1.
Banger racing
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The race is won by the first car to the chequered flag after a set number of laps. The race tracks are oval, around 440 yards but on occasion are constructed in a figure eight design. There are different events for different vehicle types, often with prizes for the best presented, Banger racing is said to have started in the early 1960s after it was observed by a race promoter that crashes were among the most popular features of a race meeting. Drivers began turning out vehicles with very basic preparation - cars would have the windows removed, safety regulations began to improve in the 1980s with bangers being prepared with compulsory H frame roll cages, drivers door plates, and fuel tanks moved inside the car. From these humble beginnings, the sport has become the premier formula in short oval racing in the UK and Ireland, regularly drawing the largest numbers of both competitors and spectators. Around 1990, promoters began hosting open meetings with significant prize funds, the Unlimited Banger World Final was held at Wimbledon Stadium, London from 1974 until 2007. From 2008 it was relocated to Ipswich, the peak number of cars to compete in one season was around 13,000 in 2003, of which around 9,500 were fresh. The Icebreaker meeting, held at Swaffham Raceway on 8 February 1998 is widely regarded as the best ever event, the annual Heavy Metal Classic event in January of each year at Standlake Arena, has on several occasions attracted the highest number of competitors. In 2009, the Heavy Metal Classic meeting attracted a total of 253 cars booked in to race. A Banger race is distinct from a demolition derby as the objective of the latter is not to turn laps, but to smash, destroy and ultimately immobilise the opposition, until only one vehicle is left. On many occasions, though, the last event of the day at a racing event may be a demolition derby and. Wreckers are often popular with the crowd, although drivers who win races. Along with trophies for race wins, there are often presented for best wrecker. Sometimes with over forty cars starting a race, the cars are gridded across the track in a start for the race. In a banger race, yellow flags are used during the race to warn drivers that caution is required, cars which stall or are stopped by opposing drivers are usually left on the course while the race continues. In recent times, drivers have been encouraged to remain inside a car while the race continues. If it is deemed necessary to them or if a driver is in particular danger. Races are then usually restarted when the situation has been cleared, in addition to this, there is a recent trend for semi-professional car preparation both in terms of performance and appearance
2.
Stock car (rail)
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In railroad terminology, a stock car, cattle car or cattle wagon is a type of rolling stock used for carrying livestock to market. Specialized types of cars have been built to haul live fish and shellfish and circus animals such as camels. Until the 1880s, when the Mather Stock Car Company and others introduced more humane stock cars, improved technology and faster shipping times have greatly reduced losses. Rail cars have used to transport livestock since the 1830s. The first shipments in the United States were made via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in general purpose, thereafter, and until 1860, the majority of shipments were made in conventional boxcars that had been fitted with open-structured iron-barred doors for ventilation. Some railroads constructed combination cars that could be utilized for carrying both live animals as well as conventional freight loads, driving cattle across the plains led to tremendous weight loss, and a number of animals were typically lost along the way. The suffering of animals in transit as a result of hunger, thirst, increased train speeds reduced overall transit times, though not enough to offset the deleterious conditions the animals were forced to endure. Some of the railroad companies attempted to alleviate the problems by adding passenger cars to the trains that hauled early stock cars. The New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company followed this practice as early as 1839, and these early passenger accommodations were the predecessors of the later drovers caboose designs that were used until the mid-20th century. Railroad operating rules for livestock and handlers that rode the trains were limited, as the handlers were private contractors or employees of the shippers. A1948 rulebook for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, for example, wishes of attendants regarding care of livestock should be ascertained and assistance rendered in caring for such shipments. In absence of instructions, hog shipments should be watered as necessary. Particular attention must be given to stock unaccompanied by attendants, most railroads resisted the call for as long as possible from shippers for improvements to cars specifically designed to carry livestock. The railroads generally preferred to use standard boxcars because that type of car proved more versatile in the number of different types of loads it could carry. When the railroads and cattle industry failed to act quickly enough to correct these perceived deficiencies, claims were made that the meat of neglected animals was unfit for human consumption. In 1869, Illinois passed the first laws to limit the time on board. However, double-deck stock cars had been experimented with as early as the 1830s on the Liverpool, other states such as Ohio and Massachusetts soon followed with similar legislation, though effective federal laws were not enacted until the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The first patented stock car designs that actually saw use on American railroads were created by Zadok Street, streets designs were first used in 1870 on shipments between Chicago and New York City
3.
Stock Car (video game)
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Stock Car is an 8-bit computer game written by A. W. Halse and published in the UK by Micro Power. The game was released in 1984 for the BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, although the cassette inlay gives the release date as 1984, some sources state the release date as 1983 and the game is also known as Stock Car Racer. The game provides a view of one of six user-selectable racing tracks. One or two players in red cars compete against yellow computer-controlled cars. Oil slicks can be added which cause the cars to veer off-course, the amount of skidding can also be selected by the player. A race consists of anything between 1 and 40 laps, players can steer their car left and right, but unlike most racing games, there are no keys for directly braking or accelerating. Instead, the player drives by selecting one of four gears, Stock Car is generally remembered favourably by those who have played it. Tom Bowker describes the game as primitive, but he loved it deeply, by comparison, another game, Grand Prix by S. Merrigan on the Triple Deckers volume 1 compilation was described by Dave Reeder as a very poor copy of Stock Car
4.
NASCAR
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The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing is an American family-owned and operated business venture that sanctions and governs multiple auto-racing sports events. Bill France Sr. founded the company in 1948 and his grandson Brian France became its CEO in 2003, NASCAR is motorsports preeminent stock-car racing organization. The three largest racing-series sanctioned by this company are the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, the Xfinity Series, the company also oversees NASCAR Local Racing, the Whelen Modified Tour, the Whelen All-American Series, and the NASCAR iRacing. com Series. NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 39 of the 50 US states as well as in Canada. NASCAR has presented exhibition races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in Japan, the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico, NASCAR has its official headquarters in Daytona Beach, Florida, and also maintains offices in the North Carolina cities of Charlotte, Concord, and Conover. Regional offices are located in New York City and Los Angeles, with offices in Mexico City. Owing to NASCARs Southern roots, all but a handful of NASCAR teams are based in North Carolina. NASCAR is second to the National Football League among professional sports franchises in terms of television viewers, internationally, its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries. In 2004, NASCARs Director of Security stated that the company holds 17 of the Top 20 regularly attended single-day sporting events in the world, fortune 500 companies sponsor NASCAR more than any other motor sport, although this sponsorship has declined since the early-2000s. By the time the Bonneville Salt Flats became the location for pursuit of land speed records. Drivers raced on a 4. 1-mile course, consisting of a 1. 5–2. 0-mile stretch of beach as one straightaway, the two straights were connected by two tight, deeply rutted and sand covered turns at each end. Stock car racing in the United States has its origins in bootlegging during Prohibition, bootleggers needed to distribute their illicit products, and they typically used small, fast vehicles to better evade the police. Many of the drivers would modify their cars for speed and handling, as well as increased cargo capacity, the cars continued to improve, and by the late 1940s, races featuring these cars were being run for pride and profit. These races were popular entertainment in the rural Southern United States, most races in those days were of modified cars. Street vehicles were lightened and reinforced, mechanic William France Sr. moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, from Washington, D. C. in 1935 to escape the Great Depression. He was familiar with the history of the area from the speed record attempts. France entered the 1936 Daytona event, finishing fifth and he took over running the course in 1938. He promoted a few races before World War II, France had the notion that people would enjoy watching stock cars race
5.
