1.
Nancy Pelosi
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Nancy Patricia DAlesandro Pelosi is an American politician who is the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, representing Californias 12th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, Pelosi represents Californias 12th congressional district, the district was numbered as the 5th during Pelosis first three terms in the House, and as the 8th from 1993 to 2013. She served as the House Minority Whip from 2002 to 2003, Pelosi is the first woman, the first Californian and first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress. On November 17,2010, Pelosi was elected as the Democratic Leader by House Democrats, Pelosi is Italian-American and was born Nancy Patricia DAlesandro in Baltimore, Maryland. She is the youngest of six children of Annunciata M. Nancy, who was born in Campobasso, South Italy, on 25 March 1909, Congressman from Maryland and a Mayor of Baltimore. Pelosis brother, Thomas DAlesandro III, also a Democrat, was mayor of Baltimore from 1967 to 1971, Pelosi was involved with politics from an early age. In her outgoing remarks as the 60th Speaker of the House and she graduated from the Institute of Notre Dame, a Catholic all-girls high school in Baltimore, and from Trinity College in Washington, D. C. in 1962 with a B. A. in political science. Pelosi interned for Senator Daniel Brewster alongside future House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and she met Paul Frank Pelosi while she was attending Trinity College. They married in Baltimore at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen on September 7,1963, after moving to San Francisco, Pelosi worked her way up in Democratic politics. She became a friend of one of the leaders of the California Democratic Party, in 1976, Pelosi was elected as a Democratic National Committee member from California, a position she would hold until 1996. She was elected as party chair for Northern California on January 30,1977, and for the California Democratic Party, Pelosi was appointed Finance Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the campaign arm of the U. S. Senate Democrats, in 1985. That same year, she ran to succeed Chuck Manatt as chair of the Democratic National Committee, Pelosi left her post as DSCC finance chair in 1986. Phillip Burton died in 1983 and was succeeded by his wife, in late 1986, Sala became ill with cancer and decided not to run for reelection in 1988. She picked Pelosi as her successor, guaranteeing her the support of the Burtons contacts. Sala died on February 1,1987, just a month after being sworn in for a full term. Pelosi represents one of the safest Democratic districts in the country, Democrats have held the seat since 1949 and Republicans, who currently make up only 13 percent of registered voters in the district, have not made a serious bid for the seat since the early 1960s. She won the seat in her own right in 1988 and has been reelected 10 more times with no substantive opposition and she has not participated in candidates debates since her 1987 race against Harriet Ross. The strongest challenge Pelosi has faced was in 2008 when anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan polled 16%, in the House, she served on the Appropriations and Intelligence Committees, and was the ranking Democrat on the Intelligence Committee until her election as Minority Leader
Nancy Pelosi
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Nancy Pelosi
Nancy Pelosi
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An early congressional photo of Pelosi taken in 1993.
Nancy Pelosi
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Pelosi (right) with Vice President
Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the
2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own – as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words: Madam Speaker".
Nancy Pelosi
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Pelosi conducts convention business during the first day of the
2008 Democratic National Convention in
Denver, Colorado.
2.
Eric Cantor
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Eric Ivan Cantor is an American politician, lawyer, and businessman, who served as the United States representative for Virginias 7th congressional district from 2001 until 2014. A member of the Republican Party, he became House Majority Leader when the 112th Congress convened on January 3,2011 and he previously served as House Minority Whip from 2009 until 2011. His district included most of the northern and western sections of Richmond, along with most of Richmonds western suburbs and, until redistricting in 2013, portions of the Shenandoah Valley. Cantor was the highest-ranking Jewish member of Congress in its history, and at the time of his resignation, in June 2014, in his bid for re-election, Cantor lost the Republican primary to economics professor Dave Brat in an upset that surprised political analysts. In response Cantor announced his resignation as House Majority Leader, and several weeks later, he announced his resignation from Congress. Immediately thereafter, Cantor accepted a position as chairman of investment bank Moelis & Company. Cantor, the second of three children, was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Mary Lee, a schoolteacher, and Eddie Cantor and his family emigrated from Eastern Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s. His father was the treasurer for Ronald Reagans 1980 presidential campaign. Cantor was raised in Conservative Judaism and he graduated from the Collegiate School, a co-ed private school in Richmond, in 1981. He enrolled at George Washington University in 1981, and as a freshman he worked as an intern for House Republican Tom Bliley of Virginia and was Blileys driver in the 1982 campaign. Cantor was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity while at GW and he earned a Juris Doctor degree from William & Mary Law School in 1988, and received a Master of Science in Real Estate Development from Columbia University in 1989. Cantor worked for over a decade with his fathers business doing legal work, Cantor served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992–January 1,2001. At various times he was a member of committees on Science and Technology, Corporation Insurance and Banking, General Laws, Courts of Justice, Claims. Cantor announced on March 14,2000 that he would seek the seat in the United States House of Representatives that was being vacated by Tom Bliley. Cantor had chaired Blileys reelection campaigns for the six years. During his first term, Cantor was chairman of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and he has also served on the House Financial Services Committee and on the House International Relations Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee. In 2002–only a few weeks after winning a second term–Roy Blunt appointed Cantor Chief Deputy Republican Whip, on November 19,2008, Cantor was unanimously elected Republican Whip for the 111th Congress, after serving as Deputy Whip for six years under Blunt. Blunt had decided not to seek reelection to the post after Republican losses in the two elections
Eric Cantor
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Eric Cantor
Eric Cantor
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Cantor and other House and Senate leaders meeting with President
Barack Obama in November 2010.
