1.
Regent of Sweden
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This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kings and ruling Queens of Sweden, including regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, up to the present time. The earliest record of what is considered to be a Swedish king appears in Tacitus work Germania. There are, however, lists of Swedish pagan monarchs with far older dates, however, according to Icelandic sources this line of kings was broken. As there is no evidence that Eric and Olof ever used the Yngling name themselves, modern historians refer to their family as the House of Munsö. In the 16th century, Johannes Magnus constructed a line of Swedish kings, beginning with Magog. On the basis of his list, Eric XIV and Charles IX adopted their high ordinals, previous monarchs with those names are traditionally numbered counting backward from Eric XIV, in contemporary Swedish usage, medieval kings are usually not given any ordinal at all. Sweden has been ruled by queens regnant on three occasions, by Margaret, Christina and Ulrika Eleonora respectively. In addition to the list below, the Swedish throne was claimed by the kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1599 to 1660. Following his abdication Sigismund continued to claim the throne from 1599 to his death in 1632, after his death the claim was continued by his sons, Vladislaus IV and John II Casimir. The Swedish monarchs have been of the House of Bernadotte since 1818,1917 marks the end of any real political power for the Swedish monarch. In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to absolute primogeniture, to the benefit of Princess Victoria, morby John E. Dynasties of the World
2.
Uppsala
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Uppsala is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. It had 149,245 inhabitants in 2015, located 71 km north of the capital Stockholm, it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality. Since 1164, Uppsala has been the centre of Sweden. Uppsala is home to Scandinavias largest cathedral – Uppsala Cathedral, founded in 1477, Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia. Among many achievements, the Celsius scale for temperature was invented there, Uppsala was originally located a few kilometres north of its current location at a place now known as Gamla Uppsala. Todays Uppsala was then called Östra Aros, Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main pagan centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Norse gods. The Fyrisvellir plains along the south of Old Uppsala, in the area where the modern city is situated today, was the site of the Battle of Fyrisvellir in the 980s. The present-day Uppsala was at that time known as Östra Aros and was a town of Gamla Uppsala. In 1160, King Eric Jedvardsson was attacked and killed outside the church of Östra Aros, the cathedral is built in the Gothic style and is one of the largest in northern Europe, with towers reaching 118.70 metres. Uppsala is also the site of the 16th century Uppsala Castle, the city was severely damaged by a fire in 1702. The arms bearing the lion can be traced to 1737 and have been modernised several times, the meaning of the lion is uncertain but is likely connected to the royal lion, also depicted on the Coat of Arms of Sweden. Situated on the fertile Uppsala flatlands of muddy soil, the city features the small Fyris River flowing through the landscape surrounded by lush vegetation. Parallel to the runs the glacial ridge of Uppsalaåsen at an elevation of circa 30 metres. The central park Stadsskogen stretches from the south far into town, only some 70 kilometres or 40 minutes by train from the capital, many Uppsala residents work in Stockholm. The train to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport takes only 17 minutes, rendering the city accessible by air. The commercial centre of Uppsala is quite compact, during recent decades, a significant part of retail commercial activity has shifted to shopping malls and stores situated in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, the areas have expanded greatly, and some suburbanization has taken place. Uppsala lies on the 59th parallel north and has a continental climate, with cold winters
3.
