1.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
2.
Wellington Region
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The Wellington Region is a local government region of New Zealand that occupies the southern end of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 square kilometres, the region is named after Wellington, New Zealands capital city and regions seat. The region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, which uses the promotional name Greater Wellington Regional Council, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. A proposal made in 2013 that nine territorial authorities amalgamate to form a single supercity met substantial opposition and was abandoned in June 2015. In its more restrictive sense the region refers to the cluster of built-up areas west of the Tararua ranges, the much more sparsely populated area to the east has its own name, Wairarapa, and a centre in Masterton. To a lesser extent, the Kapiti Coast is sometimes excluded from the region, Otaki in particular has strong connections to the Horowhenua District to the north. The Māori who originally settled the region knew it as Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, legend recounts that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the tenth century. The region was settled by Europeans in 1839 by the New Zealand Company, Wellington became the capital of Wellington Province upon the creation of the province in 1853, until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 Nov 1876. Wellington became capital of New Zealand in 1865, the capital after Russell. The region occupies the tip of the North Island, bounded to the west, south. The region covers 7,860 square kilometres, and extends north to Otaki, physically and topologically the region has four areas running roughly parallel along a northeast–southwest axis, The Kapiti Coast, a narrow strip of coastal plain running north from Paekakariki. It contains numerous small towns, many of which gain at least a proportion of their wealth from tourism, rough hill country inland from the Kapiti Coast, formed along the same major geologic fault responsible for the Southern Alps in the South Island. Rough hill country, lower than the Tararua Range but far less economic than the land around the Ruamahanga River and this and the other hilly striation are still largely forested. Other main centres of population are on the Kapiti Coast and in the farming areas close to the upper Ruamahanga River in the Wairarapa. Along the Kapiti Coast, numerous small towns sit close together, from the north, these include Otaki, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, the twin settlements of Raumati Beach and Raumati South, Paekakariki and Pukerua Bay, the latter being a northern suburb of Porirua. Each of these settlements has a population of between 2,000 and 10,000, making this moderately heavily populated, in the Wairarapa the largest community by a considerable margin is Masterton, with a population of almost 20,000. Other towns include Featherston, Martinborough, Carterton and Greytown, the region is by a large margin the wealthiest in the country. The most up-to-date estimates for regional GDP prepared by the Ministry for Economic Development put it at $17, at the 2006 census the region had the largest percentages of people in the four highest income groupings and the lowest percentage of residents in the loss group
3.
James Shaw (New Zealand politician)
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James Peter Edward Shaw is a New Zealand politician who was elected to the New Zealand parliament at the 2014 general election as a representative of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. Shaw was elected the partys male co-leader in May 2015, Shaw was born in Wellington, and raised by his mother. He attended Wellington High School and Victoria University of Wellington, Shaw first tried his hand at politics in 1992 standing for the Wellington City Council on a Green ticket. He contested the Western Ward and came out of ten candidates. He later moved to London, living there for 12 years, Shaw completed an MSc in sustainability and business leadership at the University of Bath School of Management in 2005. Prior to returning to Wellington in 2010, Shaw worked in the division at PricewaterhouseCoopers. Between 2011 and 2014, Shaw worked as both a consultant for HSBC bank on environmental awareness programmes for leaders and also at Wellington social enterprise the Akina Foundation. In the 2011 election, Shaw stood in the Wellington Central electorate and he came third in the candidate vote after Labour and National, but second in the party vote, beating Labour into third place. He was 15th on the 2011 party list and the candidate who did not make it into Parliament. Shaw has said that in the 2011 Greens selection process, party members didnt have a lot of time to get to know me and he says he has proved his worth to the party subsequently, and was rewarded with a higher list ranking in the 2014 election. Shaw was one of two Green Party members with significantly increased draft list rankings in March 2014, there will be many that see Shaw as a future co-leader of the party. Shaw was elected to Parliament in the 2014 general election on the Green Party list, when Russel Norman announced his retirement from the co-leadership position, Shaw was one of the four candidates who ran to replace him. At the Green Party AGM on 30 May 2015 he received the highest number of votes, Shaw won 54 per cent of the first preference votes, compared to Kevin Hague who won 44 per cent. The day after becoming co-leader, he called for a cross-party consensus on climate change, Shaw believes that the market can be reformed to incorporate sustainability within its normal operations. Shaw and his live in Aro Valley. Profile at the Green Party Interview with James Shaw by Claire Browning
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
5.