3.
Roy Blunt
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Roy Dean Blunt is an American politician who currently serves as the junior United States Senator from Missouri, having been in office since 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party, Blunt served as the United States Representative from Missouris 7th congressional district from 1997 to 2011. The district contains most of Southwest Missouri, anchored in the city of Springfield, as well as the cities of Joplin, Carthage, and Neosho, and the popular tourist destination of Branson. Blunt served as House Majority Whip from 2003 to 2007, and was acting House Majority Leader from September 2005 to February 2006. He was the House Minority Whip during the 110th Congress starting in 2007, Blunt successfully ran for United States Senate in 2010. The following year, he was elected vice-chairman of the Senate Republican Conference, Blunt is the current dean of Missouris Congressional Delegation. Blunt was born in Niangua, Missouri, the son of Neva Dora and Leroy Blunt and he earned a B. A. degree in history in 1970 from Southwest Baptist University. During his time in college, he received three draft deferments from the Vietnam War, two years later, he earned a masters degree in history from Missouri State University. Blunt was a school history teacher at Marshfield High School in 1972. He went on to serve as president of Southwest Baptist University, his alma mater, Blunt entered politics in 1973, when he was appointed county clerk and chief election official of Greene County, Missouri. He was subsequently elected to the three times and served a total of 12 years. Incumbent Republican Lieutenant Governor Bill Phelps decided to run for Governor, Blunt, the Greene County Clerk, decided to run for the open seat and won the Republican primary, but lost the general election to State Representative Ken Rothman 56%–44%. In 1984, after incumbent Democratic Missouri Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick decided to retire, in the general election, he defeated Democratic State Representative Gary D. Sharpe 54%–46%. He became the first Republican to hold the post in 50 years, in 1988, he won re-election against Democrat James Askew 61%–38%. Since incumbent Republican Governor John Ashcroft was term-limited, Blunt ran for the governorship in 1992, Missouri Attorney General William Webster defeated him and Missouri Treasurer Wendell Bailey 44%–40%–15%. Webster lost the election to Mel Carnahan. Blunt decided to run for the United States House of Representatives after incumbent U. S, Representative Mel Hancock honored his pledge to serve only four terms. Blunt ran in Missouris 7th congressional district, the most conservative district in Missouri, blunts political action committee is the Rely on Your Beliefs Fund
Roy Blunt
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Roy Blunt
Roy Blunt
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Roy Blunt in his first term in the U.S. House of Representatives
4.
