1.
Stephen Malkmus (album)
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Stephen Malkmus is the debut album by Stephen Malkmus, released on February 13,2001 by Matador Records. Malkmus had planned to create the record by himself, or through a smaller, local label, but eventually accepted the offer Matador asked, pre-release promotional CDs of the album exist under the working titles Jicks and Swedish Reggae. Malkmus intended to release the album as The Jicks, but Matador insisted that the album be released under his own name, the album peaked at #124 in the US and #49 in the UK. Stephen Malkmus received positive reviews music critics. Similarly, Pitchfork Media reviewer Nick Mirov opined that Malkmus has regained his songwriting stride, the album appeared at number 28 in The Village Voices Pazz & Jop critics poll for 2001
2.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Stockton, California
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Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County located in the central valley portion of the U. S. State of California and the. Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses, the city is named after Robert F. Stockton, and it was the first community in California to not have a name of Spanish or Native American origin. The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an population of 315,592 as of 2016. Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States and it was named an All-America City in 1999,2004 and again in 2015. Built during the California Gold Rush, Stocktons seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and it provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines. Stockton has been the location of the oldest university in California, as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, Stockton was the second largest city in the United States to file for bankruptcy protection. Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015, Stockton is situated amidst the farmland of Californias San Joaquin Valley, a subregion of the Central Valley. In and around Stockton are thousands of miles of waterways, which make up the California Delta, Interstate 5 and State Route 99, inland Californias major north-south highways, pass through the city. State Route 4 and the dredged San Joaquin River connect the city with the San Francisco Bay Area to its west, Stockton and Sacramento are Californias only inland sea ports. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city occupies an area of 64.8 square miles. When Europeans first visited the Stockton area, the Yatchicumne, a branch of the Northern Valley Yokuts Indians and they built their villages on low mounds to keep their homes above regular floods. A Yokuts village named Pasasimas was located on a mound between Edison and Harrison Streets on what is now the Stockton Channel in downtown Stockton, the Siskiyou Trail began in the northern San Joaquin Valley. It was a centuries-old Native American footpath that lead through the Sacramento Valley over the Cascades, Gold rush era Europeans and Americans started to arrive in the area after gold was found in northern California, starting with the California Gold Rush in 1848. When Captain Charles Maria Weber, a German immigrant, decided to try his hand at mining in late 1848. As an alien, Weber could not secure a land grant directly, born in New York, Gulnae had married a Mexican woman and sworn allegiance to Mexico, which then ruled California. He applied in Webers place for a grant of eleven square leagues on the east side of the San Joaquin River. Weber acquired the Rancho Campo de los Franceses Mexican land grant, Weber built the first permanent residence in the San Joaquin Valley on a piece of land now known as Weber Point. During the California Gold Rush, Stockton developed as a river port, during its early years, Stockton was known by several names, including Tuleburg, Fat City, Mudville, and Californias Sunrise Seaport
5.
Indie rock
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Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Originally used to independent record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. In the mid-1980s, the term began to be used to describe the music produced on punk and post-punk labels. Some prominent indie rock record labels were founded during the 1980s, during the 1990s, Grunge bands broke into the mainstream, and the term alternative lost its original counter-cultural meaning. The term indie rock became associated with the bands and genres that remained dedicated to their independent status, by the end of the 1990s indie rock developed subgenres and related styles including lo-fi, noise pop, emo, slowcore, post-rock and math rock. In the 2000s, changes in the industry and in music technology enabled a new wave of indie rock bands to achieve mainstream success. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped-down. The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands, The Strokes, The White Stripes, The Hives, emo also broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s. By the end of the 2000s the proliferation of bands was being referred to as indie landfill. The term indie rock, which comes from independent, describes the small and relatively low-budget labels on which it is released, the influences and styles of the artists have been extremely diverse, including punk, psychedelia, post-punk and country. Allmusic identifies indie rock as including a number of varying musical approaches compatible with mainstream tastes, in fact, there is an everlasting list of genres and subgenres of indie rock. Many countries have developed a local indie scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country. However, there are still indie bands that start off locally, Indie rock has been identified as a reaction against the macho culture that developed in alternative rock in the aftermath of Nirvanas success. However, Cortney Harding pointed out that this sense of equality is not reflected in the number of women running indie labels. The BBC documentary Music for Misfits, The Story of Indie pinpoints the birth of indie as the 1977 self-publication of the Spiral Scratch EP by Manchester band Buzzcocks, Indie pop and indie were originally synonymous. In the mid-1980s, indie began to be used to describe the music produced on post-punk labels rather than the labels themselves. The indie rock scene in the US was prefigured by the rock that dominated college radio playlists. In the United States, the term was associated with the abrasive, distortion-heavy sounds of the Pixies, Hüsker Dü, Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Dinosaur Jr
6.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
7.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
8.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
9.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
10.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
11.
Matador Records
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Matador Records is an independent record label, with a roster of mainly indie rock, but also punk rock, experimental rock, alternative rock, electronic and other artists. Matador was created in 1989 by Chris Lombardi in his New York City apartment, Lombardi brought the Austrian duo H. P. Zinker into Wharton Tiers’ Fun City studio to record Matadors first release. Lombardi continued to add artists to the labels roster, with bands like the Dustdevils, Railroad Jerk and Superchunk, before being joined by former Homestead Records manager Gerard Cosloy in 1990. The two of them have run it together since, Matador experienced its first taste of crazed media attention & big sales with the North American release of Teenage Fanclub’s debut record, A Catholic Education in 1990. In 1992 Matador released Pavements debut studio album Slanted and Enchanted, in 1996, Capitol Records purchased a 49 percent stake in Matador, which Lombardi and Cosloy bought back in 1999. Beggars Group purchased 50% of Matador in 2002 and took over the worldwide marketing. Over the years, the label has moved from shoebox sized offices to larger and larger complexes, Matador Europe supervises the promotion, sales and marketing of Matador titles in Europe. The London based office also licensed recordings from some of North America’s most acclaimed new artists, M. Ward, Sleater-Kinney, Modest Mouse, and Superchunk to name a few. The roster has also grown with the label and has helped artists such as Yo La Tengo, Cat Power, Cornelius, Solex, Pizzicato Five, Helium and the Arsonists reach audiences worldwide. In 1994 Patrick Amory became Matadors label manager, and has progressed to label President, as well as a partner of Lombardi. In the early 2000s, Matador had to sidestep unwanted involvement in the current Recording Industry Association of America dispute over Peer-to-peer file sharing networks. Matadors Patrick Amory contacted the RIAA multiple times in order to ensure that an erroneous listing on the website of Matador as an RIAA member was removed. After several attempts, the name of the independent label was removed from the membership list, Matador acquired True Panther Sounds as an imprint in 2009. Cosloy, speaking through the Matador blog, stated that True Panther Sounds will continue to be managed by label founder Dean Bein. And that the reason Matador acquired True Panther Sounds was simply, As Victor Kiam once explained his decision to purchase the Remington Shaver operation, “I liked it so much, during the event Many of the artists stated their opinions and admiration of Matador. We fell ass-backwards into being on one of the top indie labels of all time, mike Hadreas said, To me, signing to Matador was like getting into a really good school. Its a hard thing to talk about without resorting to clichés, said Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo Matador has continued to sign bands of various genres including Iceage, Lower, Algiers, Majical Cloudz and Car Seat Headrest
12.
