1.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
2.
Strasburg Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
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Strasburg Township is a township in south central Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,182 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 20.0 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,021 people,1,275 households, the population density was 201.1 people per square mile. There were 1,295 housing units at a density of 64. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 98. 96% White,0. 20% African American,0. 02% Native American,0. 10% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 07% from other races, and 0. 60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 25% of the population,13. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.15 and the family size was 3.50. In the township the population was out, with 32. 8% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males, the median income for a household in the township was $55,750, and the median income for a family was $58,849. Males had an income of $35,704 versus $25,030 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,556, about 4. 7% of families and 4. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 8% of those age 65 or over
3.
Paradise Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
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Paradise Township is a township in east central Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,131 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 18.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,698 people,1,554 households, the population density was 252.4 people per square mile. There were 1,600 housing units at a density of 85. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 98. 36% White,0. 62% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 11% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 0. 57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 72% of the population,17. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the family size was 3.42. In the township the population was out, with 30. 2% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,25. 8% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.1 males, the median income for a household in the township was $42,047, and the median income for a family was $44,575. Males had an income of $32,366 versus $21,755 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,631, about 5. 8% of families and 8. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 4% of those under age 18 and 9. 5% of those age 65 or over
4.
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
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Lancaster County local /ˈlæŋkᵻstər/, sometimes nicknamed the Garden Spot of America or Pennsylvania Dutch Country, is a county located in the south central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 519,445, Lancaster County comprises the Lancaster, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The County of Lancaster is a popular tourist destination, with the Amish community there being a major attraction and they were also attracted by the rich soil and mild climate of the area. Also attracted to promises of freedom, French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution settled this area in 1710. There were also significant numbers of English, Welsh and Ulster Scots, the area that became Lancaster County was part of William Penns 1681 charter. John Kennerly received the first recorded deed from Penn in 1691, although Matthias Kreider was said to have been in the area as early as 1691, there is no evidence that any Europeans settled in Lancaster County before 1710. Lancaster County was part of Chester County, Pennsylvania until May 10,1729, Lancaster County was named after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers. Many other counties were in turn formed from these six, indigenous peoples had occupied the areas along the waterways for thousands of years, and established varying cultures. Among the earliest recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock, the English called them the Conestoga, after the name of their principal village, Ganochsagojatga, anglicized as Conestoga. Other places occupied by the Susquehannock were Kaotschiera, where present-day Chickisalunga developed, other Native tribes, as well as early European settlers, considered the Susquehannock a mighty nation, experts in war and trade. They were beaten only by the power of the Five Nation Iroquois Confederacy. After 1675, the Susquehannock were totally absorbed by the Iroquois, a handful were settled at New Conestoga, located along the south-bank of the Conestoga River in Conestoga Township of the county. They helped staff an Iroquois consulate to the English in Maryland, on December 14,1763, the Paxton Boys, led by Matthew Smith and Capt. Lazarus Stewart, attacked Conestoga, killing the six Indians present, and burning all the house and stores. The lack of government control and widespread sympathy in the frontier counties for the murderers meant they were never discovered or brought to justice. Pennsylvania had a dispute with Maryland about the southern border of the province. Nine years of armed clashes accompanied the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute, which soon after the 1730 establishment of Wrights Ferry across the Susquehanna River. Lord Baltimore believed that his grant to Maryland extended to the 40th parallel and this was about halfway between present-day Lancaster and the town of Willow Street, Pennsylvania. This line of demarcation would have resulted in Philadelphias being included in Maryland, New settlers began to cross the Susquehanna
5.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
6.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
7.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
8.
Strasburg, Pennsylvania
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Strasburg is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. It developed as a village along the Great Conestoga Road. The population was 2,800 at the 2000 census, the town was named after Strasbourg in Alsace, the native home of an early settler. The town is often called Train Town USA because of the many attractions in and around town, including the Strasburg Rail Road. Much of the movie Witness was filmed on a farm nearby, much of the borough was listed as a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Old Conestoga Road was in use by 1714, and by 1750 a tavern, Strasburg grew as the trade over the road with Philadelphia grew. By 1759, there were 32 taxable properties in the town, many early settlers were Huguenots or Swiss or German Mennonites and several church congregations of various faiths formed during the 1760s. The first church was built in 1807 by Methodists, the Old Conestoga Road was the main path connecting Philadelphia to the west, but in 1792 the new Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was built, bypassing Strasburg four miles to the north. However, in 1793 construction on the new Strasburg Road started, roughly following the old road and it attracted traffic because it was not a toll-road, unlike the Philadelphia Turnpike. This road later developed into PA741, by 1815 there were 90 houses in Strasburg, about half of which were two stories, indicating a relatively well-off population. There were 53 log,29 brick, and 4 limestone houses, about half of the log houses survive today, as well as 12 of the brick houses and all 4 of the stone houses. About 150 other houses stand in the district, nearly all built before 1900. Strasburg is located at 39°58′56″N 76°10′58″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.0 square mile, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,800 people,1,110 households, the population density was 2,714.1 people per square mile. There were 1,135 housing units at a density of 1,100.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 64% White,0. 57% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 86% Asian,0. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 43% of the population. 23. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.02. In the borough the population was out, with 25. 9% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,22. 3% from 45 to 64
9.
Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
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The Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania is a railroad museum in Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The museum is located on the east side of Strasburg along Pennsylvania Route 741 and it is administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission with the active support of the Friends of the Railroad Museum. The museum has more than 100 historic locomotives and railroad cars that chronicle American railroad history, the initial display building opened in 1975, featuring an operating turntable from the Reading Company. The original building was roughly 45,000 square feet in size and included a bridge leading across Rolling Stock Hall. In June 1995, an addition opened, doubling the indoor display capacity to 100,000 square feet. Today, the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania covers 18 acres, Rolling Stock Hall and the second floor are both handicapped accessible. The yard is subject to weather closure, a newly designed entrance and gift shop were opened in June 2007. Some larger or more engines and cars are displayed outdoors. In the near future, construction start on a new roundhouse to store some of the larger locomotives. The National Toy Train Museum, & Choo Choo Barn are located nearby, the nucleus of the collection of more than a hundred locomotives and cars comes from the historical collection of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Following the 1939-1940 New York Worlds Fair, the Pennsylvania Railroad placed many of their locomotives at a roundhouse in Northumberland. In the 1960s, many of the locomotives were sent from Northumberland to Strasburg, some of these engines had been used on the Strasburg Railroad for a number of years before making their permanent home in the Railroad Museum. Other historic locomotives are featured at the Museum, the famous Lindbergh Engine, PRR #460, is currently undergoing restoration in the Museums Restoration Shop, and will be placed in the new roundhouse upon completion. The oldest PRR non-subsidiary locomotive is also kept at the Museum and this piece is placed over a pit, so visitors may go underneath and see the locomotives underside. The official steam locomotive of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania PRR #3750, two replicas are also included in the Pennsylvania Historic Collection, the John Bull and the John Stevens. The Railroad Museum also collected numerous other locomotives and this includes two PRR GG1 locomotives, the original PRR #4800 and the later PRR #4935. More recent additions include three GP series, an Amtrak E60, and a railbus and they also hold uncommon rolling stock, including two fireless steam locomotives, a Shay locomotive, a Heisler locomotive, and a Climax locomotive. In 2013, the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania has acquired through donation from SEPTA former Reading Company Silverliner II #9001, the #9001, while having some components removed, is more or less in the same state it was in when retired
10.