John Boehner
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John Andrew Boehner is an American politician who served as the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, Boehner was the U. S, Representative from Ohios 8th congressional district, serving from 1991 to 2015. The district included several rural and suburban areas near Cincinnati and Dayton, Boehner previously served as the House Minority Leader from 2007 until 2011, and House Majority Leader from 2006 until 2007. Boehner resigned from the House of Representatives in October 2015 due to opposition from within the Republican caucus, in September 2016, Squire Patton Boggs, the third-largest lobbying firm in the U. S. announced that Boehner would join their firm. Also, Boehner will become a member of Reynolds American. Boehner was born in Reading, Ohio, the son of Mary Anne and Earl Henry Boehner and his father was of German descent and his mother had German and Irish ancestry. He grew up in modest circumstances, having shared one bathroom with his siblings in a two-bedroom house in Cincinnati. He started working at his familys bar at age 8, a business founded by their grandfather Andy Boehner in 1938 and he has lived in Southwest Ohio his entire life. Boehner attended Cincinnatis Moeller High School and was a linebacker on the football team. Shortly after his graduation in 1977, Boehner accepted a position with Nucite Sales and he was steadily promoted and eventually became president of the firm, resigning in 1990 when he was elected to Congress. From 1981 to 1984, Boehner served on the board of trustees of Union Township, Butler County and he then served as an Ohio state representative from 1985 to 1990. In 1990, Boehner ran against incumbent congressman Buz Lukens, who was under fire for having a relationship with a minor. He defeated Lukens in the primary, taking 49 percent of the vote and he was subsequently re-elected to Congress 12 times, each by a substantial margin. During his freshman year, Boehner was a member of the Gang of Seven which was involved in bringing attention to the House banking scandal. From 1995 to 1999, Boehner served as House Republican Conference Chairman which is the party caucus for Republicans in the United States House of Representatives, in this post, he was the fourth-ranking House Republican, behind Gingrich, Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay. In the summer of 1997 several House Republicans, who saw Speaker Newt Gingrichs public image as a liability, the attempted coup began July 9 with a meeting between Republican conference chairman Boehner and Republican leadership chairman Bill Paxon of New York. According to their plan, House Majority Leader Dick Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Boehner and Paxon were to present Gingrich with an ultimatum, resign, or be voted out. However, Armey balked at the proposal to make Paxon the new Speaker, on July 11, Gingrich met with senior Republican leadership to assess the situation
John Boehner
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Boehner in 2009
John Boehner
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Boehner, as House Minority Leader, campaigns for fellow Ohio Congressman
Steve Stivers (left) during the
2010 midterm elections
John Boehner
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2006 portrait of Boehner
John Boehner
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Speaker Boehner greets U.S. President
Barack Obama before the
2011 State of the Union Address.
5.
Tom Foley
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Foley was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign. He served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton, Foley was born in Spokane, Washington, the son of Helen Marie, a school teacher, and Ralph E. Foley, a Superior Court Judge. He was of Irish Catholic descent, in 1946, he graduated from the Jesuit-run Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane. He went on to attend Gonzaga University in Spokane and the University of Washington in Seattle, following law school, Foley entered private practice. In 1958, he working in the Spokane County prosecutors office as a deputy prosecuting attorney. In 1961, he joined the Washington Attorney Generals office as an assistant attorney general, in 1961, Foley moved to Washington, D. C. and joined the staff of Senator Henry Jackson, the then-Democratic Senator From Washington. He left Jacksons employ in 1964 at his urging to run for Congress, in 1964, Foley was unopposed for the Democratic nomination for Washingtons 5th congressional seat, which included Spokane. He faced 11-term Republican incumbent Walt Horan in the election and won by seven points. He was re-elected without significant difficulty until 1978, when he defeated conservative activist Duane Alton. The next race in 1980 was also close, when physician John Sonneland finished just 4 points back, though the fifth district became increasingly conservative, Foley didnt face serious opposition again until his defeat in 1994. In 1981, Foley was chosen majority whip by the House Democratic caucus and served in capacity until 1987. In 1989, Jim Wright of Texas stepped down as Speaker of the House amid an ethics scandal and he became the first Speaker from a state west of the Rocky Mountains. Foley brought suit, challenging the constitutionality of a law setting eligibility requirements on federal offices. Foley won his suit, with a United States district court declaring that states did not have the authority under the United States Constitution to limit the terms of federal officeholders, nethercutt vowed that if elected, he would not serve more than three terms in the House. Foley lost in a narrow race, Foley became the first sitting Speaker of the House to lose his bid for re-election since Galusha A. He is sometimes viewed as a casualty of the term limits controversy of the early 1990s. President Bill Clinton attributed his defeat to his support for the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, here is a chart of the voting results in Foleys election race. There are subtotals for the city of Spokane, rural Spokane County, from 1995 to 1998, Foley was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D. C
Tom Foley
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Tom Foley
Tom Foley
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Speaker of the House Tom Foley, official congressional portrait
Tom Foley
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Foley's official portrait as chairman of the Agriculture Committee
6.
