1.
Hova, Sweden
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Hova is a locality and one of the two seats of Gullspång Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden, the other is Gullspång. It had 1,288 inhabitants in 2010, the main part of the municipal administration is located in Hova, thus constituting the municipal seat. However, the municipality avoids the term due to the rivalry between Hova and Gullspång some 20 km north-west. Instead it is called one of the two main localities. Celebrities from Hova include Stikkan Anderson, Andreas Andersson and August Olsson, each summer Hova hosts a renaissance fair whose theme is the battle of Hova in 1275. Media related to Hova at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
3.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
4.
Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
5.
Polar Music
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Polar Music is a Swedish record company founded in 1963 by Stig Anderson and his friend Bengt Bernhag. The first act that Polar Music signed was the Hootenanny Singers featuring Björn Ulvaeus, Polar eventually gained prosperity producing Ulvaeus next group, international superstars ABBA. As a small Scandinavian company based in Sweden, Polar could not afford to set up worldwide and were only ABBAs record company in the Scandinavian countries. The licenses gave the companies a few allowances to issue certain tracks as singles that Polar had not, the licenses were for three years at a time, meaning that between 1989 and 1992, they had all expired. This enabled PolyGram to release Gold, Greatest Hits to major success around the world, Polar Music is currently owned by Universal Music Group whose predecessor company, PolyGram, purchased it in 1989. However, Polar Music International AB legally still exists and ABBAs recordings remain copyrighted to the company, Polar is now ABBAs record label internationally, and the historic Polar vinyl label designs have been used on the groups CD releases since 2004. The Polar Music Prize, an award for outstanding achievement, was created by Stig Anderson. Vegas Fea Intense, Emma Nilsdotter, Mats Paulson, Pineforest Crunch, Sam, Skintrade, Starr Chukki/infinit, Svenne and Lotta, Joey Tempest, Top-Notch, Topaz Sound and Anders Widmark. The last band to be signed to Polar were Beagle whose two albums for the label Sound On Sound and Within are considered to be power-pop classics, list of record labels Polar Studios, a recording studio founded by Anderson, Ulvaeus, and Benny Andersson
6.
ABBA
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ABBA were a Swedish pop group formed in Stockholm by Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. They became one of the most commercially successful acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982. ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 at The Dome in Brighton, UK, giving Sweden its first triumph in the contest, ABBAs record sales figure is uncertain and various estimates range from over 140 to over 500 million sold records. This makes them one of the music artists. They have a joint record eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK, the group also enjoyed significant success in Hispanic American markets, and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish. During the bands active years, Fältskog & Ulvaeus and Lyngstad & Andersson were married and these relationship changes were reflected in the groups music, with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics in contrast to their usual pure-pop sound. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. Several films, notably Muriels Wedding and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, further revived public interest in the group, in 1999, ABBAs music was adapted into the successful musical Mamma Mia. that toured worldwide. A film of the name, released in 2008, became the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom that year. ABBA were honoured at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005, the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2015, their song Dancing Queen was inducted into the Recording Academys Grammy Hall of Fame, in 2016, the members of ABBA announced an upcoming project in 2017. Benny Andersson became a member of a popular Swedish pop-rock group, the Hep Stars, the Hep Stars were known as the Swedish Beatles. They also set up Hep House, their equivalent of Apple Corps, Andersson also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote his first Svensktoppen entry, Sagan om lilla Sofie, in 1968. Björn Ulvaeus also began his career at 18, when he fronted The Hootenanny Singers. Ulvaeus started writing English-language songs for his group, and even had a solo career alongside. The Hootenanny Singers and The Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring, in June 1966, Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together. Their first attempt was Isnt It Easy to Say, a song recorded by The Hep Stars. Stig Anderson was the manager of The Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label and he saw potential in the collaboration, and encouraged them to write more
7.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
8.
Lill-Babs
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Lill-Babs is a Swedish singer and actress. Lill-Babs was born in Järvsö, Gävleborg County, the first daughter of Britta, at age 15 she sang on the radio show Morgonkvisten as a young talent. Swedish bandleader and talent scout Simon Brehm heard the show and contacted her that evening, inviting her to audition in his Stockholm studio, the audition went well and she moved to Stockholm to begin her showbusiness career. In 1954, she recorded her first record Min mammas boogie under the name Lill-Babs, a combination of the Swedish word little, however, the unmarried Lill-Babs then became pregnant, a potential public scandal in mid-1950s Sweden. She continued to work as long as she was able to hide her pregnancy, after some time at home she returned to focus on her career, but by then Simon Brehm had found a new vocalist to replace her. She received an offer to tour with Brehms competing bandleader, Kettil Olsson, after the tour and a couple of concerts at jazz club Nalen in Stockholm, Simon asked her to return to work for him. And she went on to perform concerts at dance palace Bal Palais, in 1958 she went on her first self-produced tour and was cast in the movie Fly mig en greve with comedian Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt. Her recordings, such as the novelty song Är du kär i mej ännu Klas-Göran, leva Livet and En tuff brud i lyxförpackning, were big sellers, Svensktoppen entries and schlager standards in Sweden. Är Du Kär I Mig Ännu Klas-Göran was composed by the relatively unknown Stig Anderson. Anderson wrote several of Lill-Babs hits in the 1960s before becoming the manager of ABBA, in the 1960s, Barbros own fan-club Splorr was created and became the largest in Sweden with 17,000 members. During this time Lill-Babs did much of her work in West Germany, where many of her records, television shows, as a result of this she became a big star in Germany. In 1961 she represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest with April, April in Cannes, in 1974, Lill-Babs played the lead in the Swedish cast of musical Annie Get Your Gun, directed by writer and TV-personality Åke Falck. The show was performed at the Scandinavian hockey arena in Gothenburg for 12 performances - with more than 100,000 tickets sold, as of 2014, aged 76, Lill-Babs still tours Sweden, often referred to as Swedens grand old lady in show business. In 2011 she was featured in the episode of Allt för Sverige. Allt för Sverige is a Swedish reality television program depicting Swedish-Americans rediscovering their roots in their homeland, official website Barbro Svensson & Anna Wahlgren, Lill-Babs - Hon Är Jag, Minnen Av Ögonblick, Bra Böcker 1996 ISBN 91-7133-184-0. Carl Magnus Palm, Bright Lights - Dark Shadows, Omnibus Press UK2001, ISBN 0-7119-8389-5 Carl Magnus Palm, ABBA - The Complete Recording Sessions, Century 22 Limited UK,1994
9.