Domino Recording Company
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Domino Recording Company, generally known as Domino, is a British independent record label based in London. In addition, Stephen Pastel presides over the subsidiary label Geographic Music, in 2011, the company announced that it was beginning a book publishing division, The Domino Press. Founded in 1993, by Laurence Bell and his partner Jacqui Rice, many of the early releases were by American artists who in the USA were signed to Drag City, a relationship which continues to this day. 2003 was the labels 10th anniversary, as well as new music, Domino have released produced compilations by British post-punk bands such as Orange Juice, Josef K, Fire Engines and Young Marble Giants
13.
Drag City (record label)
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Drag City is a Chicago-based independent record label. It was established with a Royal Trux single release in 1990 in Chicago, Illinois by Dan Koretzky, Drag City specializes in experimental indie rock acts. Bands that have released material on Drag City include, The label released the US version of Scott Walkers Tilt in 1997, walker described releasing the album on the indie as an experiment. Booth were also a member of Chestnut Station, several Drag City albums have been licensed to Domino Records for British release. In 1997 Drag City began publishing printed works such as the literary magazine The Minus Times and they have also distributed films such as the 2013 documentary The Source Family. Drag City has decided to not release the music of its artist roster on any streaming platform, list of record labels Official site
14.
Pavement (band)
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Pavement was an American indie rock band that formed in Stockton, California in 1989. The group mainly consisted of Stephen Malkmus, Scott Kannberg, Mark Ibold, Steve West, initially conceived as a recording project, the band at first avoided press or live performances, while attracting considerable underground attention with their early releases. In 2010, they undertook a reunion tour. Though only briefly brushing the mainstream with the single Cut Your Hair in 1994, some prominent music critics, such as Robert Christgau and Stephen Thomas Erlewine, went so far as to call them the best band of the 1990s. In their career, they achieved a significant cult following. Pavement formed in Stockton, California in 1989 as a project of guitarists and vocalists Stephen Malkmus & Scott Kannberg, known originally only as S. M. Their debut EPs were extremely lo-fi releases titled Slay Tracks, Demolition Plot J-7 and they were recorded at Louder Than You Think, the home studio of Stockton local and former hippie Gary Young who also played drums on the recordings. Upon first hearing the songs, Young was quoted as saying. Pavements most obvious influence during this time was English rock band The Fall, after the release of Slay Tracks, a new drummer, Jason Turner, was drafted to replace Young both live and in the studio. However, after just one tour and a handful of recording sessions, Malkmus later described Turner as this depressed guy who might assassinate me one day. Around the same time, Bob Nastanovich was incorporated into the live Pavement band as an auxiliary percussionist, Malkmus had been roommates with Nastanovich in New York City, and had told him, You could be our drummer if we ever played. Their debut album, Slanted and Enchanted, was released commercially in 1992 after copies had been circulated on cassette tape for nearly a year. Though the percussive influence of The Fall was still pervasive, as was that of English post-punk band Swell Maps, later the same year, the band released the EP Watery, Domestic. The band only understood how severe Youngs drinking problem was after Pavements first few tours, Malkmus later told Tape Op, We knew that he was like a hippie and kinda flaky, but we didnt know he had such a bad drinking problem. We found out on tour, because he really got sick from being nervous. Thats why I let Bob be in the band. Keep the beat going if Gary passes out, in 1993, Malkmus attempted to record some new songs at Youngs studio with unsuccessful results. The singer later said, We kind of wanted to not record with him anymore and we tried to record there, but it wasnt sounding good and he didnt have his studio ready and he was also in a drinking funk. Young ultimately agreed to leave the band and he was replaced by Steve West, who had been a fellow museum security guard at the Whitney Museum of American Art along with Malkmus and David Berman
15.
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
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Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks is a rock band consisting of Stephen Malkmus, Mike Clark, Joanna Bolme, and Jake Morris. Malkmus was the singer and songwriter behind the influential 1990s indie rock band Pavement. The Jicks formed in 2000, almost immediately after Pavements 1999 hiatus began, the groups first record - which had a working title of Swedish Reggae - was simply called Stephen Malkmus. It was released by Matador Records on February 13,2001, at least a few of the songs were proposed Pavement songs before the group disbanded. The group made their live debut at New Yorks Bowery Ballroom only a few weeks before their first record was released. Around this time, Pavements auxiliary percussionist Bob Nastanovich began acting as The Jicks tour manager, pig Lib was the name of the bands second record, which was released in 2003. The album featured a looser interplay between the musicians with longer lengths and a growing emphasis on guitar solos. The album received positive reviews, gaining 4/5 stars from Rolling Stone, in 2003 the Jicks opened for Radiohead on their North American tour, and in 2004 the band helped to curate an edition of the British All Tomorrows Parties festival. Face the Truth, came in 2005 to widely positive reviews, most of the album was recorded by Malkmus alone in his basement, although each member of the Jicks play on at least one song on the record. The band toured only briefly behind this record, partially due to the fact that Malkmus had a new child, during this time period Joe Plummer briefly filled in on drums. The bands fourth album, Real Emotional Trash, was recorded at SnowGhost Music in Whitefish, Montana. While Malkmus spent much of 2010 on tour with Pavement, the completed recording on their fifth album Mirror Traffic with Beck Hansen. Prior to the release, Janet Weiss departure from the Jicks lineup was announced and her place was taken by ex-Joggers drummer Jake Morris. The bands sixth album, Wig Out at Jagbags, was released on January 7,2014. For much of the existence the Jicks have seldom performed songs by Malkmuss previous band Pavement. However, since about 2012, the group has shown a willingness to occasionally play Pavement songs
16.
Silver Jews
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Silver Jews were an indie rock band from New York City, formed in 1989 by David Berman along with Pavements Stephen Malkmus and Bob Nastanovich. Berman remained throughout and was the only constant member, during the last few albums, Cassie Berman became a regular member of the band. On 8 January 2015, Bob Nastanovich posted a photo on his Facebook page claiming that the Silver Jews are practicing again, though often labeled as a Pavement side project, Silver Jews were actually formed at roughly the same time as Pavement. Others claim, however, that the name pays homage to Silver Apples, The Silver Beatles and they toured North America, Europe, and Israel in 2006. A documentary, titled Silver Jew, was filmed during the time in Israel. The caverns are located 333 feet underground, and only 300 general admission tickets were made available, Berman stated that he would play his 15 favorite Silver Jews songs. He also wrote that his intentions are to move to screenwriting or muckraking and he closed the entry by saying, I always said we would stop before we got bad. If I continue to record I might accidentally write the song to Shiny Happy People. The concert was documented by several 16 mm film cameras, the last song that the Silver Jews performed live was Smith and Jones Forever. On June 19,2012, Early Times was released by Drag City, Early Times is a compilation of EPs and singles that were released before the debut LP Starlite Walker. Brian Kotzur is the frontman/drummer for Tim Chad and Sherry and also drums for Super Bowl Rocket Ship. William Tyler plays guitar for Tim Chad and Sherry, in 2015 Bob Nastanovich posted a photo to his Facebook page featuring the band rehearsing. He said that the band is working on two new songs, “The Veranda Over The Toy Shoppe, ” and “Wacky Package Eyes. ”David Berman later said the photo was a prank. 7 of Stop Smiling Send in the Clouds CD/7 Hot as Hell CD/7 Early Times LP/CD/Cassette Silver Jew
17.