William H. Gray (Pennsylvania politician)
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William Herbert Bill Gray III was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who represented Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district from 1979 to 1991. He also served as chairman of the House Committee on the Budget from 1985 to 1989 and he resigned from Congress in September of that year to become president and chief executive officer of the United Negro College Fund, a position he held until 2004. As an African American, he was the member of the House at the time of his resignation. He was co-founder of the government lobbying and advisory firm, Gray Loeffler LLC and he attended Franklin and Marshall College, where he received a bachelors degree in 1963. He went on to obtain a masters in divinity from Drew Theological Seminary in 1966, Gray received a L. H. D. from Bates College in 1994. In 1972, Gray succeeded his father as the minister at Bright Hope Baptist Church in Philadelphia. He was elected as a Democrat to represent Philadelphia in the United States House of Representatives in 1978 and he represented Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the House of Representatives from 1978 until his resignation on September 11,1991. He was the first African-American to chair the House Budget Committee and this bill was an instrumental precursor to the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986. Gray resigned from Congress in 1991 to serve as president of the United Negro College Fund from 1991 to 2004, the move was considered a complete surprise and prompted questions as to why he had done so. There was widespread speculation that he had been the subject of an investigation into alleged campaign finance irregularities, thornburgh went on to run in the special election in November 1991 but lost in an upset to Democrat Harris Wofford. Gray served as an adviser to the President and Secretary of State for Haitian affairs in 1994. He was named to the PoliticsPA list of Pennsylvanias Top Political Activists, outside politics he was also a businessman who has been a director at Dell from 2000. Gray was a director of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co, rockwell International Corporation, Visteon Corporation and Pfizer. He retired from Bright Hope Baptist Church in 2007 and was succeeded by Kevin R. Johnson, Gray was married to the former Andrea Dash, they have three sons, William IV, Justin and Andrew. Gray was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Gray died on July 1,2013, in London, while attending the Wimbledon tennis tournament with his son Andrew. Grays death came suddenly and no cause of death has been given, in 1997 he received the Four Freedom Award for the Freedom of Worship List of African-American United States Representatives United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, appearances on C-SPAN Bio with picture from the National Council of Churches William Gray - Forbes Profile Dell Profile Pew foster care
William H. Gray (Pennsylvania politician)
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William H. Gray
William H. Gray (Pennsylvania politician)
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Portrait of Gray in the Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives
7.
Victor H. Fazio
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Victor Herbert Fazio, Jr. usually known as Vic Fazio is a former Democratic congressman from California. Fazio was born to a family of New England Yankee and Italian-American heritage in Winchester, after graduating from Madison High School in Madison, NJ in 1960, Fazio attended Williston Academy in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 1961. He earned a B. A. from Union College in Schenectady, New York in 1965, from 1965-1966 he was a Coro Foundation Fellow in Los Angeles. Fazio was a congressional and legislative consultant from 1966 to 1975 and he served on the Sacramento County Charter Commission from 1972 to 1974, on the Sacramento County Planning Commission in 1975, and as a member of the California State Assembly from 1975 to 1978. Fazio was a delegate to California state Democratic conventions in 1976 and 1978, Fazio was elected as a Democrat to the 96th and to the nine succeeding Congresses. He represented Californias 4th congressional district from 1979 to 1993 and after redistricting changed district numbers he represented Californias 3rd congressional district from 1993 to 1999, as congressman, he lobbied to set aside area as a wildlife refuge below the I-80 overpass between Davis and Sacramento. His efforts led to the establishment of the Vic Fazio Yolo Wildlife Area, the region is in Yolo County and is known to locals as the Yolo Bypass, a seasonal wetlands generated by controlled fall, winter and spring flooding. The refuge provides valuable winter habitat for waterfowl and shorebirds and it is additionally used as a Pacific Flyway stop-over by migrant waterfowl and shorebirds during fall and spring migrations, and can be accessed for visitation by an auto tour route. Fazio won his first seven terms without serious difficulty, but his district was made measurably more rural and he only won 51 percent of the vote in 1992 against former State Senator H. L. Bill Richardson. In 1994, he was defeated, winning by only three percentage points. In 1996 he was elected by a margin, winning 54%. He announced he would not run for re-election in 1998, in November of the prior year, Fazio currently works as a Senior Advisor in the Washington office of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld and sits on the board of Northrop Grumman. He serves as co-chair of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Council on American Politics at GWs Graduate School of Political Management Vic Fazio Papers at Special Collections Dept, University Library, University of California, Davis Vic Fazio at Akin Gump webpage
Victor H. Fazio
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Victor H. Fazio
8.