Benny Andersson
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Göran Bror Benny Andersson is a Swedish musician, composer, member of the Swedish music group ABBA, and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina från Duvemåla, and Mamma Mia. For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia. he worked also as an executive producer, since 2001, he is active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester. Göran Bror Benny Andersson was born in Vällingby to 34-year-old civil engineer Gösta Andersson and his sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Anderssons musical background comes from his father and grandfather, they enjoyed playing the accordion, and at six, Benny got his own. Father Gösta and grandfather Efraim taught him Swedish folk music, traditional music, Benny recalls the first records he bought were Du Bist Musik by Italian schlager singer Caterina Valente and Elvis Presleys Jailhouse Rock. He was especially impressed by the flip side Treat Me Nice as this featured a piano and this smörgåsbord of different kinds of music was to influence and follow him through the years. When Andersson was ten he got his own piano, and taught himself to play and he left school aged 15 and began to perform at youth clubs. This is when he met his first girlfriend Christina Grönvall, with whom he had two children, Peter and Heléne, in early 1964, Benny and Christina joined Elverkets Spelmanslag, the name was a punning reference to their electric instruments. The repertoire was mainly instrumentals, one of his numbers was Baby Elephant Walk, in October 1964 he joined the Hep Stars as keyboardist and they made a breakthrough in March 1965 with their hit Cadillac, eventually becoming the most celebrated of the Swedish 1960s pop bands. Andersson consolidated his place as the bands keyboardist and musical driving force as well as a teen idol, Andersson met Björn Ulvaeus in June 1966, and the two started writing songs together, their first being Isnt It Easy To Say, eventually recorded by the Hep Stars. The song finished in second place, during this contest he met vocalist Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and they soon became a couple. Around the same time his songwriting companion Ulvaeus met vocalist Agnetha Fältskog, the personal relationships and Andersson and Ulvaeus songwriting collaboration has led quite naturally to the very close co-operation which the four friends had during the following years. Benny and Björn scored their first hits as songwriters in the spring of 1969, Ljuva sextital, the groups breakthrough came with winning the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden with Waterloo on 6 April 1974. During the next eight years, Andersson wrote music for and produced eight albums with ABBA. The group achieved great success globally and scored a chain of No.1 hits, after ABBA Andersson continued writing music with Ulvaeus. Their first project was the stage musical Chess, written with Tim Rice, the Chess concept album – with vocals by Elaine Paige, Barbara Dickson, Murray Head and Swedes Tommy Körberg and Björn Skifs – was released in October 1984, selling two million copies worldwide. The Paige/Dickson duet I Know Him So Well became a major UK No.1 hit, Chess was staged in Londons West End Prince Edward Theatre in May 1986 and received mixed to positive reviews, running for about three years. A revised staging on Broadway in April 1988 received poor reviews, in 1985, Andersson produced and released an album with brother and sister Anders and Karin Glenmark, featuring new songs by Andersson/Ulvaeus
10.
Hootenanny Singers
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The Hootenanny Singers were a popular folk group from Sweden, founded in 1961. The group included Björn Ulvaeus, who later was a member of ABBA, other bandmembers were Johan Karlberg, Tony Rooth and Hansi Schwarz. The group was named The Northern Lights for an American-released LP in 1966, in 1964, they debuted on the Swedish TV-show, Hylands Hörna with locally famous Swedish poet Dan Anderssons Jag väntar vid min mila. The song Gabrielle became a hit song in 1964, translated and performed by the group in Swedish, German, Finnish, Italian, Dutch. However they extracted the tune from the Russian song, May There Always Be Sunshine by Arkady Ostrovsky and they were famous for the amount of touring of the Swedish outdoor concert venues and had numerous hit singles on the Svensktoppen chart. Their biggest hit was Omkring tiggarn från Luossa, which broke the record by spending 52 weeks on Svensktoppen between 26 November 1972 and 18 November 1973, Johan Karlberg dropped out of the band in the late 1960s to take over his fathers business. Hansi Schwarz was also the leader of the Västervik folk ballad festival for many years, to date, Tonny Rooth and Björn Ulvaeus are the two surviving members of the original line-up of the band. Some of tracks on the 1969 album, På tre man hand were released as singles by Björn Ulvaeus
11.
Anni-Frid Lyngstad
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Anni-Frid Synni, Princess Reuss of Plauen, widely known as Frida Lyngstad or by just the mononym Frida, is a Swedish pop and jazz singer. In 1996, Frida recorded an album in Swedish before retiring from music. In April 1964, aged 18 she married Ragnar Fredriksson, immediately after their divorce in 1970, Lyngstad courted eventual ABBA band member Benny Andersson, co-habiting until they officially married in 1978. The couple separated in 1980 and divorced in 1981, the prince died of lymphoma in October 1999. Lyngstad currently lives in Zermatt, Switzerland, sharing a home with her British boyfriend, Henry Smith, 5th Viscount Hambleden, Lyngstads father returned to Germany when his unit was evacuated. In early 1947, Lyngstad, her mother, and her grandmother, Arntine Lyngstad, left her birthplace. This could entail not just insults and threats, but also forced separation of infants from their parents, Lyngstad was taken by her grandmother to Sweden, where they settled in the region of Härjedalen and her grandmother took any available job. Lyngstads mother, Synni, remained in Norway and worked for a period in the south of the country, Synni joined her mother and daughter in Sweden, and the three moved to Malmköping. Synni died of kidney failure soon afterwards, aged 21, leaving Lyngstad to be raised solely by her grandmother, in June 1949, they both relocated to Torshälla, where Agny Lyngstad worked as a seamstress. Frida Lyngstad grew up in Torshälla and began attending school there in August 1952, close contact with her family in Norway continued, and Lyngstad recalls summer holidays spent with them at her birthplace. She was especially close to her Aunt Olive, who stated that she saw how lonely and subdued Frida was and, as a result. Lyngstad believed that her father, Alfred Haase, had died during the war on his way back to Germany as his ship was reported to have sunk. However, in 1977, the German teen magazine Bravo published a poster and it was seen by Lyngstads half-brother, Peter Haase, who went to his father and asked him if he had been in Ballangen during the war. A few months later, Lyngstad met Haase in Stockholm for the first time, Lyngstad stated in several interviews that her grandmother frequently sang songs to her, which resulted in her love for music. She soon showed talent at a very early age, beginning in her first years at school. On Fridays, she was asked by her teacher to sing in front of the class and soon became known in school. Although her grandmother encouraged her to sing, she never attended any of her performances and her grandmother died shortly before ABBA formed and therefore never experienced the success of the group. At the age of 13, Lyngstad got her first job as a band and schlager singer in 1958
12.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
13.