Pennsylvania Route 741
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Pennsylvania Route 741 is a 26. 3-mile-long state highway that runs through western and southern Lancaster County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA722 in East Petersburg, the eastern terminus is at PA41 in Gap. PA741 heads south from East Petersburg and runs through the suburbs of Lancaster. The route turns southeast and passes through Millersville before it turns east at New Danville, PA741 forms a concurrency with U. S. Route 222 between Willow Street and Lampeter before it continues east through farmland, passing through Strasburg before reaching Gap. The section of road between Willow Street and Lampeter was designated as part of US230 in 1926 and cocncurrent with PA72 in 1927, in 1928, the road between Willow Street and Gap became part of PA41. PA741 was designated by 1930 to run from PA41 north to US30 in Gap. In the 1930s, PA41 and PA741 switched alignments, PA741 was extended west to PA324 south of New Danville in the 1970s. The route was extended to its current western terminus in the 1980s, PA741 begins at an intersection with PA722 in the borough of East Petersburg in Lancaster County, heading to the south on two-lane undivided Lemon Street, which is unsigned and locally maintained. The road passes homes prior to crossing into East Hempfield Township, PA741 gains a center left-turn lane and becomes signed at the Commercial Avenue intersection. The route continues to an interchange with PA283, at which point it becomes state-maintained, the road crosses the Little Conestoga Creek into Manheim Township after PA283. The route becomes two lanes again and turns east prior to turning southwest and crossing the Little Conestoga Creek back into East Hempfield Township, at this point, PA741 becomes McGovernville Road and comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southerns Lititz Secondary and Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line. The road passes a mix of homes and woods as it comes to the Harrisburg Pike intersection, where it makes a turn to the south onto Rohrerstown Road, a three lane road with a center left-turn lane. PA741 passes homes to the west and a branch of Lancaster General Hospital to the east prior to coming to the US30 interchange, in the area of the interchange, PA741 is briefly a divided highway. Here, PA741 crosses PA23, after leaving Rohrerstown, the road passes a mix of farms and businesses prior to an intersection with PA462. After this intersection, PA741 enters Manor Township and becomes Millersville Road, passing farm fields to the west, farther south, the road enters areas of woods and homes, making a turn to the southeast. Following this intersection, PA741 heads through farmland before passing a few homes, at the Wabank Road intersection, the road enters Lancaster Township and passes a mix of homes and farms before crossing the Conestoga River. At this point, PA741 continues into Pequea Township and runs through agricultural areas prior to entering the community of New Danville. Here, the route intersects PA324 and forms a concurrency with that route, PA741 splits from PA324 by heading east on Long Lane, passing more farmland and crossing into West Lampeter Township
11.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
12.
Parkesburg, Pennsylvania
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Parkesburg is a borough in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census, Parkesburg was first known as the Fountain Inn, a tavern built ca. The inn ceased operation as a tavern around 1836 and became Parkesburgs first post office, in 1872, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized the formation of Parkesburg Borough. The town was named after noted politician John G. Parke, today, the Fountain Inn is a private residence. The Parkesburg National Bank and Parkesburg School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Parkesburg is located at 39°57′33″N 75°55′14″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 1.2 square miles. 7. 5% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,373 people,1,243 households, and 870 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,706.8 people per square mile, there were 1,321 housing units at an average density of 1,060.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 90. 93% White,6. 88% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 13% from other races, and 0. 74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 77% of the population,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.29. In the borough the population was out, with 29. 7% under the age of 18,7. 7% from 18 to 24,31. 8% from 25 to 44,17. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $44,934, and the median income for a family was $55,726. Males had an income of $38,482 versus $28,262 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,080, about 4. 6% of families and 7. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 0% of those under age 18 and 8. 6% of those age 65 or over
13.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
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Lancaster, is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvanias Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States. With a population of 59,322, it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvanias cities, the Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766, making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the US and 2nd largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area. Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than such as Boston or San Francisco. Lancaster was home to James Buchanan, the nations 15th president, originally called Hickory Town, the city was renamed after the English city of Lancaster by native John Wright. Its symbol, the red rose, is from the House of Lancaster, Lancaster was part of the 1681 Penns Woods Charter of William Penn, and was laid out by James Hamilton in 1734. It was incorporated as a borough in 1742 and incorporated as a city in 1818, the revolutionary government then moved still farther away to York, Pennsylvania. Lancaster was capital of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812, after which the capital was moved to Harrisburg, in 1851, the current Lancaster County Prison was built in the city, styled after Lancaster Castle in England. The prison remains in use, and was used for public hangings until 1912 and it replaced a 1737 structure on a different site. The first paved road in the United States was the former Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, opened in 1795, the Turnpike connected the cities of Lancaster and Philadelphia, and was designed by a Scottish engineer named John Loudon McAdam. Lancaster residents are known to use the word macadam in lieu of pavement or asphalt and this name is a reference to the paving process named for McAdam. The city of Lancaster was home to important figures in American history. Wheatland, the estate of James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the United States, is one of Lancasters most popular attractions, Thaddeus Stevens, considered among the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives, lived in Lancaster as an attorney. Stevens gained notoriety as a Radical Republican and for his abolitionism, the Fulton Opera House in the city was named for Lancaster native Robert Fulton, a renaissance man who created the first fully functional steamboat. All of these individuals have had schools named after them. After the American Revolution, the city of Lancaster became an iron-foundry center, two of the most common products needed by pioneers to settle the Frontier were manufactured in Lancaster, the Conestoga wagon and the Pennsylvania long rifle. The Conestoga wagon was named after the Conestoga River, which runs through the city, the innovative gunsmith William Henry lived in Lancaster and was a U. S. congressman and leader during and after the American Revolution. In 1803, Meriwether Lewis visited Lancaster to be educated in survey methods by the well-known surveyor Andrew Ellicott, during his visit, Lewis learned to plot latitude and longitude as part of his overall training needed to lead the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1879, Franklin Winfield Woolworth opened his first successful five and dime store in the city of Lancaster, Lancaster was one of the winning communities for the All-America City award in 2000
14.