Jim Wright
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James Claude Wright Jr. Wright was a Democratic U. S. Congressman from Texas who served 34 years in the U. S. House of Representatives and was the Speaker of the House from 1987 to 1989, Wright resigned from the House in 1989 because of a scandal. Wright was born in Fort Worth, the son of Marie, because his father was a traveling salesman, Wright and his two sisters were reared in numerous communities in Texas and Oklahoma. In December 1941, Wright enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces and he trained as a bombardier and earned a Distinguished Flying Cross flying during combat in B-24 Liberators with the 530th Bomb Squadron, 380th Bomb Group in the South Pacific during World War II. His retelling of his exploits is contained in his 2005 book The Flying Circus. After the war, he made his home in Weatherford, where he joined partners in forming a Trade Show exhibition, as a Democrat, he won his first election without opposition in 1946 to the Texas House of Representatives, where he served from 1947 to 1949. He was defeated in his bid for reelection in 1948, after a rival claimed that Wright was weak in opposing communism and interracial marriage. He was the mayor of Weatherford from 1950 to 1954, in 1953, he served as president of the League of Texas Municipalities. In 1954, he was elected to Congress from Texass 12th congressional district and he won despite the fervid opposition of Amon G. Carter, publisher of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram newspaper and later the benefactor of the Amon Carter Museum. Carter supported the incumbent Democrat Wingate Lucas, Wright would be re-elected fourteen times, gradually rising in prominence in the party and in Congress. He developed a close relationship thereafter with Amon G. Carter, in 1956, Wright refused to join most of his regional colleagues in signing the segregationist Southern Manifesto. In 1957, he voted for the Civil Rights Act, which created the Division of Civil Rights within the U. S. Justice Department, signed by U. S. President Dwight Eisenhower, the law was pushed through Congress by U. S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and Speaker Sam Rayburn, however, Wright refused to support the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which required desegregation of public accommodations and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. It was signed into law by Wrights friend, President Johnson, in 1961, Wright finished in third place in the special election called to fill the U. S. Senate seat vacated by then Vice President Lyndon Johnson. Two finalists for the Senate emerged from a field of seventy-one candidates, college professor John G. Tower, then of Wichita Falls, narrowly defeated the interim appointee William Blakley, a Dallas industrialist, in a runoff election. Tower hence became the first Republican senator from Texas since Reconstruction, Wright was riding in the motorcade in Dallas on November 22,1963 when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. Wright continued to serve in the House and became a member of the Public Works Committee. In the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Jim Wright is infamous for the Wright Amendment, passed in 1979, the Wright Amendment was originally designed to protect the then-fledgling Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Jim Wright
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Jim Wright
Jim Wright
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Speaker Wright, 1991 Oil portrait by
Marshall Bouldin III
9.
Mary Rose Oakar
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She is currently a member of the Ohio State Board of Education. Oakar, who graduated with a B. A. from Ursuline College in 1962 and she took office in 1977, succeeding James V. Stanton. Oakar, one of very few Arab-American members of the House and she was a high-ranking member of the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service and the House Administration Committee. Oakars high placement on these committees allowed her to bring home to Cleveland large sums of money for urban renewal, Oakar forged strong relationships with Jewish groups in Cleveland. From 1985 to 1989, she was elected to a position in the House Democratic leadership, in 1991, she was one of nearly 100 Members of Congress involved in the widespread House banking scandal involving multiple overdrafts and bounced checks. The House Bank, not an operating financial institution, was used to pay members of the house. However, members were allowed to take advances on their pay checks without overdraft charges or repercussions to their credit, Oakar was indicted on seven counts, including lying to the FBI, filing false financial statements and using the House bank to convert public money for personal use. Her nephews were also indicted on charges, one pleaded guilty. If sentenced, she could have received 40 years in prison, in a plea agreement, she pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor charges, conspiracy and violation of election law. She used the names of donors on federal documents to conceal illegal contributions amounting to $16,000. Three counts against her were thrown out by the Supreme Court because members of the House cannot be prosecuted for lying to congress, in 1992, her district was renumbered the 10th and redrawn to include more Republicans, though it was still solidly Democratic. She won a 1999 libel settlement against Clevelands newspaper, The Plain Dealer after seven years in court, in April 1992 the Clevelands Plain Dealer released articles alleging that Oakar was forced to resign from a congressional task force after the House banking scandal. The paper acknowledged that the eight-term Democrat was rightfully upset that erroneous information had been printed, Oakar unsuccessfully ran in the 2001 Cleveland Mayoral Primary and served a single term in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2000 to 2002. In November 2012, she was elected to a term on the Ohio State Board of Education where she represents District 11. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Oakars name, Oakar served as president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee from 2003 through 2010. ADC describes itself as the largest Arab-American grassroots civil-rights organization in the U. S, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Profile on the Ohio Ladies Gallery website
Mary Rose Oakar
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Mary Rose Oakar
10.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
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Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
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Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
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House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
11.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
Maryland
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Western Maryland: known for its heavily forested mountains. A panoramic view of
Deep Creek Lake and the surrounding
Appalachian Mountains in
Garrett County.
Maryland
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Flag
Maryland
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Dramatic example of Maryland's
fall line, a change in rock type and elevation that creates waterfalls in many areas along the Southwest to Northeast geological boundary that crosses the state.
Great Falls, cliffs and rapids.
Maryland
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Typical freshwater river above the tidal zone. The
Patapsco River includes the famous
Thomas Viaduct and is part of the
Patapsco Valley State Park. Later, the river forms the
Inner Harbor as it empties into the
Chesapeake Bay.
12.
