1.
Gothenburg
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Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, the city has a population of approximately 550,000 in the urban area, Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. At a key location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavias largest drainage basin enters the sea. Gothenburg is home to students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927, the original, parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca, Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport,15 km from the city center, was closed to airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia, the Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a variety of music festivals are held in the city, such as Way Out West. The city was named after the Geats, the inhabitants of Gothia, the river on which the city sits is the Göta älv or Gothia River. Göta borg Gothia Fortress is the fort on the Göta Älv, in Dutch, Scots, and English, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is used for the city. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, Gothenburg can also be seen in some older English texts. In Spanish the city is called Gotemburgo and these traditional forms are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, the Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts. Other old variations in Swedish are Götheborgh, and the more common Götheborg, one English text, written in the late 15th century, states the name as Guthaeborg. In 2009, the city launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name Göteborg contains the Swedish letter ö the idea was to make the more international. As of 2015, the name is spelled Go, teborg on a number of signs in the city
2.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
3.
Breaking the Waves
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Breaking the Waves is a 1996 film directed by Lars von Trier and starring Emily Watson. The film is an international co-production led by Lars von Triers Danish company Zentropa and it is the first film in Triers Golden Heart Trilogy which also includes The Idiots and Dancer in the Dark. Breaking the Waves has been described as perhaps von Triers most widely acclaimed film, Bess McNeill is a pretty young Scottish woman with a history of psychological problems. She marries atheist oil rig worker Jan Nyman, despite disapproval from her community, Bess is steadfast and pure of heart, but extremely simple and childlike in her beliefs. During her frequent visits to the church, she prays to God and carries on conversations with Him using her own voice, Bess has difficulty living without Jan when he is away on the oil platform. Jan makes occasional phone calls to Bess in which they express their love, Bess grows needy and prays for his immediate return. The next day, Jan is severely injured in an accident and is flown back to the mainland. Bess believes her prayer was the reason the accident occurred, that God was punishing her for her selfishness in asking for him to neglect his job, no longer able to perform sexually and mentally affected by the paralysis, Jan asks Bess to find a lover. Bess is devastated and storms out, Jan then attempts to commit suicide and fails. He falls unconscious and is readmitted to hospital and he urges Bess to find another lover and tell him the details, as it will be as if they are together and will revitalize his spirits. Despite her repulsion and inner turmoil to be with other men, Bess throws herself at Jans doctor, but when he rebuffs her, she takes to picking up men off the street and allowing herself to be brutalized in increasingly cruel sexual encounters. The entire village is scandalized by these doings, and Bess is excommunicated, in the face of being cast out from her church, she proclaims, You cannot love words. You cannot be in love with the Word and you can only love a human being. Dodo and Jans doctor agree the way to keep Bess safe from herself is to have her committed. The church refuses to give a funeral for her and damns her soul to hell, unbeknownst to the church elders, Jan and his friends have substituted bags of sand for Besss body inside the sealed coffin. Jan is later shown burying her in the ocean, in deep grief, the film ends as church bells ring in the sky. Emily Watson as Bess McNeill Stellan Skarsgård as Jan Nyman Katrin Cartlidge as Dodo McNeill Jean-Marc Barr as Terry Adrian Rawlins as Dr, however the film breaks many of the movements rules, including built sets, post-dubbed music and computer graphics. He wanted to make a film that was also a religious film without any miracles
4.
The Hunt for Red October (film)
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The film is based on Tom Clancys 1984 bestselling novel of the same name. An American CIA analyst correctly deduces his motive and must prove his theory to the U. S. Navy before a violent confrontation between the Soviet and the American navies spirals out of control. The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios Paramount Pictures, Mace Neufeld Productions, and Nina Saxon Film Design, theatrically, it was commercially distributed by Paramount Pictures and by the Paramount Home Entertainment division for home media markets. Following its wide release, the film was nominated for and won a number of accolades. On June 12,1990, the soundtrack, composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris, was released by MCA Records. The film was the first in a series involving the fictional character Jack Ryan, played additionally by Harrison Ford, Ben Affleck, Ramius leaves port to conduct exercises with attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, commanded by his former student Captain Tupolev. Once at sea, Ramius secretly kills political officer Ivan Putin, the next morning, CIA analyst and ex-Marine, Jack Ryan, after consulting with Vice Admiral James Greer, briefs United States government officials on Red October and the threat it poses. Officials in the briefing learn that the bulk of the Soviet Navy has been deployed to sink Red October, Ryan, however, hypothesizes that Ramius instead plans to defect, and leaves to rendezvous with the American attack submarine USS Dallas to prove his theory. Meanwhile, Tupolev, though unable to track Red October, guesses his former mentors route, due to the actions of an unknown saboteur, Red Octobers caterpillar drive fails during risky maneuvers through a narrow undersea canyon. Petty Officer Jones, a sonar technician aboard Dallas, has discovered a way to detect Red October using underwater acoustics, Ryan arranges a hazardous mid-ocean rendezvous to board Dallas, where he attempts to persuade its captain, Commander Bart Mancuso, to contact Ramius and determine his intentions. The Soviet Ambassador informs the U. S. that Ramius is a renegade and that order is sent to the U. S. Fleet, including Dallas, which has found the Soviet submarine. Ryan, however, is convinced that Ramius plans to defect with his officers and convinces Mancuso to contact Ramius, Ramius, stunned that the Americans correctly guessed his plan, accepts. He then stages a nuclear emergency, ordering his crew to abandon ship. After a U. S. frigate is spotted, Ramius submerges, meanwhile, Ryan, Mancuso, and Jones come aboard via a rescue sub, at which point Ramius requests asylum in the United States for himself and his officers. Red October is suddenly attacked by Konovalov, which has tracked them across the Atlantic, as the two Soviet subs maneuver, one of Red Octobers cooks, Loginov, an undercover GRU agent and the secret saboteur, opens fire. He fatally wounds first officer Vasily Borodin before retreating to the nuclear missiles bay, pursued by Ryan, Loginov shoots Ramius, wounding him, but Ryan kills Loginov before he can detonate a missile. Meanwhile, Red October makes evasive maneuvers with a provided by Dallas. Ryan and Ramius, their complete, navigate Red October to the Penobscot River in Maine
5.
Good Will Hunting
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Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film, directed by Gus Van Sant, and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend and himself, facing the significant task of confronting his past, the film received positive reviews and was a financial success. It grossed over US$225 million during its run with only a modest $10 million budget. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, after Williams death in 2014, it was ranked at number 53 in The Hollywood Reporters 100 Favorite Films list. When Professor Gerald Lambeau posts a difficult problem as a challenge for his graduate students, Will solves the problem anonymously. As a challenge to the genius, Lambeau posts an even more difficult problem. Will solves the problem, but then flees the scene when Lambeau catches him, at the bar, Will meets Skylar, a British student about to graduate from Harvard, who plans on attending medical school at Stanford. The next day, as Will and his friends fight a gang at the court, police arrive. Lambeau visits his court appearance and notices Wills intellect in defending himself and he arranges for him to forgo jail time if he agrees to study mathematics under Lambeaus supervision and participate in therapy sessions. Will tentatively agrees, but treats his first few therapists with mockery, in desperation, Lambeau calls on Dr. Sean Maguire, his estranged college roommate, who now teaches psychology at Bunker Hill Community College. Unlike other therapists, Sean actually challenges Wills defense mechanisms, and after a few unproductive sessions, Will begins to open up. Will is particularly struck by Seans story of how he met his wife by giving up his ticket to the game six of the 1975 World Series. Sean neither regrets his decision, nor does he regret the final years of his marriage and this encourages Will to build a relationship with Skylar, though he lies to her about his past and is reluctant to introduce her to his friends or show her his rundown neighborhood. Will also challenges Sean to take a look at his own life. Skylar asks Will to move to California with her, but he refuses and tells her he is an orphan, will breaks up with Skylar and later storms out on Lambeau, dismissing the mathematical research he has been doing. Sean points out that Will is so adept at anticipating future failure in his relationships that he deliberately sabotages them in order to avoid emotional pain. Chuckie tells Will that he disapproves of Will laying bricks for a living like the rest of his friends, will walks in on a heated argument between Sean and Lambeau over his potential. Sean and Will share and find out that they were victims of child abuse
6.
