments and providing educational, the CHA actually holds an annual lottery for candidates to seek a spot on the waitlist. CHA also faced criticism for leaving a number of units vacant. From its beginning until the late-1950s, Most families that lived in Chicago housing projects were made up of mostly Italians immigrants, by the mid-1970s, 65% of the agencys housing projects were made up of African Americans. In 1975, A study showed that traditional mother and father families in CHA housing projects were almost non-existent, in 2010, the head of households demographics were 88% African American, 12% White. The population of children in CHA decreased by 15%, from 50% in 2000 to 35% by 2010, today on average, a Chicago public housing development is made up of, 69% African-American, 27% Latino, and 4% White and Other. In 1966, Dorothy Gautreaux and other CHA residents brought a suit against the CHA, in addition to the traditional housing projects, CHA has 51 senior housing developments,61 scattered site housing and 15 mixed-income housing developments. Hills v. Gautreaux, a 1976 Supreme Court case Chicago Housing Authority Police Department Marshall Field Garden Apartments Chicago Housing Authority, business and Professional People for the Public Interest. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13, latest Decision on Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04, blueprint for Disaster, The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing, a 2009 book by D. Bradford Hunt. Understanding Chicagos High-Rise Public Housing Disaster, in Chicago Architecture, Histories, Revisions, how Did Public Housing Survive the 1950s. Journal of Policy History,17,2, Spring 2005, 193–216
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Public housing
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Public housing may be a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local. Social housing can also be seen as a remedy to housing inequality. Some social housing organizations construct for purchase, particularly in Spain, although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary within different contexts. The origins of municipal housing lie in the urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness. Henry Mayhew, visiting Bethnal Green, wrote in the The Morning Chronicle, roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cats meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and lakes of putrefying night soil added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks, and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and it was in 1885, after the report from a Royal Commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885, nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago, an account of the life of a child in the slum, construction of the Boundary Estate was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howards Garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when the physical health. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve, Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and the United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War. Minha Casa Minha Vida, the Brazilian governments social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$36 billion to one million homes. The second stage of the program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program was announced in March 2010 and this stage foresees the construction of a further two million homes. Of the total 3 million homes,1, all funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties are provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal
6.
Public housing in the United States
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Public housing in the United States is administered by federal, state and local agencies to provide subsidized assistance for low-income households. Public housing is priced well below the rate, allowing people to live in more convenient locations rather than move away from the city in search of lower rents. These complexes are operated by state and local housing authorities which are authorized and funded by the United States Department of Housing, more than 1.2 million households currently live in public housing of some type. Subsidized apartment buildings, often referred to as housing projects or colloquially the projects, have a complicated, several reasons have been cited for this negative trend including the failure of Congress to provide sufficient funding, a lowering of standards for occupancy, and mismanagement at the local level. Furthermore, housing projects have also seen to greatly increase concentrated poverty in a community. Crime, drug usage, and educational underperformance are all associated with housing projects. Beginning primarily in the 1970s the federal government turned to other approaches including the Section 8 project-based program, Section 8 certificates, in the 1990s the federal government accelerated the transformation of traditional public housing through HUDs HOPE VI Program. Hope VI funds are used to tear down distressed public housing projects, in 2012, Congress and HUD initiated a new program called the Rental Assistance Demonstration program. Under the demonstration program, eligible public housing properties are redeveloped in conjunction with private developers and