Gladys Spellman
–
Gladys Noon Spellman was a U. S. Congresswoman who represented the 5th congressional district of Maryland from January 3,1975, to February 24,1981. She was a member of the Democratic Party, Spellman was born Gladys Blossom Noon in New York City and attended Eastern and Roosevelt high schools in Washington, D. C. She graduated from George Washington University, Washington, D. C. Spellman became a teacher, and taught in Prince Georges County, Maryland, schools. She served two years as chairman, effectively the head of the countys government, after the establishment of the County Council, Spellman served as councilwoman at large from 1971 to 1974. She was appointed by President Lyndon B, Spellman easily won the Democratic primary nomination in September 1974 for Marylands fifth congressional seat, and went on to defeat the Republican, John B. Burcham, Jr. in the general election, while in Congress, she served on the Committee on Banking, Currency and Housing, the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee, and the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Almost 40 percent of the force in her district was employed by the federal government – the highest percentage of any congressional district in the nation. In 1977, Spellman favored legislation to establish a bank to make loans to cooperatives owned by consumers as well as legislation to extend the federal revenue-sharing program and she also voted for the 1975 proposal authorizing $7 billion to loan guarantees for the financially troubled New York City. Spellman also resisted placing restrictions on hiring or promotion of federal employees, in 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Spellmans name and picture. On October 31,1980, Spellman was judging a Halloween costume contest at the Laurel Mall when she collapsed after suffering a heart attack. It is the time that medical reasons have resulted in the House of Representatives declaring a seat vacant. Thirty-two candidates from both parties entered the race, including her husband, Reuben and he was defeated for the Democratic nomination by Steny Hoyer, who won the special election on May 19 against the Republican nominee, Bowie Mayor Audrey Scott. Hoyer has continued to be re-elected since then, and eventually became House Majority Leader, in 1985, Spellman was an inductee to the Maryland Womens Hall of Fame. The Baltimore–Washington Parkway, a scenic highway in Maryland, is dedicated to Spellman, as is Gladys Noon Spellman Elementary School, located in Cheverly. Spellman died on June 19,1988, in a home in suburban Maryland. She had never come out of the coma, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Gladys Spellman
–
Gladys Spellman
13.
James A. Clark, Jr.
–
James Clark Jr. was the president of the Maryland State Senate from 1979 to 1983. Clark was born at Keewaydin Farm, Ellicott City, Maryland and his father, James Clark Sr. was a judge of the Fifth Circuit Court whose familys roots in Howard County, Maryland traced back to 1797. His mother was Alda Tyson Hopkins, whose family line traced back to the Ellicott, James and Alda Hopkins Clark lived at Keewaydin, a farm located near Ellicott City, Maryland, and also owned a nearby farm known as Elioak Farm. They had four sons, John, Samuel, James, Clark attended Fork Union Military Academy in 1936, and was accepted for college in 1937. He took courses which included flight in a Taylorcraft and Stearman Biplane and he volunteered for service in the US Army in June 1941, serving four and a half years in the Army Air Service. During World War II, Clark trained at Luke Field in Arizona then volunteered to serve in the Glider Pilot Corps, Clark was among the forces that helped evacuate survivors of the Dachau concentration camp. Clark was discharged in late 1945 as a 1st Lieutenant, with friends by his side. After returning from Europe, Clark and Lillian Hawkins completed their six-year courtship, James and Lillian ran the Elioak Farm, moving into the updated stone slave quarters. After an accident with a horse drawn drill running over his head in 1947, Clark raised cattle, and started a dairy operation in 1949. He began a family in 1950 with the arrival of their first son, Mark Tyson who would take over, the Clarks had three more children, Priscilla Phelps, Martha Anne, and James Hawkins, Jamie. Clark became a director of the Montgomery Mutual Insurance Company, specializing in farm fire insurance which he would remain at for 35 years, Clarks father died in 1955, allowing Clark to buy off the half-interest in his Elioak and Sykesville farms. Clark also rented and managed his brother-in-laws Fairfield Farm, in 1958 Dallas Brown died, allowing Clark to purchase the adjacent farm and move into the Brown house in 1959. James Rouse said that the Rouse Company development of Columbia could not have happened without Clark. In Clarks autobiography, he claimed not to be aware of the purchases of 13,000 acres by the politically prominent Moxley family, but felt refusing purchase offers would make his farm more valuable. Clark and Howard County Delegates William Hanna and Edwin Wafield would be the approvers of state money to provide water and sewer for the Rouse project. In 1965, Clark requested that Rouse speak on behalf of Governor Tawes fair housing legislation while the New Town zoning was under consideration, in April 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 included national legislation of fair housing days after the Baltimore riot of 1968. The new law would require that the developers of Columbia could not discriminate in housing, the development claimed to be progressive, although Rouse actively managed the racial mix of new purchasers in the early years to achieve his desired result. Senator Clark retired from life in 1986 and returned to Elioak Farm to attend to the farm
James A. Clark, Jr.