New Zealand census
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The New Zealand government department Statistics New Zealand conducts a census of population and dwellings every five years. The census scheduled for 2011 was cancelled due to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the 2013 census took place on Tuesday,5 March 2013. Since 1926, the census has always held on a Tuesday. Since 1966, the census officially occurs at midnight on a Tuesday in March and these are statistically the month and weekday on which New Zealanders are least likely to be travelling. All census forms are hand-delivered by census workers during the lead-in to the census, with one form per person, in addition, teams of census workers attempt to cover all hospitals, camp grounds, workplaces and transport systems where people might be found at midnight. The smallest geographic unit used in the census for population data is the mesh block, which there are 39,300 of, with an average of 110 people in each. The 2013 Census collected data on the topics, The first full census in New Zealand was conducted in 1851. The 1931 census was cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression, the 1946 census was brought forward to Tuesday 25 September 1945, so that the results could be used for an electoral redistribution before the 1946 election. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions, the 2006 census was held on Tuesday,7 March. For the first time, respondents had the option of completing their census form via the Internet rather than by a printed form, the 2011 census was to be held on Tuesday,8 March. However, due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011, for the first time ever, all 2011 census forms would have been digitally archived. On 27 May 2011 Statistics New Zealand announced that a census would take place in March 2013, the legislation required to change the census date was introduced to Parliament in August 2011. The 2013 census took place on Tuesday 5 March 2013, the next census will take place in 2018. A few people object to the census and attempt to evade it, following the 2006 Census, Statistics New Zealand prosecuted 72 people for failing to return their forms, with 41 convictions. After the 2013 Census, they wrote to 450 people in July 2013 who had failed to return the forms, of whom 99 were prosecuted, most of those convicted faced two charges and were fined $50 to $500 per charge. Results of the 2013 census are being released over an 18-month period, Statistics New Zealand - census page New Zealand 2013 Census
6.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
7.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
8.
Public sector organisations in New Zealand
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Public sector organisations in New Zealand comprise the state sector organisations plus those of local government. Within the state lies the state services, and within this lies the core public service. Disestablished in 1995 after failing to achieve financial viability, see, Education in New Zealand State-owned tertiary institutions consist of universities, colleges of education, polytechnics and wānanga. In addition there are numerous non-state-owned private training establishments and these are all also known as local authorities
9.
Statistics
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Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e. g. a scientific, industrial, or social problem, populations can be diverse topics such as all people living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys, statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley defines statistics as Numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each other. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs, representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation, inferences on mathematical statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random phenomena. A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the relationship between two data sets, or a data set and a synthetic data drawn from idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false. Working from a hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized, Type I errors and Type II errors. Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework, ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis, measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as random or systematic, the presence of missing data or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. Statistics continues to be an area of research, for example on the problem of how to analyze Big data. Statistics is a body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation. Some consider statistics to be a mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty, mathematical techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory. In applying statistics to a problem, it is practice to start with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population and this may be organized by governmental statistical institutes
10.
