1.
Swedish general election, 2014
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General elections were held in Sweden on 14 September 2014 to elect the Riksdag, all 21 county councils and 290 municipal assemblies. The centre-right Alliance for Sweden coalition sought a third term in government, in contrast to the previous election, the three largest left-wing parties ran independent campaigns, as did the far-right Sweden Democrats. A fourth left-wing party, Feminist Initiative, did not secure the 4% threshold, the election result saw the three left-wing parties outpoll the Alliance for Sweden, with the two blocs respectively winning 159 and 141 seats. The Sweden Democrats doubled their support and won the remaining 49 seats, Fredrik Reinfeldt, the incumbent prime minister, lost his bid for a third term. On 3 October he was replaced by Stefan Löfven, who formed a minority government consisting of the Social Democrats and Greens. The 2010 general election saw the incumbent Alliance for Sweden coalition returned to power, the coalition relied on ad hoc support from the opposition to pass legislation, particularly the Green Party. The previous parliament had also passed amendments to the Constitution of Sweden. Election days were moved from the third Sunday of September to the second Sunday of the same month, another change was that the incumbent Prime Minister of Sweden, should he or she not resign immediately after the election, must be approved by the new Riksdag. The Social Democratic Party was the largest political party in the Swedish Riksdag with 112 of the 349 seats, the Social Democratic Party had led a single-party government from 1994 to 2006, and had been the major political power of Sweden for much of the 20th century. For the 2010 general election the Social Democratic Party collaborated with the Green Party, similar cooperation did not take place prior to the 2014 election. Their current party leader Stefan Löfven has said they could collaborate with the Centre Party. By the 2014 general election the Social Democratic Party had been in opposition for eight years, the Moderate Party was the second-largest party in the Riksdag with 107 seats. It was the largest governing party under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, prior to the 2006 general election the Moderate Party had formed the Alliance for Sweden coalition, together with the Centre Party, the Liberal Peoples Party and the Christian Democrats. After the 2006 election they were able to form a majority coalition government, the Alliance successfully sought re-election in the 2010 general election, but were reduced to a minority coalition government. The Green Party was the third-largest party in the Riksdag with 25 seats and they are the only Swedish party to have two spokespersons, currently Gustav Fridolin and Isabella Lövin. The Green Party had participated in the Red-Green coalition prior to the 2010 general election, the coalition however lost that election, although the Green Party itself gained seats. The party has shown interest in participating in a future government, the Liberal Peoples Party was the fourth-largest party in the Riksdag with 24 seats. The party had since 2010 been the second-largest governing party under Prime Minister Reinfeldt, current party leader Jan Björklund was Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden and Swedens Minister for Education
2.
Prime Minister of Sweden
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The Prime Minister is the head of government in Sweden. Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested. Louis Gerhard De Geer, the architect behind the new bicameral Riksdag of 1866 that replaced the centuries-old Riksdag of the Estates, the current Prime Minister of Sweden is Stefan Löfven, leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. Before 1876, when the office of a prime minister was created. Historically though, the most senior member of the Privy Council had certain similarities to the office of a head of government. When the office of the Prime Minister was created in 1876, unlike the Minister for Justice, the Minister for Foreign Affairs did however continue to be styled as Excellency, an honour shared only with the Prime Minister. From that time onward, the Prime Minister depended on the support of a majority in the Riksdag, over time, the Prime Minister came to de facto exercise the Royal prerogatives. However, the Swedish term used for the Government during this period, maj, t, an abbreviation of Kunglig Majestät. Until 1974, the authority in Sweden had been exercised through the King in Council. The Speaker then holds consultations with the party leaders and appoints a Prime Minister-designate, if the Prime Minister-designate is approved he or she chooses which and how many members are to be included in his or her government. With the exception of the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers do not need the approval of the Riksdag, if the Prime Minister is forced by a vote of no confidence to resign, the entire cabinet falls, and the process of electing a Prime minister starts over. The Prime Minister can dissolve the Riksdag, even receiving a vote of no confidence. The Instrument of Government requires that the Prime Minister appoint a member of the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister, however, if a Deputy Prime Minister is absent or has not been appointed, the senior minister in the cabinet becomes acting head of government. If more than one minister has equal tenure, the eldest assumes the position, on paper, the Prime Ministers position is stronger than that of his counterparts in Denmark and Norway. This is because the Swedish prime minister is an office with duties specifically enumerated in the Instrument of Government. In the two neighboring Scandinavian monarchies, the monarch is the chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the ministers. The government offices, including the Prime Ministers office, is located at Rosenbad in central Stockholm, in 1991 Sager House was acquired, and since 1995 it has served as the private residence of the Prime Minister. Harpsund, a house in Flen Municipality, Södermanland County, has served as a country residence for the Prime Minister since 1953
3.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
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Carl XVI Gustaf is the King of Sweden. He ascended the throne upon the death of his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973 and he is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Kings heir apparent, upon passage on 1 January 1980 of a new law establishing absolute primogeniture, is Crown Princess Victoria, Carl Gustaf was born on 30 April 1946 at 10,20 in Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of five children and the son of Swedens Prince Gustaf Adolf. He was christened at the Royal Chapel on 7 June 1946 by the Archbishop of Uppsala and he was baptized in Charles XIs baptismal font, which stood on Gustav IIIs carpet and he lay in Charles XIs cradle with Oscar IIs crown beside him. The same christening gown in white linen batiste which the prince carried had been worn by his father in 1906, Prince Carl Gustaf was also given the title of the Duke of Jämtland. His father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, was killed in a crash on 26 January 1947. His fathers death had left the prince second in line for the throne, behind his grandfather. When his great-grandfather Gustaf V died in 1950, the prince became the heir apparent of Sweden. Carl Gustaf was seven years old before he was told about his fathers death, after graduating from high school, Carl Gustaf completed two and a half years of education in the Royal Swedish Army, the Royal Swedish Navy, and the Royal Swedish Air Force. He received his commission as an officer in all three services in 1968, and he rose to the rank of captain and lieutenant. He has also completed his studies in history, sociology, political science, tax law. In addition, he studied the affairs of the Riksdag, Government. On 15 September 1973, Carl Gustaf became King of Sweden upon the death of his grandfather, on September 19, he took the required regal assurance during an extraordinary meeting of the cabinet. Afterwards, he appeared before the parliament, diplomatic corps, court, both the cabinet meeting and ceremony at the Hall were broadcast live on television. Following the ceremonies, he appeared on the balcony to acknowledge gathered crowds, at the cabinet meeting, the King declared that his name would be Carl XVI Gustaf and that his title would be King of Sweden. He adopted, For Sweden – With the times as his personal motto, when Carl Gustaf ascended the throne, plans were already in place to replace the 1809 Instrument of Government which gave the King extensive involvement with government. Though the King was a near-autocrat on paper, the Riksdags authority grew steadily into the early 20th century, in 1914, Gustaf V made a speech which resulted in what is known as the Courtyard Crisis wherein he was accused of interfering with politics
4.
Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden
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However, if a Deputy Prime Minister has not been appointed, the Minister in the cabinet who has served the longest time takes over as head of government. Historically, under the 1809 Instrument of Government the Minister for Foreign Affairs was to function as acting Prime Minister should the Prime Minister not be not to perform his duties. Carlsson subsequently received the task of forming a new cabinet from the Speaker of the Riksdag, the cabinet was approved by the Riksdag on March 12,1986, effectively reappointing most cabinet members in their previous offices. The role and position of a Deputy Prime Minister may vary, in the five last coalition cabinets, Fälldin III, Bildt and Reinfeldt I and II, and Löfven, the Deputy Prime Minister was the head of the second-largest coalition partner. In the governments Fälldin I and II, however, the Deputy Prime Ministership belonged to the Liberal Party despite the fact that it was the smallest of the three members. The reason for this might be ascribed to an unwillingness on behalf of the Centre and Liberals to give this position to the Moderates, in all of these governments, however, the Deputy Prime Minister also had a regular Cabinet portfolio. In July 2015, the office of the Deputy Prime Minister was the subject of political debate. Effectively this makes social democratic Foreign Minister Margot Wallström the actual deputy of the Prime Minister and it also rendered the title of Vice statsminister an honorary title, for the most senior member of the party functioning as junior partner in the governing coalition, rather than an actual function. Color key Independent Social Democratic Moderate Centre Left Liberals Christian Democrats Green Sweden Democrats www. sweden. gov. se
5.
Fredrik Reinfeldt
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He was the last rotating President of the European Council in 2009. A native of Stockholm County, Reinfeldt joined the Moderate Youth League in 1983, and by 1992 had risen to the rank of chairman and he served as Member of Parliament from 1991 to 2014, representing his home constituency. Reinfeldt was elected party leader on 25 October 2003, succeeding Bo Lundgren, under his leadership, the Moderate Party has transformed its policies and oriented itself towards the centre, branding itself the New Moderates. Following the 2006 general election, Reinfeldt was elected Prime Minister on October 6, along with the three other political parties in the centre-right Alliance for Sweden, Reinfeldt presided over a coalition government with the support of a narrow majority in parliament. At the age of 41, he was the third-youngest person to become Prime Minister of Sweden, Reinfeldts first term in office was marked by the late-2000s financial crisis and recession. His popularity fell until the economy of Sweden emerged as one of the strongest in Europe and he is the longest-serving non-Social Democratic Prime Minister since Erik Gustaf Boströms first spell in office between 1891 and 1900. After his defeat in the 2014 election Reinfeldt announced that he would step down from leading the party, in 1965, Fredrik Reinfeldt was born in Allmänna BB hospital in Stockholm and was the oldest of three brothers to his parents Bruno and Birgitta Reinfeldt. Upon returning to Sweden, the family first lived in an apartment in Handen before moving to a house in Bromsten in northwestern Stockholm. The Reinfeldt family was living in Bromsten when Fredriks younger brothers, Magnus, in 1976 the family moved into a single-family home in Täby in northeastern Stockholm County. His mother Birgitta was a leadership and management consultant, and some of her professional skills might have inspired and impressed the young Fredrik. At the age of 11 Reinfeldt became chairman of the student council in his school, and became a fan of the football club Djurgårdens IF, a passion he maintains to this day. He started playing basketball for the Tensta Tigers while living in Bromsten, at his secondary school, Åva gymnasium, he studied natural science for three years. He also enjoyed setting up and performing revues and cabarets, after school, Reinfeldt completed his military service as a ranger at Lapland Rifle Regiment and finished first in his class as a cadet in Umeå. It was during this time that he became interested in politics and he graduated from Stockholm University School of Business with a degree in Business and Economics in 1990. Reinfeldt joined the Moderate Youth League—the youth wing of the Swedish Moderate Party—in 1983 at the age of 18, in 1988 he became a secretary in the Stockholm Municipality Council. He was active in student politics while studying at Stockholm University and he became chairman of the Moderate Youth Leagues Stockholm branch in 1990, and the following year was elected a member of the Riksdag. The 1991 government was the first centre-right government in Sweden since 1982, from 1992 to 1995 Reinfeldt was the chairman of the Moderate Youth League. He ousted the former chairman Ulf Kristersson at the controversial congress known as The Battle of Lycksele, had he lost the battle he would most likely not be in politics today
6.
Swedish Social Democratic Party
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The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven, he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014. Founded in 1889, a schism occurred in 1917 when the socialists split from the Social Democrats to form the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party. The symbol of the SAP is traditionally a red rose, which is believed to have been Fredrik Ströms idea, the words of honour, as recorded by the 2001 party programme, are freedom, equality, and solidarity. The Social Democratic Partys position has a base within Marxist revisionism. Its party programme interchangeably calls their ideology democratic socialism, or social democracy, the party supports social welfare provision paid for by progressive taxation. In recent times they have become strong supporters of egalitarianism, and maintain an opposition to discrimination. In 2007, the Social Democrats elected Mona Sahlin as its first female party leader, on 7 December 2009, the Social Democrats launched a political and electoral coalition known as the Red-Greens together with the Greens and the Left Party. The parties contested the 2010 election on a joint manifesto, on 26 November 2010 the Red-Green alliance was dissolved. Currently, the Social Democratic Party has about 100,000 members and it has been the largest party in the Riksdag since 1914. The member base is diverse, but prominently features organized blue-collar workers, organisations within the Swedish social democratic movement, The National Federation of Social Democratic Women in Sweden organizes women. The Swedish Social Democratic Youth League organizes youth, the Social Democratic Students of Sweden organizes university students. The Religious Social Democrats of Sweden organizes all members with religious beliefs, the LGBT Social Democrats of Sweden organizes LGBT-people. In two of the elections, in 1940 and 1968, they got more than 50%, however. In 1944 the tides of the war had turned and the allied nations looked to win, giving more confidence in voting by preference. However, they won power in 1982 with a normal result of 45. 6%. The voter base consists of a swathe of people throughout Swedish society. Among the support that the Social Democratic Party lost in the 2006 election was the vote of pensioners, the combined Social Democratic Party and Left Party vote of citizens with non-Nordic foreign backgrounds sank from 73% in 2002 to 48% in 2006. Stockholm County typically votes for the centre-right parties, only 23% of Stockholm City residents voted for the Social Democratic Party in 2006
7.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
8.