Volkswagen
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Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s
14.
Translation
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Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature, there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation, on the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated, because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for services and has facilitated language localization. Translation studies systematically study the theory and practice of translation, the English word translation derives from the Latin word translatio, which comes from trans, across + ferre, to carry or to bring. Thus translatio is a carrying across or a bringing across, in this case, the Germanic languages and some Slavic languages have calqued their words for the concept of translation on translatio. The Romance languages and the remaining Slavic languages have derived their words for the concept of translation from an alternative Latin word, traductio, the Ancient Greek term for translation, μετάφρασις, has supplied English with metaphrase — as contrasted with paraphrase. Metaphrase corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to formal equivalence, nevertheless, metaphrase and paraphrase may be useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation. Discussions of the theory and practice of translation reach back into antiquity, the ancient Greeks distinguished between metaphrase and paraphrase. Literally graceful, it were an injury to the author that they should be changed, Dryden cautioned, however, against the license of imitation, i. e. of adapted translation, When a painter copies from the life. He has no privilege to alter features and lineaments, despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. The grammatical differences between languages and free-word-order languages have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax characteristics of a source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language. When a target language has lacked terms that are found in a language, translators have borrowed those terms. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, an etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel, the Polish aktualny, the Swedish aktuell, the translators role as a bridge for carrying across values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translators role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, the main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero
15.
Lyrics
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Lyrics are words that make up a song usually consisting of verses and choruses. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist, the words to an extended musical composition such as an opera are, however, usually known as a libretto and their writer, as a librettist. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit, some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of expression. Rappers can also create lyrics with a variation of rhyming words or words that create, Lyric derives via Latin lyricus from the Greek λυρικός, the adjectival form of lyre. It first appeared in English in the century in reference, to the Earl of Surreys translations of Petrarch. Stainer and Barrett used the word as a substantive, Lyric, poetry or blank verse intended to be set to music. By the 1930s, the present use of the plurale tantum lyrics had begun, the singular form lyric still appears, its present use, however, is to refer to a specific phrase within a songs lyrics. The differences between poem and song may become less meaningful where verse is set to music, to the point that any distinction becomes untenable and this is perhaps recognised in the way popular songs have lyrics. However, the verse may pre-date its tune, or the tune may be lost over time but the words survive, nursery rhymes may be songs, or doggerel, the term doesnt imply a distinction. The ghazal is a form that is considered primarily poetic. See also rapping, roots of hip hop music, analogously, verse drama might normally be judged as poetry, but not consisting of poems. In Baroque music, melodies and their lyrics where prose, rather than paired lines they consist of rhetorical sentences or paragraphs consisting of an opening gesture, an amplification, and a close, in German Vordersatz-Fortspinnung-Epilog. For example, When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, But when I became a man, I put away childish things. -1 Corinthians 13,11 In the lyrics of music a shifter is a word, often a pronoun, where reference varies according to who is speaking, when. For example, who is the my of My Generation, see Royalties Currently, there are many websites featuring song lyrics. This offering, however, is controversial, since some sites include copyrighted lyrics offered without the holders permission, music Publishers Association, which represents sheet music companies, launched a legal campaign against such websites in December 2005. The MPAs president, Lauren Keiser, said the free lyrics web sites are completely illegal, Lyrics licenses could be obtained worldwide through one of the two aggregators, LyricFind and Musixmatch. The first company to provide licensed lyrics was Yahoo, quickly followed by MetroLyrics and Lyrics. com
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Copyright infringement
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The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system, estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on many factors. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement, the original meaning of piracy is robbery or illegal violence at sea, but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft. Not all copyright infringement results in loss, and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. The term piracy has been used to refer to the copying, distribution. The practice of labelling the infringement of rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft, courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property, instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to one who misappropriates a copyright. The terms viewjacking and freebooting both have used to describe the unauthorized rehosting of online media, particularly videos. The terms were coined by YouTubers CGP Grey and Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet, Grey and Brady came up with the terms in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than copyright infringement, yet more appropriate than theft. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while installing the software for more than 9000 users. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance and its just that they want to consume films online and theyre ready to consume films that way and were not necessarily offering them in that way
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Ring Ring (song)