Carl Milles
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Carl Milles was a Swedish sculptor. He was married to artist Olga Milles and brother to Ruth Milles, the latter was featured on a stamp issued in 1975 commemorating the centenary of his birth. Millesgården became his last home and is now a museum, Milles was born Carl Wilhelm Andersson, son of lieutenant Emil Mille Andersson and his wife Walborg Tisell, at Lagga outside Uppsala in 1875. In 1897 he made what he thought would be a stop in Paris on his way to Chile. However, he remained in Paris, where he studied art, working in Auguste Rodins studio, in 1904 he and Olga moved to Munich. Two years later settled in Sweden, buying property on Herserud Cliff on Lidingö. Millesgården was built there between 1906 and 1908 as the private residence and workspace. It was turned into a foundation and donated to the Swedish people in 1936, five years after Milles had sailed for America and the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills. In 1931, American publisher George Gough Booth brought Milles to Cranbrook Educational Community, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, part of Booths arrangement with his principal artists was that they were expected to create major commissions outside the Cranbrook environment. The sculpture is located at Fort Christina in Wilmington, Delaware near the site where the colonists arrived in 1638. In America he is best known for his fountains, Milles fountain group The Wedding of the Waters in St. Louis symbolizes the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers merging just upstream. Local officials insisted that the name be changed to The Meeting of the Waters, the statue was placed on a pedestal with the help of sculptor Marshall Fredericks. The statue was commissioned by the United Automobile Workers, and paid for by donations from UAW members. The annual Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research is an award for research on entrepreneurship and it consists of a statuette replica of The Hand of God and a prize sum of 100,000 euros. Milles sculptures sometimes offended American sensibilities, and he had a fig leaf maker on retainer, photographs of his sculptures, taken for a monograph on Milles, are now held in the Carl Milles Photograph Collection, c. 1938–1939, in the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago, Milles and his wife returned to Sweden in 1951, and lived in Millesgården every summer until Milless death in 1955. They spent winters in Rome, where the American Academy had supplied them with a studio, Milles and his wife, Olga, who died in 1967 in Graz, Austria, are buried in a small stone chapel, designed by Milles, at Millesgården. Because Swedish law requires burial on sacred ground, it took the assistance of the then reigning Gustaf VI Adolf to allow this resting place, harwood St. Mythe et identité du XIXe s
4.
Charles VIII of Sweden
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Charles VIII of Sweden, Charles I of Norway, also Carl, was king of Sweden and king of Norway. His father Knut was first cousin of Erik Johansson Vasas father, King Charles died 14 May 1470. His first marriage, in 1428, to Birgitta Turesdotter gave him his daughter Kristina and his second marriage, in 1438, to Katarina Karlsdotter produced his second daughter Magdalena, who married Ivar Axelsson. He also had two children by his third wife Kristina Abrahamsdotter, Anna and Karl and his father was said by contemporary legends to descend from a younger brother of King Eric IX. In 1434 he became a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and in October of the year he assumed one of its most senior offices, Lord High Constable of Sweden. During Charless brief regentship, the so-called Rebellion of David took place in Finland, Eric of Pomerania was forced to step down from the throne and in 1440 Christopher of Bavaria, was elected king of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. At the coronation of Christopher in September 1441, Charles was dubbed a knight and appointed Lord High Justiciar of Sweden, in October he resigned as Lord High Justiciar and resumed his office as Lord High Constable. From 1442 he was the governor, hövitsman, at Vyborg in Finland. Charles acquired extensive fiefs, for example in Western Finland and his first seat was in Turku. Soon, Christophers government began to take back fiefs and positions, the Danish had in September 1448 elected Christian I as their new monarch. In 1449 a portion of the Norwegian council elected Charles King of Norway, however, Christian also continued pursuing his claim to Norway. The Swedish aristocracy was reluctant to back Charles in a war against Denmark over Norway, from 1451, Sweden and Denmark were in state of war against each other. Because of devastating warring, an opposition against Charles emerged among the nobility in Sweden. The strongest opponent was the Swedish church which opposed Charless efforts to concentrate royal, other opponents were the family group of Oxenstierna and the House of Vasa, which had been on the opposing side in the election of king and lost. During the next 20 years, Charles was deposed twice, only to regain the throne, in 1457, a rebellion took place, led by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson and a nobleman, Erik Axelsson Tott. Charles went into exile to Danzig, the two leaders of the revolt took the regentship, and organized the election of Christian I of Denmark as king. In 1463, King Christian quarrelled with the Archbishop because of his taxation policies, the Archbishop was imprisoned, which resulted in a rebellion by his relatives, and led to Christian being driven out of Sweden. Charles was recalled by the rebels and returned at the head of a force of German, upon arrival in Sweden he found himself at war with the Archbishop and after two bloody battles in the winter of 1464–1465 Charles was again exiled
5.