Sager House
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The Sager House or Sager Palace is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Sweden, located at Strömgatan 18 in central Stockholm. The Sager House is located in the Stockholm borough of Norrmalm, on the street Strömgatan, the Sager House lies between, Rosenbad, the Government Chancellery, and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Royal Swedish Opera on Gustav Adolfs torg. It lies across from the Parliament House building, and the Royal Palace, the first historical records of a building on the site are from the 1640s. In 1880 the property was purchased by the Sager brothers, the Sager Palace was owned by the Sager family from 1880 to 1986. In 1988 the building was purchased by the Swedish State to be turned into the residence of the Prime Minister of Sweden. Formerly there was no residence for the head of government. The first Prime Minister to use the building after a renovation for its new use was Göran Persson. Fredrik Reinfeldt moved in after the Swedish general election,2006, in 1893 Robert Sager had the palace remodeled, including the addition of a new floor within a Mansard roof and a French Baroque Revival style facade with Neo-Rococo details, that are still seen. Harpsund Manor — another official residence of the Swedish Prime Minister, Prime Minister of Sweden Government of Sweden
9.
Welder
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A welder or lit operator is a tradesperson who specializes in fusing materials together. The term welder refers to the operator, the machine is referred to as the power supply. The materials to be joined can be metals or varieties of plastic or polymer, welders typically have to have good dexterity and attention to detail, as well as some technical knowledge about the materials being joined and best practices in the field. Welding, without the proper precautions appropriate for the process, can be a dangerous, however, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, to prevent them, welders wear personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea. To protect bystanders, opaque welding curtains often surround the welding area, welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, additionally, many processes produce fumes and various gases, most commonly carbon dioxide and ozone, that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Welders with expertise in welding pressurized vessels, including submarine hulls, industrial boilers, kalpakjian, Serope and Steven R. Schmid
10.
Trade union
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The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment and this may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. Unions may organize a section of skilled workers, a cross-section of workers from various trades. The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members, originating in Great Britain, trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution. Trade unions may be composed of workers, professionals, past workers, students. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a union, is highest in the Nordic countries. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value, yet historian R. A. the other the aggressive-expansionist drive to unite all labouring men and women for a different order of things. The 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners. In The Wealth of Nations, Book I, chapter 8, Smith wrote, We rarely hear, it has said, of the combination of masters. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate When workers combine, masters. As Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries, there were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions, up to and including execution. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in the Kingdom of England. In 1799, the Combination Act was passed, which banned trade unions, although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as London. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, by the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, the latter name was to hide the organizations real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of textile related unions, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others
11.
IF Metall
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IF Metall is a trade union in Sweden. It was formed in a 2006 merger between the Swedish Industrial Union and the Swedish Metalworkers Union and its roots in Metall trace back to 1888. IF Metall represents around 325,000 workers in around 11,600 workplaces, 22% are women, 15% are under 30 years of age and around 25% are of foreign background. Stefan Löfven, 2006–2012 Anders Ferbe, 2012–present Official website
12.
Foster care
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Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home, or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a foster parent. The placement of the child is normally arranged through the government or a service agency. The institution, group home or foster parent is compensated for expenses, the vast majority of children who would otherwise need foster care are in kinship care, that is, in the care of grandparents or other relatives. Most kinship care is done informally, without the involvement of a court or public organization, however, in the U. S. formal kinship care is increasingly common. In 2012, a quarter of all children in foster care were placed with relatives. In Australia foster care was known as boarding-out, Foster care had its early stages in South Australia in 1866 and stretched to the second half of the 19th century. It is said that the system was run by women until the early 20th century. Then the control was centered in many state childrens departments, although boarding-out was also implemented by nongovernment child rescue organizations, many large institutions remained. These institutions assumed an importance from the late 1920s when the system went into decline. The system was re-energized in the era, and in the 1970s. The system is still the structure for out-of-home care. The system took care of local and foreign children. New baby adoption dropped dramatically from the mid-1970s, with the tolerance of. Foster care in Cambodia is relatively new as a practice within the government. However, despite a later start, the practice is currently making strides within the country. Most notably, the found that the percentage of children within orphanages that had parents approached 80%. At the same time, local NGOs like Children In Families began offering limited foster care services within the country and these actions lead to an increase in the number of NGOs providing foster care placements, and helped to set the course for care reform around the country. Foster children in Canada are known as permanent wards, a ward is someone, in this case a child, placed under protection of a legal guardian and are the legal responsibility of the government
13.
Kramfors
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Kramfors is a locality and the seat of Kramfors Municipality in Västernorrland County, Sweden with 5,990 inhabitants in 2010. Geographically the town is situated on the shore of the Ångerman River. This river was the reason that Kramfors was founded, because in the 19th century it was a transportation line for lumber poles. Christopher Kramm chose to locate the rivers first steam driven saw at this location, the locality takes its name from this saw and the word fors. The municipality of Kramfors has about 20,000 inhabitants and it is situated almost in the middle of Sweden with the most central location of Northern Sweden, within 100 kilometres from Kramfors you can reach 250,000 people and within 200 kilometres about half a million. It is not possible to reach so many people from any place in Northern Sweden. Furthermore, the two big Norrland towns Sundsvall and Umeå are situated within a commuting distance, in addition to its beautiful landscape Kramfors is probably best known for providing the name for a popular model of IKEA couch. Located in the High Coast area with World Heritage-status, it has a landscape which affords many opportunities for a full outdoor life. This settlement, called Kramfors, was in Gudmundrå municipality, in 1947 it was awarded the title of a city, as one of the last in the country. Since the municipal reform, in 1974, it is the seat of Kramfors Municipality, Kramfors is, despite its small population, for historical reasons, however, normally still referred to as a city. In the 1960s and 1970s, the industry went into decline. Today, Kramforss population is in a steady decline, one of the tennis high schools of Sweden is situated in Kramfors. Kramfors also hosts the Folke Bernadotte Academy, a government agency focused on improving international conflict and crisis management and they offer courses in peacekeeping intelligence and information operations that are open to all nations and to non-governmental organizations
14.