–
During
Operation Market-Garden, Waco gliders are lined up on an English airfield in preparation for the next lift to the Netherlands.
James A. Clark, Jr.
–
Elioak Farm petting zoo
14.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
15.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
16.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
17.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
Democratic Party (United States)
–
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic
President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President
Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State
William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908),
Josephus Daniels,
Breckinridge Long,
William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
–
John F. Kennedy,
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
18.
University of Maryland, College Park
–
Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
University of Maryland, College Park
–
Charles Calvert, founder
University of Maryland, College Park
–
Seal of the University of Maryland
University of Maryland, College Park
–
Morrill Hall, built in 1898, is the oldest academic building on campus.
University of Maryland, College Park
–
The campus during the 1912 fire.
19.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
–
A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
20.
Georgetown University
–
Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
Georgetown University
–
John Carroll published his proposals for a school at Georgetown in 1787, after the
American Revolution allowed for the free practice of religion.
Georgetown University
–
Georgetown University
Seal
Georgetown University
–
Union soldiers across the Potomac River from Georgetown University in 1861
Georgetown University
–
Patrick Francis Healy helped transform the school into a modern university after the Civil War.
21.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
Juris Doctor
–
Example of a diploma from
Suffolk University Law School conferring the Juris Doctor degree.
Juris Doctor
–
The
Inns of Court of London served as a professional school for lawyers in England
Juris Doctor
–
Tapping Reeve, founder of the first law school in North America, the
Litchfield Law School, in 1773
Juris Doctor
–
Joseph Story, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, lecturer of law at Harvard and proponent of the scientific study of law
22.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
23.
Barbara Mikulski
–
Barbara Ann Mikulski is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Maryland from 1987 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. She is the woman in the history of the United States Congress and is the longest-serving senator in Maryland history. Raised in the Highlandtown neighborhood of East Baltimore, Mikulski attended Mount Saint Agnes College, originally a social worker and community organizer, she was elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1971 after delivering a highly publicized address on the ethnic movement in America. She was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1976, from the death of Senator Daniel Inouye in December 2012 until 2015, Mikulski chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee, the first woman and first Marylander to hold the position. At her retirement, she was the ranking minority member and she also served on the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence. After five terms in the Senate, on March 2,2015, Mikulski was born and raised in the Highlandtown neighborhood of East Baltimore, the eldest of the three daughters of Christine Eleanor and William Mikulski. Her parents were both of Polish descent, her immigrant great-grandparents had owned a bakery in Baltimore, during her high school years at the Institute of Notre Dame, she worked in her parents grocery store, delivering groceries to elderly neighbors who were unable to leave their homes. She worked as a worker for Catholic charities and Baltimores Department of Social Services, helping at-risk children. Mikulski became an activist social worker when she heard about plans to build Interstate 70 through Baltimores Fells Point and she helped organize communities on both sides of the city and successfully fought to stop the construction of the road. Mikulski first received attention in 1970, because of her remarks at a conference at The Catholic University of America regarding “Ethnic Americans”. Her message became one of the documents of the “ethnic movement”. Mikulskis activism led to a seat on the Baltimore City Council in 1971 and she was instrumental in solidifying democratizing reforms to the national delegate selection process. She then ran for the U. S. Senate in 1974, although well-known to residents in her city, Mikulski had limited name recognition in the rest of the state. As an advocate for campaign finance reform, Mathias refused to accept any contribution over $100 to avoid the curse of big money that has led to so much trouble in the last year. However, he managed to raise over $250,000. Ideologically, Mikulski and Mathias agreed on issues, such as closing tax loopholes. On two issues, however, Mathias argued to reform Congress and the U. S. tax system to address inflation and corporate price fixing, contrary to Mikulski
Barbara Mikulski
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Barbara Mikulski
Barbara Mikulski
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Signature
Barbara Mikulski
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Mikulski challenged
Charles Mathias for his Senate seat in 1974.
Barbara Mikulski
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Mikulski speaking to a patient at a military hospital, 1980.
24.
United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
United States Democratic Party
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Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic
President of the United States
United States Democratic Party
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Democratic Party
United States Democratic Party
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The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President
Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State
William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908),
Josephus Daniels,
Breckinridge Long,
William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
United States Democratic Party
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John F. Kennedy,
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
25.