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Ring Ring is a 1973 single by ABBA, which gave the group their big break in several European countries. The song was written in Swedish by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, along with their manager Stig Anderson, the Swedish version reached #1 in the Swedish charts. Ring Ring tells of a lover waiting all alone by the telephone for the object of her desire to call and it was then decided that the quartet would record an LP. This eventually turned out to be the album Ring Ring, Andersson, Ulvaeus and Anderson were invited to submit a song for the selection process for choosing the Swedish entry for the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest. After several days, Andersson and Ulvaeus came up with the tune for the Swedish version of Ring Ring, Stig Anderson wrote the lyrics with the intention of making a poppy song, trying to remove the pomp and circumstance surrounding the Eurovision Song Contest at the time. After this, the song was retitled Ring Ring, to make it more accessible to a universal audience, Anderson asked American songwriter Neil Sedaka, together with his songwriting partner, Phil Cody, to pen the lyrics for an English version. On 10 January 1973, the song was recorded at the Metronome Studio in Stockholm, tretow, the studio engineer, collaborated with Andersson and Ulvaeus over many of their subsequent singles and albums. Tretow had read a book about record producer Phil Spector, famed for his Wall of Sound treatment to the songs that he produced. While Spector used several musicians playing the instruments in the same recording studio at the same time. Thus, Tretows solution was to record the songs backing track twice. By changing the speed of the tape between the overdubs, making the instruments out of tune, this increased the effect. This was unlike anything that had been done before in Swedish music, however, when Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid performed Ring Ring in the Swedish heats on 10 February 1973, they only finished third. Nevertheless, the song fared better in the Swedish charts. It was only now the quartet decided that performing as a group was a serious and they toured Sweden, and despite the failure of Ring Ring to represent the country at the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest, they began to prepare themselves for 1974s competition, with Waterloo. The English version did almost as well, peaking at #2 in Sweden, Norway and Austria and it did, however, top the charts in Belgium, becoming the first of 16 chart-toppers for ABBA in that country. It was the groups first release in the UK in October 1973, a second remixed version, different than but based on the one released in the UK, was included as a bonus track on the original U. S. and Canadian release of the Waterloo album. A German-language version of the song was recorded, and was released in what was then West Germany. A Spanish version was recorded, but this was not released until the 1993 CD compilation Más ABBA Oro in selected countries
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Waterloo (ABBA song)
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Waterloo was the first single from the Swedish pop group ABBAs second album, Waterloo and their first under the Epic and Atlantic labels. This was also the first single to be credited to the group performing under the name ABBA, on 6 April 1974 the song was the winning entry for Sweden in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. The victory began ABBAs path to worldwide fame, the Swedish version of the single was a double A-side with Honey, Honey, while the English version usually featured Watch Out on the B-side. The single became a No.1 hit in several countries, Top 10 and went on to sell nearly six million copies, making it one of the best-selling singles of all time. Waterloo is the quintessential Eurovision song, according to Dr Harry Witchel, physiologist, at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005, it was chosen as the best song in the competitions history. Since it focused on lead vocalists Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson chose Waterloo in place of another of their songs, Hasta Mañana. Waterloo is about a girl who is obliged to surrender to the demands of her conqueror, as Napoleon had to surrender at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the song proved to be a wise choice. It won Melodifestivalen 1974 in February and won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 final on 6 April by six points, the original title of the song was Honey Pie. Waterloo was originally written with simultaneous rock music and jazz beats, compared to later ABBA releases, the singers Swedish accents are decidedly more pronounced in Waterloo, as their understanding of the English language was limited. Though it isnt well-known, Polar accidentally released a different version of Waterloo shortly after ABBAs Eurovision win before replacing it with the famous version. The alternative version had a rock sound, omitting the saxophones. The alternative version was released in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set. However, it was this version that ABBA performed during their 1979 tour of Europe, the song shot to No.1 in the UK and stayed there for two weeks, becoming the first of the bands nine UK No. 1s, and the 16th biggest selling single of the year in the UK, the song also spent 11 weeks on Svensktoppen, including 7 weeks at No.1. Unlike other Eurovision-winning tunes, the songs appeal transcended Europe, Waterloo also reached the Top 10 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Rhodesia, the Waterloo album performed similarly well in Europe, although in the US it failed to match the success of the single. In 1994, Waterloo was included in the soundtrack of the film Muriels Wedding and it was re-released in 2004, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of ABBAs Eurovision win, reaching No.20 on the UK charts. On 22 October 2005, at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest, Watch Out –3,46 Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo - recorded 18 April 1974 in Paris, France Waterloo - overdubs of French and Swedish versions Waterloo Waterloo
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Honey, Honey
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Honey, Honey is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the single from their second studio album, Waterloo. Honey, Honey was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson, with shared vocals by Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, as well as the English version, ABBA also recorded Honey, Honey in Swedish on January 30,1974 at Metronome Studio, Stockholm. This was the last official recording by the group in their own language, in its English format, Honey, Honey was released with King Kong Song as the B-side. Honey, Honey was released in several European countries, the United States, Australia & New Zealand, aBBAs British record label, Epic Records, decided to release a remixed version of Ring Ring. But this single only reached No.32, so, instead, Honey, Honey spent 4 months in the top 5 in West Germany and also reached the top 5 in Austria, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, Honey, Honey was moderately successful compared to the groups later singles and it reached No.27 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, the 1st ABBA single to reach the AC chart. Dance Honey, Honey Honey, Honey Tina Charles has recorded a version of this song, in 1974, British band Sweet Dreams which reached #10 in the UK and #14 in Ireland in 1974. In the U. S. the Sweet Dreams version debuted on the Hot 100 in Billboard two weeks prior to the ABBA original but ultimately lost out to the latter the peak of the Sweet Dreams version being #68. Both the Sweet Dreams and ABBA versions of Honey, Honey also charted concurrently in Germany with Sweet Dreams being the less successful with a #42 peak, in 1975, a Czech version was recorded by Hana Zagorová & Petr Rezek and released as a single in Czechoslovakia. In 1978, A Swedish country band called Nashville Train covered the song on their album ABBA Our Way, in 1981, an Urdu version titled Kabhi, Kabhi was released by Pakistani sisters Salma and Sabina Agha. In 1992, Swedish schlager band Simons recorded a version for their album Spelar ABBA. In 1995, New Zealand alternative rock band Loves Ugly Children recorded a version for the compilation Abbasalutely, the 1999 compilation ABBA, A Tribute - The 25th Anniversary Celebration features a cover by Michael B. Michael Tretow was an engineer for ABBA during the groups career. This cover of the song is unique in that it features references to thirteen other ABBA songs interspersed within the melody. In 2001, a cover was recorded by the group Housecream. The song was covered as a duet by music artist John Klass, the song is sung in the first act of the Mamma Mia. musical by Sophie and her friends. Most of the lyrics are sung when Sophie is reading her mothers diary, therefore, it is as if her mother wrote the lyrics in her diary