Swedish Air Force
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The Swedish Air Force is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. The Swedish Air Force was created on July 1,1926 when the units of the Army. Because of the international tension during the 1930s the Air Force was reorganized and expanded from four to seven squadrons. When World War II broke out in 1939 further expansion was initiated, although Sweden never entered the war, a large air force was considered necessary to ward off the threat of invasion and to resist pressure through military threats from the great powers. By 1945 the Swedish Air Force had over 800 combat-ready aircraft, a major problem for the Swedish Air Force during World War II was the lack of fuel. Sweden was surrounded by countries at war and could not rely on imported oil, instead domestic oil shales were heated to produce the needed petrol. The Swedish Air Force underwent a rapid modernization from 1945 and it was no longer politically acceptable to equip it with second-rate models. When the Saab 29 Tunnan fighter was introduced around 1950, Sweden suddenly had planes that were equal to the best of the Royal Air Force, the Soviet Unions VVS, during the 1950s the air force started to build road bases after an idea taken from Germany. Built under the BASE60 distributed airfield scheme, the bases were ordinary highways constructed in such a way that they could serve as landing strips. In the early eighties road number 44 was rebuilt to four short runways. Along the road a number of turn-around-sites for rearming and refueling were built. These short runways are used today for training, landing and taking off with Gripen. During the Cold War large amounts of money were spent on the Swedish Air Force, in 1957 Sweden had the worlds fourth most powerful air force, with about 1000 modern planes in front-line service. During the 1950s, it introduced fighters such as the Saab J29 Tunnan, Saab A32 Lansen, in June 1952 the Swedish Air Force lost two aircraft on Cold War operations, in what became known as the Catalina affair. A signals intelligence Douglas DC-3 was intercepted by Soviet MiG-15s over the Baltic, a PBY Catalina rescue seaplane was then also downed, the five-man crew being rescued from the sea by a freighter. When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, Sweden came to its neighbours assistance in most ways short of joining the war outright, a Swedish volunteer infantry brigade and a volunteer air squadron fought in northern Finland in January till March 1940. The squadron was designated F19 and consisted of 12 Gloster Gladiator fighters, the Swedish Air Force saw combat as part of the United Nations peace-keeping mission ONUC during the Congo Crisis in 1961 to 1964. It established an air wing, F22, equipped with a dozen semi-obsolete Saab 29 Tunnans
15.
BAE Systems AB
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BAE Systems AB is a Swedish defence company and a subsidiary of BAE Systems Land and Armaments, whose ultimate parent is the British defence contractor BAE Systems. The company is a company for Land Systems Hägglunds AB and BAE Systems Bofors AB. AB Hägglund & Söner was founded in 1899 by Johan Hägglund in Gullänget, Örnsköldsvik, the company was divided in 1988, one part being Hägglunds Vehicle AB, the military vehicles business. In October 1997 the British company Alvis plc acquired Hägglunds Vehicle AB to form Alvis Hägglunds AB, Alvis expanded its military vehicle business in 1998 with the purchase of GKNs armoured vehicle division in 1998 and Vickers Defence in 2002 to form Alvis Vickers. In September 2004 BAE Systems acquired Alvis Vickers and merged it with its RO Defence ordnance division to form BAE Systems Land Systems, Hägglunds was renamed Land Systems Hägglunds. S. BAE Systems Bofors AB, located in Karlskoga, Sweden, is a Swedish subsidiary of BAE Systems Land and its corporate heritage goes back to Bofors, which was founded in 1646 and entered the Defence business in 1883. In 1999 Saab purchased the Celsius Group, the parent group of Bofors, in September 2000 United Defense Industries purchased Bofors Weapon Systems from Saab, while Saab retained the missile interests. In 2005 BAE Systems purchased UDI and re-organised all its land systems businesses into BAE Systems Land, as part of acquisition Bofors Defence was renamed BAE Systems Bofors. The company provides Interactive Training and Simulation and it was a former United Defense company. On 28 November 2007, BAE Systems acquired the Swedish high-tech company Pitch Technologies AB, xM982 Excalibur Ammunition 3P Ammunition Land Systems Hägglunds, The Company History companies. infobasepub. com, BAE Systems Land Systems Hägglunds
16.