Daytona International Speedway
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Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, in addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races of ARCA, AMA Superbike, USCC, SCCA, and Motocross. The tracks 180-acre infield includes the 29-acre Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing, the speedway is owned and operated by International Speedway Corporation. The track was built in 1959 by NASCAR founder William Bill France and his banked design permitted higher speeds and gave fans a better view of the cars. Lights were installed around the track in 1998, and today it is the third-largest single lit outdoor sports facility, the speedway has been renovated three times, with the infield renovated in 2004 and the track repaved in 1978 and 2010. On January 22,2013, the track unveiled artist depictions of a renovated speedway, on July 5,2013, ground was broken on the project that removed backstretch seating and completely redevelop the frontstretch seating. The renovation to the speedway was constructed by Design-Builder Barton Malow Company in partnership with Rossetti Architects, after the renovations were completed, the tracks grandstands include 101,000 permanent seats with the ability to increase permanent seating to 125,000. The project was finished before the start of Speedweeks in 2016, NASCAR founder William France Sr. began planning for the track in 1953 as a way to promote the series, which at the time was racing on the Daytona Beach Road Course. France met with Daytona Beach engineer Charles Moneypenny to discuss his plans for the speedway and he wanted the track to have the highest banking possible to allow the cars to reach high speeds and to give fans a better view of the cars on track. Moneypenny traveled to Detroit, Michigan to visit the Ford Proving Grounds which had a high-speed test track with banked corners, Ford shared their engineering reports of the track with Moneypenny, providing the needed details of how to transition the pavement from a flat straightaway to a banked corner. France took the plans to the Daytona Beach city commission, who supported his idea, the city commission agreed to lease the 447-acre parcel of land adjacent to Daytona Beach Municipal Airport to Frances corporation for $10,000 a year over a 50-year period. France then began working on building funding for the project and found support from a Texas oil millionaire, Murchison loaned France $600,000 along with the construction equipment necessary to build the track. France was also able to secure funding from Pepsi-Cola, General Motors designer Harley Earl, ground broke on construction of the 2. 5-mile speedway on November 25,1957. To build the high banking, crews had to excavate over a million yards of soil from the tracks infield. 22 tons of lime mortar had to be brought in to form the tracks binding base, because of the extreme degree of banking, Moneypenny had to come up with a way to pave the incline. He connected the paving equipment to bulldozers anchored at the top of the banking and this would allow the paving equipment to pave the banking without slipping or rolling down the incline. Moneypenny subsequently patented his method and later designed Talladega Superspeedway. By December 1958, France had begun to run out of money, the first practice run on the new track began on February 6,1959
6.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
9.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
10.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
11.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
12.
Oval track racing
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Oval track racing is a form of closed-circuit automobile racing that is contested on an oval-shaped track. An oval track differs from a course in that the layout resembles an oval with turns in only one direction. Oval tracks are dedicated motorsport circuits, used predominantly in North America and they often have banked turns and some, despite the name, are not precisely oval, and can have unique variances in shape. Oval track racing is the predominant form of racing in the United States. Major forms of track racing include stock car racing, open-wheel racing, sprint car racing, modified car racing, midget car racing. Among the most famous tracks in North America are the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Oval tracks are classified based upon their size, surface, and their size can range from only a few hundred feet to over two and a half miles. Track surfaces can be dirt, concrete, asphalt, or a combination of concrete, some ovals in the early twentieth century had wood surfaces. The definitions used to differentiate track sizes have changed over the years, while some tracks use terms such as speedway or superspeedway in their name, they may not meet the specific definitions used in this article. A typical oval track consists of two parallel straights, connected by two 180° turns, although most ovals generally have only two radii curves, they are usually advertised and labeled as four 90° turns. A short track is a track less than one mile long. Drivers seeking careers in track racing generally serve their apprenticeship on short tracks before moving up to series which compete on larger tracks. Due to their length and fast action, these tracks are often nicknamed bullrings. Professional-level NASCAR races on short tracks usually utilize a 500-lap or 400-lap distance, short tracks in many cases have lights installed and routinely host night races. Synonymous with the name, a 1-mile oval is a popular, the exact measurements, however, can vary by as much as a tenth of a mile and still fall into that category. Most mile ovals are relatively flat-banked, with Dover being a notable exception, also referred to with the general term of speedway, these courses are 1 to 2 miles in length, but the term is particularly reserved for 1. 5-mile tracks. Since their size allows them to high speeds with sightlines. During the race track construction boom of the 1990s, these began to be labeled with the rather derogatory term cookie cutter tracks
13.
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
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The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing. It is named for the current sponsor, Monster Energy, but has been known by names in the past. The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Series, in 1971, when the series began leasing its naming rights to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, it was referred to as the Winston Cup Series. A similar deal was made with Nextel in 2003, and it became the Nextel Cup Series, Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005, and in 2008 the series was renamed the Sprint Cup Series, which lasted until 2016. In December 2016, it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new sponsor starting in 2017. The championship is determined by a system, with points being awarded according to finish placement. The season is divided into two segments, after the first 26 races,16 drivers, selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races, are seeded based on their total number of wins. They compete in the last ten races, where the difference in points is greatly minimized and this is called the NASCAR playoffs. The series holds strong roots in the Southeastern United States, with half of the races in the 36-race season being held in that region, the current schedule includes tracks from around the United States. Regular season races were held in Canada, and exhibition races were held in Japan. The Daytona 500, the most prestigious race, had an audience of about 16 million U. S. viewers in 2009. Cup Series cars are unique in automobile racing, the engines are powerful enough to reach speeds of over 200 mph, but their weight coupled with a relatively simple aerodynamic package make for poor handling. The bodies and chassis of the cars are strictly regulated to ensure parity, in 1949, NASCAR introduced the Strictly Stock division, after sanctioning Modified and Roadster division races in 1948. Eight races were run on seven dirt ovals and on the Daytona Beach beach/street course, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race was held at Charlotte Speedway on June 19,1949. Jim Roper was declared the winner of race after Glenn Dunaway was disqualified for having altered the rear springs on his car. The division was renamed Grand National for the 1950 season, reflecting NASCARs intent to make the more professional. It retained this name until 1971, the 1949 Strictly Stock season is regarded in NASCARs record books as the first season of GN/Cup history. Martinsville Speedway is the track on the 1949 schedule that remains on the current schedule
14.
Talladega Superspeedway
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Talladega Superspeedway, formerly known as Alabama International Motor Speedway, is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the city of Lincoln. A tri-oval, the track was constructed in 1969 by the International Speedway Corporation, the track currently hosts the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, and Camping World Truck Series. Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval with a length of 2.66 miles like the Daytona International Speedway, at its peak, Talladega had a seating capacity of 175,000 spectators, although its current capacity is 80,000 spectators. During the 1960s, William Bill France, Sr. wanted to build a faster and longer than Daytona International Speedway. After failed attempts to reason with local government in Orange County, North Carolina with the Occoneechee Speedway, he attempted to find a new spot for a race track and make his idea a reality. After failing to secure a location near the research triangle around Raleigh and he would end up breaking ground on an old airfield on May 23,1968. The track was named the Alabama International Motor Speedway, the name would remain for twenty years until 1989 when the facilitys name was changed to Talladega Superspeedway. The track opened on September 13,1969 at a cost of $4 million, after the first race, Talladega hosted two Cup Series races a year, one of which would become part of the 10-race NASCAR Cup Series Chase for the Championship. Since its opening year, Talladega has hosted many races and has been repaved four times, Talladega also has had many first-time winners, such as Larry Schild, Sr. Richard Brickhouse, Brian Vickers, and Brad Keselowski. A 4-mile infield road course was in operation from the founding until 1983. In the 1970s, six IMSA GT Championship races were held at the speedway, in May 2006, Talladega started to re-surface the track and the apron. Construction started on May 1 and lasted until September 18, the first race on the resurfaced race track was a NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race on October 7. In December 2013, the ISC announced removal of the 18, 000-seat Allison Grandstand on the backstretch, the 4, 000-ft backstraightway was renamed the Alabama Gang Superstretch in time for the 2014 Aarons 499 held in the spring. Speeds in excess of 200 mph are commonplace at Talladega, Talladega has the record for the fastest recorded time by a NASCAR vehicle on a closed oval course, with the record of 216.309 mph set by Rusty Wallace on June 9,2004. Buddy Baker was the first driver to run at a speed over 200 mph, Bill France himself invited Chrysler to come on down to run a 200 lap for publicity for the April race. The car was fully Nascar inspected and certified, Nascar sanctioned the event and Bill Gazaway was there with the official timing equipment. Bakers 200mph lap was set while driving the No.88 Chrysler Engineering Charger Daytona and it is currently undergoing restoration in Detroit, after being found in the late 1990s in Iowa
15.