Statistical survey
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Survey methodology includes instruments or procedures that ask one or more questions that may, or may not, be answered. Statistical surveys are undertaken with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population being studied, although censuses do not include a sample, they do include other aspects of survey methodology, like questionnaires, interviewers, and nonresponse follow-up techniques. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of information and research fields, e. g. marketing research, psychology, health professionals. A single survey is made of at least a sample, a method of data collection, a single survey may focus on different types of topics such as preferences, opinions, behavior, or factual information, depending on its purpose. Survey errors are sometimes analyzed in connection with survey cost, cost constraints are sometimes framed as improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a field and a profession, meaning that some professionals in the field focus on survey errors empirically. For survey designers, the task involves making a set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it. The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decisions on how to, Identify, contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach Evaluate and test questions. Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses, check data files for accuracy and internal consistency. Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors, the sample is chosen from the sampling frame, which consists of a list of all members of the population of interest. The goal of a survey is not to describe the sample and this generalizing ability is dependent on the representativeness of the sample, as stated above. Each member of the population is termed an element, there are frequent difficulties one encounters while choosing a representative sample. One common error that results is selection bias, selection bias results when the procedures used to select a sample result in over representation or under representation of some significant aspect of the population. In order to minimize selection biases, stratified random sampling is often used and this is when the population is divided into sub-populations called strata, and random samples are drawn from each of the strata, or elements are drawn for the sample on a proportional basis. There are several ways of administering a survey, different methods create mode effects that change how respondents answer, and different methods have different advantages. The most common modes of administration can be summarized as, Telephone Mail Online surveys Personal in-home surveys Personal mall or street intercept survey Hybrids of the above, there are several different designs, or overall structures, that can be used in survey research. The three general types are cross-sectional, successive independent samples, and longitudinal studies, in cross-sectional studies, a sample is drawn from the relevant population and studied once. A successive independent samples design draws multiple random samples from a population at one or more times and this design can study changes within a population, but not changes within individuals because the same individuals are not surveyed more than once
11.
Sampling (statistics)
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Two advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower and data collection is faster than measuring the entire population. Each observation measures one or more properties of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals, in survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly stratified sampling. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide the practice, in business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. Acceptance sampling is used to determine if a lot of material meets the governing specifications. In sampling, this includes defining the population from which our sample is drawn, a population can be defined as including all people or items with the characteristic one wishes to understand. Because there is rarely enough time or money to gather information from everyone or everything in a population. Sometimes what defines a population is obvious, in this case, the batch is the population. Although the population of interest often consists of objects, sometimes we need to sample over time, space. For the time dimension, the focus may be on periods or discrete occasions, in other cases, our population may be even less tangible. For example, Joseph Jagger studied the behaviour of roulette wheels at a casino in Monte Carlo, in this case, the population Jagger wanted to investigate was the overall behaviour of the wheel, while his sample was formed from observed results from that wheel. Similar considerations arise when taking repeated measurements of some characteristic such as the electrical conductivity of copper. This situation often arises when we seek knowledge about the system of which the observed population is an outcome. In such cases, sampling theory may treat the population as a sample from a larger superpopulation. Here the superpopulation is everybody in the country, given access to this treatment – a group which does not yet exist, note also that the population from which the sample is drawn may not be the same as the population about which we actually want information. Often there is large but not complete overlap between two groups due to frame issues etc. However, in the general case this is not usually possible or practical. There is no way to identify all rats in the set of all rats, where voting is not compulsory, there is no way to identify which people will actually vote at a forthcoming election. These imprecise populations are not amenable to sampling in any of the ways below, as a remedy, we seek a sampling frame which has the property that we can identify every single element and include any in our sample
12.
Geoff Bascand
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Geoff Bascand is the Deputy Governor and Head of Operations at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. He was Government Statistician and the Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand until May 2013, Bascand is a graduate of the University of Otago and the Australian National University with a BA degree in Geography and a masters degree in Economics. Bascand has worked for the New Zealand Treasury, the International Monetary Fund in Washington, and he was appointed one of three Deputy Government Statisticians for Statistics New Zealand in July 2004 and was responsible for Macro-Economic, Environment, Regional and Geography Statistics. He was appointed Government Statistician and Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand on May 22,2007 and he started his career in 1981 at the Treasury as an economic analyst and later became Director of Forecasting. From 1998 until 2004, Bascand was the General Manager of the Labour Market Policy Group at the Department of Labour, in February 2005, he was a recipient of a Leadership Development Centre Fellowship award. On 12 February 2013 Bascand announced his resignation at Statistics New Zealand and he has accepted a position at the Reserve Bank as Deputy Governor and Head of Operations
13.