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I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do
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I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do was a hit single for Swedish pop group ABBA, and was their next major worldwide hit after Waterloo. It was the single to be released from their ABBA album. The song was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and their manager Stig Anderson, the songs release came shortly after their previous single, So Long, performed disappointingly in terms of charts and sales. After the release of Waterloo, ABBA were having difficulty establishing themselves as an act with longevity, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, in many cases, put ABBA firmly back in the spotlight. With a rousing saxophone tune and homage to 1950s Schlager music, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do became a significant improvement on the international charts, the songs popularity was boosted by the release of a promo clip shown on television. The song, presumably because of its title as much as the sentiment, is popular at weddings and was featured in the film Muriels Wedding, when the ABBA-mad title character gets married. I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do was a hit in a number of countries. With Mamma Mia and SOS to follow, this gave the group a run of 14 consecutive weeks at the top of the Australian charts. I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do also topped the charts in France, New Zealand, Switzerland and South Africa and hit the Top 5 in Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Rhodesia. The song also reached No.15 in the United States in early 1976, a notable exception to the songs success was in the UK Singles Chart, a market that ABBA was aiming to conquer, where the single stalled at No.38. Thus, the direction taken in the song was not used again for some time. This marked the time that an ABBA song had more success in the United States than in Britain. Later in 1975, ABBA would find success in the UK with SOS, despite the songs UK chart performance, on 5 December 2010 in a British poll of The Nations Favourite ABBA song, the song was placed at #23. I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, Rock Me The saxophone arrangement early made the song an ideal for several dansband covers, like Ingmar Nordströms on the 1975 album Saxparty 2. In 1975, Seija Simola released the song as a single, rendered in Finnish as Vai Niin, Vai Niin, Vai Niin, Vai Niin, under the title Vai Niin this rendering was also recorded by Lea Laven for her album Lea. In 1978, a Swedish country band called Nashville Train covered the song in 1977 on their album ABBA Our Way, in 2000, Swedish band The Black Sweden recorded a version for their tribute album Gold. This version includes a riff from the ZZ Top song Tush, the song is sung in second act of the Mamma Mia. musical. In the context of the musical, Sky and Sophie call off the wedding, the song is used when Sam and Donna get married instead, after he explains that he is divorced and professes his love for Donna, thinking that a wedding shouldnt go to waste
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Mamma Mia (song)
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Mamma Mia is a song recorded by the Swedish pop group ABBA, written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson, with the lead vocals shared by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. It is the track on the groups third album, the self-titled ABBA. The interjection my my can be found indeed in some lines within the song, the distinctive sound at the start of the song is the marimba. Mamma Mia was written at the home of Agnetha Fältskog and Björn Ulvaeus and it was one of four songs from the album to have a music video made to promote the album. Initially however, Mamma Mia was never intended for release as a single, around this time, many artists were recording ABBA songs, similarly ABBA offered Mamma Mia to British pop group Brotherhood of Man, who turned it down. When I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do topped the Australian charts for 3 weeks and it was the promo clip for Mamma Mia that was proving the most popular after repeat screenings on Australian television, notably Molly Meldrums Countdown. ABBA’s Australian record company, RCA, asked that Mamma Mia be released as a single, however, Stig Anderson would agree to this and Mamma Mia was released in Australia in August 1975 where it spent 10 weeks at number one. After this success in Australia, Epic Records in the United Kingdom took notice of ABBA for the first time since Eurovision, from then on, Epic began to heavily promote ABBAs singles with the immediate result of S. O. S. Reaching the Top 10 in the important British market, their first hit since Waterloo, Mamma Mia soon followed reaching number one on the British charts in early 1976, the second of ABBAs 18 consecutive Top 10 singles. The B-side for the Australian release of Mamma Mia was Hey, Hey Helen, in most other countries the B-Side was the instrumental Intermezzo Number 1. In the UK Singles Chart on 31 January 1976, Mamma Mia replaced Queens Bohemian Rhapsody at the number 1 position. Mamma Mia Intermezzo No.1 Mamma Mia Tropical Loveland Mamma Mia became the first single by the A-Teens which was released as the single from the album The ABBA Generation. The song is a version of the popular hit by ABBA. Unlike the original, this leaves out the second refrain Mamma Mia, even if I say, Bye bye, leave me now or never, Mamma Mia, its a game we play, Bye bye. A Spanish version of the song was recorded for promotion in Latin America, despite the worldwide success, the song failed to attract the Australian public, peaking at seventy-two on the ARIA Charts. The album flopped and the A-Teens stopped releasing singles/albums in that country until the 2002 single Cant Help Falling in Love. Mamma Mia also peaked at thirteen in New Zealand, but due to the lack of success in Australia, in the United States the single peaked at sixty-three on the Billboard Hot Single Sales Chart, becoming the bands first single to chart in the country. The music video was directed by Henrik Sylvén and was filmed in Sweden, the video reached number one on several music channels, and was the main single outside the US, where Dancing Queen was used as the main single to promote the album
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SOS (ABBA song)