investors, photojournalist Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives brought considerable attention the conditions of the slums in New York City, sparking new attention to housing conditions around the country. These attempts were limited by resources, and early efforts were soon redirected towards building code reform. The New York Tenement Act of 1895 and Tenement Law of 1901 were early attempts to address building codes in New York City, which were copied in Chicago, Philadelphia. In 1910, the National Housing Association was created to improve housing conditions in urban and suburban neighborhoods through the enactment of better regulation, the NHA was founded by Lawrence Veiller, author of Model Tenement House Law, and consisted of delegates from dozens of cities. Over time, the focus of the movement shifted from a focus on proper building typology to community development on a broader scale. The City of Milwaukee, under socialist mayor Daniel Hoan, implemented the countrys first public housing project, known as Garden Homes, permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal. Too few qualified applicants stepped forward, and the Limited-Dividend Program funded only seven housing projects nationally, kohn stepped down during the reorganization, and between 1934 and 1937 the Housing Division, now headed by Colonel Horatio B. Hackett, constructed fifty-two housing projects across the United States, as well as Puerto Rico, atlantas Techwood Homes opened on 1 September 1936 and was the first of the fifty-two opened. Many of these projects were built on land, but land acquisition proved difficult, so abandoned industrial sites. Lexingtons two early projects were constructed on a horse racing track
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Douglas, Chicago
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Douglas, on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, is one of 77 Chicago community areas. The neighborhood is named for Stephen A. Douglas, an Illinois politician and this tract later was developed for use as the Civil War Union training and prison camp, Camp Douglas, located in what is now the eastern portion of the Douglas neighborhood. Douglas gave that part of his estate at Cottage Grove and 35th to the Old University of Chicago, burnham Park runs along its shoreline, containing 31st Street Beach. The community area also contains part of the neighborhood of Bronzeville, the center of African-American culture in the city since the early 20th century. It is accessible via the Green and Red lines of the Chicago Transit Authority, in 2011 a new Metra station, Jones/Bronzeville Station, opened to serve the neighborhood on the Rock Island and planned SouthEast Service. In the early 20th century, Bronzeville was known as the Black Metropolis, the Wabash YMCA is considered the first African-American Y in the U. S. It continues as a center due to the continued support of many of the black churches in the area. The Wabash YMCA is widely credited as the birthplace of the commemoration of black culture, noted people associated with the development of the area include, Andrew Rube Foster, founder of the Negro National Baseball League, Ida B. The neighborhood includes the Chicago Landmark Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District, 47th Street was and remains the hub of the Bronzeville neighborhood. In the early 21st century, it has started to regain some of its former glory, gone for good is the Regal Theater, where many great performers took the stage. From the 1940s and 1960s, high-rise public housing projects were constructed in the area, the largest complex was the Robert Taylor Homes. They developed severe social problems exacerbated by concentrated poverty among the residents and this project was demolished in the late 1990s and early 21st century. The nickname Bronzeville was first used for the area in 1930 by James J. Gentry and it refers to the brown skin color of African Americans, who predominated as residents in that area. It has become common throughout the decades. Bronzeville and its community have a central role in the plot of Sara Paretskys 2003 detective mystery novel Blacklist. Originally a five-building, 1677-unit public housing project erected in 1962 by Michael Reese Hospital, Prairie Shores has been adapted as a market rate, middle-class community. Along with the adjacent Lake Meadows development, this was part of the citys largest urban renewal project at the time of its inception in 1946, the total project included construction of the Illinois Institute of Technology and Mercy Hospital. The development was funded under the Title I of the Housing Act of 1949, of all the sections of Douglas originally developed by Stephen A. Douglas, only Groveland Park survives
8.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
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Dan Ryan Expressway