Bootstrap Bill Turner
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This is a list of characters appearing in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Captain Jack Sparrow is the protagonist of the series, portrayed by Johnny Depp. First introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl, he appears in the sequels Dead Mans Chest, At Worlds End, On Stranger Tides. Depp based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and he insists on being introduced as Captain Jack Sparrow. In the first film, Sparrow is the captain of the Black Pearl. After a mutiny by his first mate Hector Barbossa, he is left to die on an island, though Barbossa and his crew are immortal as a result of a curse, Sparrow craves revenge. With the help of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann, he lifts the curse, in Dead Mans Chest, it is revealed that Sparrow once made a deal with Davy Jones. Jones raised the Black Pearl from the sea in exchange for a guarantee of service as a crewman on the Flying Dutchman, when Jones attempts to collect on the bargain, Sparrow flees. He attempts to find the Dead Mans Chest, which contains Joness heart, at the end of the film, Sparrow is betrayed by Elizabeth Swann and dragged to Davy Joness Locker by the Kraken. In the third film, it is revealed that Sparrow is one of the members of the Brethren Court, Calypso, a sea goddess, needs all nine Pirate Lords to free her from a curse laid upon her by the original Brethren Court. She resurrects Barbossa, who is one of the Pirate Lords. Through a complex series of negotiations and betrayals, Jack schemes to kill Davy Jones, after Will Turner is mortally wounded, Sparrow allows him to kill Jones, thus sacrificing his chance at immortality in order to save his friend. At the end of the film, Barbossa once again commandeers the Black Pearl, in the fourth film, Jack seeks out the Fountain of Youth and becomes reacquainted with his love interest Angelica. She takes him aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, captained by Blackbeard, Barbossa, who has lost both his leg and the Pearl to Blackbeard, works with Jack to reach the Fountain. Though the Fountain is destroyed before he can achieve immortality, Jack kills Blackbeard by tricking him into sacrificing his life as part of the Fountains magical ritual. Jack will appear in Dead Men Tell No Tales, where he will be pursued by Armando Salazar, Sparrow is seeking the Trident of Poseidon, which gives its wielder control of the seas. The character has appeared in numerous video games, such as The Legend of Jack Sparrow. Elizabeth Swann appears in the first three films in the series and is the lady of the series, portrayed by Keira Knightley
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Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
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Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, following The Curse of the Black Pearl. It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Sparrow discovers his debt to Davy Jones is due. Two sequels to Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica and it was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. Dead Mans Chest was released in the United States on July 7,2006, the film received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and won the Academy Award for Visual Effects. Norringtons whereabouts are uncertain, as he resigned after his obsessive pursuit of Sparrow resulted in the Navys flagship, HMS Dauntless, Elizabeth is imprisoned and Jack reunites with Will’s father Bootstrap Bill, on the Black Pearl. Bootstrap reveals he is a crewman on the Flying Dutchman, captained by Davy Jones, Jack must join Jones crew or be dragged to Davy Jones Locker by the monstrous Kraken. Beckett promises to free Elizabeth if Will tracks down Jack and brings Beckett Jacks magic compass which points to whatever the holder wants most, will eventually finds Jacks crew on an island ruled by cannibals, who worship Jack as a god, from which they escape. Shortly after, Governor Swann tries to escape Port Royal with Elizabeth but is captured, Elizabeth negotiates with Beckett to let her escape to find the compass herself, and she hides aboard a Scottish merchant vessel, the Edinburgh Trader. The pirates meet voodoo priestess Tia Dalma, who tells them Jones’ weakness is his heart, locating the Dutchman, Will is shanghaied into service while Jones sends Jack to bring him one-hundred souls so his blood debt can be paid. On the Dutchman, Will meets his father, and learns that the key is in Jones possession. After playing a game of liars dice against Davy Jones, Bootstrap helps Will escape with the key, in Tortuga, Jack hires a new crew, including Elizabeth, and Norrington, now a drunk. In the chaos, Jack obtains Jones heart and hides it in a jar of dirt, Jack manages to break free, but is dragged with the Pearl down to the bottom of the sea by the Kraken. Jones discovers that his heart was stolen and lost. The Pearl’s crew take shelter with Tia Dalma, where they all agree to rescue Jack, Tia Dalma introduces the captain that will guide them, the resurrected Captain Barbossa. In a post-credits scene, the tribe now worships a dog in replacement of Jack. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swanns embrace at the end of the first film and they settled on introducing Davy Jones, the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken. They also introduced the historical East India Trading Company, who for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of freedom represented by pirates
8.
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
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Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film and the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Gore Verbinski and it was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Mans Chest. The film was released in English-speaking countries on May 25,2007, the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. At Worlds End was a box office hit, becoming the most successful film of 2007, with over $960 million worldwide. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass, respectively. A fourth installment, On Stranger Tides, the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released in cinemas on May 20,2011. With a production budget of $300 million, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End was the most expensive ever made at the time of its release. To control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas, condemned prisoners sing Hoist the Colours to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court. Traveling to Singapore, the crew meet Captain Sao Feng, who owns navigational charts to the Locker, Becketts soldiers invade, but the crew escape. Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng, the crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack. They find themselves trapped, encountering dead souls, including Elizabeths father Governor Swann and they learn the Dutchman must always have a captain. Returning to the world, the Pearl is attacked by Sao Feng. Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover and he plans to release her to defeat Beckett. Davy Jones attacks Fengs ship, but Feng appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying, admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman, but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill. The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso, Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearls brig, revealing she is Calypso, and they promise to be together again. Jacks father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code, informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide, to avoid a stalemate, Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth, making her King. The Brethren Court and Becketts fleets emerge for war, Barbossa frees Calypso, but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her, Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom. The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom, Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack
9.
Mamma Mia! (film)
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Meryl Streep heads the cast, playing the role of single mother Donna Sheridan. Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, and Stellan Skarsgård play the three possible fathers to Donnas daughter, Sophie, Mamma Mia. received mixed reviews from critics and earned $609.8 million on a $52 million budget. On a Greek island called Kalokairi, bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan posts three wedding invitations to different men, Sophies bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, arrive. Sophie reveals that she found her mothers diary and has three fathers, Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson. As Sophie wants her father to give her away, she invited them without telling her mother, Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room and explains that she sent the invitations and she begs them to hide so Donna will have a surprise at the wedding, seeing the old friends of whom she so often favourably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal her secret, Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, and demands that they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she is uncertain which of the men is Sophies father, Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with the female staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bills yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is nabbed for his bachelor party, at Sophies bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform as Donna and The Dynamos. The festivities are interrupted by the arrival of Sam, Bill, Sophie decides to talk with each of her prospective fathers alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money to invest in her villa from his great-aunt Sofia, Sophie guesses she must be Sofias namesake and Bill is her father. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret from Donna until the wedding, Sophies happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each tell her they must be her father and will give her away. Sophie cannot tell them the truth and, overwhelmed by the consequences of her actions, in the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry are about to confide in each other, but are interrupted by Rosie, Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mothers mistakes, Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other, Tanya and young Pepper continue their flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help and he reacts angrily to Sophies deception and she turns to her mother for support
10.
Angels & Demons (film)
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Angels & Demons is a 2009 American mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by Akiva Goldsman and David Koepp, based on Dan Browns novel of the same name. It is the sequel to the 2006 film The Da Vinci Code, also directed by Howard, the novel was published first and The Da Vinci Code novel followed it. Filming took place in Rome, Italy, and the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, tom Hanks reprises his role as Professor Robert Langdon. Producer Brian Grazer, composer Hans Zimmer and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman also return, the film grossed $485 million worldwide. A sequel, titled Inferno, was released on October 28,2016, almost immediately, Father Silvano is killed and one of the vials of antimatter goes missing. At the same time, the Roman Catholic Church is mourning the death of Pope Pius XVI in Rome. The Camerlengo, Father Patrick McKenna, assumes control of the Vatican. Before the conclave enters seclusion, four of the preferiti are kidnapped by a man claiming to represent the Illuminati. In a video message, he threatens to one candidate every hour starting at 8pm and to destroy all of Vatican City at midnight. The Vatican summons symbologist Robert Langdon from Harvard University and Vetra to help save the four preferiti. Over the objections of Commander Maximilian Richter, head of the Swiss Guard and he examines Galileo Galileis banned book with Vetra. There they find Cardinal Ebner dead, suffocated with soil and branded with an ambigrammatic word Earth and they verify the second location is the crowded Saint Peters Square and arrive just as a bloody Cardinal Lamassé emerges with his chest branded with Air. Vetra unsuccessfully attempts to perform CPR on him, only to discover his lungs had been punctured, a gunfight erupts between the assassin and the officers, with Olivetti and Vincenzi being killed in the process. Langdon manages to escape, but not before being spotted by the assassin, Langdon convinces two Carabinieri officers to take him to the next location and the trio race to the Water altar, the Fountain of the Four Rivers, just as the assassin arrives in a van. The assassin murders the officers and drops a bound and weighted Cardinal Baggia into the fountain before bidding farewell to Langdon, with the help of bystanders, Langdon rescues the cardinal, who tells him the Illuminatis lair is Castel SantAngelo. There, Langdon and Vetra discover a hidden passageway leading to the Vatican, discovering a case with marks for five branding irons, they realize the fifth brand is for the Camerlengo but are confronted by the assassin before they can alert McKenna. The assassin spares their lives once more, stating killing them is not a part of his mission unless they pursue him and he then cryptically warns them to be careful as his contractors are men of God before departing. He escapes to a car left for him by his contractor, Langdon and Vetra rush back to the Vatican where they find Commander Richter hovering over McKenna with a gun, the Vatican symbol branded into McKennas chest
11.