Sustainable development
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The desirable end result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems. As the concept developed, it has shifted to more on economic development, social development. The concept of development has been — and still is — subject to criticism. What, exactly, is to be sustained in sustainable development, Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity. Sustainability science is the study of the concepts of sustainable development, there is an additional focus on the present generations responsibility to regenerate, maintain and improve planetary resources for use by future generations. Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management which were developed in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1713 Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony published Sylvicultura oeconomica. Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert and his work influenced others, including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig, eventually leading to the development of a science of forestry. Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged. In 1987 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development released the report Our Common Future, the report included what is now one of the most widely recognised definitions of sustainable development. In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter, which outlines the building of a just, sustainable and it emphasises that in sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasises that broad public participation in making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. Broadly defined, sustainable development is an approach to growth and development and to manage natural, produced. A2013 study concluded that sustainability reporting should be reframed through the lens of four interconnected domains, ecology, economics, politics, the goals are to be implemented and achieved in every country from the year 2016 to 2030. Sustainable development, or sustainability, has described in terms of three spheres, dimensions, domains or pillars, i. e. the environment, the economy. The three-sphere framework was proposed by the economist René Passet in 1979. It has also been worded as economic, environmental and social or ecology, economy and this has been expanded by some authors to include a fourth pillar of culture, institutions or governance. The ecological stability of human settlements is part of the relationship between humans and their natural, social and built environments, also termed human ecology, this broadens the focus of sustainable development to include the domain of human health
14.
2011 Christchurch earthquake
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An earthquake occurred in Christchurch on 22 February 2011 at 12,51 p. m. local time and registered 6.3 on the Richter scale. The earthquake caused damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in the nations fifth-deadliest natural disaster. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt, the earthquake was felt across the South Island and parts of the lower and central North Island. Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent to decrease from second to third most populous area in New Zealand,185 people from more than 20 countries died in the earthquake. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television Building, an additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified, between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries, and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode, the last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake. The nationalities of the deceased are as follows, road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred, road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. A number of cars were crushed by falling debris, in the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. Because the earthquake hit during the hour, some people on the footpaths were buried by collapsed buildings. Damage occurred to older buildings, particularly those with unreinforced masonry. Of the 3,000 buildings inspected within the four avenues of the city by 3 March 2011. Many heritage buildings were given red stickers after inspections, as of February 2015, there had been 1240 demolitions within the four avenues since the September 2010 earthquakes. The six-storey Canterbury Television building collapsed in the earthquake, leaving only its lift shaft standing,115 people died in the building, which housed a TV station, a medical clinic and an English language school. On 23 February police decided that the damage was not survivable, fire-fighting and recovery operations resumed that night, later joined by a Japanese search and rescue squad. Twelve Japanese students from the Toyama College of Foreign Languages died in the building collapse, a government report later found that the buildings construction was faulty and should not have been approved. The four-storey Pyne Gould Guinness House on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation, collapsed, on Wednesday morning,22 hours after the quake, a survivor was pulled from the rubble
15.
Ministry for Culture and Heritage
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Minister for Cultural Affairs Marie Hasler oversaw the transition of functions into the new agency. The Ministry of Cultural Affairs had been created in 1991, prior to this, at the time of its establishment, the responsible minister for the ministry was the Minister for Culture and Heritage. This position is now titled the Minister for Arts, Culture, the ministry advises the government on policies and issues relating to the arts, culture, heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors. Creative New Zealand New Zealand Music Commission New Zealand Symphony Orchestra Royal New Zealand Ballet Te Matatini Society Inc and this includes publication in New Zealand history books and e-books, and on a number of websites. Waites number of some 8,500 men was corrected to approximately 13,000 in September 2013, the ministry is also responsible for overseeing dozens of current acts and regulations. Port Nicholson Block Claims Settlement Act 2009 Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi Claims Settlement Act 2005 The ministry serves two portfolios and two ministers, Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Jock Phillips Official website New Zealand History Online
16.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
17.