V8 engine
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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at an angle to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft, since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. In 1902, Léon Levavasseur took out a patent on a light and he called it the Antoinette after the young daughter of his financial backer. From 1904 he installed this engine in a number of competition speedboats, the aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont saw one of these boats in Côte dAzur and decided to try it on his 14-bis aircraft. Its early 24 hp at 1400 rpm version with only 55 kg of weight was interesting, Santos-Dumont ordered a larger and more powerful version from Levavasseur. He changed its dimensions from the original 80 mm stroke and 80 mm bore to 105 mm stroke and 110 mm bore, obtaining 50 hp with 86 kg of weight and its power-to-weight ratio was not surpassed for 25 years. Levavasseur eventually produced its own line of V8 equipped aircraft, named Antoinette I to VIII, hubert Latham piloted the V8 powered Antoinette IV and Antoinette VII in July 1909 on two failed attempts to cross the English Channel. However, in 1910, Latham used the VII with the engine to become the first in the world to reach an altitude of 3600 feet. Voisin constructed pusher biplanes with Antoinette engines, also, notably the one first flown successfully by Henry Farman in 1908, the V8 engine configuration became popular in France from 1904 onward, and was used in a number of aircraft engines introduced by Renault, and Buchet among others. Some of these found their way into automobiles in small quantities. In 1905, Darracq built a car to beat the world speed record. They came up with two racing car built on a common crankcase and camshaft. The result was monstrous engine with a displacement of 1,551 cu in, victor Hemery fixed that record on 30 December 1905 with a speed of 109.65 mph. Rolls-Royce built a 3,535 cc V8 car from 1905 to 1906, in 1907 The Hewitt Motor Company built a large 5 passenger Touring Car. It was equipped with a hefty V8 engine that developed 50/60 horsepower and had a bore of 4 inches, the Hewitt was the first American Automobile to be equipped with a V8 engine. De Dion-Bouton introduced a 7,773 cc automobile V8 in 1910 and it was produced only in small quantities, but inspired a number of manufacturers to follow suit
16.
Bonneville Salt Flats
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The Bonneville Salt Flats is a densely packed salt pan in Tooele County in northwestern Utah. The area is a remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville and is the largest of many salt flats located west of the Great Salt Lake, the property is public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is known for land speed records at the Bonneville Speedway. Access is free and visitors can drive on the flats, geologist Grove Karl Gilbert named the area after Benjamin Bonneville, a U. S. Army officer who explored the Intermountain West in the 1830s. In 1907 Bill Rishel and two local businessmen tested the suitability of the salt for driving on by taking a Pierce-Arrow onto the surface of the flats, a railway line across the Bonneville Salt Flats was completed in 1910, marking the first permanent crossing. The first land speed record was set there in 1914 by Teddy Tetzlaff, furthermore, the Pontiac Bonneville, the Triumph Bonneville motorcycle, and the Bonneville International media company are all named for the salt flats. Specifically, the BLM concluded “despite brine withdrawal for mineral production, during the following summer months, heat from the sun evaporates the water and the precipitated salt becomes part of the race track surface. Since the onset of this project, more than 10.7 million tons of salt have been pumped on to the Bonneville Salt Flats, the Salt Laydown Project is now a required element of the facility’s operating plan. Motorcar racing has taken place at the flats since 1914. Racing takes place at part of the Bonneville Salt Flats known as the Bonneville Speedway, there are five major land speed events that take place at the Bonneville Salt Flats. Bonneville Speed Week takes place mid-August followed by World of Speed in September and these three events welcome cars, trucks, and motorcycles. The Bub Motorcycle Speed Trials are for motorcycles only, World records are contested at the Mike Cook ShootOut in September. Speed Week events in August were canceled for the year in a row in 2015. In 2004, the Stardust spacecraft released its sample-return capsule for a landing in the Bonneville Salt Flats after its flybys of asteroid 5535 Annefrank in 2002 and comet Wild 2 in 2004. List of vehicle speed records Bonneville Salt Flats - Bureau of Land Management High Speed Race Mike Cooks Bonneville Shootout Speed Week on the Bonneville Salt Flats
17.
2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
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The 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 67th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 44th modern-era Cup series season. The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the Sprint Unlimited exhibition race, the Budweiser Duels, the season ended with the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Kyle Busch won the championship, despite missing the first third of the due to severe leg injuries suffered in an Xfinity Series race at Daytona. Despite almost running the season, Brett Moffitt was named Rookie of the Year. The season also marked the first season of a new television contract, during the season, races were televised in the United States on Fox, Fox Sports 1, NBC, and NBCSN. In addition, it was the first season on the newly rebranded Fox Sports Racing in Canada, on January 22,2015, four-time champion Jeff Gordon announced that 2015 would be his final season as a full-time driver, but he did not rule out complete retirement. Chase Elliott replaced him in the No.24 car for Hendrick Motorsports in 2016, there were 43 full-time teams in 2015. Joe Gibbs Racing expanded to a team with the addition of Carl Edwards in the No. 19, previously with Roush Fenway Racing in the No.99 in 2014, HScott Motorsports expanded to a two-car team with the addition of Michael Annett in the No. 46, previously with Tommy Baldwin Racing in the No.7 in 2014, Front Row Motorsports expanded to a three-car full-time team with the addition of Cole Whitt in the No. 35, previously with BK Racing in the No.26 in 2014, longtime NASCAR team owner and former Identity Ventures Racing partner Jay Robinson started Premium Motorsports. The team fielded the No.62 Chevrolet for Brendan Gaughan while points, Gaughan left the team after Daytona in July with the season being finished with various drivers and various manufacturers. The team also fielded the No.66 Toyota for Mike Wallace with owner points, however, Robinson shut the No.66 team down due to lack of sponsorship and qualifying performance after 4 races, with Tanner Berryhill in a Chevrolet for the 4th race. After Talladega in May, Phil Parsons sold Phil Parsons Racing to Premium Motorsports due to sponsorship issues, josh Wise left the team after Kentucky in July, with the season being finished with various drivers and various manufacturers. The Motorsports Group, a long-time Xfinity Series team, announces they would field a full-time Cup team, however, the team only ran part-time with Hornaday only attempting 4 races. 3 other drivers also attempted races in 2015, Sam Hornish Jr. replaced Marcos Ambrose in the No.9 car, when he left Richard Petty Motorsports to return to racing in V8 Supercars in Australia, a series in which he won in 2003 and 2004. Trevor Bayne began racing full-time in the No.6 Roush Fenway Racing car as the team discontinued the No.99 formerly driven by Carl Edwards, Bayne ran part-time for Wood Brothers Racing in the No.21 from 2011 to 2014. Alex Bowman replaced Michael Annett in the Tommy Baldwin Racing No.7 and he drove the No.23 for BK Racing in 2014
18.
Moonshine
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Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame
19.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
20.
Bill France Sr.
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William Henry Getty Bill France, also known as Bill France Sr. or Big Bill, was an American racing driver. He is best known for co-founding and managing NASCAR, a body of US-based stock car racing. France was born in Washington, D. C. the son of Emma Graham, an immigrant from Ireland, France skipped school as a teenager to make laps in the family Model T Ford at the high-banked 1. 5-mile board track near Laurel, Maryland. He ran laps until there was just enough time to beat his father home, France worked at several jobs before owning and operating his own service station. He built his base by waking before dawn and crank-starting customers cars in the middle of winter. France was familiar with Daytona Beachs land speed record history when he moved his family from Washington D. C. to Daytona in the spring of 1935 to escape the Great Depression and he had less than $100 in his pocket when they left D. C. He began painting houses, then worked at a car dealership. He set up a car shop in Daytona at 316 Main Street Station. Daytona had lost its claim to fame, city officials were determined to keep speed related events, events which had been a mid-winter source of revenue for area hotels and restaurants. On March 8,1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course, the race was 78 laps long for street-legal family sedans sanctioned by the American Automobile Association for cars built in 1935 and 1936. The city posted a $5000 purse with $1700 for the winner, the race was marred by controversial scoring and huge financial losses to the city. Ticket-takers arrived to find thousands of fans already at the beach track, the sandy turns at the ends of the track became virtually impassable with stuck and stalled cars. Second and third-place finishers protested the results, Haugdahl talked with France, and together they got the Daytona Beach Elks Club to host another event on Labor Day weekend in September 1937. The event was successful, but still lost money despite its $100 purse. Haugdahl didnt promote any more events, France took over the job of running the course in 1938. There were two events in 1938, danny Murphy beat France in the July event. France beat Lloyd Moody and Pig Ridings to win the Labor Day weekend event, three races each were held in 1939 and 1940. France finished fourth in March, first in July, and sixth in September,1940, four events were held in 1941
21.