Heritage railway
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A heritage railway is a railway kept to carry living history rail traffic in order to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Often heritage railways are old railway lines preserved in a state which depicts a certain period, or periods, Heritage railway lines contain historic rail infrastructure that has been substituted or made obsolete in modern railway transit systems. Historical installations, such as hand operated points, water cranes, due to the lack of modern technology, or to a desire for historical accuracy, railway operations can be handled with traditional practices, such as the use of physical tokens. Use of heritage infrastructure and operations often calls for assigning roles based on historical occupations to the railway staff, station masters and signalmen, sometimes wearing period-appropriate attire, can be seen on some heritage railways. Most heritage railways carry heritage rolling stock, but modern rail vehicles can be used to showcase railway scenes with historical line infrastructure, still other heritage railways offer a viable public transit option and can therefore sustain operations with a sufficient amount of revenue from regular riders or government subsidies. Childrens railways are extracurricular educational institutions, where children and teenagers learn railway professions, often they are fully functional, passenger-carrying narrow gauge rail lines. This phenomenon originated in the USSR and was developed in Soviet times. Many sites were called pioneer railways, after the communist youth organisation, the first childrens railway was opened Moscow in 1932, and at the breakup of the USSR,52 childrens railways existed in the country. Even though the fall of communist governments has led to closures of these railways, many preserved childrens railways are still functioning in post-Soviet states, many childrens railways were built on parklands in urban areas. Unlike many industrial areas, typically served by a gauge railway. Child volunteers and socialist fiscal policy enabled stagnant existence for many of these railways, the old childrens railways, which still carry traffic, have often retained their original infrastructure and rolling stock, including vintage steam locomotives. Some have also acquired heritage vehicles from other railways, creating passages for trains up steep hills and through mountain regions offers many obstacles which call for special technical solutions. Special steep grade railway -technologies and extensive tunneling may be employed, the use of narrow gauge allows tighter curves in the track and offers a smaller structure gauge and tunnel size. Pit railways have been an important part of operating an underground mine all over the world, small rail vehicles offer effective transportation of ore and waste rock, as well as workers, through narrow tunnels. Sometimes the trains were the mode of transport in the passages between the work sites and the mine entrance. Often the loading gauge of the railway dictated the cross-section of the passages to be dug, and the tunnel, on many mining sites, pit railways have been abandoned due to mine closure or adoption of new kinds of transportation equipment. Nowadays some show mines exhibit a vintage pit railway and offer a chance to experience a mantrip into the mine, Millennium Underground Railway or M1, built from 1894 to 1896, is the oldest line of the Budapest Metro system and the second oldest underground railway in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, M1 underwent major reconstruction, the original appearance of the old stations has been preserved
15.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger
16.
Pennsylvania Dutch Country
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Religiously, there was a large portion of Lutherans. There were also German Reformed, Moravian, Amish, Mennonite, Schwarzenau Brethren, Greater Pennsylvania refers to this region as well as historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia. Geographically the area referred to as Amish/Dutch country centers on the cities of Allentown, Hershey, Lancaster, Reading, the larger region has been historically referred to as Greater Pennsylvania. The historic Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora in Ontario, Canada has been referred to as Little Pennsylvania, the area lies in the Piedmont region of the Appalachian mountains. The landscape is marked by rolling, wooded hills, deep stream valleys, the Susquehanna River bisects the region and provides its drainage. The term Dutch is from a sense of the English word Dutch. Also, many German-Americans hid their ethnicity with the spread of Anti-German sentiment, originally, the economy of the region was almost entirely rural and agricultural, based on the immigrants dream of bettering their lot through the ownership of their own farms. The small tradesmen indispensable to an economy, such as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, millers. In the 19th century, an educated class, comprising the Lutheran and Reformed ministers. The Pennsylvania seminaries educated them in high German, so they could preach to their flocks in a scholarly way and these English speakers dominated the managerial and engineering positions of these companies, while the Dutch supplied the blue collar and supervisory workforce. As technology advanced during the late 19th century, higher technology companies such as Mack Truck, the Dutch influence on the shop floor was so great that some Slavic immigrants became bilingual in their native language and in Pennsylvania Dutch, while not yet mastering English. The information age and globalization greatly reduced the dependence of the region on industrial jobs, the Eastern part of the region is now dominated by information-intensive white collar employment. In the middle of the 20th century, both Amish and non-Amish entrepreneurs began to promote the area as a tourist destination
17.
Canadian National 7312
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Canadian National 7312 is an 0-6-0 built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1908. It was purchased in 1960 and was the first steam locomotive on the Strasburg Rail Road,7312 was originally built for the Grand Trunk Railway as number 118. The 118 was renumbered 1708 in September 1919, in January 1923, the Grand Trunk Railway was merged into the Canadian National Railway. Three months after the creation of Canadian National,1708 was renumbered 7157, a number the locomotive carried until February 1952, in 1957, the locomotive received its final CN number of 7312. In July,1958,7312 was retired at Stratford, Ontario, in June 1959,7312 was discovered by Strasburg Rail Road Vice President Bud Swearer who was visiting the CN yard at Stratford. The Strasburg Rail Road had intended to purchase a locomotive to power freight and passenger excursions. The Strasburg Rail Road negotiated the CN for the locomotive, which was purchased by a consortium of Strasburg Rail Road officials. Arriving at Strasburg in the summer of 1960, the locomotive was renumbered 31 and placed into service that September, the locomotive was purchased outright by the Strasburg Rail Road in 1968. In 2008,31 was renumbered 7312 and it is currently undergoing a major rebuild, and has been out of commission since 2009. Canadian National 89 Canadian National class O-9 0-6-0
18.