Mitchellville, Maryland
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Mitchellville is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in Prince Georges County, Maryland, United States. The population was 10,967 at the 2010 census, Mitchellville is located at 38°56′29″N 76°48′49″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.0 square miles. As of the United States Census of 2000, there were 9,611 people,3,148 households, the population density was 1,930.4 people per square mile. There were 3,243 housing units at a density of 651. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 13. 29% White,78. 50% Black,0. 26% Native American,3. 93% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 80% from other races, and 3. 15% from two or more races. 2. 09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,15. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 1. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the family size was 3.34. In the CDP, the population was out with 27. 5% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,30. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $84,687, and the median income for a family was $91,297. Males had an income of $52,228 versus $46,648 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,801, about 1. 9% of families and 2. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 7% of those under age 18 and 7. 3% of those age 65 or over. Mitchellville was named for John Mitchell, who owned Essington Hall and he and his wife Mary Lanham are buried in the Mitchell Family Cemetery on Mitchellville and Mount Oak Road. This location is now South Bowie, and the Bowie CDP08775 An 1878 G. M, hopkins Atlas shows Mitchellville P. O. near the same corner of what is today Mitchellville and Mount Oak Road. Also, see Woodmore for common historical information
Mitchellville, Maryland
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Location of Mitchellville, Maryland
26.
Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
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The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
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Flag
Denmark
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The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
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Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
27.
Copenhagen
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Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen
Copenhagen
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From upper left:
Christiansborg Palace,
Frederik's Church,
Tivoli Gardens and
Nyhavn.
Copenhagen
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Reconstruction of Copenhagen c. 1500
Copenhagen
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The
Tøjhus Arsenal (
1604)
Copenhagen
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The
Børsen, former stock exchange (completed
1640)
28.
John Hart (New Jersey politician)
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John Hart was a public official and politician in colonial New Jersey who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and also signed the Declaration of Independence. Sources disagree as to the year and place of Harts birth and he was perhaps born in 1706 in Stonington, Connecticut, or in 1713 in Hopewell Township, Burlington County, New Jersey. Hart was baptized at the Maidenhead Meetinghouse on December 31,1713, in 1741, John Hart married Deborah Scudder. Deborah Hart predeceased her husband, dying October 28,1776, in 1747 he donated a piece of land in his front meadow to local Baptists who had been seeking a place to build a church. The location was known for some time thereafter as the Old Baptist Meeting House, Hart was elected to the Hunterdon County Board of Chosen Freeholders in 1750. He was first elected to the New Jersey colonial Assembly in 1761 and he was appointed to the local Committee of Safety and the Committee of Correspondence, and became a judge on the Court of Common Pleas. He was often called Honest John, when New Jersey formed a revolutionary assembly in 1776, he was elected to it and served as its Vice President. Prior to June 1776, the New Jersey delegation in the First Continental Congress was opposed to independence, as a result, the entire delegation was replaced, and Hart was one of those selected for the Second Continental Congress. He joined in time to vote for and sign the Declaration of Independence and he served until August of that year, then was elected Speaker of the newly formed New Jersey General Assembly. He would later take on duties as Treasurer of the Council of Safety, President of the Joint Meetings of the New Jersey Congress. In December 1776, the British advance into New Jersey reached Hunterdon County, a marked man due to his status as Speaker of the Assembly, Hart was obliged to escape and hide for a short time in the nearby Sourland Mountains. His farm was raided by British and Hessian troops, who damaged, the Continentals capture of Trenton on December 26 allowed Hart to return home. Prior to the Battle of Monmouth, Hart invited Gen. George Washington and the Continental Army to make camp on his farm, from June 22–24,1778,12,000 men occupied his fields, and on at least one occasion Gen. Washington dined with their host. On November 7,1778, John Hart returned to Hopewell from the Assembly in Trenton, two days later, he indicated that he was too ill with gravel to return. He continued to suffer from the affliction for more than six months until his death on May 11,1779. John Hart, The Biography of a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, John Hart at Find a Grave
John Hart (New Jersey politician)
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John Hart
John Hart (New Jersey politician)
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New Jersey Colonial currency (1776) signed by John Hart.
John Hart (New Jersey politician)
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Historical marker for John Hart's cave in
East Amwell Township, New Jersey.
29.
United States Declaration of Independence
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Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast, a committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term Declaration of Independence is not used in the document itself, John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, but Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms and it was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for printing has been lost. Jeffersons original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, the sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Having served its purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years. Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, and his policies and this has been called one of the best-known sentences in the English language, containing the most potent and consequential words in American history. The passage came to represent a standard to which the United States should strive. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose, and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire. Many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the empire, the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. This tax dispute was part of a divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies. In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate, after the Townshend Acts, some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all
United States Declaration of Independence
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1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy
United States Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration
United States Declaration of Independence
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The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's
Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence
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This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.