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SOS was the third single from Swedish pop group ABBAs self-titled 1975 album, their third for Polar Music and their second for Epic and Atlantic. It was released with Man in the Middle as the B-side, agnetha Fältskog, who sang lead, recorded the song in Swedish on her 1975 solo album Elva kvinnor i ett hus. SOS was ABBAs first major hit since Waterloo. SOS was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson and was recorded at Glen Studio on 22–23 August 1974, the title itself was coined by Stig, though the lyrics he provided were re-written by Ulvaeus. SOS was among the first of three recorded for the groups 1975 album, ABBA. The song is unique among pop songs of the period, opening with unaccompanied classical keyboard in a subdued D-minor key, unlike most ABBA tracks that preceded it, the vocal begins with an emotional solo performance by Fältskog. The descending chords and ominous Minimoog synthesizer melody line of the set the tone for Fältskog’s vocals. The song then transitions to a chorus in a major key, dominated by a distorted electric guitar. Despite the songs catchiness, it was passed over as the single from the album. So Long was chosen primarily because it had the same beat as their 1974 hit single. Lyricist Ulvaeus has said that, after three years of trying to figure out what style would define them, ABBA found its identity as a pop group with the release of SOS. The song was the subject of one of the first pioneering music videos produced by director Lasse Hallström for the band. Much of the video is filmed from a camera, as if from a tower or lighthouse, with the bandmates faces sometimes distorted. During the bands first visit to the United States, ABBA performed SOS on the television program American Bandstand on November 15,1975. ABBA performs the song live in the concert film ABBA, The Movie, Hallströms first English-language feature film, ABBA performed the song on its 1979 tour of Europe and North America. While the track does not appear on the record of that tour—released on DVD as ABBA in Concert—it is featured on the 2014 audio release. For the first time on tour, vocalists Fältskog and Lyngstad traded the line when youre gone responsively at the songs climax. Actors Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan would mimic the approach in recording SOS for the soundtrack of the version of Mamma Mia. in 2008
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Fernando (song)
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Fernando is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was the groups first non-album single and was released in March 1976 through Polar Music, solo parts were sung by Anni-Frid Lyngstad. Fernando is also featured on the multi-million selling Gold, Greatest Hits compilation, the song was to become one of ABBAs best-selling singles of all time, with six million copies sold in 1976 alone. It is one of fewer than forty singles to have sold 10 million physical copies worldwide. Fernando was not originally released as an ABBA song but by Anni-Frid Lyngstad and it was featured on her number 1 Swedish solo album Frida ensam. The song was composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus and carried the title of Tango. Preparations for recording began in August 1975, the writers made last-minute changes to the title before recording. The suggestion of the name Fernando was given by their limousine driver Peter Forbes in Shepperton, the original Swedish-language versions lyrics were written by ABBAs manager Stig Anderson and differ substantially from the English-language version. In the original, the narrator tries to console the heartbroken Fernando, the sorrow can be hard to bear, but the fact that friends let us down is something we all have to cope with. The chorus lyrics are, Long live love, our best friend, raise your glass and propose a toast to it, to love, Fernando. Play the melody and sing a song of happiness, the English version, with completely different lyrics by Björn Ulvaeus, presents a vision of nostalgia for two veterans reminiscing in old age about a long ago battle in which they participated. I wrote all the songs as little stories, Fernando was about two old freedom-fighters from the war between Texas and Mexico. I was lying outside one night, looking at the stars. This quote indicates that an English version was always foreseen as the referred to must be the summer of 1975. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 began on 19 November of that year when a force of revolutionaries led by Francisco Madero crossed the Rio Grande. The B-side to Fernando was the song Hey, Hey, Helen, some copies of the single use Rock Me or Dance as a B-side. The title and rhythm of the song made it a choice for inclusion in ABBAs Spanish album. Lyrics were translated into Spanish by Mary McCluskey and recorded on 3 January 1980, the song is part of the Gracias Por La Música album and is listed as track No
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Dancing Queen
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Dancing Queen is a Europop song by the Swedish group ABBA, and the lead single from their fourth studio album, Arrival. It was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson, Andersson and Ulvaeus also produced the song. Dancing Queen was released as a single in Sweden on 15 August 1976, followed by a UK release, Dancing Queen also reached the Top 5 in many other countries. Musically, Dancing Queen is a Europop version of American disco music, as disco music dominated the US charts, the group decided to follow the trend, replicating Phil Spectors Wall of Sound arrangements. The song alternates between languid yet seductive verses and a chorus that ascends to heart-tugging high notes. It features keyboard lines by Andersson, which accentuate the melodys sophistication and classical complexity, while Ulvaeus and Andersson interlace many instrumental hooks in, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskogs layered vocals have been noted for their dynamism, the melodys many turns flawlessly. Lyrically, the song concerns a visit to the discotheque, but approaches the subject from the joy of dancing itself, the music video on YouTube has more than 160 million views as of March 10,2017. The recording sessions for Dancing Queen began on 4 August 1975, the main melodic riff echoes Sing My Way Home by Delaney & Bonnie. Fältskog and Lyngstad recorded the vocals during sessions in September 1975, during the sessions, Benny Andersson brought a tape home with the backing track on it and played it to Anni-Frid Lyngstad, who apparently started crying when listening. Lyngstad said, I found the song so beautiful and its one of those songs that goes straight to your heart. Agnetha Fältskog later said, Its often difficult to know what will be a hit and we all knew it was going to be massive. Benny Andersson agreed, calling it one of songs where you know during the sessions that its going to be a smash hit. It survives in footage from a recording session, Dancing Queen premièred on German and Japanese TV during the spring of 1976. The track was retitled La Reina Del Baile when included on the compilation album ABBA Oro, Frida contacted The Real Group and together they did an a cappella version of the song on stage at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, in front of the king and queen. The Swedish prime minister at the time, Ingvar Carlsson, was also in the audience that night and said it was an ingenious idea to perform Dancing Queen a cappella. The performance was recorded by Swedens Television and is included in the biographical documentary Frida – The DVD, for the soundtrack of the 1994 Australian film Muriels Wedding, songwriters Ulvaeus and Andersson allowed the use of Dancing Queen and other ABBA hits. Dancing Queen was among the ABBA songs included in Mamma Mia. the jukebox musical first produced in 1999, the first International Standard Musical Work Code was assigned in 1995 to Dancing Queen, the code is T-000.000. 001-0. Dancing Queen also topped the charts in the United States, ABBAs only No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100, the song sold over three million copies
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Knowing Me, Knowing You