Carpinteria, California
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Carpinteria /kɑːrpᵻntəˈriːə/ is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,040 at the 2010 census, Carpinteria Beach is known for its gentle slope and calm waves in selected sandy areas but also good surfing swells in some of the more rocky areas. Seals and sea lions can be seen in the area December through May at the rookery in the nearby Carpinteria Bluffs, tidepools contain starfish, sea anemones, crabs, snails, octopuses and sea urchins. A marathon-length round trip north of the rookery along the beach to Stearns Wharf in Santa Barbara is possible, a popular campground is located adjacent to the beach. There is bird watching at Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve, established in 1977, the Waldholme Torrey Pine, largest known Torrey pine tree on earth, is located in downtown Carpinteria. Since 1987, the California Avocado Festival has been held in Carpinteria on the first weekend of October, the Santa Barbara Polo Club, one of the main equestrian polo fields in the country, is located in Carpinteria. The city is home to Hollandia Produce, an organic produce company with 70 employees. Lynda. com, a software training company ranked as one of the fastest-growing private companies in the U. S. had its headquarters in Carpinteria. The company was purchased by LinkedIn in 2015 for $1.5 billion, in 1769, the Spanish Portola expedition came west along the beach from the previous nights encampment at Rincon. The explorers found a native village on the point of land where Carpinteria Pier is today. The party camped nearby on August 17, fray Juan Crespi, a Franciscan missionary travelling with the expedition, noted that Not far from the town we saw some springs of pitch. The Indians have many canoes, and at the time were building one, the Chumash people used the naturally occurring surface asphalt to seal their canoes, known as Tomols. Petroleum seeps are still visible along the bluffs at Tar Pits Park on the campground beach of Carpinteria State Beach. The three closest drilling platforms visible from the shore are within the Carpinteria Offshore Oil Field, the 50th-largest field in California, Carpinteria is located several miles east of the city of Santa Barbara. Nearby is the community of Summerland. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.2 square miles. The city is located almost entirely on a plain in between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Immediately to the north of Carpinteria lie foothills and then the Santa Ynez Mountains, between the foothills and the populated area of the city is an agricultural zone
18.
Cate School
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The school has a current enrollment of 270 students from 31 different states and 18 foreign countries. The Cate School was founded in 1910 by Curtis Wolsey Cate, in its early years, the school did not include amenities such as heat, hot water, or electricity, with Mr. Cate continuing to develop the 150 acres of natural landscape he had originally purchased. Despite these initial challenges, SBS celebrated its first graduate, Dohrmann Pischel, the school’s central campus, referred to by alumni as “the Mesa”, has moved four times since its inception. As the Miramar School, the campus was located in Santa Barbaras Mission Canyon in a private residence known as the Gane House. The school’s first academic building, the Gane House was destroyed in the Jesusita Fire in 2009, each one of Cate’s boys was given a horse to care for, and much of the school’s early campus and activities were dependent on horseback riding. In 1914, Walcott offered to sell Mr. Cate his 150-acre “mesa property”, an ostrich farm. The school relocated immediately to the southwest mesa slopes, and then again in 1929 to its current location atop a hill within the property near the Santa Ynez Mountains, campus buildings have continued to be designed in keeping with Johnson’s original Monterey Colonial style to the present day. Cate’s total enrollment had increased to 40 in 1919, and the school finally had enough boys to field teams to compete with other private schools in the area. The first and most obvious of these was the Thacher School, Cate and Thacher actually competed in baseball in Cate’s first academic year despite the former’s meager enrollment, and Cate consequently lost the game 60-4. Cate recorded its first win in baseball over Thacher in 1921 thanks to the surge of enrollment following World War I, perhaps the most important competitive event between the two schools, however, was gymkhana. Gymkhana, an event, involved a multitude of events such as picking up an orange or a sack on a turn at a dead run, tilting at rings, sprints. In contrast to their shortcomings on the field, Cate posted an all-time winning record of 15-9 over Thacher in the 24 gymkhana competitions held. World War II proved a time for the school. With declining enrollment and economic hardship from a not yet recovered Great Depression, the school’s official colors changed from purple and silver to blue and white due to dye shortages. Much more drastically, the horse program ended in 1942. Of the program, Mr. Cate wrote, “The horse was as much a part of our lives as the book. ”In order to replace the work and responsibility the horse program was meant to provide, Mr. ” Daily chores remain a responsibility for all Cate students. Despite the hardships and alterations to his vision, the Santa Barbara School was renamed the Cate School to honor the headmaster upon his retirement in 1950. As headmaster, Curtis Wolsey Cate was popularly referred to as “The King” by his students, deeply involved in the school’s daily life, he read to his boys every night after dinner and subsequently shook the hands with each
19.
Lodi, California
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Lodi /ˈloʊ. daɪ/ LOH-dy is a city located in San Joaquin County, California, in the northern portion of Californias Central Valley. The population was 62,134 at the 2010 census and its estimated population as of July 1,2013 was 63,338. Lodi is best known for being a center of production, although its vintages have traditionally been less prestigious than those of Sonoma. National recognition came from the Creedence Clearwater Revival song Lodi and continues with the 2015 Wine Region of the Year award given to Lodi by Wine Enthusiast Magazine, nearby Woodbridge is the home of the well known winery, Woodbridge by Robert Mondavi. Mondavi grew up in Lodi, and Mondavi Winery is considered one of the most influential in the American wine industry, Lodi gained international attention in 2005 when local residents Hamid and Umer Hayat were arrested and charged in the first terrorism trial in the state of California. When a group of local families decided to establish a school in 1859, they settled on a site near present-day Cherokee Lane and Turner Road. The railroad received a reserve of 12 acres in the middle of town. Settlers flocked from nearby Woodbridge, Liberty City, and Galt, including town founders John M. Burt, initially called Mokelumne and Mokelumne Station after the nearby river, confusion with other nearby towns prompted a name change, which was officially endorsed in Sacramento by an assembly bill. Several stories have been offered as to the origins of the new name. Alternatively, Lodi is a city in northern Italy where Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1796, more than likely, some of the earliest settler families were from Lodi, Illinois, and they chose to use the same name as their hometown. In 1906, the city was incorporated by voters, passing 2 to 1. The fire department was established in 1911, and the city purchased the Bay City Gas, additional public buildings constructed during this period include the Lodi Opera House in 1905, a Carnegie library in 1909, and a hospital in 1915. The 2010 United States Census reported that Lodi had a population of 62,134, the population density was 4,494.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Lodi was 44,715 White,517 African American,560 Native American,4,293 Asian,105 Pacific Islander,11,164 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22,613 persons. The Census reported that 61,457 people lived in households,187 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,530 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 105 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 5,547 households were made up of individuals and 2,567 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78. There were 15,258 families, the family size was 3.35. The median age was 34.3 years, for every 100 females there were 95.5 males
20.