Immigration New Zealand
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Visas are issued by INZ staff in offices throughout New Zealand and around the world. Visas are also issued by certain posts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under the Immigration Act 2009, a visa is an authority for an individual to travel to, or stay in New Zealand. A visa has conditions that indicate what the holder of the visa may do, because of understaffing turnaround times to process visa application have steadily increased over the years. Currently INZ expects to process visa applications within 60 working days after an application is lodged, responsible for policy and systems development Business Information Branch e-Branch Processes applications lodged through Online Services. This includes student applications from approved education providers and Working Holiday Visas for many countries, national Contact Centre The first point of contact for phone/email enquiries from clients in New Zealand and Australia. Refugee Status Branch Decides applications for refugee status made by persons within New Zealand, Refugee Quota Branch Processes and provides treatment for refugees upon arrival. Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre Selects offshore refugees in order to meet the government’s humanitarian obligations, suva Branch Apia Branch Nukuʻalofa Branch Compliance Operations The main responsibility of Compliance Operations is locating and removing persons who are unlawfully in New Zealand. Compliance Operations is also responsible for managing the detention of persons who are detained, onshore Border Operations This branch is responsible for any immigration issues arising at New Zealand’s physical border. INZ maintains a presence at Auckland and Christchurch airports and a part-time presence at Wellington and Queenstown airports depending on flight schedules. Offshore Border Operations This branch operates the Advance Passenger Screening Support Office in Auckland, supported by intelligence analysts in Compliance Operations, Border Operations, Refugee Status Branch and the Immigration Profiling Group. In 2008, the General Manager Mary-Anne Thompson was forced to resign after not one scandal, despite these repeated and blatant breaches of policy, the initial internal investigation merely recommended counseling. She subsequently pleaded guilty to charges laid regarding this claim. Later, the director, Mai Malaulau, was controversially appointed the head of the Pacific Branch. The Pacific branch performed so poorly, that it was shut down by the department. In the year 2012,7 out of 10 complaints about access to department files, were upheld by the department. The Minister of Immigration was established by the First Labour Government in 1946, the current minister is Michael Woodhouse. Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand Customs Service Visa policy of New Zealand Immigration New Zealand
18.
Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
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The Department of Conservation is the public service department of New Zealand charged with the conservation of New Zealands natural and historical heritage. An advisory body, the New Zealand Conservation Authority is provided to advise DOC, in addition there are 13 conservation boards for different areas around the country that provide for interaction between DOC and the public. This Act also set out the majority of the Departments responsibilities and roles, as a consequence of Conservation Act all Crown land in New Zealand designated for conservation and protection became managed by the Department of Conservation. All of the land under its control is protected for conservation, ecological, scenic, scientific, historic or cultural reasons. DOC also administers the Nature Heritage Fund, and is responsible for fire control. In addition to its work managing land and providing for recreation in New Zealand and this is particularly a concern amongst some farmers and other industries that are major users of neighbouring land, many of whom have been affected by decisions of the department. After a number of years of falling budgets, in 2013 the department announced it would be slashing 140 jobs, the Department of Conservation moved into a new headquarters, Conservation House, on Manners Street, Wellington in 2006. It is the first green building in New Zealand to be given a 5-star rating, having won numerous environmental awards, including a top 10 placing by Grist Magazine. The site was originally a cinema operated by the Hoyts Group from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s. The Department serves 1 portfolio and 3 ministers, New Zealand has 13 national parks, and a wide number of other conservation lands with varying levels of environmental protection, called the conservation estate in total. About one third of this estate, generally the land considered most valuable, has been protected from mining since 1997 via being listed in Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991, in 1995,14 people died when a viewing platform maintained by the Department of Conservation collapsed. Immediately following the tragedy, all of the departments 106 viewing platforms throughout New Zealand were checked, fifteen platforms were closed for repairs. A Commission of Inquiry that followed the tragedy revealed that the department had acted illegally and negligently in constructing the viewing platform. Many people in New Zealand criticised the government for the situation, and Denis Marshall. In March 2006, an eruption at the Green Lake of Raoul Island. At the exact time of the eruption, Mr Kearney is thought to have been taking measurements of the lake as part of a programme for monitoring volcanic activity. Five other DOC workers, who were living on the island, were forced to evacuate back to New Zealand shortly after the eruption. Searches for Mr Kearney, which have been inhibited by the remote location
19.