Trans-Am Series
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The Trans-Am Series is an automobile racing series which was created in 1966 by Sports Car Club of America President John Bishop. Originally the series was open to FIA Group 2 Touring Cars, marques such as Porsche, Alfa Romeo, BMW, Datsun, Mini Cooper, Saab, and Volkswagen competed in the series Under 2.0 Liter category. At first, the Trans-Am cars were modified versions of their road version, the competition was divided into two classes- an Under 2-Liter class and the Over 2 Liter class,111 inch wheel base or less and displacement limited to 5.0 liters. The first race was in 1966 at Sebring International Raceway, the overall win went to Jochen Rindt driving an Alfa Romeo GTA, with Bob Tullius taking second overall and first in the Over 2-Liter class. Allan Moffat in a 1600 cc Lotus Cortina won the race at Bryar. Ford of Britain had full factory effort with the Alan Mann Lotus Cortinas, in 1967 Porsche lobbied the SCCA to reclassify the 911 as a sedan. Then dominated the Under 2-Liter field winning the championship over Alfa Romeo. In Over 2-Liter, Ford edged out Mercury to win the manufacturers championship, Penske Racing campaigned Chevrolet Camaro Z28s through 1969, then Roger Penske signed with American Motors to race the Javelin in 1970 and 1971. Mark Donohue would chalk up 20 race victories between 1967 and 1970, fords factory team was run by Bud Moore Engineering with Parnelli Jones and George Follmer the drivers. Plymouth hired All American Racers to run their team, with drivers Dan Gurney, Dodge used Ray Caldwells Autodynamics team, Sam Posey and occasionally Tony Adamowicz drove. Jerry Titus ran the Pontiac Team Firebird Trans Am, Penske Racing ran the effort for AMC Javelin, with drivers Mark Donohue and Peter Revson. In 1971 all the American manufacturers pulled their sponsorship from the series except for AMC, the boxy six-year-old Tempest had once been Adams wifes daily driver, with over 80,000 miles on the odometer when it was turned into an A Sedan racer. It proved to be surprisingly fast, at a time even a one-year-old car was considered out of step with the competition. It was entered in the round of the 1971 Trans-Am Championship. Unable to qualify, the car was allowed to start from the back of the pack, with Bob Tullius behind the wheel, it mowed through the field, and was running second behind eventual winner Mark Donohues factory-supported Penske Racing AMC Javelin when the engine expired. 1971 the U2 class was renamed the Two-Five challenge, as the displacement limit was increased to 2.5 liters. 1971 was very exciting as Horst Kwech in a Herb Wetanson Alfa-Romeo GTV, after a hard fought season with much off-track puffing, Datsun won. When these two marques dropped out, interest in the series waned and the SCCA cancelled the series, beginning in the 1970s, Trans-Am cars would also be seen running in the IMSA GT Championship
22.
Oldsmobile V8 engine
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Like all other GM divisions, Olds continued building its own V8 engine family for decades, finally adopting the corporate Chevrolet 350 small-block and Cadillac Northstar engine only in the 1990s. All Oldsmobile V8s were manufactured at plants in Lansing, Michigan, the 260 cu in,307 cu in,330 cu in,350 cu in and 403 cu in engines are commonly called small-blocks. 400 cu in,425 cu in, and 455 cu in V8s have a deck height to accommodate a 4.25 in stroke crank to increase displacement. These taller-deck models are commonly called big-blocks, and are 1 in taller and 1.5 in wider than their small-block counterparts, the Rocket V8 was the subject of many first and lasts in the automotive industry. It was the first mass-produced OHV V8, in 1949, the factory painted small-blocks gold or blue, while big-blocks could be red, green, blue, or bronze. As is the case with all pre-1972 American passenger car engines, published horsepower and torque figures for years were SAE Gross, as opposed to 1972. The first generation of Oldsmobile V8s ranged from 1949-1964, each engine in this generation is quite similar with the same size block and heads. The 303-cubic-inch engine had hydraulic lifters, a bore, stroke ratio, a counterweighted forged crankshaft, aluminum pistons, floating wristpins. The 303 was produced from 1949-1953, bore was 3.75 in and stroke was 3.4375 in. The original Oldsmobile V8 was to have been marketed as Kettering Power after chief engineer Charles Kettering, instead, the legendary Rocket was born, available in Oldsmobiles 88, Super 88, and 98 models. The engine proved so popular, the divisions 88 models were popularly called Rocket 88s, the 303 was available from 1949 through 1953. In 1949 through 1951 the 2-barrel carburetor 303 produced 135 hp and 253 lb·ft, over 33% more power than the extremely popular and widely produced 100 hp 1949 Ford Flathead V8. 195288 and Super 88 V8s used a 4-barrel carburetor for 160 hp and 265 lb·ft, applications, 1949–1953 Oldsmobile 88 1949–1953 Oldsmobile 98 1952–1953 Oldsmobile Super 88 The 324-cubic-inch version was produced from 1954 until 1956. Bore was increased to 3.875 in and stroke remained the same at 3.4375 in, two-barrel carburetion was standard, all high performance 324s came with four-barrel carburetors. The 324 was shared with GMC trucks, the 195488 and Super 88 V8s used an 8.25,1 compression ratio for 170 and 185 hp and 295 and 300 ft·lbf respectively. The 1955 model upped the compression to 8.5,1 for 185 hp and 320 lb·ft in the 88 and 202 hp and 332 lb·ft in the Super 88 and 98. For engines built during the first part of 1955, the 324 skirted pistons had a reputation for failing due to the cast aluminum skirt separating from its steel interior brace and this problem did not appear until the engine had over 50,000 miles on it. By late 1956, many Olds dealers learned about the problem, Compression was up again in 1956 for 230 hp and 340 lb·ft in the 88 and 240 hp and 350 lb·ft in the Super 88 and 98
23.
Overhead valve engine
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An overhead valve engine is an engine in which the valves are placed in the cylinder head. This was an improvement over the flathead engine, where the valves were placed in the block next to the piston. Overhead camshaft engines, while overhead valve by definition, are usually categorized apart from other OHV engines. Lifters or tappets are located in the block between the camshaft and pushrods. By contrast, overhead camshaft design avoids the use of pushrods by putting the camshaft directly above the valves in the cylinder head, in 1900, Marr was hired as chief engineer at the Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company in Detroit, where he worked until 1902. Marr said he got the idea of overhead valves when making the small tricycle engine, marrs engine employed pushrod-actuated rocker arms, which in turn pushed valves parallel to the pistons, and this is still in use today. This contrasts with previous designs which use of side valves. Marr left Buick briefly to start his own company in 1902, the Marr Auto-Car. The OHV engine was patented in 1902 by Buicks second chief engineer Eugene Richard, at the Buick Manufacturing Company, precursor to the Buick Motor Company. The worlds first production overhead valve engine was put into the first production Buick automobile, the 1904 Model B, the engine was designed by Marr and David Buick. Eugene Richard of the Buick Manufacturing Company was awarded US Patent #771,095 in 1904 for the valve in head engine. Arthur Chevrolet was awarded US Patent #1,744,526 for an adapter that could be applied to an existing engine, in 1949, Oldsmobile introduced the Rocket V8. It was the first high-compression I-head design, and is the archetype for most modern pushrod engines, general Motors is the worlds largest pushrod engine producer, producing both I4, V6 and V8 pushrod engines. Nowadays, automotive use of side-valves has virtually disappeared, and valves are almost all overhead, however, most are now driven more directly by the overhead camshaft system. Few pushrod-type engines remain in production outside of the United States market and this is in part a result of some countries passing laws to tax engines based on displacement, because displacement is somewhat related to the emissions and fuel efficiency of an automobile. This has given OHC engines a regulatory advantage in those countries, however, in 2002, Chrysler introduced a new pushrod engine, a 5. 7-litre Hemi engine. The new Chrysler Hemi engine presents advanced features such as variable displacement technology and has been an option with buyers. The Hemi was on the Wards 10 Best Engines list for 2003 through 2007, Chrysler also produced the worlds first production variable-valve OHV engine with independent intake and exhaust phasing
24.