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The Dan Ryan Expressway is a freeway in the city of Chicago that runs from the Circle Interchange with I-290 near downtown Chicago through the South Side of the city. It is designated as both Interstate 94 and Interstate 90 south to 66th Street, a distance of 7.44 miles and it then becomes just Interstate 94 at the split with the Chicago Skyway, with a remaining distance of 4.03 miles. This is a distance of 11.47 miles. The freeway was named for Dan Ryan, Jr. a former president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, on an average day, up to 307,100 vehicles use a portion of the Dan Ryan. The Dan Ryan, and its North Side counterpart the Kennedy Expressway, are the busiest roads in the state of Illinois. Utilizing an express-local system, the Dan Ryan has fourteen lanes of traffic, seven in each direction, with four of those as express lanes, despite its width, the Dan Ryan is prone to traffic jams. The posted directions on the Dan Ryan are different from the compass direction of the expressway. The Dan Ryan for its entire 12-mile length runs north–south, however, the Dan Ryan is a part of the larger Interstates 90 and 94, which both run east–west through the United States. Similarly, east on 90 and 94 on the system is really south through Chicago. Chicagoans also typically refer to the direction of travel as either inbound or outbound from the downtown area, four miles of continuous high-rise housing projects formerly ran parallel to the expressway on its eastern side from Cermak Road south to Garfield Boulevard. However, nearly all of buildings have been demolished as part of the CHAs transformation plan. The Red Line runs in the median of the Dan Ryan and this section of the Chicago L opened on September 28,1969. Chicago pioneered the location of transit line in expressway medians. The control cities for the Dan Ryan Expressway are Indiana and Chicago Loop, the first segment of the Dan Ryan, opened on December 12,1961 and ran between U. S. 12/20, 95th Street north to 71st in the Chicagos Grand Crossing neighborhood. It was named after the recently deceased Dan Ryan Jr. who was President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners who had worked to accelerate construction of Chicago-area expressways, during the planning stages it was also known as the South Route Expressway. In 1988-1989, the three miles of the Dan Ryan, known as the Elevated Bridge, were completely reconstructed. In 2006 and 2007, the Illinois Department of Transportation reconstructed the entire length of the Dan Ryan Expressway, the project was the largest expressway reconstruction plan in Chicago history. The total cost of the project was US$975 million, nearly twice the US$550 million original estimate for the project, the entire route is in Chicago, Cook County
10.
Robert Taylor Homes
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Robert Taylor Homes was a public housing project in Bronzeville on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on State Street between Pershing Road and 54th Street alongside the Dan Ryan Expressway. It was named for Robert Rochon Taylor, an African-American activist and it was a part of the State Street Corridor which included other CHA housing projects, Stateway Gardens, Harold Ickes Homes, Dearborn Homes and Hillard Homes. At one time, it was the largest public housing development in the country and it was composed of 28 high-rise buildings with 16 stories each, with a total of 4,415 units, mostly arranged in U-shaped clusters of three, stretching for two miles. Robert Taylor Homes faced many of the problems that doomed other high-rise housing projects in Chicago such as Cabrini–Green. These problems include narcotics, violence, and the perpetuation of poverty, planned for 11,000 inhabitants, the Robert Taylor Homes housed up to a peak of 27,000 people. Six of the poorest US census areas with populations above 2,500 were found there, the drab, concrete high-rises, many blackened with the scars of arson fire, sat in a narrow stretch of slum. The citys neglect was evident in littered streets, poorly enforced building codes, in the Robert Taylor homes a survey was conducted and showed that the majority of residents either had a family member in prison or expected one to return from prison within two years. This gives concern when residents are trying to relocate in case they cannot. Many of these prisoners returning have a partner, child, the Mickey Cobras and Gangster Disciples gangs dominated the housing project. Police intelligence sources say that number of homicides was the result of gang turf wars, as gang members. The CHA estimated that $45,000 in drug deals took place daily, Former residents of the Robert Taylor Homes have said that the drug dealers fought for control of the buildings. In one weekend, more than 300 separate shooting incidents were reported in the vicinity of the Robert Taylor Homes, twenty-eight people were killed during the same weekend, with 26 of the 28 incidents believed to be gang-related. Many crimes occurred in the Robert Taylor Homes, reaching at a high in the mid–1970s. Most crimes committed at the project were drug and street gang violence related. In October 1976, 22–year-old Denise Dozier was thrown from a 15th floor apartment window at the project, she survived the incident. On June 25,1983, an infant, Vinyette Teague, was abducted from the project after her grandmother left her alone in the hallway for a few minutes to answer a phone call. An estimated 50 people were in the hallway at the time of the abduction and she has never been seen or heard from since. On August 15,1991, shortly before midnight, CHA police officer Jimmie Haynes was fatally wounded by fire from a high-powered rifle at the project
United States