Canadian National 89
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Canadian National 89 is a 1910 built 2-6-0 owned by the Strasburg Rail Road. 89 was originally built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in Kingston, Ontario, in 1919 it was renumbered 911. In 1923, the Grand Trunk was merged into the Canadian National Railway with 911 being one of the thousands of working for this new railroad. In 1951,911 was renumbered 89, in 1961,89 was purchased by New England seafood magnate and steam locomotive collector F. Nelson Blount and moved to North Walpole, New Hampshire, in the United States. 89 found a home in the former Boston & Maine North Walpole roundhouse and starting in 1965, would begin operating on the Green Mountain Railroad and would later be moved to Bellows Falls, Vermont. 89 quickly became Blounts favorite locomotive and he would often be found at the throttle until his death in 1967, in June 1972,89 was sold by the Green Mountain Railroad to the Strasburg Rail Road in Strasburg, Pennsylvania. The move from Bellows Falls to Strasburg was overseen by Strasburg employee Linn Moedinger, during a stopover in Penn Centrals Buttonwood Yard in Wilkes-Bare,89 was stranded when Hurricane Agnes caused the Susquehanna River to flood much of the area. 89 spent several days submerged in the yard but emerged with little to no damage. Upon arrival to Strasburg,89 faced east and would remain that way until the turntable at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania was installed in 1973. 89 frequently operated in tandem with Pennsylvania Railroad 4-4-0 number 1223 on Strasburgs half-hour trains until it was out of service in the early 1980s for major repairs. During these repairs which lasted the majority of the decade,89 was completely rebuilt from the ground up including major boiler, emerging from its rebuild in 1989,89 returned to pulling the half-hour trains, being joined by former N&W 4-8-0475 in 1993. In October 2001,89 was modified and repainted to its 1950s Canadian National appearance with the tilted monogram logo, in 2008, 89s tender logo was re-lettered to read Strasburg Rail Road, in keeping with Strasburgs policy of historical authenticity
19.
Great Western 90
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Strasburg Rail Road no.90 is a 2-10-0 steam locomotive operated by the Strasburg Rail Road, outside Strasburg, Pennsylvania. She was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1924, in Philadelphia PA and she originally pulled sugar beet trains of about 40 to 50 cars length for the Great Western Railway of Colorado to the companys towering mill in Loveland, Colorado. Before being sold to the Strasburg Railroad, #90 ran excursions on the GWR, and even met with Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy #5632, a 4-8-4, and CB&Q #902, some say that she also got t-boned by an 18-wheeler in the 1940s. In 1968, #90 was invited to double head former Canadian Pacific, G-5-d class pacific and this was the last mainline excursion #90 would run. She was returned to the Strasburg Railroad to haul tourist and freight trains, the 90 was the Great Westerns largest and most powerful road locomotive, and saw extensive use on trains too large for the companys fleet of 2-8-0s. In 1944,90 was hit by a truck at a crossing and knocked onto its firemans side. The Great Western sent 90 to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroads shops in Denver for repairs, following WWII,90 was used primarily in the Autumn during the harvest season. By the late 1950s,90 was occasionally used in service on the Great Western. The Strasburg Rail Road purchased the 90 on 5 April 1967 for a price of $23,000.00, and the locomotive arrived on Strasburgs property a month later on 5 March. In the winter of 1968, Ross Rowlands High Iron Company planned to operate a series of steam excursions between Jersey City, NJ and Ardsley, PA on the Central Railroad of New Jersey. After the trips concluded,90 was returned to the Strasburg. As it was on the Great Western,90 is also the most powerful of the four locomotives in operation at the Strasburg Rail Road in Lancaster County PA. The Strasburg Rail Road purchased her in 1967, and it is now one of the two operating decapods in the United States, the other one being former Frisco #1630, who still operates today in the Illinois Railway Museum. Another light decapod, Woodward Iron #41, just arrived at the Age of Steam Roundhouse in December 2015 for restoration,90 has undergone a number of modifications by the Strasburg in order to better suit their needs. In 1991, the sand dome between the dome and cab was removed along with all of its associated piping. In 1993, the extension added in the 1940s by the Great Western to allow the locomotive to burn poorer grades of coal was removed in order to improve drafting. The coal board extensions were removed at this time presumably to improve rearward visibility. In 2006, 90s tender tank was replaced with a new identical tank made from stainless steel welded with cosmetic rivet heads spot welded to make it appear authentic
20.
Norfolk and Western Railway 475
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Strasburg Rail Road #475 is a former Norfolk & Western Railway M class 4-8-0 steam locomotive. It was built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1906 as part of the N&Ws first order of class M numbered 375-499 and it is the only known 4-8-0 operating in North America and it appeared in Thomas and the Magic Railroad. The throttle lever hung down over the shoulder of the firebox, the injector controls were in front of him against the outer wall of the cab. Although slightly cramped, visibility to the front was superb, on the firemans side, there was a water glass, injector controls, and a drop seat arranged like the engineers. The Strasburg Rail Road has made changes to the 475. The left side water leg was trimmed back to give the room to swing his shovel. The injectors were relocated from outboard of the No.4 drivers to aft of them, so they can be operated from controls near the step up to the cab, the independent and automatic brake levers have been moved back to be more convenient for backing up operation. In October 2004,475 was backdated to its original as-built N&W appearance and its headlight was relocated to above the center of the smokebox, the tender relettered Norfolk & Western, and cab letters modified. In very late July 2008, 475s tender was re-lettered to Strasburg in the same N&W font, on February 12,2010,475 was brought out of the shed to plow the nearly 10 ft of snow left from two blizzards. The next day it was back as 475 though the N&W appearance remains, in 2013,475 was re-lettered back to Strasburg in the N&W font. In 2014, the locomotives N&W Hooter was replaced by a three-chime whistle off of Long Island Rail Road #39 and this locomotive pulled the Rainbow Sun in the 2000 movie Thomas and the Magic Railroad. An interview with Strasburg Railroad Chief Mechanical Officer, Linn Moedinger, revealed that the producer, Phil Fehrle. When Moediger inquired as to what exactly he was looking for, Fehrle told him that the director, Britt Allcroft. Winston Link, in particular the M-Class locomotives, during Filming,475 and three of Strasburgs coaches were lettered for the fictional Indian Valley Railroad. 475 even ventured off Strasburg Rails to the Harrisburg Transportation Center, the ferry move to Harrisburg from Leaman Place by Amtrak as well as the filming was unannounced so as not to attract a crowd
21.
Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line
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The Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line is a rail line owned and operated by Amtrak in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. This is the only electrified Amtrak service outside of the line of the Northeast Corridor. The line runs from Philadelphia, where it meets the Northeast Corridor at Zoo interlocking, west to Harrisburg and it is part of the longer Keystone Corridor, which continues west to Pittsburgh along the Norfolk Southern Railways Pittsburgh Line. This section is referred to as Keystone East and is part of Amtraks Keystone Service. The line runs along the route of the former Pennsylvania Railroad Main Line and passes through the Philadelphia Main Line, the Pennsylvania Railroad had originally electrified this line in the 1930s, but it fell into disuse in the 1980s under Amtrak. Amtrak and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation restored electrical service in October,2006 and this allows speeds up to 110 miles per hour. The grade crossing were located in Lancaster county and the last was closed in 2014, Amtraks Keystone Service and Pennsylvanian operate over the entire line. SEPTA Regional Rail Paoli/Thorndale Line trains operate east of Thorndale, with the rights to revenue service west to Parkesburg. Freight trackage rights over the line are assigned to the Norfolk Southern Railway. In the 2000s, there was discussion of commuter rail from Lancaster to Harrisburg, see Keystone Service for more information Key – Block and Interlocking Station – Temporary Block Station – Interlocking – DCS Block Limit R- – Remote Control From – Interchange with
22.