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)
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The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 Swedish-American psychological thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Stieg Larsson. This film adaptation was directed by David Fincher and written by Steven Zaillian, starring Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara, it tells the story of journalist Mikael Blomkvist s investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of computer hacker Lisbeth Salander, Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009. It took the company a few months to obtain the rights to the novel, while recruiting Zaillian, the casting process for the lead roles was exhaustive and intense, Craig faced scheduling conflicts, and a number of actresses were sought for the role of Lisbeth Salander. The script took six months to write, which included three months of analyzing the novel. Pre-release screenings occurred in London, New York City, and Stockholm, Critics gave the film favorable reviews, praising its bleak tone and lauding Mara and Craigs performances. With a production budget of $90 million, the film grossed $232.6 million over its theatrical run. In addition to being included in several publications best-of lists, the film was a candidate for numerous awards, in Stockholm, Sweden, journalist Mikael Blomkvist, co-owner of Millennium magazine, has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström. Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger, who has a special task for him. In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström, Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henriks grandniece, after moving to the Vanger familys compound, Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher. Salander, who is under legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency, is appointed a new guardian, lawyer Nils Bjurman. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her, not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag. At their next meeting she stuns him with a gun, rapes him with a dildo. Threatening to disclose the video recording, she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report, Blomkvists daughter Pernilla visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references. Blomkvist tells Vangers lawyer, Dirch Frode, that he help with his research. Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebooks content and she uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967, with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names, many of the Vangers are known antisemites. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers, Henriks openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin, Harriets brother and operational head of the Vanger empire, and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect. Salanders research uncovers evidence that Martin and his father, Gottfried, committed the murders
12.
Erik Selvig
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Erik Selvig is a character portrayed by Stellan Skarsgård in the films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. An astrophysicist who becomes involved with the alien Thor and the government organization S. H. I. E. L. D and he first appeared in the 2011 film Thor. Skarsgård went on to reprise the role in The Avengers, Thor, The Dark World, to tie into these appearances, the character is seen in several MCU tie-in comics. The character also appears in other media, including comics published by Marvel Comics. In Thor, astrophysicist Erik Selvig works with Jane Foster, the daughter of a colleague of his. They become involved in an encounter between Thor and S. H. I. E. L. D, leading to his employment by the latter to study the Tesseract—he accepts the job due to influence by Loki. In The Avengers, Loki uses the Tesseract to travel to Earth, Selvig is eventually freed of this control and able to help stop Lokis invasion of Earth, but is left near insane by his experience. Selvig is able to help Thor again in Thor, The Dark World, after the defeat of Ultron, Selvig begins working for the Avengers. Selvig appears in the MCU tie-in comics The Avengers Prelude, Furys Big Week and Thor, in October 2009, Stellan Skarsgård joined the cast of Thor, which was written by Ashley Edward Miller, Zack Stentz, and Don Payne, Skarsgård signed a five-film deal with Marvel. His character Erik Selvig appears in the scene at the end of Thor. This set up Selvigs role in that film, in the video game Lego Marvel Super Heroes, Selvig is mentioned by S. H. I. E. L. D. Deputy Director Maria Hill in the prelude to a level within the game. Dr. Selvig appears as a character in the 2016 video game Lego Marvels Avengers. Storyline that ran in the books published by Marvel Comics. He is a Danish doctor and undercover Hydra Agent within S. H. I. E. L. D, who is positioned in the gated community of Pleasant Hill. He and Baron Zemo are teleported to the Himalayas by Kobik
13.
Marvel Cinematic Universe
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The franchise has expanded to include comic books, short films, television series and digital series. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, clark Gregg has appeared the most in the franchise, portraying Phil Coulson, a character original to the MCU. The first film released in the MCU was Iron Man, which began the first phase of films culminating in the crossover film Marvels The Avengers, Phase Two began with Iron Man 3, and concluded with Ant-Man. The films are currently in Phase Three, which began with the release of Captain America, Marvel Television expanded the universe further, first to network television with Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Marvel Television has also produced the digital series Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D, slingshot, which is a supplement to Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. Soundtrack albums have been released for all of the films, along many of television series. It has inspired film and television studios with comic book character adaptation rights to attempt to create similar shared universes. By 2005, Marvel Entertainment began planning to produce its own films. Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing deals with other studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution. Avi Arad, head of Marvels film division, was pleased with Sam Raimis Spider-Man films at Sony, as a result, they decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywoods first major independent movie studio since DreamWorks. Feige, a self-professed fanboy, envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee, to raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvels plan was to release films for their main characters. Arad, who doubted the strategy yet insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial financing, in 2007, at 33 years old, Feige was named studio chief. Feige initially referred to the narrative continuity of these films as the Marvel Cinema Universe. Marvel has designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of the companys multiverse, while not always the case, as evident by the 2013 releases of Iron Man 3 and Thor, The Dark World, he said it is certainly something to aim for. Feige expanded on this in July 2014, saying, I dont know that well keep to every year, wed rather find a way to keep that going. After the titles were revealed in October 2014, Feige said, which made us comfortable for the first time. To increase to three films a year instead of just two, without changing our methods, just like comic readers have been doing for decades and decades
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Thor (film)
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Thor is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film sees Thor, the prince of Asgard, banished to Earth. As his brother, Loki, plots to take the throne for himself, Thor must prove himself worthy, sam Raimi first developed the concept of a film adaptation of Thor in 1991, but soon abandoned the project, leaving it in development hell for several years. Matthew Vaughn was originally assigned to direct the film for a tentative 2010 release, however, after Vaughn was released from his holding deal in 2008, Branagh was approached and the films release was rescheduled into 2011. The main characters were cast in 2009, and principal photography took place in California, the film was converted to 3D in post-production. Thor premiered on April 17,2011, in Sydney, Australia and was released on May 6,2011, the film was a financial success and received positive reviews from film critics. The DVD and Blu-ray sets were released on September 13,2011, a sequel, Thor, The Dark World, was released on November 8,2013. A third film, Thor, Ragnarok is set to be released on November 3,2017. In 965 AD, Odin, king of Asgard, wages war against the Frost Giants of Jotunheim and their leader Laufey, to prevent them from conquering the nine realms, starting with Earth. The Asgardian warriors defeat the Frost Giants and seize the source of their power, in the present, Odins son Thor prepares to ascend to the throne of Asgard, but is interrupted when Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket. Against Odins order, Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Laufey, accompanied by his brother Loki, childhood friend Sif and the Warriors Three, Volstagg, Fandral, a battle ensues until Odin intervenes to save the Asgardians, destroying the fragile truce between the two races. Thor lands in New Mexico, where astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster, her assistant Darcy Lewis, the local populace finds Mjolnir, which S. H. I. E. L. D. Agent Phil Coulson soon commandeers before forcibly acquiring Janes data about the wormhole that delivered Thor to Earth, Thor, having discovered Mjolnirs nearby location, seeks to retrieve it from the facility that S. H. I. E. L. D. Quickly constructed but he finds himself unable to lift it, and is captured, with Selvigs help, he is freed and resigns himself to exile on Earth as he develops a romance with Jane. Loki discovers that he is actually Laufeys son, adopted by Odin after the war ended, a weary Odin falls into the deep Odinsleep to recover his strength. Loki seizes the throne in Odins stead and offers Laufey the chance to kill Odin, aware of their plan, Loki sends the Destroyer, a seemingly indestructible automaton, to pursue them and kill Thor. The warriors find Thor, but the Destroyer attacks and defeats them, struck by the Destroyer and near death, Thors sacrifice proves him worthy to wield Mjolnir
15.