Ombudsman
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In some countries an Inspector General, Citizen Advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman, and may also be appointed by a legislature. Below the national level an ombudsman may be appointed by a state, unofficial ombudsmen may be appointed by, or even work for, a corporation such as a utility supplier, newspaper, NGO, or professional regulatory body. The typical duties of an ombudsman are to investigate complaints and attempt to resolve them, Ombudsmen sometimes also aim to identify systematic issues leading to poor service or breaches of peoples rights. At the national level, most ombudsmen have a mandate to deal with the entire public sector. In some cases, there is a more restricted mandate, for example with particular sectors of society, more recent developments have included the creation of specialized Childrens Ombudsman and Information Commissioner agencies. In some jurisdictions an ombudsman charged with handling concerns about government is more formally referred to as the Parliamentary Commissioner. In many countries where the ombudsmans responsibility includes protecting human rights, the post of ombudsman had by the end of the 20th century been instituted by most governments and by some intergovernmental organizations such as the European Union. A prototype of ombudsmen may have flourished in China during the Qin Dynasty, the Roman Tribune had some similar roles, with power to veto acts that infringed upon the Plebeians. Another precursor to the ombudsman was the Turkish Diwan-al-Mazalim which appears to go back to the caliph, Umar. They were also attested in Siam, India, the Liao dynasty, Japan, an indigenous Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish term, ombudsman is etymologically rooted in the Old Norse word umboðsmaðr, essentially meaning representative. In the Danish Law of Jutland from 1241, the term is umbozman, from 1552, it is also used in the other Scandinavian languages such as the both Icelandic and Faroese umboðsmaður, the Norwegian ombudsmann/ombodsmann and the Swedish ombudsman. The Swedish speaking minority in Finland uses the Swedish terminology, the predecessor of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman was the Office of Supreme Ombudsman, which was established by the Swedish King, Charles XII, in 1713. Charles XII was in exile in Turkey and needed a representative in Sweden to ensure that judges and civil servants acted in accordance with the laws, if they did not do so, the Supreme Ombudsman had the right to prosecute them for negligence. In 1719 the Swedish Office of Supreme Ombudsman became the Chancellor of Justice, the word ombudsman and its specific meaning have since been adopted in various languages, including Spanish, Dutch and Czech. The German language uses Ombudsmann, Ombudsfrau and Ombudsleute, notable exceptions are French and Finnish, which use translations instead. Modern variations of this term include ombud, ombuds, ombudsperson, or ombudswoman, if the ombudsman finds a complaint to be substantiated, the problem may get rectified, or an ombudsman report is published making recommendations for change. Further redress depends on the laws of the concerned. Ombudsmen in most countries do not have the power to initiate legal proceedings or prosecution on the grounds of a complaint, the major advantage of an ombudsman is that he or she examines complaints from outside the offending state institution, thus avoiding the conflicts of interest inherent in self-policing
17.
Swedish Social Democratic Youth League
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The Swedish Social Democratic Youth League is a branch of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation in Sweden. It has around 10000 members, President since August 2015 is Philip Botström. Every second year, the organisation holds a congress, adopting policy documents. The national head office is situated in Södermalm in central Stockholm, the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League belongs to the Young European Socialists and the International Union of Socialist Youth. The Youth League was established in 1917 after the former Youth League and that division was between the left and right factions that the social democracy across Europe went through. Per Albin Hansson led the fight against Zeth Höglund and the wing that had won a majority at the SDUF Congress 1910 which voted to remove Hansson from the Board. The partys leader and then President Hjalmar Branting supported Hansson, the Youth League did not accept the statements wording requiring it to be. They called this ultimatum a Muzzled Charter, a new Youth League, the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League, was formed at the Congress 27–28 October 1917 when 45 representatives met in Stockholm peoples houses. The participants included Per Albin Hansson, and Gustav Möller, one of the major points in Congress was the issue of womens suffrage. SSUs membership grew during the years in the 1930s. Recognising that the members should be trained, it purchased a farm at Bommersvik in order to form a union school, during this period, SSU had over 100,000 members. By the 1940s, SSU became a national, fully functioning organization, SSU criticized Nazism during the 1940s, helped refugees and had lectures about Nazism crimes. Willy Brandt lectured on the subject of Bommersvik, the big question for SSU during the 1950s was whether Sweden should have nuclear weapons. Bertil Löfberg argued in favour of atomic weapons, and was opposed by Oskar Lindkvist, the party made efforts to reform itself during this period, and tried to build a folkhemmet, a concept similar to that of the Welfare State. SSU began to campaign on ways to solve the housing crisis, the presidents Ingvar Carlsson and Bosse Ringholm characterized this period as a time of success for Sweden, and social reforms could proceed rapidly. During this time, international issues became important, because SSU saw great injustice and it criticized foreign dictatorships and wars, including the Vietnam War. SSU felt obliged to fight for democratic socialism, Ringholm said about this time, An important task for SSU was to keep clean to the left and ensure that SSU is not ground into sects to the left of social democracy. The Federal Board did not agree on how to respond to the Vietnam War, everyone wanted to criticize the U. S. but Ingvar Carlsson and Ringholm wanted at the same time not be associated with the Communists in North Vietnam
18.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities
19.
Party leader
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In politics, a party leader is the most powerful official within a political party. The leader speaks to their political party, while acting as the party representatives. The party leader is responsible for managing the partys relationship with the general public. As such, he or she will take a role in developing and communicating party policy, especially election platforms. He or she is typically the public face of the party. In many representative democracies, party leaders compete directly for high political office and it is thus typical in such states for the party leader to seek election to the legislature, and, if elected, to simultaneously serve as the partys parliamentary leader. In Canada, all major parties elect their leaders at a leadership convention, the leaders of Comminist Party often hold the title of General secretary and the officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of China. On 15 November 2012, Xi Jinping was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party of China at the 18th Communist Party national congress, the leaders outwardly act as the figurehead and the main representative of the party. Within the party, they must ensure political consensus, at election time the leader is always the Lijsttrekker of the party list. Outside election time the leader can serves as the Opposition leader, geert Wilders, the Leader of Party for Freedom, is the Leader of the Opposition. In the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and the Labour Party the leader is often the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives, some leaders became a Minister in a Cabinet. The method of selection of the party leader varies from party to party, if only one candidate emerges, he or she is said to have been elected by acclamation or ratified by the general membership. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Theresa May, gained the position on 13 July 2016, jeremy Corbyn is the party leader the Labour Party, serve as the Leader of the Opposition. The United Kingdom has more influence in electing the party leader than other countries in the Westminster system, sometimes a party leader will simultaneously hold the post of chairman. However, this occurs rarely in the Westminster system. In the Gilded Age, the government was known as Bossism and this government entailed powerful political machines, run by so-called bosses who awarded political positions to their associates This kind of political system is also referred to as a particracy. Party leaders in the United States mostly refer to the President, Vice President and leaders of the Congress in both parties
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European Parliament
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The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union. Together with the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, the Parliament is composed of 751 members, who represent the second-largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world. It has been elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, voter turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, voter turnout in 2014 stood at 42. 54% of all European voters. The Parliament is the first institution of the EU, and shares equal legislative and it likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Finally, the European Commission, the body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and it can subsequently force the Commission as a body to resign by adopting a motion of censure. The President of the European Parliament is Antonio Tajani, elected in January 2017 and he presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the Group of the European Peoples Party and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. The last union-wide elections were the 2014 elections, the European Parliament has three places of work – Brussels, the city of Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices, meetings of the whole Parliament take place in Strasbourg and in Brussels. Committee meetings are held in Brussels, the Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and it was a consultative assembly of 78 appointed parliamentarians drawn from the national parliaments of member states, having no legislative powers. Its development since its foundation shows how the European Unions structures have evolved without a master plan. Some, such as Tom Reid of the Washington Post, said of the union, nobody would have designed a government as complex. Even the Parliaments two seats, which have switched several times, are a result of various agreements or lack of agreements, the body was not mentioned in the original Schuman Declaration. It was assumed or hoped that difficulties with the British would be resolved to allow the Council of Europes Assembly to perform the task, a separate Assembly was introduced during negotiations on the Treaty as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy. The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term representatives of the people. Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the treaty to establish a European Political Community
21.