Paradise, Pennsylvania
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Paradise is a census-designated place in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States with a zip code of 17562. The population was 1,129 at the 2010 census and it was the setting of the 1994 comedy film Trapped in Paradise. Paradise is located at 40°0′34″N 76°7′29″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.2 square miles, of which,1.1 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,028 people,363 households, the population density was 907.4 people per square mile. There were 386 housing units at a density of 340. 7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 57% White,1. 75% African American,0. 10% Asian,0. 10% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 07% of the population. 16. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.08. In the CDP, the population was out, with 27. 2% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $44,583. Males had an income of $31,800 versus $21,917 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,700, about 1. 8% of families and 7. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 0% of those under age 18 and 8. 5% of those age 65 or over. This town is actually the real Amish Paradise, as it is in Amish country, rand McNally and Company Vacation & travel guide Wards quarterly, Volume 1,1965
23.
Shortline railroad
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Short Line is also one of the four railroads in the popular board game Monopoly, named after the Shore Fast Line, an interurban streetcar line. A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada, in the U. S. railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board. Often, short lines exist for all three of these reasons, especially since 1980 in the U. S. and 1990 in Canada, many shortlines have been established when larger railroad companies sold off or abandoned low-profit portions of their trackage. Because of their size and generally low revenues, the great majority of shortline railroads in the U. S. are classified by the Association of American Railroads as Class III. As defined by the Surface Transportation Board, a Class III is a railroad with an operating revenue of less than $28 million. In Canada, Transport Canada classifies short line railroads as Class II, there are three kinds of shortlines in the U. S. handling, switch, and ISS. Handling shortlines exist only to move cars along their tracks for larger railroads and they are not listed in the route on a railcars waybill. Handling short lines may have agreements with the larger railroads they serve that do not depend on per car rates. Switch shortlines are similar to handling shortlines except that they are listed on a railcars route, ISS shortlines operate the same as Class I and II railroads. They are included in the routes of railcars, also, they serve as the billing railroads for loads that originate on their lines. For loads not originating on their lines, ISS shortlines still collect a portion of the freight rate. Current short line railroads in operation in the U. S. are, It was reported in 2009 that short-line railroads employ 20,000 people in the U. S. and own 30 percent of nations railroad tracks. About a quarter of all U. S. rail freight travels at least a part of its journey over a short-line railroad. Class I railroad Class II railroad List of U. S. railroads List of Canadian railroads List of Mexican railroads Switching and terminal railroad American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association
24.
Ridable miniature railway
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A ridable miniature railway is a ground-level, large scale model railway that hauls passengers using locomotives that are models of full-sized railway locomotives. Typically miniature railways have a track gauge between 5 in and 18 in, though both larger and smaller gauges are used. These large model railroads are most often seen in parks or in commercial settings. The major distinction between a railway and a narrow gauge railway is that miniature lines use models of full-sized prototypes. There are miniature railways that run on gauges as wide as the 2 ft 6 in gauge on the defunct Viewliner Train of Tomorrow, or as wide as the 2 ft gauge on the operating Wicksteed Park Railway. There are also narrow gauge railways running on extremely narrow track as small as 15 in gauge or less, for example the Rudyard Lake Steam Railway, Perrygrove Railway and these are known as minimum gauge railways. Typically in the UK miniature lines are operated as heritage railways, though many private lines also exist. At gauges of 5 in and less, the track is raised above ground level. Flat cars are arranged with foot boards so that driver and passengers sit astride the track, the track is often multi-gauged, to accommodate 5 in,3 1⁄2 in, and sometimes 2 1⁄2 in gauge locomotives. Track can also be portable, even in gauges as large as 5 in, typically portable track is used to demonstrate locomotives at temporary events such as fêtes and summer fairs. Portable track can be raised or ground level. In Australia, most 5 inch gauge tracks are at ground level
25.
Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal
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Built between 1836 and 1840, it ran 43 miles along the west bank of the river and rendered obsolete an older, shorter canal along the east bank. Of its total length,30 miles were in Pennsylvania and 13 miles in Maryland, competition from railroads was a large factor in the canals decline after 1855. Canal remnants, including a lock house, have been preserved in Maryland. A copy of a detailed blueprint of the entire canal system including structures. The survey consists of 67 pages,98 x 30 cm. and is undated, residents of the rival port city of Philadelphia, fearing loss of trade to Baltimore, argued against the proposal. Since this was only 20 miles further by water than from Havre de Grace to Baltimore, in 1835, the Susquehanna Canal Company of Pennsylvania joined the Tidewater Canal Company of Maryland in privately funding and building the canal. Construction began in 1836 and was finished in 1840, despite toll collections rising from $42,000 in its first year to about four times that amount by 1850, the canal company faced money problems. Construction costs had totaled $3.5 million, with only $1.25 million in capital, the company had borrowed heavily. After 1855, toll revenue fell, flood damage, railroad competition, in 1872, the company sold its assets to the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which used the canal to haul coal to Baltimore until 1894, during the Readings first receivership. The Pennsylvania Railroad opened the Columbia and Port Deposit Railroad across the river in 1877, the canal had 29 locks overcoming 231 feet of elevation. At Wrightsville and the Columbia–Wrightsville canal basin, it connected with the Pennsylvania Canals Eastern Division, cargo included coal, lumber, grain, and iron, much of it bound for Baltimore or Philadelphia. Boats passed through a lock at York Furnace, where tolls were paid. Teams of mules walked on towpaths beside the canal and pulled the boats, from the canal outlet at Havre de Grace, tugs pulled the boats to Baltimore or other destinations. Mules on the Baltimore boats waited in Havre de Grace for the return journey and it cut across the northern isthmus of the Delmarva Peninsula and made a lower Susquehanna canal more appealing to Philadelphia. The Susquehanna Canal was also known as the Port Deposit Canal or the Conowingo Canal, the Susquehanna Museum in Havre de Grace has restored the lock house and other infrastructure at the southern terminus of the canal. On the Pennsylvania side, Lock #12 has been preserved by PPL along Pennsylvania Route 372 at the end of the Norman Wood Bridge across the Susquehanna River. A foot path along the leading from Lock 12 <39.813674. Preserved Lock 15 <39°48. 009N 76°18. 481W> is accessible by car 1.5 miles south of Lock 12 along River Road where can be found interpretive panels about the canal operation, Lock 11 was located at the spillway of the Holtwood Dam
26.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
27.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
28.
Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad
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The Philadelphia and Columbia Railroads western terminus was located near the former ferry site known as Wrights Ferry, in the town once of that name, but now Columbia in Lancaster County. There the P&CR met with the Pennsylvania Canal—navigations and improvements on the Susquehanna River east bank approximately 30 miles miles south of Harrisburg, at the time, the PRR had begun building its famous Horseshoe Curve cutting across several of the streams forming the gaps of the Allegheny. Hence, the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad became a key part of what grew to be the largest railroad in the world. The canal joining the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers in the planning was to run across the most populated expanse of Pennsylvanias Great Valley region. It consisted of the principal sections, moving from east to west. The Pennsylvania Canal opened in 1834 under the Pennsylvania Canal Commission and was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad on June 25,1857 for $7,500,000, the canals reduced travel time between Philadelphia to Pittsburgh from at least 23 days to just four. At that point, the division of the canal was joined to the railroad, allowing transhipment of traffic heading north along the river. Built with public funding, the double-track RR originally operated on a turnpike basis open to all comers, with shippers supplying their own RR cars, horsepower, the RR soon decided also to offer newfangled steam locomotives as an option to haul the cars, interspersed with horse traffic. Horses were banned for through traffic in 1844, and schedules enforced and this realignment is still in use as the four track Keystone Corridor as far as Ardmore and is shared by trains of both Amtrak and SEPTA. The Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad was incorporated in 1829 to build a branch continuing east on Noble Street, the Belmont Plane ran from the Schuylkill River to the top of the Belmont Plateau. Steam-driven cables dragged the railway cars to the top of the hill. The weight of the engine water was 14,930 pounds. The Washingtons steam pressure was less than eighty pounds to the inch. Although the rails at the time of the test were wet with dew, so remarkable was this accomplishment that reports in engineering journals doubted its occurrence. Nine days later, the engine repeated the feat in a formal trial with an even greater load. The older planned line, was abandoned and became the route of present-day Montgomery Avenue in Lower Merion Township running from the Schuylkill River up the Belmont Plane to Ardmore. The Columbia Bridge and line east to Broad and Vine Streets were sold to the Philadelphia, the Reading also acquired the Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad in 1870, giving it access to the Delaware River. The section of the Pennsylvania Railroad running from Philadelphia west through Chester County and, by extension, list of defunct Pennsylvania railroads Duffys Cut
29.
Government of Pennsylvania
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The Government of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the governmental structure of the state of Pennsylvania as established by the Pennsylvania Constitution. It is composed of three branches, executive, legislative and judicial, the capital of the Commonwealth is Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the state legislature composed of 253 members, the House of Representatives with 203 members. The Speaker of the House of Representatives or their designated speaker pro tempore holds sessions of the House, the President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of tie in the Senate, where the vote is 25-25. The legislature meets in the Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg and its session laws are published in the official Laws of Pennsylvania, which are codified in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. Members of the Senate and the House cannot hold a position in any civic office, any member who is expelled for corruption may never run again for reelection in either portion of the legislature. Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts, most of which have magisterial district judges, magisterial District Judges also preside over preliminary hearings in all misdemeanor and felony criminal cases. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, the Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. It also has jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected, the justice is determined by seniority. In total,439 judges preside over the Court of Common Pleas,9 judges preside over the Commonwealth Court,15 judges preside over the Superior Court, and 7 justices preside over the Supreme Court. Elected judges run in 10 year terms, at which point they are required to run in a retention election if they wish to continue to serve. Local government in Pennsylvania consists of five types of governments, county, township, borough, city. All of Pennsylvania is included in one of the states 67 counties, there are no independent cities or unincorporated territory within Pennsylvania. Municipalities may enact and enforce local ordinances, Pennsylvania enacted the Local Government Commission in 1935, by an Act of Assembly. The commission provides assistance to Members of the General Assembly on researching local issues, politics of Pennsylvania Elections in Pennsylvania Law of Pennsylvania PA. GOV Pennsylvania General Assembly Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania
30.
George Wolf
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George Wolf was the seventh Governor of Pennsylvania from 1829 to 1835. On June 29,1888, he was recognized as the “father of the public-school system” in Pennsylvania by the erection of a gateway at Easton. Wolf was born in Allen Township, Pennsylvania and his parents, George and Mary Wolf, had immigrated from Alsace, a then-province of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1751. George Wolf was educated at a school, taught for some time. He was admitted to the bar in 1799 and commenced practice in Easton and he became a member of the Republican Party at the start of Thomas Jeffersons administration, and was appointed postmaster of Easton, which office he filled in 1802 and 1803. He was clerk of the court of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1814, Wolf married Mary Erb of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on June 5,1798. The couple had eight sons and one daughter, Wolf was elected without opposition to the United States House of Representatives in 1824 to the Eighteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas J. Rogers. He was reelected to the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first Congresses and he took the protectionist side in debates on the tariff. As member of the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Wolf defeated Joseph Ritner in both 1829 and 1832 to become the Governor of Pennsylvania. He lost the seat to the Anti-Mason candidate Ritner in 1835, owing to the defection of a part of the Democrats. As governor, Wolf persuaded the legislature to construct canals and impose new taxes for the liquidation of debts that had already been incurred on account of internal improvements. Wolf advocated the establishment of a system of common schools. In 1836 Andrew Jackson appointed him as first Comptroller of the Treasury, two years later President Martin Van Buren appointed him as Collector of Customs for the District of Philadelphia in a job swap with James Nelson Barker. He held this office until his death, Wolf Hall on the campus of Penn State University is named for George Wolf. Wolf Township in Lycoming County is also named for him, as is Wolf Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Biography United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
31.