The Avengers (2012 film)
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In the film, Nick Fury, director of the peacekeeping organization S. H. I. E. L. D. Recruits Iron Man, Captain America, the Hulk, and Thor to form a team that must stop Thors brother Loki from subjugating Earth, the films development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005. After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008, with the signing of Johansson in March 2009, the film was pushed back for a 2012 release. Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the screenplay by Zak Penn. Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, before moving to Cleveland, Ohio, in August, the film was converted to 3D in post-production. The Avengers premiered on April 11,2012, at Hollywoods El Capitan Theatre and was released theatrically in the United States on May 4,2012. The film received reviews from critics, as well as numerous awards and nominations including Academy Award. It has set or tied numerous box office records, including the biggest opening weekend in North America, the Avengers grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide, and became the third-highest-grossing film during its theatrical run—as well as the first Marvel production to generate $1 billion in ticket sales. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on September 25,2012, the Asgardian Loki encounters the Other, the leader of an extraterrestrial race known as the Chitauri. In exchange for retrieving the Tesseract,2 a powerful source of unknown potential. Agent Phil Coulson explains that the object has begun radiating an unusual form of energy, the Tesseract suddenly activates and opens a wormhole, allowing Loki to reach Earth. Loki takes the Tesseract and uses his scepter to enslave Selvig, in response to the attack, Fury reactivates the Avengers Initiative. Agent Natasha Romanoff is sent to Calcutta to recruit Dr. Bruce Banner to trace the Tesseract through its gamma radiation emissions, Coulson visits Tony Stark to have him review Selvigs research, and Fury approaches Steve Rogers with an assignment to retrieve the Tesseract. While Loki is being escorted to S. H. I. E. L. D, Thor, his adoptive brother, arrives and frees him, hoping to convince him to abandon his plan and return to Asgard. After a confrontation with Stark and Rogers, Thor agrees to take Loki to S. H. I. E. L. D. s flying aircraft carrier, there Loki is imprisoned while Banner and Stark attempt to locate the Tesseract. The Avengers become divided, both over how to approach Loki and the revelation that S. H. I. E. L. D, plans to harness the Tesseract to develop weapons as a deterrent against hostile extraterrestrials. As the group argues, Barton and Lokis other possessed agents attack the Helicarrier, disabling its engines in flight, Stark and Rogers try to restart the damaged engine, and Thor attempts to stop the Hulks rampage. Romanoff fights Barton, and knocks him unconscious, breaking Lokis mind control, Loki escapes after killing Coulson and ejecting Thor from the airship, while the Hulk falls to the ground after attacking a S. H. I. E. L. D
16.
Thor: The Dark World
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Thor, The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011s Thor and the film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was directed by Alan Taylor, with a screenplay by Christopher Yost, in Thor, The Dark World, Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith, who intends to plunge the universe into darkness. Development of Thor, The Dark World began in April 2011, in July 2011, Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor, withdrew from the project. Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012, the supporting cast filled out in August 2012, with the hiring of Eccleston, Dennings, and Akinnuoye-Agbaje. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey, England with filming continuing in Iceland and London, Thor, The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production. Thor, The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22,2013 and it was released internationally on October 30,2013, and on November 8,2013, in the United States. The film received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success, a third film, Thor, Ragnarok, is set for release on November 3,2017. Eons ago, Bor, father of Odin, clashes with the Dark Elf Malekith, after conquering Malekiths forces, including enhanced warriors called the Kursed, on their home world of Svartalfheim, Bor safeguards the Aether within a stone column. Unbeknownst to Bor, Malekith, his lieutenant Algrim, and a handful of Dark Elves escape into suspended animation. In London, astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster and her intern Darcy Lewis travel to a factory where such portals have appeared. Separating from the group, Jane is teleported to another world, Heimdall alerts Thor that Jane has moved beyond his near all-seeing vision, leading Thor to Earth. When Thor finds Jane, she releases an unearthly force. Odin, recognizing the Aether, warns that the Aether will not only kill Jane, Malekith, awakened by the Aethers release, turns Algrim into a Kursed and attacks Asgard. During the battle, Malekith and Algrim search for Jane, sensing that she contains the Aether, Thors mother Frigga is killed protecting Jane, and Malekith and Algrim are forced to flee without Jane. In return, Thor promises Loki vengeance on Malekith for killing their mother, with Volstagg and Sif stalling Asgardian soldiers and Fandral assisting their escape, Thor, Loki, and Jane head to Svartalfheim. There, Loki tricks Malekith into drawing the Aether out of Jane, Malekith merges with the Aether and leaves in his ship as Loki is fatally wounded while killing Algrim. Thor, cradling Loki in his arms, promises to tell their father of his sacrifice and they learn that Malekith plans to restore the Dark Elves to dominance by unleashing the Aether at the center of the Convergence in Greenwich
17.
Avengers: Age of Ultron
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Avengers, Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012s The Avengers and the film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. Jackson, in Avengers, Age of Ultron, the Avengers fight Ultron, an artificial intelligence obsessed with causing human extinction. The sequel was announced in May 2012, after the release of The Avengers. Whedon, the director of the first film, was back on board in August. By April 2013, Whedon had completed a draft of the script, second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, with additional footage filmed in Italy, South Korea, Bangladesh, New York City. While in post production, the film was converted to 3D, Avengers, Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13,2015, and was released on May 1,2015, in North America, in 3D and IMAX 3D. The film received reviews from critics and grossed over $1.4 billion worldwide, making it the seventh-highest-grossing film in history. A sequel, Avengers, Infinity War, is scheduled to be released on May 4,2018, Stark and Banner discover an artificial intelligence within the scepters gem, and secretly use it to complete Starks Ultron global defense program. The unexpectedly sentient Ultron, believing he must eradicate humanity to save Earth, J. A. R. V. I. S. and attacks the Avengers at their headquarters. Escaping with the scepter, Ultron uses the resources in Struckers Sokovia base to upgrade his rudimentary body and build an army of robot drones. Having killed Strucker, he recruits the Maximoffs, who hold Stark responsible for their parents deaths by his weapons, and go to the base of arms dealer Ulysses Klaue to obtain Wakandan vibranium. Thor departs to consult with Dr. Erik Selvig on the meaning of the future he saw in his hallucination, while Romanoff. However, Nick Fury arrives and encourages the team to form a plan to stop Ultron, in Seoul, Ultron forces the teams friend Dr. Helen Cho to use her synthetic-tissue technology, together with vibranium and the scepters gem, to perfect a new body for him. As Ultron uploads himself into the body, Wanda is able to read his mind, discovering his plan for human extinction, Rogers, Romanoff, and Barton find Ultron and retrieve the synthetic body, but Ultron captures Romanoff. The Avengers fight amongst themselves when Stark secretly uploads J. A. R. V. I. S, – who is still operational after hiding from Ultron inside the Internet – into the synthetic body. Thor returns to help activate the body, explaining that the gem on its brow – one of the six Infinity Stones, Banner rescues Romanoff, who awakens the Hulk for the battle
18.