European Parliament election, 2009 (Sweden)
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The European Parliament election of 2009 in Sweden was held on 7 June 2009 and determined the makeup of the Swedish delegation to the European Parliament. The election was held using a form of the Sainte-Laguë method of party-list proportional representation using the entire country as a single electoral constituency. There is a limit of 4 percent for Swedish elections to the European Parliament. Sweden will be allocated 18 seats in the European parliament for this term, from December 2011 Sweden has 20 seats. The new Pirate Party polled at 7. 1%, giving it one seat, the eurosceptic June List saw the biggest slump in support, falling nearly 11% and losing all 3 seats. Turnout increased compared to the last election, from 37, 9% to 45, the final results were published by the Swedish Election Authority on 11 June 2009. From December 2011, Pirateparty and Swedish Social Democratic Party have one more seats after Treaty of Lisbon. 3% in 29 May poll
22.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
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Universal suffrage
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The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all except a small number of adult citizens. As minors are excluded, the concept is frequently described as universal adult suffrage. Many countries make an exception for small numbers of adults that are considered incapable of voting. Other countries also exclude people convicted of crimes or people in jail. In some countries, including the United States, it is very difficult, in any case, where universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not restricted by race, sex, belief, wealth, or social status. The term active suffrage is sometimes used for the right to vote, passive suffrage for the right to run for office, the equivalent term when talking about both genders would then be universal full suffrage, or full universal suffrage. Greece recognized full male suffrage in 1830 and France and Switzerland have continuously done so since the 1848 Revolution, the German Empire implemented full male suffrage in 1871. In 1893, the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote and it did not grant universal full suffrage until 1919. In 1902 Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, however, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals didnt get the right to vote until 1962. It also elected the worlds first female members of parliament the following year, in most countries, universal suffrage followed about a generation after universal male suffrage. Notable exceptions in Europe were France, where women could not vote until 1944, Greece and it is worth noting that countries that took a long time to adopt womens suffrage had previously often been pioneers in granting universal male suffrage. In the first modern democracies, governments restricted the vote to those with property and wealth, in some jurisdictions, other restrictions existed, such as requiring voters to practice a given religion. In all modern democracies, the number of people who could vote has increased progressively with time, in the 19th century in Europe, Great Britain and North America, there were movements advocating universal suffrage. The democratic movement of the late 19th century, unifying liberals and social democrats, particularly in northern Europe, used the slogan Equal, the concept of universal suffrage requires the right to vote to be granted to all its residents. All countries, however, do not allow certain categories of citizens to vote, saudi Arabia was the last major country that did not allow women to vote, but admitted women both to voting and candidacy in the 2015 municipal elections. France, under the 1793 Jacobin constitution, was the first major country to enact suffrage for all adult males, the Second French Republic did institute adult male suffrage after the revolution of 1848. In 1867, Germany enacted suffrage for all adult males, in the United States following the American Civil War, slaves were freed and granted rights of citizens, including suffrage for adult males. Several European nations that had enacted universal suffrage had their legal process, or their status as an independent nation, interrupted during
24.
Swedish general election, 2010
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A general election to the Riksdag, the parliament of Sweden, was held on 19 September 2010. The Alliance received 49.27 percent of the votes and 173 seats in the parliament, the Alliance lost its absolute majority in the parliament but continued to govern as a minority government. The new parliament held its session on 5 October, with Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt presenting the annual government policy statement. This was the first time in almost a century that a Swedish centre-right government that had served a term was reelected. One of the main themes was the Economy of Sweden. The Sweden Democrats stated that it wished to cut political asylum, the parties already represented in the Swedish parliament, along with the Swedish television networks, excluded minor parties from the televised political debates. The excluded minor parties included the Sweden Democrats, the June List, the Feminist Initiative, after the election in September 2006, the Alliance slipped well behind the opposition in the polls. A Sifo poll conducted in February 2008 showed the leading the Alliance by 19. 4%. However, this lead steadily eroded during the half of the Alliances term. The Sweden Democrats were expected to enter the Parliament for the first time, the Sweden Democrats generated controversy before the election. Both the Alliance and the Red-Greens pledged not to support from the SD. A privately owned network, TV4, refused to air a SD campaign video. The SD video portrayed a track-meet, in which the race is for pension funds, in the video, a Swedish pensioner is outrun by burka-clad women with prams. Pia Kjærsgaard, leader of the Danish Peoples Party, claimed that the election reminded her of Eastern Europe, per-Willy Amundsen of the Norwegian Progress Party also criticised the decision as a violation of democratic rules. On 13 September in Gothenburg, about 500 counter-demonstrators prevented the Sweden Democrats from making an election rally. Police used pepper spray to disperse the counter-demonstration, which lacked a permit, on 14 September, the Sweden Democrats cancelled planned rallies in three cities, Eskilstuna, Karlstad, and Uddevalla, because of security concerns. Similarly, concerns about security led to a tour being cancelled on 15 September in Norrköping. It is a problem when such meetings cannot be held, because it is our absolute duty to ensure that the constitutionally guaranteed rights be maintained
25.
Riksdag
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This is a list of Members of the Riksdag, the national parliament of Sweden. The Riksdag is an assembly with 349 Members of Parliament. In the Riksdag, Members are seated per constituency and not party, the following MPs were elected in the Swedish general election,2006 and will serve until the Swedish general election,2010. Members of the center-right Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt, the coalition during this term, are marked in bold. Members of the Riksdag in alphabetical order
26.