John, King of Denmark
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John was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was King of Denmark, Norway and as John II Sweden, from 1482 to 1513, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in joint rule with his brother Frederick. He currently remains the only King of Denmark since the century to not be named Christian or Frederick, if one does not include the current Queen of Denmark. The three most important political goals of King John were the restoration of the Kalmar Union, reduction of the dominance of the Hanseatic League, and the building of a strong Danish royal power. He was born at Aalborghus, in Aalborg, the son of Christian I of Denmark and Dorothea of Brandenburg, in 1478, he married Christina of Saxony, granddaughter of Frederick the Gentle of Saxony. This produced the following offspring, Christian II, Francis, Knud, and Elisabeth, from about 1496 until 1512, he had a relationship with Edele Jernskjæg. In 1458, Johns father, King Christian I, had the Norwegian Council of the Realm commit to electing Christians eldest son as king of Norway upon his death. A similar declaration was made in Sweden, in 1467, John was hailed as successor to the throne in Denmark. John used the title heir to the throne of Norway, in line with Norways old status as a hereditary kingdom, but this was a claim the Norwegian Council did not immediately recognise. Consequently, upon King Christians death in May 1481, Johns position was unchallenged in Denmark, whereas in Norway the Council of the Realm assumed royal authority, and an interregnum ensued. No serious rival candidates to the Norwegian throne existed, but the Council was determined to demonstrate Norways status as a sovereign kingdom. A meeting between the Councils of Denmark, Sweden and Norway was appointed for 13 January 1483 at Halmstad, to work out the terms for electing John as king — his håndfæstning. The Swedish Council failed to turn up at the meeting, but the Norwegian and Danish councils proceeded to produce a joint declaration containing the terms for Johns rule and it was hoped that Sweden would later accept the same document and thereby acknowledge John as king. Subsequently, John was crowned King of Denmark in Copenhagen on 18 May, during the first years of his rule John carried out a balancing policy. By diplomatic means he tried to weaken the position of the Swedish regent Sten Sture, after the 1493 treaty, Ivan III of Russia imprisoned all Hanseatic merchants trading in Novgorod and instigated the Russo-Swedish War. The Hanseatic cities were also troubled by a war by Danish privateers. Johns domestic policies were marked by economic support of the Danish merchants and by the use of commoners as officials or even as councillors. The most important of his initiatives was perhaps establishing a permanent Danish navy, according to the Privilege of Ribe the Noble Diets of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were to elect a duke among the sons of the previous duke
6.
Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)
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Svante Nilsson was a Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden 1504 –2 January 1512. He was born around 1460 as the son of Nils Bosson of the family of Natt och Dag and he never himself used the name Sture, but his son later took the great-grandmothers name because of its prestige and tradition of preserving the Swedish independence. He became a member of the Privy Council of Sweden no later than 1482, unwillingly he then switched sides and supported Sten Sture in overthrowing the king, which at the death of Sten Sture led to himself being elected regent. From 1501 he was at war with Denmark and his resignation was demanded by the Privy Council of Sweden in the summer of 1511, but in practice he remained in power until his death on 2 January 1512. His first marriage with Iliana Gädda, produced the son Sten Sture the Younger and he married a second time with Mette Dyre. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain
7.