Cinderella (2015 Disney film)
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Cinderella is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz. The film is based on the folk tale and inspired in part by Walt Disneys 1950 animated film. The film stars Lily James as the character with Richard Madden, Cate Blanchett, Stellan Skarsgård, Holliday Grainger, Derek Jacobi. It is produced by David Barron, Simon Kinberg and Allison Shearmur for Walt Disney Pictures, Cinderella had its world premiere on February 13,2015, at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival and was released in theaters on March 13,2015. It grossed over $543 million worldwide, becoming Branaghs highest-grossing film to date, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design at the 88th Academy Awards. Ella is born to loving parents on an estate in a peaceful kingdom. Since childhood, she is taught by her mother to believe in magic, encouraging her to befriend animals, One day, Ellas mother falls terminally ill. On her deathbed, she advises Ella to always face lifes difficulties with courage, some years later, Ellas father remarries again with Lady Tremaine, a widow, who has two daughters of her own, Drisella and Anastasia. When Ellas father goes abroad for business, Lady Tremaine slowly reveals her cruel, Ellas life takes a turn for the worst when her father dies, causing Lady Tremaine to dismiss the household to save money and forcing all the chores on Ella. They abuse her further, not letting her eat properly, crushed by their cruelty, Ella rides off into the woods, where she meets Kit, who is part of a hunting party. Not knowing Kit is actually the prince to the kingdom, Ella admonishes him for hunting a stag. Kit is enchanted by Ellas kindness and outlook on life, the King, upon learning he has little time left, insists Kit take a bride, who should be a princess for the advantage of the kingdom. Kit persuades his father to invite every eligible maiden in the land to the ball in hopes of seeing Ella. When the ball is announced, the Tremaines are ecstatic at the prospect of marrying into royalty, Ella is also excited to attend the ball for the chance to see Kit, and fixes up her mothers old pink dress. On the night of the ball, Ella tries to join her stepfamily, an old beggar woman reveals herself to be Ellas fairy godmother. To help Ella attend the ball, the fairy godmother magically conjures a carriage and she casts a spell to prevent Ellas stepfamily from recognizing her, but warns that the magic will break at midnight. At the ball, Ella wins the coveted first dance with Kit, Kit shows Ella his secret garden. When midnight approaches, Ella flees and accidentally drops one of her glass slippers, at home, Ella hides the one glass slipper she has as a keepsake, content that her one night will become a beautiful memory
19.
Helsingborg
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Helsingborg is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania, Sweden. It had 132,989 inhabitants in 2013, Helsingborg is the centre of the northern part of western Scania. This makes Helsingborg the fourth largest population area in Sweden, the city is also Swedens closest point to Denmark, with the Danish city Helsingør clearly visible on the other side of the Øresund about 4 km to the west, closer than to the citys own remoter areas. If including all population around the part of Øresund, as a Helsingborg-Helsingør metropolitan area. The busy ferry route, known as the HH Ferry route has through history been operated by shipping lines. As of 2014 more than 70 car ferries departures from each harbour every day, following the Swedish orthography reform of 1906 many place names in Sweden got a modernized spelling. In 1912 it was decided to use the form Hälsingborg, in preparation for the local government reform 1971 the Hälsingborg city council proposed that the new, enlarged municipality should be spelled with an e. This was also the decision of the Government of Sweden, effective from 1 January 1971, historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress in the city centre, the streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden. Helsingborg is one of the oldest cities of what is now Sweden and it has been the site of permanent settlement officially since 21 May 1085. Helsingborgs geographical position at the narrowest part of Øresund made it important for Denmark. From 1429 Eric of Pomerania introduced the Øresundstolden, a levy on all trading vessels passing through the sound between Elsinore and Helsingborg and this was one of the main incomes for the Danish Crown. Crossing traffic, like fishermen, was not subject to the tax, the Sound Dues primarily made Helsingør flourish, but quite a bit spilled over to Helsingborg. Evidence of this is William Shakespeares masterpiece Hamlet, which unfolda at Kronborg, and the Prince of Denmark may well have hidden himself from his evil uncle in Helsingborg. In any case, the Renaissance was a period for the Kingdom of Denmark. But towards the middle of the 17th Century, dark clouds appeared from the North, following the Dano-Swedish War and the Treaty of Roskilde Denmark had to give up all territory on the southern Scandinavian peninsula, and Helsingborg became submitted to new rulers. King Charles X Gustav of Sweden landed here on 5 March 1658 to take possession of the Scanian lands and was met by a delegation led by the bishop of the Diocese of Lund
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Kalmar
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Kalmar is a city in the southeast of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 36,392 inhabitants in 2010 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality and it is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 236,399 inhabitants. From the thirteenth to the centuries, Kalmar was one of Swedens most important cities. Between 1602 and 1913 it was the see of Kalmar Diocese, with a bishop. It became a city, with the Kalmar Castle as the center. After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Kalmars importance diminished, the city is home to parts of Linnaeus University. Kalmar is adjacent to the route to the island of Öland over the Öland Bridge. The area around Kalmar has been inhabited since ancient times, excavations have found traces of stone age gravefields. The oldest evidence for there being a town are however from the 11th century, according to a medieval folk tale, the Norwegian king Saint Olav had his ships moved to Kalmar. The oldest city seal of Kalmar is from somewhere between 1255 and 1267, making it the oldest known city seal in Scandinavia, in the 12th century the first foundations of a castle were established, with the construction of a round tower for guard and lookout. Kalmars strategic location, near the Danish border, and its harbour and trade, also involved it in several feuds. In the 1540s, first King Gustav Vasa, and later his sons Erik XIV of Sweden, Kalmar became a diocese in 1603, a position it held until 1915. In 1634, Kalmar County was founded, with Kalmar as the natural capital, in 1660, the Kalmar Cathedral was begun by drawings of Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. It would be inaugurated in 1703, in 1611–1613, it suffered in the Kalmar War, which began with a Danish siege of Kalmar Castle. 1611 is mentioned as the darkest year of Kalmars history, but by no means the only dark year, the last was during the Scanian War in the 1670s, so there have been 22 sieges altogether, however the castle was never taken. After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, the importance of Kalmar gradually diminished as the borders were redrawn further south. In 1689, the King established his main naval base further south in Karlskrona, the new city of Kalmar built on Kvarnholmen around the mid-1600s. The transfer from the old town was largely completed 1658th The new, according to this pattern were placed church and town hall across from each other at a major square Stortorget Kalmar
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Uppsala
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Uppsala is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. It had 149,245 inhabitants in 2015, located 71 km north of the capital Stockholm, it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality. Since 1164, Uppsala has been the centre of Sweden. Uppsala is home to Scandinavias largest cathedral – Uppsala Cathedral, founded in 1477, Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia. Among many achievements, the Celsius scale for temperature was invented there, Uppsala was originally located a few kilometres north of its current location at a place now known as Gamla Uppsala. Todays Uppsala was then called Östra Aros, Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main pagan centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Norse gods. The Fyrisvellir plains along the south of Old Uppsala, in the area where the modern city is situated today, was the site of the Battle of Fyrisvellir in the 980s. The present-day Uppsala was at that time known as Östra Aros and was a town of Gamla Uppsala. In 1160, King Eric Jedvardsson was attacked and killed outside the church of Östra Aros, the cathedral is built in the Gothic style and is one of the largest in northern Europe, with towers reaching 118.70 metres. Uppsala is also the site of the 16th century Uppsala Castle, the city was severely damaged by a fire in 1702. The arms bearing the lion can be traced to 1737 and have been modernised several times, the meaning of the lion is uncertain but is likely connected to the royal lion, also depicted on the Coat of Arms of Sweden. Situated on the fertile Uppsala flatlands of muddy soil, the city features the small Fyris River flowing through the landscape surrounded by lush vegetation. Parallel to the runs the glacial ridge of Uppsalaåsen at an elevation of circa 30 metres. The central park Stadsskogen stretches from the south far into town, only some 70 kilometres or 40 minutes by train from the capital, many Uppsala residents work in Stockholm. The train to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport takes only 17 minutes, rendering the city accessible by air. The commercial centre of Uppsala is quite compact, during recent decades, a significant part of retail commercial activity has shifted to shopping malls and stores situated in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, the areas have expanded greatly, and some suburbanization has taken place. Uppsala lies on the 59th parallel north and has a continental climate, with cold winters
22.