Wagonway
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Wagonways consisted of the horses, equipment and tracks used for hauling wagons, which preceded steam-powered railways. The terms plateway, tramway and in places, dramway are also found. The advantage of using wagonways was that far bigger loads could be transported with the same power, the wooden tubs, known as hunds ran on two wide boards or rails and were used to move ore within the mines. These hunds used a guide pin system, utilising the slot between the two rails to keep them on course. The first true railways, using a flange to keep the wheel on a rail, were developed in the early 17th century. In 1604, Huntingdon Beaumont completed the Wollaton Wagonway, built to transport coal from the mines at Strelley to Wollaton Lane End, just west of Nottingham, England. Wagonways have been proven to exist between Broseley and Jackfield in Shropshire from 1605, used by James Clifford to transport coal from his mines in Broseley to the River Severn and it has recently been suggested that these are somewhat older than that at Wollaton. Wagonways improved coal transport by allowing one horse to deliver between 10 to 13 long tons of coal per run— an approximate fourfold increase. Wagonways were usually designed to carry the fully loaded wagons downhill to a canal or boat dock, in time, it became a common practice to cover them with a thin flat sheathing or plating of iron, in order to add to their life and reduce friction. However, the iron sheathing was not strong enough to resist buckling under the passage of the loaded wagons, as a result, in 1767, they began to cast iron rails. These were probably 6 ft long, with four projecting ears or lugs 3 in by 3 3⁄4 in to them to be fixed to the sleepers. The rails were 3 3⁄4 in wide and 1 1⁄4 in thick, later, descriptions also refer to rails 3 ft long and only 2 in wide. Subsequently, to increase the strength, a similar flange might be added below the rail, the wheels of flangeway wagons were plain, but they could not operate on ordinary roads as the narrow rims would dig into the surface. Another form of rail, the rail, was first used by William Jessop on a line which was opened as part of the Charnwood Forest Canal between Loughborough and Nanpantan in Leicestershire in 1789. This line was designed as a plateway on the Outram system. This difficulty was overcome by paving or causewaying the road up to the level of the top of the flanges, in 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge-rails. Another example of the edge rail application was the Lake Lock Rail Road used primarily for coal transport and this was a public railway and opened for traffic in 1798. The route started at Lake Lock, Stanley, on the Aire & Calder Navigation, near Wakefield, and ran to Outwood, edge-rails were also used on the nearby Middleton-Leeds rack railway
32.
Norris Locomotive Works
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The Norris Locomotive Works was a steam locomotive manufacturing company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that produced nearly one thousand railroad engines between 1832 and 1866. The company was started in 1832 as the American Steam Carriage Company by William Norris and Major Stephen H. Long, the two men had experimented with steam engine building for years and, as early as 1829, designed a locomotive to burn anthracite coal. Norris and Long also built an engine called the Black Hawk, which performed with success on the Boston and Providence Railroad. Major Long later left the firm and William Norris was joined by his brother Septimus, the two brothers reformed the enterprise into the Norris Locomotive Works. Named George Washington, the 14,400 pound engine hauled a load of 19,200 pounds up the grade at 15 miles per hour. This engine, the first in the world to ascend a hill by its own power, so remarkable was this accomplishment that reports published in engineering journals emphatically doubted its occurrence. A second, more formal trial with a greater load proved the engines capabilities on July 19,1836. Norris 4-2-0s were exported to England for the Lickey Incline about 1842, Norris built the Lafayette for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad the following year based on plans of the George Washington. The Lafayette established the configuration that American steam locomotives would follow until the end of the steam era, in 1847, the Norris Works built the first ten-wheel locomotive in America, the Chesapeake. Operated by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, this was also the worlds first 4-6-0 locomotive and it weighed 22 tons and had 14½ by 22 inch cylinders and driving wheels 46 inches in diameter. Initially a wood-burning locomotive, the Chesapeake was converted to burn coal in 1862. Some authorities claim that Septimus Norris came up with the design, there were nine Norris brothers altogether, six of them had been involved in locomotive building at some point. The firm later became Richard Norris and Son, other locomotive factories, operated independently by various Norris brothers later opened in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Schenectady, New York. The Norris Locomotive Works sold many locomotives overseas, as noted above and this company was the first American exporter of locomotives—and perhaps of large mechanical devices generally. As early as 1840, thirty percent of the production until then had been for foreign markets. Norris machines operated in England, France, the states of the German Confederation, Belgium, Italy, Canada, Cuba and these engines influenced contemporary and subsequent locomotive design in many of these countries. William Norris had several large-scale operating models constructed as presentation pieces to rulers of several nations, such sovereigns included Tsar Nicholas of Russia and King Louis-Philippe of France, who was so pleased with his model that he gave Norris a gold medal and a handsome gold box. A quarter-sized 4-4-0 locomotive and tender were built for Commodore Matthew C. Perry to deliver as a gift on his expedition to Japan in 1854
33.
Controlling interest
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A controlling interest is an ownership interest in a corporation with enough voting stock shares to prevail in any stockholders motion. A majority of voting shares is always a controlling interest, in the United States, Delaware corporations have a 2/3 vote requirement for a motion to pass. In theory, this could mean that a controlling interest would have to be one third of the voting shares. Consolidation Minority interest Holding company Parent company Subsidiary
34.
Quarryville, Pennsylvania
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Quarryville is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,994 at the 2000 census, Quarryville is located at 39°53′43″N 76°9′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 1.3 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,994 people,838 households, the population density was 1,520.9 people per square mile. There were 864 housing units at a density of 659.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 96. 69% White,0. 45% African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 25% Asian,1. 50% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 26% of the population. 28. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.92. In the borough the population was out, with 27. 0% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $35,798, and the median income for a family was $44,000. Males had an income of $38,550 versus $23,989 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,105, about 5. 9% of families and 7. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 7% of those age 65 or over. The land which became Quarryville Borough was originally located within New Providence Township and was the property of a John Groff, there was a stone quarry adjacent to the village where many of the workers lived. This village became larger as the force grew, hence the town acquired the name Quarryville. Locals say that one day the men went to lunch and returned to find the quarry half-full of water, the quarry site remains, now full of water. Quarryville is named after the quarries that are located in the region. Quarryville is part of the Solanco School District, Quarryville Elementary School, Smith Middle School, and Solanco High School serve Quarryville. The Quarryville Library is part of the Lancaster County Library System, the Quarryville Fire Company is a volunteer unit
35.
Pennsylvania State Senate
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The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, senators are elected for four year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate becomes the Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the event of the sitting Lieutenant Governors removal, resignation or death. In this case the President Pro Tempore and Lieutenant Governor would be the same person, the Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of a tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats, President of the Senate, Mike Stack President Pro Tem of the Senate, Joe Scarnati The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district. As of 2017, the breakdown is 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. In 2012, a State Senate district had an population of 254,047 residents. Project Vote Smart Pennsylvania House of Representatives President of the Pennsylvania Senate President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate Trostle, Sharon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Department of General Services. Pennsylvania State Senate Pennsylvania State Senate information and voting records
36.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
37.