Oldsmobile 88
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The Oldsmobile 88 is a full-size car that was sold and produced by Oldsmobile from 1949 until 1999. From 1950 to 1974 the 88 was the divisions top-selling line, particularly the entry-level models such as the 88 and this engine, originally designed for the larger C-bodied and more luxurious 98 series, also replaced the straight-8 on the smaller B-bodied 78. With the large, high performance V8, the Oldsmobile 88 is widely considered to be the first muscle car, the name was more commonly shown as numbers in the earlier years and was changed to spell-out Eighty Eight starting in 1989. Oldsmobile introduced the 88 badge in 1949 and it was named to complement the already-existing 76 and 98, and took the place of the straight-8 engined 78 in the model lineup. The new car used the same new Futuramic B-body platform as the straight-6 engined 76 and this combination of a relatively small light body and large, powerful engine made it widely considered to be the first muscle car. The Rocket 88 vaulted Oldsmobile from a staid, conservative car to a performer that became the one to beat on the NASCAR circuits. This led to increased sales to the public, there was a pent up demand for new cars in the fast-expanding post-World War II economy, and the 88 appealed to many ex-military personnel who were young and had operated powerful military equipment. The 88 enjoyed a success, inspiring a popular 1950s slogan, Make a Date with a Rocket 88. The 1949 model was equipped with a key and a starter push-button to engage the starter. Pushing the starter button would engage the starter, but if the key was not inserted, unlocking the ignition. The car was equipped with an oil bath air cleaner, also a three-speed manual transmission with column shift became available as a delete for credit option to the Hydra-Matic automatic transmission. The 88 now outsold the six-cylinder 76 lineup, which was dropped entirely after the 1950 model year and it had a 40 ft. turning circle. The 1950 model won the 1950 Carrera Panamericana, the station wagon was discontinued and would not reappear until the 1957 model year. Hydraulic power windows and seats were optional, other mechanical features were unchanged with styling changes amounting to new grilles, taillights, and interior revisions. New was the optional automatic headlight control, for 1953, the base 88 was renamed the DeLuxe 88 for only this one year while the Super 88 continued as a more upscale version. Engines and transmission offerings were the same as 1952, late in the 1953 model year, a fire destroyed GMs Hydra-Matic plant in Livonia, Michigan, which was then the only source for Hydra-Matic transmissions. New options this year included Frigidaire air conditioning, power steering, the 1954 Oldsmobiles were completely restyled with new longer and lower body shells and wrap-around windshields and rear windows. Base models reverted to being simply called 88s after being designated as DeLuxe 88s for only one year and the Super 88 was once again the top series
25.
Hudson Hornet
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The Hornets lower and sleeker look was accentuated by streamlined styling, sometimes called ponton styling. The cars unique, low slung appearance and silky handling earned Hudson an image that – for many buyers – eclipsed luxury marques like Cadillac, the second-generation Hudson Hornets was a restyled Nash that was badge engineered as a Hudson. The Hornet, introduced for the 1951 model year, was based on Hudsons step-down design that was first seen in the 1948 model year on the Commodore. The design merged body and chassis frame into a single structure, thus one stepped down into a Hudson. The step-down chassiss lower center of gravity. was both functional and stylish, the car not only handled well, but treated its six passengers to a sumptuous ride. The low-slung look also had a sleekness about it that was accentuated by the enclosed rear wheels. Hudson Hornets were available as a coupe, four-door sedan, a convertible. The models were priced the same as Commodore Eight, which was priced from US$2,543 to $3,099, all Hornets from 1951 to 1953 were powered by Hudsons high-compression straight-six H-145 engine. In 1954, power was increased to 170 hp from 145 hp, starting in 1952 an optional twin-H or twin one barrel carburetor setup was available at additional cost. A L-head design, at 308 cu in it was the largest six-cylinder engine in the world at the time and it had a two-barrel carburetor and produced 145 hp at 3800 rpm and 275 lb·ft of torque. The newly introduced Twin H-Power was available in November 1951 as a Dealer installed option at the cost of $85.60, Hudson Hornet 1951 model year production totaled 43,656 units. In 1952 the Twin H-Power version now standard equipment with dual single-barrel carburetors atop a dual-intake manifold, the hood featured a functional scoop that ducts cold air to the carburetors and was considered ventilation in 1954, rather than ram air. The engine could be tuned to produce 210 hp when equipped with the 7-X modifications that Hudson introduced later, during 1952 and 1953 the Hornet received minor cosmetic enhancements, and still closely resembled the Commodore of 1948. The Hornet proved to be invincible in stock-car racing. Espite its racing successes. sales began to languish, the 1953 model year brought minor changes to the Hudson Hornet. The front end was modified with a new grille and an air scoop hood ornament. Four different body designs, two-door club coupe, Hollywood hardtop, Convertible Brougham, Hudson Hornet 1953 model year production totaled 27,208 units of which around 910 were the Hollywood hardtops. An 8-tube radio was a $100 option, eventually, for the 1954 model year, the model underwent a major square-lined redesign
26.
Flathead engine
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A flathead engine is an internal combustion engine with valves placed in the engine block beside the piston, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine. As the cylinder cross-section has the shape of an upside-down L, the sidevalves poppet valves are usually sited on one side of the cylinder. A recess in the head creates a corridor connecting the valves. The valve gear comprises a camshaft which operates the valves via simple tappets, indian, however, employs both rocker arms and pushrods to transmiit motion from the cam lobes to the valve stems. Flathead designs are commonly built new for many small engine applications of one. The main advantages of an engine are simplicity, reliability, low cost, compactness, responsive low-speed power, low mechanical engine noise. The absence of an overhead valve valvetrain allows a compact engine that is less expensive to manufacture. Even today, flatheads are common in lawnmowers and basic farm machinery, if a valve head breaks off, it may become lodged between the piston and the head causing severe damage. At top dead centre, the piston gets very close to the portion of the cylinder head above. The typical flathead engine has its valves adjacent, but the T-head variant acts as a cross-flow head, the main disadvantages of a sidevalve engine are poor gas flow, poor combustion chamber shape, and low compression ratio, all of which result in a low power output. The sidevalve configuration makes intake and exhaust gases follow a route, with low volumetric efficiency. Although a sidevalve engine can operate at high speed, its volumetric efficiency swiftly deteriorates. High volumetric efficiency was important for early cars because their engines rarely sustained extended high speeds. A compromise used by Willys, Rover and Rolls-Royce in the 1950s was the F-head, in there is one side valve. An advance in technology resulted from experimentation in the 1920s by Sir Harry Ricardo. Because the exhaust follows a path to leave the engine. In a T-head engine, the pairs have a crossflow configuration. American LaFrance powered their fire engines with T-head engines from the 1920s to the 1950s, the Cleveland Motorcycle Manufacturing Company produced a T-head four-cylinder in-line motorcycle engine in the 1920s, and early Stutz engines were T heads
27.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
28.
Chrysler 300 letter series
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The Chrysler 300 letter series are high-performance personal luxury cars that were built by Chrysler in the U. S. from 1955 to 1965. After the initial year, which was named 300-C, the 1956 cars were designated 300B, successive model years were given the next letter of the alphabet as a suffix, reaching the 300L by 1965, after which the model was dropped. Unlike the first letter series, the successive variants do not feature standard engines producing at least 300 hp. This first of the letter series cars did not bear a letter, the 300 originally stood for the 300 hp engine. By 1956 this would be the first American production car to top 355 hp, the cars Forward Look styling can be attributed as much to the Chrysler parts bin as designer Virgil Exner. The front clip, including the grille, was taken from the Imperial of the same year, the midsection was from a New Yorker hardtop, with a Windsor rear quarter. Exner also included base-model Chrysler bumpers and removed many exterior elements such as lights, hood ornament, side trim. An electric clock and two-speed windshield wipers were standard, there were few options available including selection of three exterior colors and only one color of tan leather interior. Power windows and power seat were available but air conditioning was not available in 1955, measured at 127.58 mph in the Flying Mile, and doing well in NASCAR, the C-300 aroused interest that was not reflected in its modest sales figure of 1,725. When the C300 competed in NASCAR, it was painted to advertise that it was the worlds fastest stock car. The 1956 300B was fairly similar externally, distinguished by a new tailfin treatment, a companion of this generation was introduced as the DeSoto Adventurer, which was less luxurious, while still sharing much of the mechanicals, giving DeSoto a performance enhanced model. A total of 1,102 were sold, performance was a little better than the previous years, being measured at almost 140 mph. A6.17 ratio rear end was added to the options. Front leg room was 44.6 inches, New was the Highway Hi-Fi phonograph player. With the optional 355 hp 354 cu in engine, the 300B became the first American car to produce 1 horsepower per cubic inch, the 1957 model year 300C was restyled, featuring a yawning wide front grille and larger tailfins. The Hemi engine was upgraded to 392 cu in with 375 hp, a convertible model was available for the first time. The car had a number of red, white, and blue 300C medallions on the sides, hood, trunk,1,918 coupes and 484 convertibles were built. The 1958 model year was to be the last use of the FirePower Hemi in the 300, the engine was still 392 cu in, but tuned to 380 hp as standard
29.