Hamburger
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A hamburger or burger is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat, usually beef, placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun. The patty may be pan fried, barbecued, or flame broiled, a hamburger topped with a slice of cheese is called cheeseburger. The term burger can also be applied to the meat patty on its own, especially in the UK where the term patty is rarely used, or the term can even refer simply to ground beef. The term may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used, as in turkey burger, bison burger, Hamburgers are sold at fast-food restaurants, diners, and specialty and high-end restaurants. There are many international and regional variations of the hamburger, the term hamburger originally derives from Hamburg, Germanys second-largest city. In German, Burg means castle, fortified settlement or fortified refuge and is a component of place names. The first element of the name is perhaps from Old High German hamma, referring to a bend in a river, or Middle High German hamme, referring to an enclosed area of pastureland. Hamburger in German is the demonym of Hamburg, similar to frankfurter and wiener, names for other meat-based foods and demonyms of the cities of Frankfurt and Vienna, there have been many claims about the origin of the hamburger, but the origins remain unclear. The popular book The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy by Hannah Glasse included a recipe in 1758 as Hamburgh sausage, Hamburg steak is reported to have been served between two pieces of bread on the Hamburg America Line, which began operations in 1847. Each of these may mark the invention of the Hamburger, there is a reference to a Hamburg steak as early as 1884 in the Boston Journal. There have been claims by Charlie Nagreen, Frank and Charles Menches, Oscar Weber Bilby. White Castle traces the origin of the hamburger to Hamburg, Germany with its invention by Otto Kuase. However, it gained recognition at the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair when the New York Tribune referred to the hamburger as the innovation of a food vendor on the pike. No conclusive argument has ever ended the dispute over invention, an article from ABC News sums up, One problem is that there is little written history. Another issue is that the spread of the burger happened largely at the Worlds Fair, from vendors that came. And it is possible that more than one person came up with the idea at the same time in different parts of the country. Louis Lassen of Louis Lunch, a lunch wagon in New Haven, Connecticut, is said to have sold the first hamburger. A customer ordered a hot meal and Louis was out of steaks
21.
Country club
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A country club is a privately owned club, often with a closed membership, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming, a country club is most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, and is distinguished from an urban athletic club by having substantial grounds for outdoor activities. Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s, Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development. Country clubs can be exclusive organizations, in small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join, for example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community. Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930, by 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class. ”The number of country clubs increased exponentially with industrialization, the rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers, however, the number of country clubs decreased drastically during the Great Depression for lack of membership funding. Historically, many country clubs refused to admit members of minority groups as well those of specific faiths, such as Jews. This was known as being “restricted”, discrimination was not limited to clubs founded by Protestants. Beginning in the 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies, the Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest country club in the United States. Country Club Of Salisbury is also one of the oldest country clubs in the U. S, Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club in Sydney, the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, Elanora Country Club, in Japan, almost all golf clubs are called Country Clubs by their owners. Private ski area Gentlemens club, a social club Gymkhana
22.
Prison
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Besides their use for punishing crimes, jails and prisons are frequently used by authoritarian regimes against perceived opponents. Prisons often have facilities that are designed with long term confinement in mind in comparison to jails. In times of war, prisoners of war or detainees may be detained in prisons or prisoner of war camps. The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the state as a form of social organization, corresponding with the advent of the state was the development of written language, which enabled the creation of formalized legal codes as official guidelines for society. The best known of early legal codes is the Code of Hammurabi. Some Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform instead of simply using it as retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used initially for those who could not afford to pay their fines, eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in Ancient Athens was known as the desmoterion, the Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment, rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as cages, basements of public buildings. One of the most notable Roman prisons was the Mamertine Prison, the Mamertine Prison was located within a sewer system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions, contaminated with human waste. Forced labor on public projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to slavery, often in ergastula, during the Middle Ages in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. Another common punishment was sentencing people to slavery, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships. However, the concept of the modern prison largely remained unknown until the early 19th-century, Punishment usually consisted of physical forms of punishment, including capital punishment, mutilation, flagellation, branding, and non-physical punishments, such as public shaming rituals. However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at Bridewell Palace in London and these houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities, inmates were given jobs, and through prison labor they were taught how to work for a living, by the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace. From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to public execution, rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of mass incarceration, often with hard labor, the prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies
23.
Roof
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A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, the word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain, a verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, a roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden. Old English hrof roof, ceiling, top, summit, heaven, sky, also figuratively, highest point of something, there are no apparent connections outside the Germanic family. English alone has retained the word in a sense, for which the other languages use forms corresponding to OE. In many parts of the ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and wood shakes and shingles. The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the space is bridged. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point, most US domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities. Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof, other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof, a person that specializes in roof construction is called a roofer. The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region, the main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering. The basic shapes of roofs are flat, mono-pitched, gabled, hipped, butterfly, there are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of sections that are sloped are referred to as pitched roofs
24.
Probation
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Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by a court instead of serving time in prison. In some jurisdictions, the term only applies to community sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those released from prison on parole. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, during the period of probation an offender faces the threat of being incarcerated if found breaking the rules set by the court or probation officer. The probationer might be ordered as well to refrain from contact with the victims, with victims of similar crimes, or with known criminals. Additionally, the restrictions can include a ban on possession or use of alcoholic beverages, offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag, which signals their whereabouts to officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeat alcohol/drug testing or to participate in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, the concept of probation, from the Latin, probatio, testing, has historical roots in the practice of judicial reprieve. In English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, at first, judges, most notably Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher of Boston, used release on recognizance or bail and simply refrained from taking any further action. In 1878 the mayor of Boston had hired a police officer. By the mid-19th century, however, many Federal Courts were using a judicial reprieve to suspend sentence, in 1916, the United States Supreme Court, in the Killets Decision, held that a Federal Judge was without power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This decision led to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing courts to suspend the imposition of incarceration, Probation developed from the efforts of a philanthropist, John Augustus, who looked for ways to rehabilitate the behavior of criminals. Massachusetts developed the first statewide probation system in 1878, and by 1920,21 other states had followed suit, with the passage of the National Probation Act on March 5,1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, the U. S. Federal Probation Service was established. Known as the Interstate Compact For the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, by 1951, all the states in the United States of America had a working probation system and ratified the Interstate Compact Agreement. In 1959, the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of the Virgin Islands, Guam, in the United States, most probation agencies have armed officers. In 39 states, territories and federal probation, such arming is either mandated or optional, arming is allowed in an increasing number of jurisdictions. Probation officers are officers who possess limited police powers. Intensive probation, home detention, GPS monitoring, Computer Management These are highly intrusive forms of probation in which the offender is very closely monitored and it is common for violent criminals, higher-ranking gang members, habitual offenders, and sex offenders to be supervised at this level. Under terms of this kind of probation, a client may not change their living address, GPS monitoring and home detention are common in juvenile cases, even if the underlying delinquency is minor
25.
Psilocybin mushrooms
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Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as psychedelic mushrooms, are mushrooms that contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Common colloquial terms include magic mushrooms and shrooms, biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include Copelandia, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus, and Psilocybe. Over 100 species are classified in the genus Psilocybe, Psilocybin mushrooms may have been used since prehistoric times. They are possibly depicted in Stone Age rock art in Europe and Africa, many cultures have used these mushrooms in their religious rites and ceremonies. Archaeological evidence suggests that psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been used by humans since prehistoric times, mushroom stones and motifs have been found in Guatemala. A statuette dating from ca.200 AD and depicting a mushroom strongly resembling Psilocybe mexicana was found in a west Mexican shaft, a Psilocybe species was known to the Aztecs as teonanácatl and were reportedly served at the coronation of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II in 1502. Aztecs and Mazatecs referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms, bernardino de Sahagún reported ritualistic use of teonanácatl by the Aztecs, when he traveled to Central America after the expedition of Hernán Cortés. The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and others to communicate with devils, in converting people to Catholicism, the Spanish pushed for a switch from teonanácatl to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist. Despite this history, in remote areas the use of teonanácatl has remained. The doctor who treated them later described how the youngest child was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, in 1955, Valentina and R. Gordon Wasson became the first known Caucasians to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their discovery, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life in 1957, inspired by the Wassons Life article, Timothy Leary traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms firsthand. Upon returning to Harvard in 1960, he and Richard Alpert started the Harvard Psilocybin Project, promoting psychological and religious study of psilocybin, after Leary and Alpert were dismissed by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the psychedelic experience to the nascent hippie counterculture. The popularization of entheogens by Wasson, Leary, authors Terence McKenna and Robert Anton Wilson, by the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating Psilocybe cubensis in large quantities were also published, the availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources has made it among the most widely used of the psychedelic drugs. At present, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from central Mexico to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others. An important figure of mushroom usage in Mexico was María Sabina, Psilocybin is present in varying concentrations in about 200 species of Basidiomycota mushrooms. Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing Psilocybe to 144 species in a 2005 review, many of these are found in Mexico, with the remainder distributed in the US and Canada, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia and associated islands. In general, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, gilled mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods of the subtropics and tropics, usually in rich in humus
26.