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Knowing Me, Knowing You is a hit single recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA. The song was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson, during recording sessions, it had the working titles of Ring It In and Number 1, Number 1. The song is featured on the groups album Arrival, and also on the Gold, Knowing Me, Knowing You was recorded in 1976 at the Metronome studio in Stockholm and was released as a single in February 1977, becoming one of the groups most successful hits. The B-side was Happy Hawaii, an arrangement of another ABBA song, Why Did It Have to Be Me. but with a different lead vocalist, Knowing Me, Knowing You was one of the first ABBA songs to deal with the break-up of a relationship. It predates the divorces of the ABBA members, as well as further break-up songs to come, The Winner Takes It All, One of Us and When All Is Said and Done. Group member Benny Andersson named Knowing Me, Knowing You as one of ABBAs best recordings in a 2004 interview, along with Dancing Queen, The Winner Takes It All, conociéndome, Conociéndote is the Spanish-language version of the song. It was included in the compilation Oro, Grandes Éxitos released in 1993, the music video depicts the band against various colored backdrops singing while facing each other, turning away as a new line is sung. At the end of the video, the female members are seen walking away through thick snow. The video was directed by future Academy Award nominee Lasse Hallström and is a landmark in his career alongside most other videos of the band which were directed by him and it was also a Top 10 hit in Australia, France, New Zealand and Norway. In the United States, it became ABBAs sixth Top 20 single, peaking at #14 on the Hot 100, in the UK, Knowing Me, Knowing You was the biggest single of 1977. It also began a run of three consecutive #1 singles for ABBA, the group having already had three consecutive #1 hit singles in 1976. A cover recorded in 1977 by the Top of the Poppers appears on the 2002 compilation album Knowing Me, the Paraguayan singer Perla recorded a Spanish version, Conociendonos Mas for the 1977 album Relaciones Internacionales. Czech singer Věra Špinarová recorded a Czech version, Slunečné pobřeží, the French conductor Franck Pourcel recorded an instrumental version for his 1978 album Pourcel meets Abba. British singer Cilla Black recorded a cover for her 1980 album Especially For You, Swedish pop group A-Teens included the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their debut album The ABBA Generation. Danish singer Sanne Salomonsen recorded her own cover of the song for the 1992 Swedish tribute album ABBA – The Tribute, american power pop band Wondermints included a cover of the song on their 1996 album Wonderful World Of The Wondermints. Evan Dando, former singer of The Lemonheads, recorded an acoustic version of the song which was included on the album ABBA. Right Said Fred covered the song on the German album ABBA Mania which was a tie-in to a TV special in Germany, Swedish musician Nils Landgren included a rendition of the song on his 2004 tribute album Funky ABBA. A version by Swedish heavy metal band Tad Morose was included on the ABBA tribute compilation ABBAMetal, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of the song
26.
The Name of the Game (ABBA song)
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The Name of the Game is a 1977 song by Swedish pop group ABBA, and was released as the first single from the groups fifth studio album, ABBA, The Album. It became a UK number one, topping the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in November 1977. The Name of the Game, first called A Bit of Myself, was the first song to be recorded for ABBAs fifth studio album, following the bands European and Australian tour. A preliminary version of The Name of the Game was worked into the 1977 feature film ABBA, The Movie, when it was eventually finished, it was released as the lead single from ABBA, The Album in October 1977. Originally, another track entitled Hole in Your Soul was intended for release, the Name of the Game was released with a live version of I Wonder as the B-side. This B-side was one of songs written for the mini-musical The Girl With The Golden Hair, written by Ulvaeus and Andersson. The recording used on the The Name of the Game single was recorded at Sydney Showground, Sydney, a studio recorded version of the song was included on ABBA, The Album. The Name of The Game also marks the last time Stig Anderson helped with the lyrics of a single, the Name of the Game topped the UK Singles Chart for 4 weeks. It was the second of three consecutive UK No.1 singles after Knowing Me, Knowing You, and before Take a Chance on Me. On the US Billboard Hot 100, The Name of the Game almost reached the Top 10 and this edit also appears on the original 1992 version of the groups Gold, Greatest Hits album. Not until the 1999 remastered edition of Gold, Greatest Hits did the song appear in its entirety on that compilation. The Name of the Game was sampled in 1996 by the Fugees for their hit Rumble in the Jungle, like most of ABBAs videos, the video was directed and shot by Lasse Hallström. In 1977, a cover of the song was featured on the album Top of the Pops, Volume 62, using uncredited studio musicians, the same recording was later featured on the ABBA tribute album Knowing Me, Knowing You, credited to Top of the Poppers. In 1995, on the New Zealand compilation Abbasalutely the song is covered by Shaynie & Fifi 95, in 1997, The SAS Band – Spike Edneys All Stars – covered the song on their eponymous debut album with English singer Chris Thompson on lead vocals. In 1995 Any Trouble covered the song, in 1999, Swedish pop group A-Teens covered the song on their debut album, The ABBA Generation. Their version, like the U. S. release, omits the second verse, in the late 1990s, a dance cover by Abbacadabra was released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website, musician/songwriter Pamela McNeill recorded a slow ballad version of the song on her Tribute To ABBA album, which was produced by her husband Dugan McNeill. In 2004, American-born German singer Sydney Youngblood covered the song for the German compilation ABBA Mania, in 2004, Swedish musician Nils Landgren includes a cover on his album Funky ABBA
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Mixing board
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In the 2010s, a mixer is able to control analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals are summed to produce the output signals. A typical, simple application combines signals from two microphones into an amplifier that drives one set of speakers simultaneously, a DJ mixer may have only two channels, for mixing two record players. A coffeehouses tiny stage might only have a six channel mixer, a nightclub stages mixer for rock music shows may have 24 channels for mixing the signals from a rhythm section, lead guitar and several vocalists. A mixing console for a large concert may have 48 channels, a mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as many as 96 channels. In practice, mixers do more than simply mix signals, some mixers have onboard electronic effects, such as reverb. Some mixers intended for small venue live performance applications may include a power amplifier. A mixing console is also known as a mixer, audio console, mixing desk, sound mixer, sound board. A typical analog mixing board has three sections, Channel inputs Master controls Audio level metering The channel input strips are usually a bank of identical monaural or stereo input channels. Each channel has rotary knobs, buttons and/or faders for controlling the gain, the master control section is used to adjust the levels of the overall output of the mixer. The master control section has sub-group faders, master faders, master auxiliary mixing bus level controls, in addition it may have solo monitoring controls, a stage talk-back microphone control, muting controls and an output matrix mixer. On smaller mixers the inputs are on the left of the mixing board, in larger mixers, the master controls are in the center with input faders and channel strips on both sides. The audio level meters may be above the input and master sections or they may be integrated into the input, the audio level meters indicate when the signals are clipping. Each signal that is plugged into the mixer has its own channel, depending on the specific mixer, each channel is stereo or monaural. On most mixers, each channel has an XLR input, the smallest, least expensive mixers may only have one XLR input with the other inputs being line inputs. These can be used by a singer-guitarist or other small acts, below each input, there are usually several rotary controls. The first knob is typically a trim or gain control, the inputs buffer the signal from the external device and this controls the amount of amplification or attenuation needed to bring the signal to a nominal level for processing. This stage is where most noise of interference is picked up, balanced inputs and connectors, such as XLR or phone connectors, reduce interference problems