Mercury Monterey
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The Mercury Monterey is a full-size car model that was introduced by Mercury in 1952. It would later share the body style with the slightly more upscale Marquis. The Marquis-Monterey body was built on a wheelbase and had a longer body than the Ford LTD, Ford Galaxie. During its production the Monterey served as the high-end, mid-range and it was the only Mercury to be in continuous production throughout the 1960s. After the 1974 model year, the Monterey was discontinued as Mercury streamlined its full-size offerings down to the Marquis nameplate, from 2004 to 2007, the nameplate was revived for a minivan, the counterpart of the Ford Freestar. Montereys had either a covered top for $2146 or vinyl for $2157. For $10 more all leather seats were an option, two special colors were offered, Turquoise Blue with dark blue top and Cortaro Red metallic with black top. Black with yellow top was also available, Mercury got a styling and engineering redesign for 1952, such as 18% more window area. Monterey became a series and Mercurys top model line, a convertible. The heater and vent controls were changed to levers and placed on a plane set perpendicular to the dash behind the steering wheel, a station wagon bowed for 1953, the same year a Siren Red Monterey Convertible became Fords forty-millionth car produced. The 1954 Montereys also received alterations, such as new. For 1955 the car lost its status as Mercurys top model, the same year, it gained the 292 cu in Y-block from the Thunderbird, producing 188 hp with the standard transmission or 198 with the Merc-O-Matic. It used independent ball-joint front suspension and it was available in two lower-priced trim packages called the Medalist, with the Custom as the basic model. 1956 brought another new engine, the 235 hp 312 cu. in and this year, along with the rest of Ford, Mercury cars started to sport the Lifeguard safety equipment. The deep-dish steering wheel and safety door locks were standard, the fullsize Mercury was redesigned for 1957 and grew considerably larger as well, riding on an exclusive 122 in wheelbase. A new frame allowed a lower floor which made the car look lower and longer. Interior features included a front seat track stop, a new design for the safety steering wheel, a new radio, the station wagons were divested from the Monterey series, with the Commuter, Voyager, and Colony Park lines. The 312 Ford Y-block gained 20 horsepower to go with the weight
30.
Fuel injection
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Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. All diesel engines use fuel injection by design, petrol engines can use gasoline direct injection, where the fuel is directly delivered into the combustion chamber, or indirect injection where the fuel is mixed with air before the intake stroke. On petrol engines, fuel injection replaced carburetors from the 1980s onward, the functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary. All share the task of supplying fuel to the combustion process. Carburetors have the potential to atomize fuel better, Fuel injection also dispenses with the need for a separate mechanical choke, which on carburetor-equipped vehicles must be adjusted as the engine warms up to normal temperature. Furthermore, on spark ignition engines, fuel injection has the advantage of being able to facilitate stratified combustion which have not been possible with carburetors, Fuel injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency. With the improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution of multi-point fuel injection, less fuel is needed for the power output. Exhaust emissions are cleaner because the precise and accurate fuel metering reduces the concentration of toxic combustion byproducts leaving the engine. The more consistent and predictable composition of the exhaust makes emissions control devices such as catalytic converters more effective, herbert Akroyd Stuart developed the first device with a design similar to modern fuel injection, using a jerk pump to meter out fuel oil at high pressure to an injector. This system was used on the engine and was adapted and improved by Bosch. Fuel injection was in commercial use in diesel engines by the mid-1920s. Another early use of direct injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the ultra lean-burn principle, fuel is injected toward the end of the compression stroke and they are often started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or kerosene. Direct fuel injection was used in notable World War II aero-engines such as the Junkers Jumo 210, the Daimler-Benz DB601, the BMW801, German direct injection petrol engines used injection systems developed by Bosch from their diesel injection systems. Later versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Wright R-3350 used single point fuel injection, due to the wartime relationship between Germany and Japan, Mitsubishi also had two radial aircraft engines utilizing fuel injection, the Mitsubishi Kinsei and the Mitsubishi Kasei. Alfa Romeo tested one of the first electronic systems in Alfa Romeo 6C2500 with Ala spessa body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors and were fed by a semi-high-pressure circulating fuel pump system, all diesel engines have fuel injected into the combustion chamber. The invention of mechanical injection for gasoline-fueled aviation engines was by the French inventor of the V8 engine configuration, Leon Levavasseur in 1902, the first post-World War I example of direct gasoline injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925
31.
Buck Baker
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Elzie Wylie Baker Sr. better known as Buck Baker, was an American stock car racer. Born in Richburg, South Carolina, Baker began his NASCAR career in 1949, twenty-seven years later, Baker retired after the 1976 National 500. During his NASCAR Strictly Stock career, Baker won two championships,46 races and 45 pole positions, as well as recorded 372 top-tens, in 1957, he became the first driver to win two consecutive championships in the series. From 1972 to 1973, he competed in the Grand National East Series, on May 23,2012, it was announced that he would be inducted into the 2013 class of the NASCAR Hall of Fame on February 8,2013. Baker entered his first race in 1939 in Greenville, South Carolina, Baker went on to become one of the greatest drivers in NASCARs history. He was the first back-to-back winner of the Grand National Championship in 1956 and 1957 and he was second twice and finished in the top five on four other occasions. Bakers 682 NASCAR starts ranks him third all-time and his 46 victories rank him 13th, in 1953,1960 and 1964, Baker won the Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway. In 1963, Baker was given credit for winning a race that he clearly did not win, NASCAR later reversed its ruling for the race. Scott did not receive the trophy, in 1967, Baker switched to NASCARs Grand American division, where he was also very successful. After his retirement in 1976, Baker opened up the Buck Baker Racing School, Baker was inducted into the National Motorsports Press Associations Hall of Fame in 1982, the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1998. Also in 1998, he was named one of the NASCARs 50 Greatest Drivers, on May 23,2012, it was announced that he would be one of five nominees to be inducted into the 2013 class of the NASCAR Hall of Fame on February 8,2013. Baker died on the night of April 14,2002 at Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte and his wife, Susan, is the former president of the Buck Baker Racing School. His son, Buddy Baker also grew to be a renowned NASCAR driver, Buddy would eventually become a TV broadcaster following his retirement from racing. Media related to Buck Baker at Wikimedia Commons Buck Baker driver statistics at Racing-Reference Buck Baker owner statistics at Racing-Reference
32.
Chevrolet Bel Air
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The Chevrolet Bel Air was a full-size car produced by Chevrolet for the 1950–1981 model years. With the 1953 model year the Bel Air name was changed from a designation for a body shape to a premium level of trim applied across a number of body styles. The Bel Air continued with other trim level designations until US production ceased in 1975. Production continued in Canada, for its market only, through the 1981 model year. For 1950, Chevrolet came up with a style that would set a pattern for decades. The Bel Air Hardtop was styled as a convertible with a solid roof. Models like this had been around since the 1920s, including early Chevrolets, but the newly revised idea, sweeping the GM line from Chevrolet to Cadillac, had finally found its era. First year production reached only 76,662 as buyers cautiously tested the revised concept, the car cost $1,741 and weighed 3,225 lb. Front suspension was independent, named knee-action. The first Bel Airs of this era shared only their front sheet metal ahead of the A pillar with the rest of the range. The windshield, doors, glass, and trunk were common with the Styline DeLuxe Convertible Coupe, however the roof, rear quarters, the first Bel Airs were only available with the DeLuxe premium trim level and specification. In 1953 Chevrolet renamed its series, and the Bel Air name was applied to the model range. Two lower series, the 150 and 210, also emerged, the 1953 Chevrolet was advertised as Entirely new through and through, due to the restyled body panels, front and rear ends. However, essentially these Chevrolets had similar frame and mechanicals to the 1949–1952 cars, the Bel Air series featured a wide chrome strip of molding from the rear fender bulge to the rear bumper. The inside of this stripe was painted a color with the outside body color. Lesser models had no model designation anywhere on the car, only having a Chevy crest on the hood,1953 was the first year for a curved, one-piece windshield. Bel Air interiors had a massive expanse of chrome across the lower part of the dashboard. Carpeting and full wheel covers rounded out Bel Air standard equipment, prior to 1954, the 235 and 216 cubic inch six cylinder engines had babbit bearings and scoops to create oil pressure at the bottom of each rod and the oil pressure was standard at 15-30 PSI. During these years, there were three choices, depending on the transmission ordered
33.