Cinema of Sweden
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Swedish cinema is known for including many acclaimed movies, during the 20th century the industry was the most prominent of Scandinavia. This is largely due to the popularity and prominence of directors Victor Sjöström and Ingmar Bergman, Swedish filmmaking rose to international prominence when Svenska Biografteatern moved from Kristianstad to Lidingö in 1911. Sjöströms most respected films often made use of the Swedish landscape and developed moving studies of character. Stiller fostered the early popularity of Greta Garbo, particularly through the Gösta Berlings saga, in the mid-twenties both of these directors and Garbo moved to the United States to work for MGM, bringing Swedish influence to Hollywood. The departure left a vacuum in Swedish cinema, which went into a financial crisis. Both directors later returned to Sweden, but Stiller died soon after his return while Sjöström returned to work for most of the remainder of his career. Some provincial comedies emerged, created for the local market, during World War II Swedish cinema gained artistically, mainly due to the directors Gustaf Molander, Alf Sjöberg, Hasse Ekman, Anders Henrikson and Hampe Faustman. Cinema had to perform the task of defence during the war. The most famous and influential Swedish filmmaker, Ingmar Bergman, rose to prominence in the fifties and he began making films in the mid-forties, and in 1955, he made Smiles of a Summer Night, which brought him international attention. A year later, he one of his most famous films. In the 1960s, Bergman won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for two years, with The Virgin Spring in 1960 and Through a Glass Darkly in 1961. He won the award again in 1983, for the early twentieth-century family drama Fanny, the film lost to The Sting, and oddly enough, it was not nominated in the Foreign Language Film category. It also gave Bergman the first of three nominations for Best Director, Ingmar Bergman also won no less than four Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Working closely with Bergman, cinematographer Sven Nykvist can be said to have had a impact on the visual aspect of Swedish cinema. Twice the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, for Cries and Whispers and Fanny and Alexander and he also directed The Ox, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992. After some cutting, it was released in 1964, sjöman went on to cause even wider controversy, depicting sexual intercourse in his 1967 film I Am Curious. In the United States the film was considered pornography and seized by the customs, most probably, it was also instrumental in establishing a view of Swedish cinema – and perhaps even Swedes in general – as having a liberal attitude towards sexuality. Another Swedish postwar filmmaker of note is Bo Widerberg and his 1963 film Ravens End and The Man on the Roof are widely regarded as Swedish film classics
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Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
24.
Raoul Wallenberg
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Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian. He is widely celebrated for saving tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis, while serving as Swedens special envoy in Budapest between July and December 1944, Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings designated as Swedish territory. On 17 January 1945, during the Siege of Budapest by the Red Army, Wallenberg was detained by SMERSH on suspicion of espionage and subsequently disappeared. He was later reported to have died on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned by the KGB secret police in the Lubyanka, due to his courageous actions on behalf of the Hungarian Jews, Raoul Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honors in the decades following his presumed death. Congressman Tom Lantos, himself one of those saved by Wallenberg and he was the second person ever to receive this honor, after Winston Churchill. Wallenberg is also a citizen of Canada, Hungary, Australia. Israel has also designated Wallenberg one of the Righteous Among the Nations, monuments have been dedicated to him, and streets have been named after him throughout the world. A Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in 1981 to perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and it gives the Raoul Wallenberg Award annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals. Postage stamps have been issued in his honour by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Dominica, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Sweden, on 26 July 2012, he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust. In October 2016,71 years after his disappearance, Wallenberg was formally declared dead by the Swedish Tax Agency. Wallenberg was born in 1912 in Lidingö, near Stockholm, where his grandparents, professor Per Johan Wising. His paternal grandfather, Gustaf Wallenberg, was a diplomat and envoy to Tokyo, Istanbul and his parents, who married in 1911, were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg, a Swedish naval officer, and Maria Maj Sofia Wising. His father died of cancer three months before he was born, and his grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth. His mother and grandmother, now both suddenly widows, raised him together, in 1918, his mother married Fredrik von Dardel, they had a son, Guy von Dardel, and a daughter, Nina Lagergren. After high school and his eight months in the Swedish military. He spent one year there, and then, in 1931, although the Wallenberg family was rich, he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at Chicagos Century of Progress. He used his vacations to explore the United States, with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel, about his experiences, he wrote to his grandfather saying, When you travel like a hobo, everything’s different. You have to be on the alert the whole time, you’re in close contact with new people every day
25.
The Holocaust
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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis. The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe, killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Nazi Germany, and across all territories controlled by its allies. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses, some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of gross violations of human rights. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators, the persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Following Hitlers rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps. After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos, in 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized. Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year, by mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945, the most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20, 000–30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis, French Jews took part in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place, the term holocaust comes from the Greek adjective holókaustos, a variant of holókautos, referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole animal is completely burnt. Often used substantively in apposition with the noun thysia, the term appears in a fragment of pseudo-Callisthenes, writing in Latin, Jerome Latinized the Greek word as a neuter noun holocaustum, using it to translate references to the Jewish burnt offering in his translations of Exodus and Leviticus. In his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, Richard of Devizes, the English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. The term was used in the 1950s by historians as a translation of the Jewish word shoah to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews, the television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. The biblical word shoah, meaning calamity became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel. Shoah is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the offensive nature of the word holocaust which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom. The Nazis used the phrase Final Solution to the Jewish Question, all branches of Germanys bureaucracy were engaged in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called a genocidal state. Every arm of the countrys sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, as prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was in the eyes of the perpetrators, through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims
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Lars von Trier
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Lars von Trier is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He has a prolific and controversial career spanning almost four decades and his work is known for its genre and technical innovation, confrontational examination of existential, social, and political issues, and treatment of subjects like mercy, sacrifice and mental health. His political and humanitarian work was honored in 2004 with the Cinema for Peace awareness award. Among more than 100 awards and over 200 nominations in festivals worldwide, he has received the Palme dOr, the Grand Prix, the Prix du Jury, in March 2017, Trier began filming The House that Jack Built, an English-language serial killer thriller. Trier was born in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen, the son of Inger Høst and he received his surname from Høsts husband Ulf Trier, whom he considered his biological father until 1989. The director would later become famous for his honesty to journalists about his family and upbringing, as well as the impact it had on his identity, beliefs. Trier studied film theory at the University of Copenhagen and film direction at the National Film School of Denmark. In 1984, The Element of Crime, Triers breakthrough film, received awards in seven international festivals including the Technical Grand Prize at Cannes. His next film, Epidemic, was shown at Cannes in the Un Certain Regard section. Trier has occasionally referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies and this pattern began with The Element of Crime, the first of the Europa trilogy, which illuminated the traumas of Europe both in the past and the future. It includes The Element of Crime, Epidemic and Europa, Von Trier directed Medea for television, which won him the Jean dArcy prize in France. It is based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer, Trier completed the Europa trilogy in 1991 with Europa, which won the Prix du Jury at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival and picked up awards at other major festivals. In 1990 he also directed the video for Bakerman by Laid Back. This video was reused in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker in a remake of Bakerman, seeking both financial independence and total creative control over their projects, von Trier and producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen founded the film production company Zentropa Entertainment in 1992. Named after a railway company in Europa, their most recent film at the time, Zentropa has produced many movies other than Triers own. It has also produced hardcore sex films, Constance, Pink Prison, HotMen CoolBoyz, in 1995, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement, which they called Dogme 95. The Dogme 95 concept, which led to international interest in Danish film, in 2008, together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg received the European Film Award European Achievement in World Cinema. In 1996, von Trier conducted an unusual experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors
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Auteur
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An auteur is a singular artist who controls all aspects of a collaborative creative work, a person equivalent to the author of a novel or a play. The term is referenced to filmmakers or directors with a recognizable style or thematic preoccupation. Such critics invented the concept as a way of distinguishing French New Wave filmmakers from studio system directors that were part of the Hollywood establishment, Auteur theory has since been applied to producers of popular music, as well as directors of video games. The definition of an auteur has been debated since the 1940s, an auteur can use lighting, camerawork, staging and editing to add to their vision. Politique might very well be translated as policy or program, it involves a decision to value. One might see it as the policy of treating any director that uses a style or a unique worldview as an Auteur. Truffaut criticized the Cinema of Quality as Scenarists films, which are works that lack originality, according to Truffaut, this means that the director is only a metteur en scene, a stager. This tradition suggests that the hands the script to the director. Truffaut said, here are no good and bad movies, only good, even before auteur theory became clearly defined, the director was considered to be the most important among the people working on a film. Starting in the 1960s, some critics began criticising auteur theorys focus on the authorial role of the director. Pauline Kael and Andrew Sarris feuded in the pages of The New Yorker, one reason for the backlash is the collaborative aspect of shooting a film, and in the theorys privileging of the role of the director. In 2006, David Kipen coined the term Schreiber theory to refer to the theory of the screenwriter as the author of a film. Film historian Georges Sadoul pointed out that the author of a film is not necessarily the director. Also, he argued that the film can only be seen as a work of collective, in law, the film is treated as a work of art and the auteur, as the creator of the film, is the original copyright holder. Under European Union law, the director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film. From the 1960s, Phil Spector is considered the first auteur among producers of popular music, author Matthew Bannister named him the first star producer. Journalist Richard Williams wrote, Spector created a new concept, the producer as overall director of the creative process, another early pop music auteur was the Beach Boys multi-tasking leader Brian Wilson, who himself was mentored by Spector. Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the content of their music
28.