Department of Corrections (New Zealand)
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The Department of Corrections is the public service department of New Zealand charged with managing the New Zealand corrections system. Corrections role and functions were defined and clarified with the passing of the Corrections Act 2004, in early 2006, Corrections officially adopted the Māori name Ara Poutama Aotearoa. The Department of Corrections was formed in 1995, by the Department of Justice Act 1995, prior to this prisons, the probation system and the courts were all managed by the Department of Justice. The intention was to enable the new Department to improve public safety, in 2000, an approach based on enhanced computerised access to information about offenders was tried. The new chief executive of the department, Mark Byers, introduced a $40 million scheme designed to reduce reoffending called Integrated Offender Management, at the time it was described as the biggest single initiative the department has undertaken to reduce reoffending. Seven years later, Greg Newbold said the scheme was an expensive failure, the use of private prisons has also been tried. New Zealands first privately run prison, the Auckland Central Remand Prison opened under contract to Australasian Correctional Management in 2000, in 2004, the Labour Government, opposed to privatisation, amended the law to prohibit the extension of private prison contracts. A year later, the 5-year contract with ACM was not renewed, in 2010, the National Government again introduced private prisons and international conglomerate Serco was awarded the contract to run the Auckland Central Remand Prison. Serco has also given the contract to build and manage a new 960 bed prison at Wiri. The contract with Serco provides stiff financial penalties if its rehabilitation programmes fail to reduce reoffending by 10% more than the Corrections Department programmes, in 2012, the Government revealed it will spend $65 million over the next four years on reducing criminal reoffending. It will go towards additional alcohol and drug treatment, increased education, skills training, Corrections Minister Anne Tolley and Associate Corrections Minister Dr Pita Sharples said the reprioritised operational funding was aimed at reducing reoffending by 25 per cent by 2017. Since it was established, the Department had to cope with a growth in the prison population. Between 1997 and 2011 the number of inmates increased by 70% and, at 190 prisoners per 100,000 of population, five new prisons have been built in the last ten years to accommodate the increase. The Fifth Labour Government built four prisons – at Ngawha housing 420 prisoners, Springhill housing 840, Auckland Womens holding 330 and Milton holding 425 – at a cost of $890 million. When National came to power in 2008, the Department built a new 1,000 bed prison at Mt Eden for $218 million in a private partnership. As at December 2011, New Zealand had 20 prisons and the Department employed over 8,000 staff, the Departments operating budget is over $1 billion a year. As at 31 March 2011, there were 8,755 people in prison in New Zealand, however, the prison population is very fluid and altogether about 20,000 people spend time in prison each year, the vast majority on remand. Nearly 75% of those given a sentence are sentenced to two years or less, and all these are automatically released halfway through their sentence
20.
New Zealand Customs Service
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New Zealands Minister of Customs is Nicky Wagner MP. The New Zealand Customs service is the oldest government department in New Zealand, formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service, staffing levels sit between 1300 -1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and it is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including material, drugs, firearms and hazardous waste. New Zealand Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports, since 1999 all documentation to New Zealand Customs has been electronic. The New Zealand Customs Service works closely with New Zealands other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries and it also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs. New Zealand Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government. Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorized to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods. New Zealand Customs is also the body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco. New Zealand Customs officers continue to make significant seizures of pseudoephedrine, open source media and Customs reporting to government suggests that pseudoephedrine makes up the large majority of Customs seziures. These seizures have resulted in arrests and successful prosecutions by Customs. It was later revealed that Customs seized over a tonne of pseudoephedrine in 2010, Customs officers are based at the main cities in New Zealand, as well as a number of smaller ports. Its headquarters is based in Wellington, New Zealands capital city, Customs also has liaison officers based at the following overseas locations, Canberra, Bangkok, Beijing, Brussels and Washington D. C. Customs conducts national intakes, with the number of intakes per year varying dependent on the needs of the Service, typically each intake will consist of 20 -30 recruits who are referred to as cohorts. Recruiting usually begins with Customs advertising nationwide, calling for applications for persons who meet requisite criteria, applications are then reviewed and accepted or rejected. The majority of applicants are culled at this initial stage and those who are deemed suitable must then pass an interview, police checks and medical test before being offered a space on the next intake. Training consists of a combination of residential and on the job training, initial training usually consists of a five-week residential course at the Royal New Zealand Police College, or other facilities if space is unavailable at the police college
21.