Ford Galaxie
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The Ford Galaxie was a full-sized car that was built in the United States of America by Ford for model years 1959 through to 1974. The name was used for the top models in Fords full-size range from 1958 until 1961, for 1962, all full-size Fords wore the Galaxie badge, with 500 and 500/XL denoting the higher series. The Galaxie 500/LTD was introduced for 1965 followed by the Galaxie 500 7-Litre for 1966, the Galaxie 500 part was dropped from the LTD in 1966, and from the XL in 1967, however the basic series structuring levels were maintained. The regular Galaxie 500 continued below the LTD as Fords mid-level full-size model from 1965 until its demise at the end of the 1974 model year, the Galaxie was the high volume counterpart to the Chevrolet Impala. The similarly named Ford Galaxy is a large car/minivan available in the European market, the vehicles name is derived from the original Ford Galaxie. The 1959 Ford range was introduced in late 1958 with the Fairlane 500 as the top trim level, during the 1959 model year the Galaxie was added to the range as an additional trim level, assuming the top position from the Fairlane 500. The Galaxie was offered with the sedan and hardtop body styles as the Fairlane 500 whilst the Sunliner and Skyliner convertibles were moved across from the Fairlane 500 range. Styling varied from the Fairlane 500 with the addition of a Ford Thunderbird-style C pillar on all, although a separate series from the Fairlane 500,1959 Galaxie models carried both Fairlane 500 and Galaxie badging. In keeping with the era, the 1959 Galaxie was a chrome and it was the very image of the ostentatious late-1950s American automobiles, though somewhat tamer than its Chevrolet and Plymouth competitors. Ford advertised safety anchorage for the front seats, the parking brake was now a pedal. Seat belts, a dashboard, and child-proof rear door locks were optional, while a deep-dished steering wheel. Among the models was the Skyliner, moved upward from the Fairlane 500 model and this feature, complicated and expensive, left very little trunk room when folded down. Not until 2006, when the Pontiac G6 convertible, Peugeot 206 CC and Volkswagen Eos appeared, a fixture also was the previous years 352 V8, still developing 300 horsepower. 1960 The 1960 Galaxie introduced all-new design with less ornamentation, a new body style was the Starliner, featuring a huge, curving rear observation window on a pillarless, hardtop bodyshell. The formal roofed 2-door hardtop was not available this year, but the roofline was used for the Galaxie 2-door pillared sedan and it had been the most popular body style in the line for 1959, and sales dropped off sharply. Contrary to Fords tradition of pie-plate round taillghts, the 1960 featured half-moon lenses turned downward, the A pillar now swept forward instead of backward, making entering and exiting the car more convenient. 1961 For 1961, the bodywork was again, although the underpinnings were the same as for 1960. This time, the tailfins were almost gone, the small blade-like fins capped smaller versions of 1959s pie-plate round taillamps once again, the latter was rated at 401 hp
34.
Chevrolet Impala
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The Chevrolet Impala is a full-size car built by Chevrolet for model years 1958 to 1985,1994 to 1996, and 2000 to present. The Chevrolet Impala derived its name from the African antelope of the same name, the Impala was Chevrolets most expensive passenger model through 1965, and had become the best-selling automobile in the United States. For its debut in 1958, the Impala was distinguished from other models by its symmetrical triple taillights, the Impala continued as Chevrolets most popular full-size model through the mid-1980s. Between 1994 and 1996, the Impala was revised as a 5. 7-liter V8–powered version of the Caprice Classic sedan, in 2000, the Impala was re-introduced again as a mainstream front-wheel drive Hi-Mid sedan. As of February 2014, the 2014 Impala ranked number one among Affordable Large Cars in U. S. News & World Reports rankings. When the current tenth generation of the Impala was introduced for the 2014 model year, the ninth generation was rebadged as the Impala Limited and sold only to fleet customers through 2016. As of the 2015 model year, both versions are sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with the current-generation Impala also sold in the Middle East, the Philippines, and South Korea. The Impala name was first used for the full-sized 1956 General Motors Motorama show car that bore Corvette-like design cues, painted emerald green metallic, with a white interior, the Impala featured hardtop styling. Clare MacKichans design team, along with designers from Pontiac, started to establish basic packaging, the first styling sketch that would directly influence the finished Chevrolet automobile was seen by General Motors Styling vice president Harley Earl in October. Seven months later, the design was developed. The Impala was introduced for the 1958 model year as top of the line Bel Air hardtops, from the windshield pillar rearward, the 1958 Bel Air Impala differed structurally from the lower-priced Chevrolet models. Hardtops had a slightly shorter greenhouse and longer rear deck, the wheelbase of the Impala was longer than the lower priced models, although the overall length was identical. Interiors held a two-spoke steering wheel and color-keyed door panels with brushed aluminum trim, no other series included a convertible. The 1958 models were longer, lower, and wider than its predecessors, the tailfins of the 1957 were replaced by deeply sculptured rear fenders. Impalas had three taillights each side, while lesser models had two and wagons just one, crossed-flag insignias were attached above the side moldings, as well as bright rocker moldings and dummy rear-fender scoops. 1958 was the first year of dual headlamps, for 1958, GM was promoting their fiftieth year of production, and introduced anniversary models for each brand, Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Chevrolet. This was a step between traditional construction and the later fully unitized body/chassis, the body structure was strengthened in the rocker panels. However, this frame was not as effective in protecting the structure in a side impact crash
35.
Pontiac
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Pontiac was a brand of automobile manufactured and sold by General Motors between 1926 and 2010. Introduced as a make for GMs more expensive line of Oakland automobiles, Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity. Sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico by GM, the last Pontiac badged cars were built in December 2009, with one final vehicle in January,2010. Franchise agreements for Pontiac dealers expired October 31,2010, leaving GM to focus on its four remaining North American brands, Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. The Pontiac brand was introduced by General Motors in 1926 as the marque to GMs Oakland division. It was named after the famous Ottawa chief who had given his name to the city of Pontiac. Within months of its introduction, Pontiac was outselling Oakland, which was essentially a 1920s Chevrolet with a six-cylinder engine installed. Body styles offered included a sedan with two and four doors, Landau Coupe, with the Sport Phaeton, Sport Landau Sedan, Sport Cabriolet. As a result of Pontiacs rising sales, versus Oaklands declining sales, Pontiac became the companion marque to survive its parent. It was also manufactured from knock-down kits at GMs short-lived Japanese factory at Osaka Assembly in Osaka, Japan from 1927-1941. Pontiac produced cars offering 40 hp 186.7 cu in L-head straight 6-cylinder engines in the Pontiac Chief of 1927, the Chief sold 39,000 units within six months of its appearance at the 1926 New York Auto Salon, hitting 76,742 at twelve months. The next year, it became the six in the U. S. ranking seventh in overall sales. By 1933, it had moved up to producing the least expensive cars available with straight eight-cylinder engines, in the late 1930s, Pontiac used the so-called torpedo body of the Buick for one of its models, just prior to its being used by Chevrolet. This body style brought some attention to the marque, an unusual feature of the torpedo body exhibition car, was that with push of a button the front half of the car body would open showing the engine and the cars front seat interior. In 1937, the eight-cylinder had a 122-inch wheelbase, while the six-cylinder had a 117-inch wheelbase, for an extended period of time—prewar through the early 1950s—the Pontiac was a quiet, solid car, but not especially powerful. It came with a straight eight. Straight 8s were slightly less expensive to produce than the increasingly popular V8s, additionally, the long crankshaft suffered from excessive flex, restricting straight 8s to a relatively low compression ratio with a modest redline. However, in application, inexpensive flatheads were not a liability
36.
Pontiac Catalina
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The Pontiac Catalina is an automobile which was part of Pontiacs full-sized line from 1950 to 1981. Initially, the name was used strictly to denote hardtop body styles, first appearing in the 1950 Chieftain Eight, in 1959, the Catalina became a separate model, as the entry-level full-size Pontiac. The name Catalina was first used on the 1950 Chieftain Series 25/27 hardtop, Pontiacs top of the model at the time. Originally referred to as hard-top convertibles, these vehicles offered pillarless design in the door and window areas, the advantage this fixed-roof design offered is its sporty, airy feeling without the expense and drawbacks normally associated with convertibles. With the exception of the 1958 Bonneville, all Pontiac hardtops are designated Catalinas from 1950 to 1958, powered by a flathead straight-eight engine at the time of its debut, it would receive Pontiacs new 287 CID OHV V8 four years later. A one-piece windshield was new for 1954, a padded safety dash became available in 1956. Pontiacs also benefited from a better automatic transmission than their Chevrolet counterparts - the four-speed Hydra-Matic - versus the Chevys two-speed Powerglide. Twin tailfins, two on each side, were new and only in 1959, styling highlights include thin-pillar rooflines and greater use of glass for increased visibility. Wheelbases on all models remained at 122 inches, but overall length is 213.7 inches, the 1959 Pontiacs featured a split grille, which came about by accident when the styling studio were exploring grille design. Experimentally, a design for a conventional, full width, oval grille, with the lights remaining at the extremities, this gave the split center, open ended look of the 59 Catalina. Along with the body came a 5 wider chassis in which the wheels were moved out towards the fenders. Catalinas came standard with a 235 horsepower version of the 389 with two-barrel carburetor and 8.6 to 1 compression mated to the manual transmission. When the optional four-speed Hydramatic transmission was ordered, the engine was 280 horsepower version of the same engine with higher 10.5 to 1 compression ratio. Available as a no-cost option with the Hydramatic transmission was the 215-horsepower 389 with 8, bodystyles and drivetrain offerings were unchanged from 1959. New to the option list was a Sportable Transistor radio that could be used in the car in place of the regular in-dash radio or removed from the car for use as a portable with battery power. Also new for 1960 were the optional eight lug aluminum wheels with integral brake drums that not only enhanced the cars looks, another popular option for performance enthusiasts was the Safe-T-Track limited slip differential. In the suspension department the front track was increased from the 59s 63⅞ to 64, in the engine compartment the gusher type cooling system was replaced by the equa flow type. Turn Signals were standard, while the A/C was $430 and padded dash was $19, inside, a revised instrument panel featured a new horizontal sweep speedometer along with minor changes in trim patterns
37.