The Kingdom (miniseries)
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The Kingdom is an eight-episode Danish television mini-series, created by Lars von Trier in 1994, and co-directed by Lars von Trier and Morten Arnfred. It has been edited together into a film for distribution in the United Kingdom. The series is set in the ward of Copenhagens Rigshospitalet. Riget means the realm or the kingdom and leads one to think of dødsriget, the show follows a number of characters, both staff and patients, as they encounter bizarre phenomena, both human and supernatural. The first quartet of episodes ended with numerous questions unanswered, and in 1997 and this second series ended with even more questions unanswered than the first, and a third series was planned. However, due to the death in 1998 of Ernst-Hugo Järegård and the subsequent death of Kirsten Rolffes in 2000, von Trier actually wrote the third and final season, but the production was not picked up by DR. At that point, five regular cast members had died and it seemed impossible to continue the series, the abandoned scripts were sent to the producers of Stephen Kings Kingdom Hospital, but it is unclear whether they used the scripts or not. Despite being a mini-series, it appears as one of the 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, the show begins with the admission of a spiritualist patient, Sigrid Drusse, who hears the sound of a girl crying in the elevator shaft. Upon investigation, Drusse discovers that the girl had died decades earlier, in order to put the spirit to rest, Drusse searches for the girls body, ultimately finding it preserved in a specimen jar in the office of the hospitals professor of pathology, professor Bondo. Pathologist Dr. Bondo attempts to convince the family of a man dying from cancer to donate his liver to the hospital for his research. When his request is denied, Bondo has the cancerous liver transplanted into his own body, so that the cancer will become his personal property and can be kept within the hospital. In every episode, two dishwashers in the cellar discuss the happenings at Riget, and Stig Helmer stands on the roof and screams his famous catchphrase. American horror writer Stephen King developed a thirteen-episode mini-series based on Riget, under the title Stephen Kings Kingdom Hospital, which was broadcast in 2004. The plot retained many of the elements of Riget, transferring the location of the hospital to Lewiston, Maine, many of the characters derived their names from the Danish original. A significant difference in the American series was the introduction of the character of a giant anteater in the role of spirit guide/death/Anubis/Antubis
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Dancer in the Dark
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Dancer in the Dark is a 2000 Danish musical drama film directed by Lars von Trier. Catherine Deneuve, David Morse, Cara Seymour, Peter Stormare, Siobhan Fallon Hogan, and Joel Grey also star. The soundtrack for the film, released as the album Selmasongs, was mainly by Björk, but a number of songs featured contributions from Mark Bell. Three songs from Rodgers and Hammersteins The Sound of Music were also used in the film and this is the third film in von Triers Golden Heart Trilogy, the other two films are Breaking the Waves and The Idiots. It was shot with a camera, and was somewhat inspired by a Dogme 95 look. Dancer in the Dark premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival to standing ovations and controversy, the song Ive Seen It All, with Thom Yorke, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song but lost to Things Have Changed by Bob Dylan from Wonder Boys. The film continues to polarize critics, being seen by some as melodramatic, the film is set in Washington state in 1964 and focuses on Selma Ježková, a Czech immigrant who has moved to the United States with her son, Gene Ježek. They live a life of poverty as Selma works at a factory with her good friend Kathy and she rents a trailer home on the property of town policeman Bill Houston and his wife Linda. She is also pursued by the shy but persistent Jeff, who works at the factory. Selma suffers from an eye condition and because of this is losing her vision. She has been saving up to pay for an operation which will prevent her son from suffering the same fate. To escape the misery of her life, Selma accompanies Kathy to the local cinema where together they watch fabulous Hollywood musicals. These songs use some sort of noise as an underlying rhythm. Unfortunately, Selma slips into one such trance while working at the factory, soon Jeff and Cvalda begin to realize that Selma can barely see at all. He asks Selma for a loan, but she declines and he regrets telling Selma his secret. To comfort Bill, Selma reveals her blindness, hoping that together they can keep each others secret. Bill then hides in the corner of Selmas home, knowing she cant see him, the next day, after having broken her machine the night before through careless error, Selma is fired from her job. Linda additionally reveals that Bill has confessed his affair with Selma, knowing that Bill was broke and that the money he is counting must be hers, she confronts him and attempts to take the money back
30.
Dogville
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Although she has no power in herself, her stay there ultimately changes the lives of the local people and the town in many ways. The film is the first in von Triers projected USA – Land of Opportunities trilogy, the film was in competition for the Palme dOr at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival but Gus Van Sants Elephant won the award. It was screened at film festivals before receiving a limited release in the US on March 26,2004. Dogville opened to polarized reviews from critics, some considered it to be pretentious or exasperating, it was viewed by others as a masterpiece, and has grown in stature since its initial release. The story of Dogville is told in nine chapters and a prologue, with a description of each chapter given in the film. Dogville is a very small American town by a silver mine in the Rocky Mountains, with a road leading up to it and nowhere else to go. The film begins with a prologue in which a dozen or so of the fifteen citizens are introduced and they are portrayed as lovable, good people with small flaws which are easy to forgive. The town is seen from the point of view of Tom Edison Jr. an aspiring writer who procrastinates by trying to get his fellow citizens together for meetings on the subject of moral rearmament. It is clear that Tom wants to succeed his aging father, in which Tom hears gunfire and meets Grace It is Tom who first meets Grace Mulligan, who is on the run from gangsters who presumably shot at her. Grace, a beautiful but modest woman, wishes to keep running, as they talk, the gangsters approach the town, and Tom quickly hides Grace in the nearby mine. One of the gangsters asks Tom if he has seen the woman, the gangster then offers him a reward and hands him a card with a phone number to call in case Grace shows up. They remain skeptical, so Tom proposes that Grace should be given a chance to prove that she is a good person, Grace is accepted for two weeks in which, as Tom explains to her after the meeting, she must gain the friendship and trust of the townspeople. After some initial reluctance, the people accept her help in doing those chores that nobody really needs, as a result, she becomes an accepted part of the community. In which Grace indulges in a piece of provocation. Grace begins to make friends, including Jack, who pretends that he is not blind and she earns his respect upon tricking him into admitting that he is blind. Once the two weeks are over, everyone votes at the meeting that Grace should be allowed to stay. Happy times in Dogville Things go well in Dogville until the police arrive to place a Missing poster featuring Graces picture, with the townspeople divided as to whether they should cooperate with the police, the mood of the community darkens somewhat. Fourth of July after all Still, things continue as usual until the 4th of July celebrations, Grace is now wanted for participation in a bank robbery
31.
Melancholia (2011 film)
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The films story revolves around two sisters, one of whom is preparing to marry, as a rogue planet is about to collide with Earth. Von Triers initial inspiration for the film came from an episode he suffered. The film is a Danish production by Zentropa, with international co-producers in Sweden, France, Melancholia prominently features music from the prelude to Richard Wagners opera Tristan und Isolde. It is the entry in von Triers unofficially titled Depression Trilogy, preceded by Antichrist. Melancholia premiered 18 May 2011 at the 64th Cannes Film Festival—where it was critically lauded, Dunst received the festivals Best Actress Award for her performance, which was a common area of praise among critics. Although not without its detractors, many critics and film scholars have considered the film to be a masterpiece, the film begins with an introductory sequence involving the main characters and images from space and introducing many of the films visual leitmotifs. A clumsy, oversized limousine struggles and fails to negotiate a curve in the road, newlyweds Justine and Michael arrive two hours late for their own reception at the estate of Justines sister, Claire, and her husband, John. Justine notices a bright red star in the night sky. Claire urges Justine to hide her debilitating melancholy from her new husband Michael, Justine flees the wedding reception despite being held back by her wedding dress, which tears. She goes to the course and watches the night sky. Justines boss, Jack, is ruthless, greedy, and gluttonous, during the most personal part of the wedding speech, he is hustling her to meet a work deadline on the night of her wedding. He casually pushes her throughout the evening to create a tag line to promote a campaign based on a facsimile of Bruegel’s The Land of Cockaigne. She later opens a book at this picture, during the critical part of the wedding, cake cutting, Justine and Gaby independently escape to have baths. Justines bosss nephew, Tim, is given the chance to exploit the opportunity to get the tag line at all costs to promote his career and he reluctantly, but doggedly pursues Justine throughout the wedding reception. She cannot consummate her marriage with her husband and goes out onto a trap and has sex with Tim. He is later fired for his failure, and Justine aggressively resigns, early the following morning, while horseback riding with Claire, Justine notices Antares is no longer visible in the sky. John explains that the reason for Antares disappearance was because the newly discovered planet Melancholia was blocking the star from view, Melancholia, a rogue planet that entered the Solar System from behind the Sun, becomes visible in the sky as it approaches ever closer to Earth. John is excited about the planet and looks forward to the predicted by scientists
32.