Informant
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An informant is a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency. However, the term is used in politics, industry and academia, informants are commonly found in the world of organized crime. By its very nature, organized crime involves people who are aware of each others guilt. Quite often, someone will become an informant following their arrest, informants are also extremely common in every-day police work, including homicide and narcotics investigations. Any citizen who aids an investigation by offering information to the police is by definition an informant. Informants are often regarded as traitors by their criminal associates. Informers are therefore protected, either by being segregated while in prison or. Informants, and especially criminal informants, can be motivated by many reasons, many informants are not themselves aware of all of their reasons for providing information, but nonetheless do so. Many informants provide information while under stress, duress, emotion, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, defense lawyers, judges and others should be aware of possible motivations so that they can properly approach, assess and verify informants information. Generally, informants motivations can be broken down into self-interest, self-preservation, elimination of competitors engaged in criminal activities. Diversion of suspicion from their own criminal activities, revenge Self-Preservation, Fear of harm from others. Conscience, Desire to go straight Guilty conscience Genuine desire to assist law enforcement, corporations and the detective agencies that sometimes represent them have historically hired labor spies to monitor or control labor organizations and their activities. Such individuals may be professionals or recruits from the workforce and they may be willing accomplices, or may be tricked into informing on their co-workers unionization efforts. Paid informants have often used by authorities within politically and socially oriented movements to weaken, destabilize. Informers alert authorities regarding government officials that are corrupt, officials may be taking bribes, or participants in a money loop also called a kickback. Informers in some countries receive a percentage of all recovered by their government. The equitable and vigilant magistrate conducted him out of the city under a guard, the Jew was ordered to the torture till he should speak as he had been instructed. The innocent were condemned to die, criminal informant schemes have often been used as cover for politically motivated intelligence offensives
27.
Jimi Hendrix
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James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
28.
Purple Haze
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Purple Haze is a song written by Jimi Hendrix and released as the second record single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience on March 17,1967. As a record chart hit in countries and the opening number on the Experiences debut American album. The song features his guitar playing, which uses the signature Hendrix chord. Because of ambiguities in the lyrics, listeners often interpret the song as referring to a psychedelic experience, Purple Haze is one of Hendrixs best-known songs and appears on many Hendrix compilation albums. The song featured regularly in concerts and each of Hendrixs group configurations issued live recordings and it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and is included on lists of the greatest guitar songs, including at number two by Rolling Stone and number one by Q magazine. By January 5,1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experiences first single, Hey Joe, backed with Stone Free, Hey Joe was not a Hendrix composition – it was written by Billy Roberts and recorded by several groups prior to the Experience. Hendrix commented, That record isnt us, the next ones gonna be different. Were working on an LP which will mainly be our stuff, the group recorded several demos of original material at studios in London, including Can You See Me, Foxy Lady, Third Stone from the Sun, Red House, and Remember. In the middle of December, producer Chas Chandler heard Hendrix toying around with a new guitar riff, I heard him playing it at the flat and was knocked out. I told him to working on that, saying, Thats the next single. Chandler claimed that some more urging, Hendrix wrote the rest of Purple Haze in the dressing room of a London club during the afternoon of December 26,1966. In several interviews, Hendrix spoke about writing the song, the Experience began recording Purple Haze on January 11,1967, at De Lane Lea Studios in London. According to drummer Mitch Mitchell, he and bassist Noel Redding learned the song in the studio, Hendrix came in and kind of hummed us the riff and showed Noel the chords, I listened to it and we went, OK, lets do it. We got it on the take as I recall. The basic track was recorded in four hours, according to Chandler, multitrack recording technology allowed engineers to record and complete additional parts on the final master. It wasnt like we were there for days on end and we recorded it, and then Hendrix and I would be sitting at home saying, Lets try that. Then we would go in for an hour or two, Thats how it was in those days. However long it took to one specific idea, thats how long we would book
29.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
30.
University of Virginia
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The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
31.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
32.
WTJU
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WTJU is a Variety formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Charlottesville, Virginia, serving Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. WTJU is owned and operated by University of Virginia, WTJU was founded in 1955 when UVA’s Department of Speech and Drama decided to start a UVA-based educational radio station. The fraternity Kappa Delta Pi put up a part of the funds necessary to get the station off the ground. On May 10,1957, WTJU went on the air at 91.3 FM with a music format. It was able to broadcast throughout Charlottesville, building a small, in 1959, the station aired its first ever music marathon, the Classical Marathon, held during U. Va. ’s exam period. In 1963, WTJU became a student organization, separate from the UVA Department of Speech. By 1971, WTJU began broadcasting music, as well as some jazz. By 1974, WTJU is broadcasting 24 hours a day and it also allowed non-students to be DJs in order to keep the station broadcasting 24/7 year-round. In 1993, WTJUs license was threatened when student administrators accidentally violated FCC rules in filing a routine document, in the same year, WTJU changed its frequency from 91.3 to 91.1 FM. In the late 1990s, planned construction at U. Va. s Peabody hall forced WTJU to relocate, in 2000, WTJU moved into its current studios in Lambeth Commons. By 2010, WTJU had also started streaming its programming over the internet. General Manager Chuck Taylor retired in 2010, and was replaced by Burr Beard, after stepping into his position, Beard tried to enact sweeping changes to the station’s operation and was met with major backlash from station volunteers and listeners. By fall of same year, Beard resigned and the station began its search for a new manager. In 2011, Nathan Moore was hired and is the current General Manager of the station, in 2011, WTJU participated in the first-ever. And in 2012, WTJU aired a live remote broadcast of the Rally on the Lawn demonstration against the ouster of U. Va, also in 2012, WTJU aired a special modern adaptation of The War of the Worlds on Halloween night. Hiring professional staff necessitated removing WTJU from limits on non-university-affiliated members that bind student organizations, initially brought on to keep the station running over breaks, community members began making up an increasing proportion of announcers in the 1990s and 2000s. In response to declining student involvement, WTJU founded WXTJ-LP, a station run and staffed entirely by students. WXTJ operates within WTJUs building and primarily consists of rock, hip hop, several student DJs host programs on both stations
33.