426 Hemi
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The Chrysler Hemi engines, known by the trademark Hemi, are a series of I6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with hemispherical combustion chambers. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles, the first from 1951 to 1958, the second from 1964 to 1971, and the third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of Hemi as a marketing term, a hemispherical cylinder head gives an efficient combustion chamber with an excellent surface-to-volume ratio, with minimal heat loss to the head, and allows for two large valves. However, a hemi-head allows no more than two valves per cylinder, and these valves are necessarily heavier than in a multi-valve engine. The intake and exhaust valves lie on opposite sides of the chamber, the hemi-head design places the spark plug at or near the center of the chamber to promote a strong flame front. However, if the hemi-head hemisphere is of equal diameter to the piston, there is minimal squish for proper turbulence to mix fuel and this adds to the overall width of the engine, limiting the vehicles in which it can be installed. This complexity was referenced early in Chryslers development of their 1950s hemi engine, Chrysler developed their first experimental hemi engine for the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter aircraft. The XIV-2220 engine was an inverted V16 rated at 2,500 hp, however, the exercise gave Chrysler engineers valuable research and development experience with two-valve hemi combustion chamber dynamics and parameters. In addition to the engine, Chrysler and Continental worked together to develop the air-cooled AV-1790-5B V12 Hemi engine used in the M47 Patton tank. The first version of the FirePower engine had a displacement of 331 cu in, eventually, each Chrysler division had its own versions of the FirePower engine, with different displacements and designations, and having almost no parts in common. Chrysler and Imperial called their versions the FirePower, Dodge had a smaller version, known as the Red Ram. Only Plymouth didnt have a version, instead retaining the Dodge poly-head engines, briggs Cunningham used the Chrysler version in some of his race cars for international motor sports. A Chrysler-powered Cunningham C5-R won its class in 1953, Cunningham switched away from these designs in 1959 when Chrysler temporarily abandoned the hemispherical concept in favor of the wedge-head B engine until 1964. All Chrysler FirePower engines are oversquare, the bore is larger than the stroke. This first FirePower engine, used from 1951 to 1955, has a bore of 3.8125 in and a stroke of 3.625 in for a displacement of 331 cu in. Most used a carburetor and produced 180 bhp, with the famous exception of the 1955 Chrysler C-300 equipped with dual Carter WCFB four-barrel carburetors. At 138 decibels, it is the loudest siren ever made, the 354, released in 1956, had a bore of 3.9375 in and stroke of 3.625 in, and a deck height of 10.32. The 300B engine was rated at 340 bhp, while the New Yorker, for the 300B an optional 355 hp version was available, making it the first American V-8 to be rated at one horsepower per cubic inch
38.
Plymouth Belvedere
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The Plymouth Belvedere was an American automobile model that was produced by Plymouth from 1954 to 1970. The Belvedere name was first used for a new body style in the Plymouth Cranbrook line for the 1951 model year. The Belvedere replaced the Cranbrook as the top trim and became a model line with sedans, station wagons. It was also used in a movie called Christine it was a 1958 Plymouth Belvedere, introduced on March 31, the 1951 Plymouth Cranbrook Belvedere is a two-door pillarless hardtop. It was Plymouths first such design and was introduced in response to the 1950 Chevrolet Bel Air, and the Ford Victoria. The Cranbook Belvedere the name for the hardtop version of the Cranbrook. Powering the Belvedere is the Chrysler flathead 217.8 cu in engine with a 7.00,1 compression ratio producing 97 hp. For 1952, Plymouth kept the Cranbrook Belvedere largely unchanged, two-tone color schemes were sable bronze over suede, black over mint green, and gray over blue. Overdrive was made available as optional equipment in the 1952 Plymouth, in overdrive, the engine made three revolutions for each rear wheel revolution against four without overdrive. The engine was a carry over from 1951. Production for 1951 and 1952 totalled 51,266 units, the Belvedere remained a part of the Cranbrook series through the 1953 model year, which saw all Plymouth models completely restyled. Major style changes include a shorter 114 in wheelbase, a windshield, flush rear fenders. In April 1953, Plymouths received the Hy-Drive semi-automatic transmission, the engine was carried over from 1952 with the only enhancement being a slight increase in the compression ratio to 7.10,1, which yielded a rating of 100 hp. A total of 35,1851953 Belvederes were sold, the Belvedere replaced the Cranbrook as the top-line offering for 1954. Now, a model instead of just a two-door hardtop, it was also available as a convertible, two-door station wagon. The two-door hardtop version was now called the Sport Coupe,1954 Belevederes featured full-length rocker sill moldings. Minor styling updates adorned the carry-over body design, for the first time, small chrome tailfins appeared on the rear fenders. In March 1954, Plymouth finally offered an automatic transmission
39.
Plymouth Fury
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The Plymouth Fury is a model of automobile which was produced by Plymouth from 1955 to 1989. It was introduced for the 1956 model year as a sub-series of the Plymouth Belvedere, becoming a separate series one level above the contemporary Belvedere for 1959. The Fury was a car from 1959 to 1961, then a mid-size car from 1962 to 1964, again a full-size car from 1965 to 1974. From 1975 to 1977 the Fury was sold alongside the full-size Plymouth Gran Fury, the word fury denotes a type of anger, inspired by the Furies, mythological creatures in Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman mythology. It was later adapted into a movie, the Fury was a sub-series of the Plymouth Belvedere from 1956 through 1958. It was sold only as a Sandstone White 2-door hardtop with gold anodized aluminum trim in 1956 and 1957, in 1958 it was only available in Buckskin Beige with gold anodized aluminum trim. These Furys had an interior, bumper wing-guards and a V8 engine with twin 4-barrel carburetors. The 1957 and 1958, the 318 cu in engine produced 290 hp, the 1957 models were restyled, longer, wider, with very large vertical tailfins and a new torsion bar front suspension replacing the previous coil springs. In 1958, the engine was a 350 cu in called Golden Commando with two 4-bbl carburetors producing 305 hp. A 315-hp option with fuel injection was available, but the electronic Bendix fuel-injection system was recalled by the factory, the Golden Commando engine was optional on any Plymouth Plaza, Savoy, Belvedere, Suburban, and Fury, as was the dual four-barrel 318 cu in. In 1959, Plymouth introduced the Sport Fury as its top model, the Fury range was now available as a 4-door sedan and station wagon, as well as a 2-door hardtop and sedan. The Sport Fury series had only a 2-door hardtop and convertible, the Sport Fury was dropped at the end of 1959, but was reintroduced in mid-1962. In 1959, the 350 was replaced with a 361 cu in version of the Golden Commando with a 2- or 4-barrel carburetor, the dual four-barrel version of the 318 also was dropped that year, with the four-barrel available on this engine through the 1962 model year. The Dodge Viscount was a built by Chrysler Canada for the 1959 model year only. It was based on the contemporary Plymouth Fury, but featured a 59 Dodge front clip assembled to the Plymouth Fury body, the original 318 and 383 were available, along with a 361. The 225 cu in slant-6 produced 145 hp at 4000 rpm, the Fury remained Plymouths sales volume model through the early 1960s. Tailfins were removed for 1961, as per trends of the time, the 1962 Fury emerged as a downsized model riding on the new Chrysler B-body unibody platform, the product of a Chrysler Corporation embroiled in multiple corporate controversies at the time. Sales of the new model were slow, prompting the reintroduction of the Sport Fury trim package, Chrysler Corporation began to restyle and enlarge the Plymouths and Dodges, which improved sales in 1963 and 1964
Auto racing in North America – Wikipedia book