Tonne
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The SI symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit itself in 1879. Its use is also official, for the metric ton, within the United States, having been adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and it is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include T, mT, MT, in French and all English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric, tonne is the correct spelling. Before metrication in the UK the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois, equivalent to 1,016 kg, differing by just 1. 6% from the tonne. Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages to designate a large cask. A full tun, standing about a high, could easily weigh a tonne. An English tun of wine weighs roughly a tonne,954 kg if full of water, in the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau, but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass, one tonne is equivalent to, Metric/SI,1 megagram. Equal to 1000000 grams or 1000 kilograms, megagram, Mg, is the official SI unit. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram, pounds, Exactly 1000/0. 453 592 37 lb, or approximately 2204.622622 lb. US/Short tons, Exactly 1/0. 907 184 74 short tons, or approximately 1.102311311 ST. One short ton is exactly 0.90718474 t, imperial/Long tons, Exactly 1/1. 016 046 9088 long tons, or approximately 0.9842065276 LT. One long ton is exactly 1.0160469088 t, for multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events. When used in context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelt either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. *The equivalent units columns use the short scale large-number naming system used in most English-language countries. †Values in the equivalent short and long tons columns are rounded to five significant figures, ǂThough non-standard, the symbol kt is also sometimes used for knot, a unit of speed for sea-going vessels, and should not be confused with kilotonne. A metric ton unit can mean 10 kilograms within metal trading and it traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% of metal. In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to be metric ton of uranium, in the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent is a unit of energy, the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ
38.
Plymouth Locomotive Works
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Plymouth Locomotive Works was a US builder of small railroad locomotives. All Plymouth locomotives were built in a plant in Plymouth, Ohio until 1997 when the company was purchased by Ohio Locomotive Crane and production moved to Bucyrus, production of locomotives has now ceased, and rights to the spare parts business have been sold to Williams Distribution. Plymouth locomotives were first built in 1910 by the J. D, Fate Company, which became Fate-Root-Heath in 1919. The J. D. Fate patent application filed in 1917 shows the engine driving a clutch, the output of the transmission drove a transverse jackshaft through a chain drive, with additional drive chains to the two driving axles. All early Plymouth locomotives used this drive scheme, the Fate-Root-Heath patent application filed in 1925 shows a far-more conventional 4-speed transmission and reverse gears driving the jackshaft and final chain drive to the 2 driving axles. All early Plymouth locomotives were powered by gasoline-burning internal combustion engines, the company changed its name to match its locomotive plant in the late 1950s, becoming Plymouth Locomotive Works, changing again to Plymouth Industries in the late 1970s. In 1937, Plymouth constructed prototype short-line railroad locomotives as ran on butane and propane, one of each. Plymouth was one of the worlds most prolific builders of industrial locomotives, with over 7,500 constructed of which 1,700 are believed to still be in active use. Almost all Plymouth locomotives were under 25 tons, some of the first gas burning locomotives used Chrysler engines. Plymouth produced locomotives in most rail gauges, mostly with mechanical torque converter transmissions, list of locomotive builders Plymouth CR-8 locomotives
39.
Switcher
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They do this in classification yards. Switchers may also make short runs and even be the only motive power on branch lines and switching. The term can also be used to describe the workers operating these engines or engaged in directing shunting operations, the typical switcher is optimised for its job, being relatively low-powered but with a high starting tractive effort for getting heavy cars rolling quickly. Switchers are geared to produce high torque but are restricted to low top speeds and have small diameter driving wheels, switchers are rail analogs to tugboats. US switchers tend to be larger, with bogies to allow them to be used on tight radiuses, European shunters tend to be smaller and more often have fixed axles. They also often maintained coupling rods for longer than other types, although bogie types have long been used where very heavy loads are involved. Switching is hard work, and heavily used switch engines wear out quickly from the abuse of constant hard contacts with cars, nevertheless, some types have been remarkably long-lived. Diesel switchers tend to have a cab and often lower and/or narrower hoods containing the diesel engines. Slugs are often used because they allow even greater effort to be applied. Nearly all slugs used for switching are of the low hood, good visibility in both directions is critical, because a switcher may be running in either direction, turning the locomotive is time-consuming. Some earlier diesel switchers used cow-calf configurations of two powered units in order to provide greater power, the vast majority of modern switchers are diesels, but countries with near-total electrification, like Switzerland, use electric switchers. Prior to the introduction of locomotives, electric shunting locomotives were used to an extent in Great Britain where heavy trains needed to be started on steep gradients. The steeply-graded Quayside Branch in Newcastle upon Tyne was electrified by the North Eastern Railway in 1905,1, is now part of the National Collection and resides at Locomotion in Shildon. A number of the early German locomotives built for use on lines have been preserved. These specialised locomotives were tall steeple-cab types not seen anywhere else, one example built by Greenwood and Batley in Armley, Leeds is preserved at the Middleton Railway, not far from where it was built. Small industrial shunters are sometimes of the battery-electric type, an early battery-electric shunting locomotive is shown here. The Tyne and Wear Metro has three battery electric shunters built by Hunslet, which are used to haul engineering trains when the supply is switched off. Flywheel energy storage was used experimentally by Sentinel
40.
Hurricane Hazel
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Hurricane Hazel was the deadliest and costliest hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm killed at least 400 people in Haiti before striking the United States near the border between North and South Carolina, as a Category 4 hurricane. After causing 95 fatalities in the US, Hazel struck Canada as a storm, raising the death toll by 81 people. As a result of the death toll and the damage caused by Hazel. In Haiti, Hazel destroyed 40% of the trees and 50% of the cacao crop. The hurricane made landfall in the Carolinas, and destroyed most waterfront dwellings near its point of impact, from North Carolina, it traveled north along the Atlantic coast. Hazel affected Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, when it was over Pennsylvania, Hazel consolidated with a cold front, and turned northwest towards Canada. When it hit Ontario as a storm, rivers and streams in and around Toronto overflowed their banks. As a result, many areas located in the local floodplains. In Canada alone, over C$135 million of damage was incurred, Hazel had traveled 1,100 km over land, but while approaching Canada, it had merged with an existing powerful cold front. The storm stalled over the Greater Toronto Area, and although it was now extratropical, to help with the cleanup,800 members of the military were summoned, and a Hurricane Relief Fund was established that distributed $5.1 million in aid. On October 5, a wave with tropical-storm force winds was approaching the Lesser Antilles. Due to the potential for storm formation, a Hurricane Hunters plane flew from San Juan. When the plane reached the system, they observed a tropical cyclone about 30 mi east of the island of Grenada with winds estimated at 100 mph, the United States Weather Bureau promptly classified the system as Hurricane Hazel. The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis later assessed that Hazel developed at 06,00 UTC on October 5 about 220 mi east of Grenada. Although the Hurricane Hunters observed hurricane-force winds, the storm had a small eye 5 mi in diameter and a central barometric pressure of 1,002 mbar. The 100 mph winds were therefore revised downward to 65 mph late on October 5, at the same time, Hazel made landfall on Grenada with winds of 75 mph. After entering the Caribbean Sea, Hazel continued to present a small eye, the winds gradually increased as the storm moved westward, parallel to the northern Venezuela coast