Green Party (Sweden)
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The Green Party is a political party in Sweden based upon green politics. Three years later, they dropped back below the 4 percent threshold, but returned to parliament again in 1994, the party is represented nationally by two spokespeople, always one man and one woman. These roles are held by Gustav Fridolin and Isabella Lövin. In the 2014 general election, the Greens received 6. 9% of the vote and 25 seats, the Green Party was the first political party in Sweden to raise the issue of climate change. Fighting climate change is a policy issue for the party. The anti-nuclear movement was a factor in the partys creation. MP Per Bolund clarified in 2010 that the party does not propose shutting down nuclear power reactors today, the party was initially opposed to membership in the European Union, and sought a new referendum on the issue. The partys EU-opposition captured them 17 percent of the votes in the 1995 European Parliament election, the Greens included withdrawal from the EU in their party platform as recently as 2006. This policy was abolished in a September 2008 internal party referendum, however, the party remains somewhat Eurosceptic. The section of the party platform on the subject opens by citing how decentralization and it continues to state that the Greens are warm adherents to international cooperation. We want to see Europe as a part of a world of democracies, where people move freely over borders, the Greens, like many other green parties around the world, do not have a party leader in the traditional sense. The party is represented by two spokespeople, always one male and one female, the current spokespersons are Gustav Fridolin and Isabella Lovin. The spokespeople are elected annually by the party congress, up to a maximum of nine, the party congress, consisting of elected representatives of all of the partys local groups, is the highest decision-making organ in the Green Party. The congress also elects a party secretary, who is an internal, organizational leader for the party, the current party secretary, initially elected by the 2011 party congress, is Anders Wallner. Following attention to comments made by Kaplan in 2009 comparing Israel to Nazi Germany, Kaplan resigned as minister, after his resignation, images emerged of Kaplan and other members of the Green Party displaying hand gestures associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Another controversy ensued as a rising Green-Party star, Yasri Khan and it is often believed that the party is situated on the left on a left-right scale due to its co-operation with the Social Democratic Party. In several municipalities, however, the Greens cooperate with liberal and conservative parties, rather, they place themselves on one end of a scale between sustainability and growth. As of 2006, the party is in opposition in Sweden, in the 2009 European Parliament election, the Greens received 11. 02% and elected 2 MEPs
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Left Party (Sweden)
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The Left Party is a socialist and feminist political party in Sweden on an ecological basis, founded in 1917 following a split from the Swedish Social Democratic Party. The party has had many names throughout its history, in 1917 the partys name was Swedish Social Democratic Left Party. It became the Communist Party of Sweden in 1921, the Left Party – Communists in 1967, since its foundation, the party so far have never been part of a coalition government on the national level. On welfare issues, the party opposes privatizations, moreover, the party is against accession to the European Union and wants Sweden to leave the European Union. It advocates increased public expenditure, and attempted to get Sweden to join the Non-Aligned Movement in 1980, from 1998 to 2006, the Left Party was in a confidence and supply arrangement with the ruling Social Democrats and the Green Party. Until then it also supported the Social Democrats and Greens minority government in the Swedish parliament, the Left Party is a member of the Nordic Green Left Alliance and its single MEP sits in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group. In 1917 revolutionary fervour engulfed Sweden, riots took place in many cities. In Västervik a workers council took control of day-to-day affairs, in Stockholm soldiers marched together with workers on May Day. In the upper-class neighbourhood of Stockholm, Östermalm, residents formed paramilitary structures to defend themselves from an armed revolution. In 1921, in accordance with the 21 theses of the Comintern, Liberal and non-revolutionary elements were purged. They regrouped under the name SSV, in total 6,000 out of 17,000 party members were expelled. In 1924 Zeth Höglund, the leader of the party during the split from the Social Democrats. Höglund was displeased with the developments in Moscow after the death of Vladimir Lenin, around 5,000 party members followed Höglund. On 23–24 January 1926, SKP organized a union conference with delegates representing 80,000 organized workers. In 1927 SKP organized a conference of National Association of the Unemployed, in 1929 a major split, the largest in the history of the party, took place. Nils Flyg, Karl Kilbom, Ture Nerman, all MPs, the expelled were called Kilbommare and those loyal to Comintern were called Sillenare. Out of 17,300 party members,4,000 sided with Sillén, conflicts erupted locally over control of party offices and property. In Stockholm the office of the organ, held by the Kilbommare, was besieged by ComIntern loyalists
28.
Alliance (Sweden)
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The Alliance, formerly the Alliance for Sweden, is a centre-right political alliance in Sweden. The Alliance consists of the four political parties in the Riksdag. The Alliance is co-chaired by every component partys individual leaders, after defeat in 2014, the Moderate Partys parliamentary group leader Anna Kinberg Batra announced to the Riksdag that the political alliance now will operate in opposition. The Alliance consists of the four parties in the Riksdag. The members are, The Moderate Party led by Anna Kinberg Batra since 2015, the Centre Party led by Annie Lööf since 2011, a liberal, former agrarian party currently with 22 of 349 seats in the Riksdag. The Liberals led by Jan Björklund since 2007, a liberal party currently with 19 of 349 seats in the Riksdag, the Christian Democrats led by Ebba Busch Thor since 2015, a Christian democratic party currently with 16 of 349 seats in the Riksdag. Swedish politics had been dominated by the Social Democratic Party for over 70 years and they had been in government for all but nine years since 1932. The opposition parties decided that this was partly because they did not present a clear, at a meeting held in the Centre Party leader Maud Olofssons home in the village of Högfors, the four party leaders decided to form an alliance. The meeting ended on 31 August 2004 with the presentation of a joint declaration outlining the principles under which the four intended to fight the election. A year later a meeting was held at Christian Democrat leader Göran Hägglunds home in Bankeryd, resulting in the affirmation of the alliance. The Centre-right Alliance for Sweden aimed to win a majority of seats in the 2006 Riksdag elections, in order to do this, the member parties decided to issue common policy statements and to have a joint election manifesto. Each individual party still had its own manifesto and policies, the Alliance has policy working groups for six areas, economic policy, education policy, foreign policy, the welfare state, employment and business policy, and policing. An example of this cooperation was the budget proposal that the Alliance parties put forward on 2 October 2005. The core proposal was a tax cut of 49 billion Swedish kronor, each individual party also proposed its own policies in addition. For example, the Liberals want to spend 1bn kronor extra on tertiary education, on 14 June 2006 Alliance for Sweden agreed on a common energy policy. It will apply over the parliamentary term, and includes a promise not to shut down any more nuclear reactors during that period. The proposal is no more reactors are to be built, that the nuclear phase-out law will be repealed. An Alliance government would grant any applications to increase the output of the existing plants
29.
