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Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
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Forestry
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Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands, the science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester, other terms are used a verderer and a silviculturalist being common ones. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere, and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries, the preindustrial age has been dubbed by Werner Sombart and others as the wooden age, as timber and firewood were the basic resources for energy, construction and housing. The development of forestry is closely connected with the rise of capitalism, economy as a science and varying notions of land use. Roman Latifundiae, large estates, were quite successful in maintaining the large supply of wood that was necessary for the Roman Empire. Large deforestations came with respectively after the decline of the Romans, however already in the 5th century, monks in the then Byzantine Romagna on the Adriatic coast, were able to establish stone pine plantations to provide fuelwood and food. This was the beginning of the massive forest mentioned by Dante Alighieri in his 1308 poem Divine Comedy, the use and management of many forest resources has a long history in China as well, dating back to the Han Dynasty and taking place under the landowning gentry. A similar approach was used in Japan and it was also later written about by the Ming Dynasty Chinese scholar Xu Guangqi. In Europe, land rights in medieval and early modern times allowed different users to access forests. The notion of commons refers to the traditional legal term of common land. The idea of enclosed private property came about during modern times, however, most hunting rights were retained by members of the nobility which preserved the right of the nobility to access and use common land for recreation, like fox hunting. Systematic management of forests for a yield of timber is said to have begun in the German states in the 14th century, e. g. in Nuremberg. Typically, a forest was divided into sections and mapped. Large firs in the black forest were called „Holländer“, as they were traded to the Dutch ship yards, large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length, 40m in width and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, including shelter, bakeries, ovens, timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected networks all over continental Europe and is still of importance in Finland. The notion of Nachhaltigkeit, sustainability in forestry, is connected to the work of Hans Carl von Carlowitz
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Ragunda Municipality
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Ragunda Municipality is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The present municipality was formed in 1974, when old Ragunda Municipality was amalgamated with the municipalities of Fors, further amalgamations have been discussed due to declining population, but have not been carried out. Ragunda Municipality is known for being the site of the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Building, designed as a Thai royal pavilion, the only one of its kind outside Thailand, it was raised in 1997 in commemoration of King Chulalongkorns visit there a century earlier. Döda Fallet is an extinct whitewater rapid in a nature reserve, there are four localities in Ragunda Municipality, The municipal seat in bold Karstula, Finland Borgvattnet - The Haunted Vicarage Ragunda Municipality - Official site
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Berg Municipality
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Berg Municipality is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Svenstavik, the present municipality was formed in 1971 when old Berg Municipality was amalgamated with four other entities. As often in northern Sweden the municipality is one of the larger in terms of area, the nature reserve Hoverberget lies within Berg Municipality, near Svenstavik. The high mountain Helags and Swedens highest public road, over Flatruet, are located in the end of Berg Municipality. Berg means mountain in Swedish, and the namn of the municipality comes from Hoverberget, there are six localities in Berg Municipality, The municipal seat in bold Georg Adlersparre, Swedish army commander, born in Hovermo now part of Berg Municipality. Thomas Wassberg, resident here, Olympic Gold medalist
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Hammarstrand
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Hammarstrand is a locality and the seat of Ragunda Municipality in Jämtland County, Sweden with 1,052 inhabitants in 2010. The town is host to a bobsleigh and luge track and it was built on the dry bed of the former lake Ragundasjön, which drained suddenly catastrophically in 1796. Constructed in 1964, the track was 1045 meters long with 11 curves and its last World Cup luge competition was held in 1990. Until the completion of the bobsleigh and luge track used for the 1994 Winter Olympics at Lillehammer in 1992, it was the only track of its kind in Scandinavia
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Emphasis (typography)
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In typography, emphasis is the exaggeration of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text—to emphasize them. It is the equivalent of prosodic stress in speech, the most common methods in Bold fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font, italics, boldface and small caps. Other methods include the alteration of letter case and spacing as well as color, the human eye is very receptive to differences in brightness within a text body. Therefore, one can differentiate types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the “blackness” of text. With one or the other of these techniques, words can be highlighted without making them out much from the rest of the text. This was used for marking passages that have a different context, such as words from languages, book titles. By contrast, a bold font weight makes text darker than the surrounding text, for example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and the names of entries can conventionally be marked in bold. Small capitals are used for emphasis, especially for the first line of a section, sometimes accompanied by or instead of a drop cap. If the text body is typeset in a typeface, it is also possible to highlight words by setting them in a sans serif face. It is still using some font superfamilies, which come with matching serif and sans-serif variants. In Japanese typography, due to the legibility of heavier Minchō type. Of these methods, italics, small capitals and capitalisation are oldest, with bold type, the house styles of many publishers in the United States use all caps text for, chapter and section headings, newspaper headlines, publication titles, warning messages, word of important meaning. Capitalization is used less commonly today by British publishers. All-uppercase letters are a form of emphasis where the medium lacks support for boldface, such as old typewriters, plain-text email, SMS. Culturally all-caps text has become an indication of shouting, for example when quoting speech and it was also once often used by American lawyers to indicate important points in a legal text. Another means of emphasis is to increase the spacing between the letters, rather than making them darker, but still achieving a distinction in blackness and this results in an effect reverse to boldface, the emphasized text becomes lighter than its environment. This is often used in typesetting and typewriter manuscripts. On typewriters a full space was used between the letters of a word and also one before and one after the word