David Berman (musician)
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David Berman is an American poet, cartoonist, and singer-songwriter best known for his work with indie-rock band the Silver Jews. David Berman was born January 4,1967 in Williamsburg, Virginia and he attended high school at Greenhill School in Addison, Texas, before matriculating at the University of Virginia. While in Charlottesville, Virginia, Berman began writing and performing songs with his band, Ectoslavia, primarily composed of UVA classmates Stephen Malkmus. Upon graduation from the University of Virginia, the moved to Hoboken, New Jersey. Before moving to Hoboken, Malkmus had also founded another band, Pavement, not long after the success of Pavements debut album, Slanted and Enchanted, Dan Koretzky, founder of the Chicago-based indie label Drag City, met Berman at a Pavement show. When he heard of the Jews tapes, Koretzky offered to release them, writing at the university left Berman time for songwriting, soon, he had enough material for an album, which became 1994s Starlite Walker. Originally, Berman planned to record album with Malkmus, Nastanovich, and the Scud Mountain Boys. The Natural Bridge continued to streamline the Silver Jews sound and let Bermans rich, abstract lyrics, Malkmus returned for 1998s American Water, and his guitar and vocal interplay with Berman places it among the Silver Jews strongest efforts. In 1999, Bermans first collection of poetry, Actual Air, was published by Open City Books, the Silver Jews returned in 2001 with Bright Flight and the EP Tennessee, which also features Bermans wife Cassie on a few tracks. In early 2003, The Houston, Tx, following the release of Tennessee, Berman struggled through an intense period of depression and substance abuse. In 2003, he attempted suicide by using crack-cocaine, alcohol, Berman would later credit this time as an incredible blessing, because he became more deeply involved with Judaism. In 2005, Berman reunited the Silver Jews—with a lineup including his wife, Malkmus, Nastanovich, Will Oldham, recorded in Nashville, Tanglewood Numbers narrowly avoided being destroyed in the electrical fire that engulfed Memphis historic Easley-McCain studio, where it was supposed to be mastered. Drag City released the album that fall, Berman surprised fans in 2005 by announcing the groups first ever tour. Though he is a reluctant live performer as a musician, Berman occasionally does readings of his short stories, Lookout Mountain, Lookout Sea, the Silver Jews sixth studio album, was released 17 June 2008. It was recorded at Marble Valley of Lexington, Virginia and Lake Fever Productions of Nashville and it was followed by an American tour. The band toured the UK and Ireland in May prior to the release of the album, Berman currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee with his wife Cassie. The caverns are located 333 feet underground, and only 300 general admission tickets were made available, the concert aired on Nashvilles famed WSM AM radio station, and was also available via a streaming format on their website. Berman stated that he would play his 15 favorite Silver Jews songs and he also wrote that his intentions are to move to screenwriting or muckraking
34.
James McNew
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James McNew is an American musician. He has been the player for the rock band Yo La Tengo since their 1992 album. He was previously a member of Christmas on their third album Vortex and he also has a solo side project, Dump. The documentary The Parking Lot Movie highlighted McNews career as a parking lot attendant in Charlottesville, Virginia,1996 interview by Theresa Stern Splendid ezine interview by Mike Baker The Parking Lot Movie
35.
Yo La Tengo
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Yo La Tengo is an American indie rock band formed in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1984. Since 1992, the lineup has consisted of Ira Kaplan, Georgia Hubley, in 2015, original guitarist Dave Schramm rejoined the band and appears on their fourteenth album, Stuff Like That There. Despite achieving limited success, Yo La Tengo has been called the quintessential critics band. Though they mostly play original material, Yo La Tengo is renowned for its repertoire of cover songs both in live performance and on record. Ira Kaplan and Georgia Hubley formed the band as a duo in 1984. They chose the name Yo La Tengo in an effort to avoid any connotations in English, the name came from a baseball anecdote. During the 1962 season, New York Mets center fielder Richie Ashburn, when Ashburn went for a catch, he would scream, I got it. Only to run into Chacón, who spoke only Spanish, Ashburn learned to yell, ¡Yo la tengo. In a later game, Ashburn happily saw Chacón backing off, as a way to avoid outfield collisions. After getting up, Thomas asked Ashburn, What the hell is a Yellow Tango and they placed an advertisement to recruit other musicians who shared their love for bands such as The Soft Boys, Mission of Burma, and Arthur Lees Love. In 1986, Yo La Tengo released their first LP, Ride the Tiger on Coyote Records. Produced by former Mission of Burma bassist Clint Conley who also took over duties on three songs, the album marked Yo La Tengo as a band with real potential according to reviewer Mark Deming. Schramm and Lewis left the band after the release, with Kaplan subsequently taking on the role of lead guitar. The groups next album New Wave Hot Dogs sold poorly, produced by Gene Holder of The dBs, the album was the bands last release on Coyote. Despite the positive reception of the album, sales were still poor, Hubley and Kaplan carried on as a duo and began playing two-electric-guitar shows. Kaplan, though typically a pragmatist, started carrying a bug trapped in amber in his pocket for luck, again produced by Gene Holder, the albums folk sound was a change of pace for the band. Years later, Kaplan recalled that the album was just me and Georgia looking for an excuse to record with Dave Schramm and Al Greller who played guitar and double bass on the album, respectively. In 1991, with Dave Schramm in tow, Yo La Tengo collaborated with Daniel Johnston on the song Speeding Motorcycle which was released as a single
36.
Security guard
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A security guard, security officer, or protective agent is a private person who is hired to protect an organizations assets from a variety of hazards by using preventative measures. Security officers are generally uniformed to represent their lawful authority to protect private property, Security guards are generally governed by legal regulations, which set out the requirements for eligibility and the permitted authorities of a security guard in a given jurisdiction. The authorities permitted to security guards vary by country and subnational jurisdiction, Security officers are hired by a range of organizations, including businesses, government departments and agencies and not-for-profit organizations. Until the 1980s, the watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles, Security officers are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function. Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice the detect, deter, observe, a private security officers primary duty is the prevention and deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and can act to protect lives and property, all security officers are also required to go through additional training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as batons, firearms, and pepper spray. Some officers are required to complete certification for special duties. The number of jobs is expected to grow in the U. S. with 175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016, one major economic justification for security personnel is that insurance companies will give substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence. For a high risk or high value property, the discount can often exceed the money being spent on its security program. Discounts are offered because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will be noticed and reported to the fire department before a total loss occurs. Also, the presence of security officers tends to diminish shrinkage, theft, employee misconduct and safety violations, property damage. Many casinos hire security officers to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the casinos bank, armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene. Patrolling is usually a part of a security officers duties. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard tour patrol system, until recently the most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper inside with the time pre-printed on it. But recently, electronic systems have risen in popularity due to their weight, ease of use. Regular patrols are, however, becoming accepted as an industry standard, as it provides predictability for the would-be criminal. Random patrols are easily programmed into electronic systems, allowing freedom of movement
37.
Whitney Museum of American Art
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The Whitney Museum of American Art – known informally as the Whitney – is an art museum located in Manhattan. It was founded in 1931 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a wealthy and prominent American socialite, the Whitney focuses on 20th- and 21st-century American art. Its permanent collection more than 21,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos. The museums Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger, from 1966 to 2014, the Whitney was located at 945 Madison Avenue at East 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the namesake and founder, was herself a well-regarded sculptor as well as a serious art collector. With the aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force, in 1929, she offered to donate over 500 works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929. Force became the first director of the museum, and under her guidance, in 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to a small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15,1958, a fire on the floor of MOMA that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings. Among the paintings moved in the evacuation was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1961, the museum began seeking a site for a larger building. The Whitney settled in 1966 at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue at 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side, in 1967, Mauricio Lasansky showed The Nazi Drawings. The exhibition traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the institution grappled with space problems for decades. From 1973 to 1983 the Whitney operated its first branch at 55 Water Street, in 1983 Philip Morris installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981 the museum opened a space in Stamford, Connecticut. Each museum had its own director, and all plans were to be approved by a Whitney committee, but each time the effort was abandoned, either because of the cost or the design or both. In order to secure space for the museums collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to the East 74th Street corner for a complementary addition. After the project gradually lost the support of many of the museum’s trustees, between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and addition by Richard Gluckman
38.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
39.