Sweden Democrats
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Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats is a nationalist political party in Sweden that was founded in 1988. The party had its roots in Swedish fascism and was a part of the white supremacy movement in the late-1980s, initially, SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the UK National Front. Since 2005 its party chairman has been Jimmie Åkesson, richard Jomshof has been party secretary since 2015 and Mattias Karlsson has been the parliamentary group leader since 2014. An Anemone hepatica flower has been the official SD logo since 2006, SD is divided into eighteen district party associations, and various local or municipal associations, throughout Sweden. Shortly after expelling SDU, the party formed a new wing called Ungsvenskarna SDU. The party also publishes a magazine, SD-Kuriren, which is distributed to its members, the party first gained sustained attention after the 2006 general election, when it achieved electoral success in many municipal and county council elections. This was particularly noticeable in the counties of Scania and Blekinge, in Malmö, Swedens third-largest city, the party won more than 13% of the total votes, and in Helsingborg, around 15%. Following the 2006 municipal elections and the success in the southern counties of Sweden. Although the partys earliest roots were not in any region, support for it has grown from the south towards the north. In the 2010 general election the Sweden Democrats crossed for the first time the four percent threshold necessary for parliamentary representation and this increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe. The party polled 5. 7% and won 20 parliamentary seats, the Sweden Democrats continued this success in the 2014 general election, polling 12. 9% and winning 49 seats in the Riksdag, a 14% share of the seats. The Sweden Democrats, however, remain isolated in the Riksdag because the parties are staunchly maintaining a policy of refusing cooperation with them. The party had its roots in Swedish fascism and was a part of the white movement, initially. SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the used by the UK National Front. While opinions on the early SD vary, it is agreed that SD has never been a Nazi party. SD received economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front, SD, however, in 1999 left its membership in Euronat to its youth organisation. In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party, before the 2002 election, former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD, citing that the party had gotten rid of its extreme-right elements. In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies, in 2006 the party changed its logo from the torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica, reminiscent of the partys very first, but short-lived, logo
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Pensions
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The terms retirement plan and superannuation tend to refer to a pension granted upon retirement of the individual. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, called retirement plans in the United States, they are commonly known as pension schemes in the United Kingdom and Ireland and superannuation plans in Australia and New Zealand. Retirement pensions are typically in the form of a life annuity. A pension created by an employer for the benefit of an employee is commonly referred to as an occupational or employer pension, labor unions, the government, or other organizations may also fund pensions. Occupational pensions are a form of deferred compensation, usually advantageous to employee, many pensions also contain an additional insurance aspect, since they often will pay benefits to survivors or disabled beneficiaries. Other vehicles may provide a stream of payments. The common use of the pension is to describe the payments a person receives upon retirement. A recipient of a retirement pension is known as a pensioner or retiree, a retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order to receive defined benefits upon retirement and it is a tax deferred savings vehicle that allows for the tax-free accumulation of a fund for later use as a retirement income. Funding can be provided in other ways, such as labor unions, government agencies. Pension plans are therefore a form of deferred compensation, a SSAS is a type of employment-based Pension in the UK. Some countries also grant pensions to military veterans, military pensions are overseen by the government, an example of a standing agency is the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Ad hoc committees may also be formed to investigate specific tasks, Commission on Veterans Pensions in 1955–56. In early 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported the percentage of American private-sector workers who have a pension is 13%. Many countries have created funds for their citizens and residents to provide income when they retire, typically this requires payments throughout the citizens working life in order to qualify for benefits later on. A basic state pension is a contribution based benefit, and depends on an individuals contribution history, for examples, see National Insurance in the UK, or Social Security in the United States of America. Many countries have put in place a social pension. These are regular, tax-funded non-contributory cash transfers paid to older people, over 80 countries have social pensions
31.
Energy development
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Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society. These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, Energy conservation and efficiency measures reduce the effect of energy development, and can have benefits to society with changes in economic cost and with changes in the environmental issues. Contemporary industrial societies use primary and secondary sources for transportation. Also, large populations have various generation and delivery services for energy distribution. This energy is used by people who can afford the cost to live under various climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of energy sources differs across societies, along with the convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution sources. Thousands of people in society are employed in the energy industry, the conventional industry comprises the petroleum industry the gas industry, the electrical power industry the coal industry, and the nuclear power industry. New energy industries include the energy industry, comprising alternative and sustainable manufacture, distribution. Illustrative of this can be the emanations from the sun, which with its nuclear fusion is the most important energy source for the Earth and which provides its energy in the form of radiation. The natural elements of the world exist in forms that can be converted into usable energy and are resources from which society can obtain energy to produce heat, light. According to their nature, the plants can be classified into, Primary, They are found in nature, wind, water, solar, wood, coal, oil. Secondary, Are those obtained from primary sources, electricity. The principle stated by Antoine Lavoisier on the conservation of matter applies to energy development, thus any energy production is actually a recovery transformation of the forms of energy whose origin is that of the universe. This material itself constitutes a form of energy, called mass energy, fossil fuel sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three types of fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied gas, is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes. Fossil energy is from recovered fossils and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and these fossil fuels are based on the carbon cycle and thus allow stored energy to be recycled today
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National security
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The concept developed all in the United States after World War II. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, the variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. The variety of definitions provide an overview of the usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms of security, authorities differ in their choice of nation security elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics, society, environment, energy and natural resources, the elements of national security correlate closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security, military security is traditionally the earliest recognised form of national security. Military security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term military security is considered synonymous with security in much of its usage, diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction between the objects. Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources, economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national security, third world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens. Environmental security deals with issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as threats, many transnational issues, romm classifies these as, Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nations security, in its broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nations security, traditionally defined and these would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional threats to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e. g. Prabhakaran Paleris 2008 definition of a resource is. a support inventory, biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable. for sustaining life at a heightened level of well-being
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