Nymphomaniac (film)
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Nymphomaniac is a European 2013 two-part drama art film written and directed by Lars von Trier. The film stars Charlotte Gainsbourg, Stellan Skarsgård, Stacy Martin, Shia LaBeouf, Christian Slater, Jamie Bell, Uma Thurman, Willem Dafoe and Connie Nielsen. The film was supposed to be only one complete entry. Nymphomaniac was an international co-production of Denmark, Belgium, France, the world premiere of the uncut version of Volume I of the original five-and-half-hour-long version occurred on 16 February 2014 at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. The world premiere of the version of Volume II debuted at 2014s Venice Film Festival. The general release world premiere of the complete 5½ hours Directors Cut took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, the film was nominated for the 2014 Nordic Council Film Prize. Nymphomaniac is the third and final installment in von Triers unofficially titled Depression Trilogy, having been preceded by Antichrist, on a snowy evening, the middle-aged bachelor Seligman finds the self-diagnosed nymphomaniac Joe beaten up and lying in the alleyway behind his apartment. He takes her back to his home and, over tea, Seligman, a highly-educated but cloistered man, connects and analyzes Joes stories with what he has read about. Seligmans favourite hobby to read about is fly fishing, which is why he has the fly fishing hook on the wall, throughout the story he parallels much of what she has experienced with various methods of the sport. Her father is a doctor whom she adores while her mother is, as Joe describes her. In adolescence, she loses her virginity to a young man named Jerôme. Joe tells Seligman her encounter with S is the first of many terrible things shes done, Joe takes on more lovers as she, B, and several friends create a club, The Little Flock, dedicated to liberating themselves from societys fixation on love. Joe eventually leaves after all the other end up developing serious attachments to their conquests. As a young adult, Joe drops out of medical school and her first employer is none other than Jerôme. While sexual intentions are clearly on his mind, she finds herself avoiding his advances and sleeping with other co-workers, when Joe finally realizes she has developed feelings for Jerôme, she writes him a letter. However, she is too late as he has left along with his uncles jealous secretary Liz and she is immediately fired by his uncle, the actual owner of the company, for her lack of experience and goes back to indulging her nymphomania, despite a yearning for Jerôme. On one occasion one of her lovers, H, Joe inadvertently causes conflict that makes him leave his wife for her. The distressed Mrs. H arrives and demonizes both of them in front of her children, though Joe states in the present that this affected her
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Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
34.
In Order of Disappearance
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In Order of Disappearance is a 2014 Norwegian black comedy action film directed by Hans Petter Moland and starring Stellan Skarsgård. The film had its premiere in the section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. Nils is a snow plow driver somewhere in Norway and he learns that his son has died, supposedly of a heroin overdose. Nils knows his son was no addict but does not know what happened, while grieving he learns the local drug gang is behind the crime. He hunts down the two killers and kills both of them, but not before they confess, based on this information, he goes after their boss. But a retaliation killing by the boss puts him in the crossfire between two rival gangs, one local, one imported from Serbia. Official website In Order of Disappearance at the Internet Movie Database In Order of Disappearance at the Swedish Film Institute Database
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Scandinavia
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Scandinavia /ˌskændᵻˈneɪviə/ is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages. The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia, nor is Greenland, an overseas territory of Denmark. This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries, in Nordic languages, only Denmark, Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia. In English usage, Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area, the name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish, now Swedish, region Scania. Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse, Finland is mainly populated by Finns, with a minority of approximately 5% of Swedish speakers. A small minority of Sami people live in the north of Scandinavia. The Danish, Norwegian and Swedish languages form a continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages—all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another. Faroese and Icelandic, sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages, are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent, Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages, but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages. Apart from these, German, Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia, the southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate. Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle, but has mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have a tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of the last glacial period, Scandinavia usually refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Some sources argue for the inclusion of the Faroe Islands, Finland and Iceland, though that broader region is known by the countries concerned as Norden. Before this time, the term Scandinavia was familiar mainly to classical scholars through Pliny the Elders writings, and was used vaguely for Scania, as a political term, Scandinavia was first used by students agitating for Pan-Scandinavianism in the 1830s. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavism, the term is often defined according to the conventions of the cultures that lay claim to the term in their own use. More precisely, and subject to no dispute, is that Finland is included in the broader term Nordic countries, various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries in the United States serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, Norways government entered one year later. All five Nordic governments participate in the joint promotional efforts in the United States through the Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America, Scandinavia can thus be considered a subset of the Nordic countries
36.
Insomnia (1997 film)
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Insomnia is a 1997 Norwegian thriller film about a police detective investigating a murder in a town located above the Arctic Circle. The investigation goes wrong when he mistakenly shoots his partner. The title of the film refers to his inability to sleep, Insomnia was the film debut of director Erik Skjoldbjærg. The screenplay was written by Nikolaj Frobenius and Skjoldbjærg, and the soundtrack by Geir Jenssen, the film inspired a 2002 Hollywood remake in English. When 17-year-old Tanja is found murdered in the city of Tromsø, far up in the Norwegian Arctic, Kripos police officers Jonas Engström and Erik Vik are called in to investigate. Engström is a police inspector formerly with the Swedish police who moved to Norway after being caught having sex with the witness in one of his cases. Vik is nearing retirement age, and his memory is failing, Engström devises a plan to lure the murderer back to the scene of the crime, but the stakeout is blown and the murder suspect flees into the fog. Events take a turn for the worse when the fugitive shoots one of the pursuing unarmed Norwegian police officers, without telling his colleagues, however, Engström carries a gun from his days in the Swedish police, who routinely carry firearms. While shooting at what he believes to be the suspect, Engstrom accidentally kills Vik, Engström initially tells the truth about the shooting, but realizes that everyone assumes that the fugitive shot Vik. He decides to conceal his culpability, when one of his colleagues, Hilde Hagen, is assigned to investigate Viks death, Engström becomes worried about ballistic fingerprinting and tampers with evidence to support his story. Haunted by guilt and unable to sleep with the sun of the Arctic, Engström becomes increasingly unhinged. Things become even worse when he learns that Tanjas murderer saw him shoot Vik, Engström learns from one of Tanjas friends that she had been seeing Jon Holt, a crime novelist. He correctly deduces that Holt killed Tanja, but Holt blackmails Engström with his knowledge of the Vik shooting, the two meet and decide to frame Tanjas boyfriend Eilert for her murder, with Engström later planting Holts gun under Eilerts bed. However, Hagen is not convinced of Eilerts involvement, and when new evidence emerges, Engström tracks down Holt in some rotting wooden buildings at the waterfront and tries to talk with him. Holt suspects that Engström has come to him and holds him at gunpoint. He explains how he killed Tanja in a fit of rage when she rejected his advances, Holt tries to flee across a pier, but the rotten floorboards give way and he falls into the water below, striking his head on the way. When he rummages through Holts nearby house, Engström finds Tanjas dress, with Holt dead, and this definitive proof that he was the murderer, the case is closed. Just before he leaves town, Engström is visited by Hagen and she notes that it is a Norma case, which Engström confirms is a brand used by the Swedish police
listen); born 13 June 1951) is a Swedish actor. He is known for his roles as Jan Nyman in Breaking the Waves (1996), Captain Tupolev in The Hunt for Red October (1990), Prof. Gerald Lambeau in Good Will Hunting (1997), Bootstrap Bill Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), Bill Anderson in Mamma Mia! (2008), Commander Maximilian Richter in Angels and Demons (2009), Martin Vanger in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo (2011), Dr. Erik Selvig in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and The Grand Duke in Cinderella (2015).