Slanted and Enchanted
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Slanted and Enchanted is the debut studio album by American indie rock band Pavement, released in April 1992 on Matador Records. The album was distributed to critics as early as 1991, months before its official release, the recording sessions were split between South Makepeace Studios in Brooklyn, New York and Louder Than You Think Studios in Stockton, CA. The first single, Summer Babe appeared in August 1991 and it was the last release on Chicagos Drag City label before the band moved to Matador. It contained the B-sides Mercy Snack and Baptist Blacktick that were included on the deluxe version of the album. A different mix of Summer Babe, entitled Summer Babe, became the first track on the debut album. The song was ranked by Rolling Stone magazine as number 286 in its 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. The title Slanted and Enchanted is taken from the title of a made by Silver Jews frontman David Berman. Its cover art was created by appropriating that of an existing album, Slanted and Enchanted was officially released on 20 April 1992 to critical acclaim, originally reaching a peak of number 72 on the UK Albums Chart. A two-disc expanded version of the album, Slanted and Enchanted, in 2003, the album was ranked number 134 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and number 135 in the 2012 update of the list. As of 2007, the album has sold 150,000 copies, I think Slanted and Enchanted probably is the best record we made, only because its less self-conscious and has an unrepeatable energy about it. That the lyrics will catch up, erik Davis of Spin designated Slanted and Enchanted as the magazines Platter du Jour for March 1992, describing the album as so fine it occasionally seems too perfect. Since its release in 1992, Slanted and Enchanted has appeared on many critics lists and is frequently cited as being among the most influential indie rock albums of the 1990s. AllMusics Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited the album as a left-field classic, in 2002, Pitchfork awarded the album their maximum grade of 10. 0/10.0 in a review of the albums reissue and ranked it as the fifth greatest album of the 1990s in 2003. Rolling Stone called Slanted and Enchanted the quintessential indie rock album, all tracks written by Stephen Malkmus, except where noted. On 22 October 2002, Matador Records released a remastered and extended version of the album with unreleased material. This expanded version reached number 5 in the US Billboard Top Independent Albums, Stephen Malkmus – vocals, guitar Scott Kannberg – bass, vocals, guitar Gary Young – drums, percussion Cy Jameson – engineer Slanted and Enchanted at Discogs
40.
Janeane Garofalo
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Janeane Garofalo is an American actress, stand-up comedian, and writer. Clay Pigeons, Sweethearts, Mystery Men, and The Independent and she has also been a series regular on television programs such as Wet Hot American Summer, First Day of Camp,24, and Girlfriends Guide to Divorce. Garofalo is a progressive activist. From March 2004 to July 2006, she hosted Air America Radios The Majority Report with Sam Seder, Garofalo was born in Newton, New Jersey, the daughter of Joan and Carmine Garofalo. Her mother, a secretary in the industry, died of cancer when Janeane was 24. Her father is an executive at Exxon. Garofalo was raised in a conservative Catholic family and is of Italian and she grew up in various places, including Ontario, California, Madison, New Jersey, and Katy, Texas. She was quoted as having disliked life in Texas because of the heat, humidity, while studying history at Providence College, Garofalo entered a comedy talent search sponsored by the Showtime cable network, winning the title of Funniest Person in Rhode Island. Her original gimmick was to read off her hand, which was not successful in subsequent performances and she struggled for a number of years, working briefly as a bike messenger in Boston. Garofalo has described herself thus, I guess I just prefer to see the side of things. The glass is half empty. And I just cut my lip on it, Garofalo was initially known as a stand-up comedian, making numerous stand-up appearances on television and in live clubs and larger venues beginning in the 1990s and continuing today. Garofalo has said that she not tell jokes as much as make observations designed to get laughs. During her filmed stand-up show in Seattle, she proclaimed herself asexual, the role helped solidify Garofalos status as a Generation X icon. Initially an independent film, it became a movie when Thurman was signed. The film was a modest hit, but Garofalo disparaged it back in 2003, saying, I think its soft and corny, and the soundtrack makes you want to puke, and everybodys dressed in Banana Republic clothing. The original script and the intent was very different than what it wound up being when it became a studio commercial film. It was originally supposed to be an independent film where there would be much more complexity to all the characters, and Abby
41.
Sonic Youth
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Sonic Youth was an American rock band from New York City, formed in 1981. In their early career Sonic Youth were associated with the no wave art, the band is considered to be a pivotal influence on the alternative and indie rock movements. In 2011 Ranaldo announced that the band was ending for a following the separation of married couple Gordon. Thurston Moore updated and clarified the position in May 2014, Sonic Youth is on hiatus, the band is a democracy of sorts, and as long as Kim and I are working out our situation, the band can’t really function reasonably. Gordon refers several times in her 2015 autobiography Girl in a Band to the band having split up. Shortly after guitarist Thurston Moore moved to New York City in early 1977, he formed a group, Room Tone, with his roommates, after the breakup of the Coachmen, Moore began jamming with Stanton Miranda, whose band, CKM, featured Kim Gordon. Moore and Gordon formed a band, appearing under names like Male Bonding and Red Milk, the name came from combining the nickname of MC5s Fred Sonic Smith with Youth from reggae artist Big Youth. Gordon later recalled that as soon as Thurston came up with the name Sonic Youth, the band played Noise Fest in June 1981 at New Yorks White Columns gallery, where Lee Ranaldo was playing as a member of Glenn Brancas electric guitar ensemble. Their performance impressed Moore, who described them as the most ferocious guitar band that I had ever seen in my life, the new threesome played three songs at the festival later in the week without a drummer. Each band member took turns playing the drums, until they met drummer Richard Edson, Branca signed Sonic Youth as the first act on his record label Neutral Records. In December 1981 the group recorded five songs in a studio in New Yorks Radio City Music Hall, the material was released as the Sonic Youth that, while largely ignored, was sent to a few key members of the US press, who gave it uniformly favorable reviews. After their first release, Edson quit the group for a career and was replaced by Bob Bert. During their early days as part of the New York music scene, the bands came to share the same rehearsal space, and Sonic Youth embarked on its first tour, a two-week journey through the southern United States starting in November 1982, supporting Swans. During a second tour with Swans of the Midwest the following month, tensions ran high and Moore constantly criticized Berts drumming, Bert was fired afterwards and replaced by Jim Sclavunos, who played drums on the bands first studio album, 1983s Confusion Is Sex. Sonic Youth set up a tour of Europe for the summer of 1983. Sclavunos, however, quit after only a few months, the group asked Bert to rejoin, and he agreed, on the condition that he would not be fired again after the tours conclusion. Sonic Youth found themselves well received in Europe, but the New York press largely ignored the noise rock scene. After a substandard September concert in New York, another critic from The Village Voice panned it, Gordon wrote a scornful letter to the newspaper, criticizing it for not supporting its local music scene, to which Christgau responded by saying they are not obligated to support them
42.