Mariefred Charterhouse
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It was the only Carthusian monastery in Scandinavia, and one of the last monasteries established in Sweden before the Reformation. Later that year Sten Sture enfeoffed the Carthusians with the Gripsholm estate in Selebo härad in Södermanland, the monastery was built on the high ground where Mariefred church now stands, built on the charterhouse ruins in the 1620s, close to Gripsholm Castle. The monastery church was dedicated on 15 February 1504, in 1498 the lay brothers set up a printing press. The only book now known from this press is a tract for an ecstatic devotional movement based on the veneration of the rosary and this was distributed across the whole of Europe, and had a powerful effect on the devotional life of late medieval period. Mariefred Charterhouse was short-lived, in 1526 it was one of the first monasteries secularised by Gustav Vasa and this claim was legitimated by the Privy Council in January 1526. Virtually no trace of the buildings now remains above ground. A cellar and a few traces of walls have been discovered to the south of the church, a small collection of stones discovered during excavations in the monastery grounds, is in the church tower. In the chapter entitled Utveckling in his book Svenska öden och äventyr August Strindberg describes the monks calling in an artist to paint an altarpiece for the newly built monastery, Berg, Per E,1949, August Strindberg och Sörmland. Årsboken Sörmlandsbygden 1949 Berg, Per E,1949, Sörmländska kloster, södermanlands Nyheter Berntson, Martin,2003, Klostren och reformationen. Artos och & Normas bokförlag Collmar, Magnus,1968, När klostermurarna revos, uggleupplagan, nd Nordisk tidskrift för bok- och biblioteksväsen, Årg
8.
Ingeborg Tott
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She was the fiefholder of Häme in Finland. She functioned as the de facto queen consort of Sweden for over three decades and participated in affairs during the reign of her spouse. Ingeborg was the daughter of the Danish noble and riksråd Aage Axelsson Tott, governor of Örebro Castle in Sweden, and she belonged to the elite of Dano-Swedish nobility at the time and was related to the infamous Brita Tott. In 1464, she was engaged to marry the Norwegian noble Hans Sigurdsen, son of the Norwegian drots, noble Sigurd Jonsen, in 1467 she married the Swedish noble Sten Sture the elder. In 1470, Sten Sture the elder was elected Regent of Sweden after the death of his uncle Charles VIII. While Sten became the King in all but name, she was given the position of queen in all. The court of Sten and Ingeborg was described as a jolly one, in 1476, she was granted equal inheritance as her brothers after their parents. Ingeborg has been described as a wise, brave and intellectually capable character, the marriage was described as happy. In the correspondence between regent Sten and Ingeborg, the regent referred to her as Min kära hjärtans stallbroder, Ingeborg became known for her loyalty toward Sten and Sweden against her birth country Denmark. In the absence of Sten, Ingeborg, according to the chronicles and her political involvement is apparent from her correspondence with Sten. On this occasion, Ingeborg ventured out upon the street in an attempt to calm the situation, upon the return of the Regent, he became so agitated by this incident that he had to be prevented by the council from exacting revenge upon the city. Reportedly, his warning to the city of Stockholm on this occasion kept the peace in the city for the remainder of his reign, Ingeborg showed an interest in science, theology and education. In 1477, she encouraged the foundation of the first secular university in Sweden and she acted as a patron of science and literature, and gave donations to the financiation of libraries and the printing and translations of books. Ingeborg commissioned the De dignitate et utilitate psalteriibeatae Mariae virginis by Alanus de Rupe and she also took an interest in religion. She and acted as the patron of the Order of the Carmelites as the benefactor of the Carmelite convent of Varberg, in 1493, she acted as the patron of the first convent of the Carthusian Order in Sweden, the Carthusian convent of Mariefred. In 1497, the union with Denmark was again made a fact when John. Thereby, Sten lost his position of Regent, Sten and Ingeborg left for Finland, where they held a grand court at Tavastehus Castle. In 1501, John, King of Denmark was deposed as King of Sweden in a rebellion, Stockholm, which was defended against the rebels by the queen of Denmark, Christina of Saxony, surrendered to the Swedish forces after a siege on 9 May 1502
9.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Bain, Robert (1911). "Sture". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1051–1052.
Media related to Sten Sture the Elder at Wikimedia Commons