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Audio engineer
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An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
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Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
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Brian Epstein
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Brian Samuel Epstein was an English music entrepreneur, best known for managing the Beatles. Epstein first discovered the Beatles in November 1961 during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance and he was instantly impressed and saw great potential in the group. Epstein was rejected by all major recording companies in London, until he secured a meeting with George Martin. In May 1962, Martin agreed to sign the Beatles, partly because of Epsteins conviction that the group would become internationally famous, the Beatles early success has been attributed to Epsteins management style, and the band trusted him without hesitation. In addition to handling the Beatles business affairs, Epstein often stepped in to mediate disputes within the group. The Beatles unquestioning loyalty to Epstein later proved detrimental, as the band rarely read contracts before signing them, Music publisher Dick James and his partner Charles Silver owned 51-percent of the company, Lennon and McCartney each owned 20%, and Epstein owned 9%. By 1969, Lennon and McCartney had lost control of all publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing, still, Epsteins death in 1967 marked the beginning of the groups dissolution and had a profound effect on each Beatle. In 1997, Paul McCartney said, If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, Epstein was Jewish, his grandfather Isaac Epstein was from Lithuania and had arrived in Britain in the 1890s at the age of eighteen. His grandmother Dinah was the daughter of Joseph and Esther Hyman, the Hymans had six more children. Isaac Epstein married Dinah Hyman in Manchester in 1900, in 1901, Isaac and Dinah were living at 80 Walton Road, Liverpool with Isaacs sister Rachael Epstein, above the furniture dealership that he founded. Dinah and Isaacs third child was Harry Epstein, Brian Epsteins father, eventually the family moved to a larger home at 27 Anfield Road, Liverpool. After Harry and his brother Leslie had joined the family firm, Epstein and Sons and enlarged his furniture business by taking over adjacent shops at 62/72 Walton Road to sell a range of other goods, such as musical instruments and household appliances. They called the expanding business NEMS, which offered lenient credit terms, Epsteins mother Malka was also involved in the Hyman furniture business, which also owned the Sheffield Veneering Company. In 2003, the home on Anfield Road was converted into a Beatles-themed hotel called Epstein House. Epstein was born on 19 September 1934 in Rodney Street, Liverpool, Harry and Queenie also had another son named Clive who was born 22 months after his older brother. During World War II, the Epsteins moved to Southport—where two schools expelled Epstein for laziness and poor performance—but returned to Liverpool in 1945, the Epsteins lived at 197 Queens Drive, Childwall in Liverpool, and remained there for the next 30 years. Epsteins parents moved him from one boarding school to another, including Clayesmore School in Dorset and he spent two years at Wrekin College in Shropshire, where he was taught the violin. He started work at his familys business on a £5 per week wage, after returning to Liverpool, he was put in charge of the Clarendon Furnishing shop in Hoylake and was made a director of NEMS in 1955
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The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
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Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
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Tax
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A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state to fund various public expenditures. A failure to pay, or evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent, the legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not regard many transfers to governments as taxes. For example, some transfers to the sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at public universities and fees for utilities provided by local governments, governments also obtain resources by creating money and coins, through voluntary gifts, by imposing penalties, by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth. In modern taxation systems, governments levy taxes in money, but in-kind and corvée taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states, the method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as the Canada Revenue Agency, when taxes are not fully paid, the state may impose civil penalties or criminal penalties on the non-paying entity or individual. The levying of taxes aims to raise revenue to fund governing and/or to alter prices in order to affect demand, States and their functional equivalents throughout history have used money provided by taxation to carry out many functions. A governments ability to raise taxes is called its fiscal capacity, when expenditures exceed tax revenue, a government accumulates debt. A portion of taxes may be used to service past debts, governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services. These services can include education systems, pensions for the elderly, unemployment benefits, energy, water and waste management systems are also common public utilities. A tax effectively changes relative prices of products and they have therefore sought to identify the kind of tax system that would minimize this distortion. Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates, historically, taxes on the poor supported the nobility, modern social-security systems aim to support the poor, the disabled, or the retired by taxes on those who are still working. A states tax system often reflects its communal values and the values of those in current political power. To create a system of taxation, a state must make choices regarding the distribution of the tax burden—who will pay taxes and how much they will pay—and how the taxes collected will be spent. In democratic nations where the public elects those in charge of establishing or administering the tax system, in countries where the public does not have a significant amount of influence over the system of taxation, that system may reflect more closely the values of those in power. All large businesses incur administrative costs in the process of delivering revenue collected from customers to the suppliers of the goods or services being purchased. Taxation is no different, the resource collected from the public through taxation is always greater than the amount which can be used by the government, the difference is called the compliance cost and includes the labour cost and other expenses incurred in complying with tax laws and rules
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Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
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