Kim Gordon
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Kim Althea Gordon is an American musician, songwriter, and visual artist. Born in Rochester, New York, Gordon was raised in Los Angeles, California, Gordon also formed the musical project Free Kitten with Julia Cafritz in the 1990s, and debuted as a producer on Holes debut album Pretty on the Inside. Gordon also worked on a line called X-Girl in 1993. Gordon has collaborated with Ikue Mori, DJ Olive, William Winant, Lydia Lunch, Yoko Ono, Raymond Pettibon, Kathleen Hanna, and Chris Corsano. In 2012, after the breakup of Sonic Youth, Gordon formed Body/Head with friend Bill Nace, Gordons memoir, Girl in a Band, was published in February 2015, by HarperCollins imprint Dey Street Books. Gordon was born in Rochester, New York, where her father, at age five, her family relocated to Los Angeles, California when her father was offered a professorship in the sociology department at the University of California, Los Angeles. Gordon described her mother was a homemaker with creative tendencies and she attended a progressive elementary school that was attached to UCLA, which she described as, “It was learn by doing. So we were always making African spears and going down to the river and making mud huts, or skinning a cowhide and drying it and throwing it off the cliff at Dana Point. ”In her memoir, Gordon recounts spending summers with her family in Klamath, California, near the Oregon border. In Los Angeles, Gordon attended University High School, and after graduating and she was also briefly a student at York University in Toronto, Canada, where she played in her first band. She briefly worked for Larry Gagosian during her study as a side-job, after graduating from art school, Gordon moved to New York City and became interested in no-wave bands, When I came to New York, I’d go and see bands downtown playing no-wave music. It was expressionistic and it was also nihilistic, punk rock was tongue-in-cheek, saying, ‘Yeah, we’re destroying rock. ’ No-wave music is more like, ‘NO, we’re really destroying rock. ’ It was very dissonant. I just felt like, Wow, this is really free, in New York City, she joined the short-lived band CKM, with Christine Hahn and Stanton Miranda, and met her future Sonic Youth bandmates Lee Ranaldo and Thurston Moore through Miranda. Gordon began dating Moore and, together with Ranaldo, the then formed Sonic Youth in 1981. Originally the band released their first two albums, Confusion is Sex and Bad Moon Rising on Neutral and Homestead Records, respectively, before signing with SST to release EVOL, in October 1988, the band released Daydream Nation album through Enigma Records. In 1989, the band signed onto DGC Records, a subsidiary of Geffen, and released Goo, Gordon is known for a fascination with Karen Carpenter and Sonic Youth wrote the song Tunic about the musician. Gordon provided insight into the song in a 2010 interview, I was trying to put myself into Karens body. It was like she had so little control over her life, also I think she lost her identity, it got smaller and smaller. And there have been times when I feel I’ve lost mine, when people come and ask me about being famous or whatever and I don’t feel that, it’s not me
43.
Thurston Moore
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Thurston Joseph Moore is an American musician best known as a singer, songwriter and guitarist of Sonic Youth. He has also participated in solo and group collaborations outside Sonic Youth. Moore was ranked 34th in Rolling Stones 2004 edition of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, in May 2012, Spin published a staff-selected top 100 ranking Moore and his Sonic Youth bandmate Lee Ranaldo together on number 1. In 2012, Moore started a new band Chelsea Light Moving, with their first track, Burroughs, Chelsea Light Movings eponymous debut was released on March 5,2013. Moore was born July 25,1958, at Doctors Hospital in Coral Gables, Florida, to George E. Moore and Eleanor Nann Moore, and moved with his family in 1967 to Bethel, Connecticut. He attended St. Josephs School in Danbury Ct followed by St. Marys School in Bethel CT and it was there that he was able to watch shows by the likes of Patti Smith and spoken-word performances by William S. Burroughs. In 1980 he moved in with Kim Gordon to an apartment at 84 Eldridge St. below artist Dan Graham, eventually befriending him, once in the city, Moore was briefly a member of the hardcore punk band Even Worse, featuring future The Big Takeover editor Jack Rabid. After exiting the band, Moore and Lee Ranaldo learned experimental guitar techniques in Glenn Brancas guitar orchestras, Moore invited Ranaldo, who he had known when The Coachmen shared a CBGB stage with Ranaldos 1970s band The Flux, to join the band. The new threesome played three songs at the later in the week without a drummer. Each band member took turns playing the drums, until they met drummer Richard Edson, the band signed to Neutral Records, then to Homestead Records, and then to SST Records. Moore and Ranaldo make extensive use of guitar tunings, often heavily modifying their instruments to provide unusual timbres and drones. They are known for bringing upwards of fifty guitars to every gig, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Moore and Ranaldo the 33rd and 34th Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2011, Moore and his wife, Sonic Youth bassist Kim Gordon, announced they had separated, shortly afterward, though his marriage was ending Moore never claimed that Sonic Youth was finished. In addition to his work with Sonic Youth, Moore has also released albums as a solo artist and he and Gordon released a few songs as Mirror/Dash. Moore established Protest Records as a gesture of activism but the project has since lapsed. S. P. John Moloney, Glenn Branca, Yamantaka Eye, My Cat is an Alien, John Russell, Steve Noble, John Edwards, Haino Keiji, John Zorn, Yoko Ono, Takehisa Kosugi, and others. In the early 1990s, Moore formed the side band Dim Stars, with Richard Hell, Don Fleming, Moore performed solo on the side stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour. Additionally, Moore also contributed guitar work and backing vocals on Crush with Eyeliner and he played Fred Cracklin in the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode dedicated to Sonny Sharrock
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Jim O'Rourke (musician)
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Jim ORourke is an American musician and record producer. He was long associated with the Chicago experimental and improv scene, around 2000, he relocated to New York before moving on to Tokyo, Japan, where he currently resides. ORourke was born on January 18,1969 in Chicago, Illinois and he is an alumnus of DePaul University. He has released albums of jazz, noise, glitchy electronica, in 2009, he also mixed several tracks on Newsoms follow up Have One On Me. S. He mixed Wilcos Yankee Hotel Foxtrot album and produced their 2004 album, A Ghost Is Born, during the recording of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, ORourke collaborated with Wilco member Jeff Tweedy and pre-Wilco Glenn Kotche under the name Loose Fur. Their self-titled debut was released in 2003 with a follow-up in 2006 entitled Born Again in the USA and he also mixed the unfinished recordings that made up a planned third album by the late American singer-songwriter Judee Sill, recorded in 1974 and mixed by ORourke for a 2005 release. ORourke was once a member of Illusion of Safety, Gastr Del Sol, beginning in 1999 he played bass guitar, guitar and synthesizer with Sonic Youth, in addition to recording and mixing duties with the group. He withdrew as a member in late 2005, but continued to play with them in some of their side projects. In the early 1993, ORourke formed a group with Darin Gray. The band released one album, When in Vanitas. in 1994. They also released a 7 in the year titled In Sisters All. ORourke has also released albums under his own name on a variety of labels exploring a range of electronic. His most well-known works may be his series of releases on Drag City, with music director Takehisa Kosugi, he played for the Merce Cunningham dance company for four years. ORourke received a 2001 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award and he worked as a music consultant for the 2003 film School of Rock. The song Happy Days was featured in the Harmony Korine film Julien Donkey-Boy and he scored the 2002 film Love Liza, directed by Todd Louiso. He scored the 2004 video installation Fireball and did the design on the documentary Red Orchestra by Stefan Roloff. He has also scored films by Werner Herzog, Olivier Assayas, Shinji Aoyama, Kōji Wakamatsu, Harmony Korine and his own short films have been part of the 2004 and 2006 Whitney Biennial and the 2005 Rotterdam Film Festival. His first three albums for Drag City are named after three successive films by director Nicolas Roeg, Bad Timing, A Sensual Obsession, Eureka