Ministry of Defence (New Zealand)
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The Ministry of Defence is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on defence policy, as well as overseeing the New Zealand Defence Force. The Defence Act, passed on 17 November 1964, established a new Ministry of Defence, under the Act the three Service departments were combined into the new Ministry. The central core of the new Ministry of Defence was the central Defence Office, the Chiefs of Staff Committee was retained, but as a committee of the Defence Council. In 1969-71 moves were implemented to provide a centralised administration in control of all non-operational functions previously within the responsibility of the three services. These changes were embodied in a further Defence Act that came into effect on 1 April 1972, the Service Boards were abolished and their functions divided between the Chiefs of Staff and a central Defence Headquarters that replaced the Defence Office. The disadvantage of the existence of the Service Boards had been one that the one Service could still express its views to the Minister independently of the other Services. Policy formation and planning, logistics and supply, personnel, administration, finance, civil management, each Chief of Staff and their separate Headquarters were now only concerned with operational matters. Both are equally answerable to the Minister of Defence for their individual elements, under the CDF are the three service chiefs who, as the senior officers of their individual services, act as advisors to CDF and provide forces as required. In 1999 James Rofle described in The Armed Forces of New Zealand the then structure of the Ministry of Defence and it numbered only about 70 people in total, with three divisions involved in policy, Policy Division, Acquisition Division, and Evaluation Division. Also part of the structure were Corporate Services Division and Corporate Finance Division, Minister of Defence New Zealand Defence Force Defence Diplomacy Military history of New Zealand James Rolfe, Defending New Zealand, A Study of Structures, Processes and Relationships. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington,1993
22.
Ministry of Education (New Zealand)
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The Ministry of Education is the public service department of New Zealand charged with overseeing the New Zealand education system. The Ministry was formed in 1989 when the former, all-encompassing Department of Education was broken up into six separate agencies, the Ministry was established as a result of the Picot task force set up by the Labour government in July 1987 to review the New Zealand education system. The mandate was to review management structures and cost-effectiveness, but did not include curriculum, in nine months the commission received input from over 700 people or organizations. The Picot task force released its report Administering for Excellence, Effective Administration in Education in May 1988, the report was critical of the Department of Education, which it labelled as inefficient and unresponsive. Another recommendation was that boards of trustees were responsible to the Minister of Education. The Picot report became the basis for a drawn out process of reform in New Zealand starting in 1989. When National was elected in October 1990, it carried out a series of educational reviews culminating in the publication Education Policy, Investing in People. This resulted in modifications to the structure of education reform. There has been a series of changes and reassessments that has caused chaos, confusion. In March 2013, Patrick Walsh, the president of the Secondary Principals Association said that despite having about 3000 employees. He said in an era of self-managing schools we have a Ministry that is so large and yet not able to perform in an effective, Walsh said the Ministrys poor performance has been confirmed by a number of reviews conducted by the State Services Commission. The Ministrys role is to raise the level of educational achievement. It is not an education provider and that role is met by individual elected Boards of Trustees for every state school in the country. The ministry works with other agencies including the Education Review Office. Although the Ministrys role is to raise the level of educational achievement, when government changes aspects of its policy on education, the Ministry is responsible for implementing those changes. Sometimes the Ministry ends up in the position of trying to implement political induced changes in education policy to which teachers, parents. Changes introduced by the National Government in 2011–2012 are an example, in order for the Ministry to perform its role effectively, it is dependent on taxpayer funding provided by Government. When government increases funding or requires financial cutbacks, this impacts on the ability of the Ministry to fulfil its role
23.
Education Review Office (New Zealand)
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Led by a Chief Review Officer - the departments chief executive, the Office has approximately 150 designated review officers located in five regions. These regions are, Northern, Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central, Southern, the Education Review Office, and the Ministry of Education are two separate public service departments. The functions and powers of the office are set out in Part 28 of the Education Act 1989, ERO reviews the education provided for school students in all state schools, private schools and kura kaupapa Māori. It also reviews the education and care provided for children in early education services. The department also checks that schools are meeting necessary legal requirements, occasionally, special reviews of individual schools are ordered outside of the normal review cycle, which focus on specific areas of concern with a schools management. ERO reports to individual boards of trustees on what they are doing well, in some cases of poor performance or major risks to students, the department may recommend to the Minister and Secretary of Education some form of intervention to the schools management. Reports on individual schools and early services are freely available to the public via EROs website
24.
Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)
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The Environment Act 1986 is the foundation law establishing the Ministry. According to their website, the Ministry for the Environment is the New Zealand governments principal adviser on the environment, since 1988, the Ministry of the Environment has coordinated New Zealands interdepartmental policy response to climate change. The Environmental Protection Authority was set up in 2011 to carry out some of the regulatory functions of the MfE as well as other government departments. In 1997 the Ministry released New Zealands first State of the Environment report and this was followed up in 2008 by a second report titled Environment New Zealand 2007. Chapter 13 of this report was removed before final publication but was leaked to the Green Party, after the media reported the existence of the omitted chapter the Ministry placed the contents on its website. The Ministry serves 2 portfolios and 2 ministers
25.
Government Communications Security Bureau
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Signals intelligence was the responsibility of the Combined Signals Organisation, run by the military. Anti-bugging measures were the responsibility of the Security Intelligence Service, upon its establishment, the GCSB assumed responsibility for these three roles. Officially, the new organisation was part of the Ministry of Defence, in the 1980s, however, information was gradually released, first about the GCSBs security role, and then about its signals intelligence operations. Also in the 1980s, the GCSB was split away from the Ministry of Defence and it was not until 2000, however, that it was decided to make the GCSB a government department in its own right. This decision was implemented through the Government Communications Security Bureau Act 2003, in 2001, the Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection was formed within the GCSB with a mandate to assist in the protection of national critical infrastructure from information borne threats. The National Cyber Security Centre was established within the GCSB in September 2011, the GCSB is considered to be a government department in its own right with its head office in Pipitea St, Wellington. Through its director, the GCSB reports to the holding the Intelligence portfolio. Its main functions are, the collection and processing of intelligence and it has about 300 staff with a range of disciplines including foreign language experts, communications and cryptography specialists, engineers, technicians and support staff. In 2015/16 the budget for the GCSB is $89.6 million, former Green MP Keith Locke says that despite the attention the GCSB received as a result of its illegal surveillance of Kim Dotcom, there has been little public discussion about its value. Locke questions GCSBs suitability for the task of protecting government computers given its security failures, Cabinet Secretary Rebecca Kitteridges report noted the Bureaus problems included under-resourcing and a lack of legal staff. An Inspector General has oversight of the GCSB, in 2013, that role was being filled by former judge, 79-year-old Paul Neazor. He has a secretary as his one and only staff member - compared with the Australian inspector general who has a staff of 12. In her review of the GCSB released in 2013, Rebecca Kitteridge recommended the inspector generals office should be beefed up along Australian lines, the Prime Minister appoints both the director of the GCSB and the Inspector General. Associate Professor of law at Auckland University, Bill Hodge, says the watchdog should be appointed by Parliament rather than by the Prime Minister, former prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer agrees, There needs to be some separation between the inspector and the agency he oversees. The functions of the GCSB include signals intelligence, communications security, anti-bugging measures, the GCSB does not publicly disclose the nature of the communications which it intercepts. It is frequently described by authors, such as Nicky Hager. In 2006, after the death of former Prime Minister David Lange, the report listed a number of countries as targets of GCSB efforts, including Japan, the Philippines, Argentina, France, Vietnam, and many small Pacific island states. It also mentioned United Nations diplomatic traffic, in his book on the GCSB, Nicky Hager says that during the Cold War, the locations and activities of Soviet ships were a major focus of the organisations activities
26.
Inland Revenue Department (New Zealand)
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Inland Revenue is the public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the government on tax policy, collecting and disbursing payments for social support programmes, and collecting tax. The Departments Māori name, Te Tari Taake, is a spelling of Te Tari Tāke. Inland Revenue started out as the Land Tax Department in 1878, the Department was renamed the Land and Income Tax Department in 1892 with the central office set up in Wellington. Only in 1952, when the organisation joined with the Stamp Duties Department, was the known as the Inland Revenue Department. The panel was disestablished in 2014 at the completion of the tax reform, in 2015–16, Inland Revenue collected $63. Other services included law and order, housing and community development, environmental protection, defence, transport, since December 2016, the position has been held by Judith Collins. Taxation in New Zealand KiwiSaver Working for Families Official website Policy Advice Division of Inland Revenue Whats Tax, - New Zealand government website on tax
$184,996,000[2]
