1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
The Go-Betweens
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The Go-Betweens were an indie rock band formed in Brisbane, Australia in 1977 by singer-songwriters and guitarists Robert Forster and Grant McLennan. They were later joined by Lindy Morrison on drums, Robert Vickers on bass guitar, and Amanda Brown on violin, oboe, guitar, Forster and McLennan reformed the band in 2000 with a new line-up. McLennan died on 6 May 2006 of an attack and The Go-Betweens disbanded again. In 1988, Streets of Your Town, the first single from 16 Lovers Lane, the follow-up single Was There Anything I Could Do. was a No.16 hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States. In May 2001 Cattle and Cane, from 1983s Before Hollywood was selected by Australasian Performing Right Association as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time. In 2008,16 Lovers Lane was highlighted on Special Broadcasting Service TVs The Great Australian Albums series as a example of 1980s rock music. Robert Forster and Grant McLennan met at the University of Queensland where both were taking an arts course. Forster on vocals, song writing, and guitar, and McLennan on vocals, song writing, the name of the band reflects L. P. The band made its first public appearance as the support for The Numbers at Baroona Hall in Brisbane and we performed two songs, and as soon as we got off stage, Mark Callaghan, Robert Vickers – we met them all, in five minutes. They immediately asked us to play a second show, the band however were still minus a drummer, having borrowed Gerard Lee for their first show. They had a succession of drummers starting with Bruce Anthon, with a guest drummer, Dennis Cantwell, they recorded their debut single, Lee Remick, in May 1978. The song, an ode to the US actress Lee Remick, was released on the independent Able label in September 1978, the B-side to the single, Karen, was a love song to a librarian. The sleeve depicts Forster and McLennan alongside portraits of Bob Dylan, Che Guevara, the band sent copies to record labels around the world, with interest shown by the UK arm of Americas Beserkley Records. The groups first real drummer was Temucin Tim Mustafa, recruited after the recording of Lee Remick, the band further expanded with the addition of guitarist, Peter Milton Walsh. Beserkley offered the band a contract, that proposed the re-issue of Lee Remick, the band recorded two more songs for Beserkley in November 1978 however when Beserkley went bust weeks later Walsh left to form The Apartments. The bands second single, People Say, which was recorded in May 1979, was produced by The Go-Betweens with Mustapha on drums and Malcolm Kelly on piano and organ. The B-side, Dont Let Him Come Back, is a farewell to Walsh and these songs were simple pop tunes with a rough new wave edge, an obvious blend of pure pop influences such as The Monkees with the gritty simplicity of The Velvet Underground. In November 1979, the duo left Australia, with a plan to shop their songs from record company to record company simply by visiting their offices, Forster returned to Australia in June 1980, whilst McLennan continued to New York
3.
16 Lovers Lane
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16 Lovers Lane was the sixth album by Australian indie rock group The Go-Betweens, released in 1988 by Beggars Banquet Records. The album was recorded at Studios 301 in Sydney, between Christmas 1987 and Spring 1988,16 Lovers Lane was the final release from the original version of the band. The Go-Betweens broke up in 1989 and would produce no other material until Grant McLennan and Robert Forster reformed the band, with a completely different line-up of personnel, in late 1987 the band relocated from the UK to Sydney. The relationship between Forster and Morrison had ended whilst McLennan and Brown became more involved, upon their return to Australia the band added John Willsteed on bass and began preparing their sixth album. The recording process for 16 Lovers Lane was different to previous releases, between December 1987 and January 1988 McLennan and Forster began an intense songwriting process. They demoed all the songs in advance and then presented them to the producer and their band mates and our normal method was to write separately and the spend two weeks together, familarising ourselves with each other songs and suggesting things. So this way was a different process and it was due to trying to get back to what started the band - closeness. McLennan said the band was also affected by moving back to Australia, Forster agreed saying it brought on a burst of energy, a burst of songs. McLennan said, I had a vision for this record and it was, in some way, just sitting down with acoustic guitars in sunlight, writing songs, and then making a record. It was as simple as that, and I get that vibe from the record, a summer feeling. Forster described the album as, the combination between London melancholy and Sydney sunshine. The songwriting duo demoed sixteen tunes acoustically and sent them to English producer, Mark Wallis, drummer Lindy Morrison was said to have hated Wallis, which may be a reflection of the fact that Wallis replaced Morrison with a drum machine on five of the songs on the album. Both Morrison and Brown were unhappy with the process, which limited their contribution. You cant keep doing the things over and over. Elsewhere, Forster blamed others for the nature of the recordings. He said, I wanted to make the kind of record I ended up making on Danger in the Past, I just wanted the band to be playing live, get us into a really big studio. Instead, it was one person in the studio with the rest of them playing pool, Lindy would be talking about drum machines, and her and Amanda were talking about triggering the violin to make synthesizer keyboard sounds. The only two tracks on that album are both my songs, and I insisted on those
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
7" vinyl
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
6.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
7.
Grant McLennan
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Grant William McLennan was an Australian alternative rock singer-songwriter-guitarist. He co-founded the Go-Betweens with Robert Forster in Brisbane in 1977, in addition to his work with the Go-Betweens he issued four solo albums, Watershed, Fireboy, Horsebreaker Star and In Your Bright Ray. He also undertook side-projects and collaborations with other artists, McLennan received a number of accolades recognising his achievements and contributions as songwriter and lyricist. In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association listed Cattle and Cane, written by McLennan, McLennan died of a heart attack at the age of 48 and was survived by his fiancée, Emma Pursey. Grant William McLennan, was born on 12 February 1958 in Rockhampton and his father was a general practitioner, Mclennan grew up with a younger brother and sister. After the death of their father, when McLennan was four years old and he spent five years at the Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane as a boarder. His mother remarried and the family relocated to a cattle station in central Far North Queensland. McLennans songs which evoke the impressions and imagery of the background of his childhood include Cattle and Cane, Unkind and Unwise, Dusty in Here, Boundary Rider. In 1976 McLennan began a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Queensland, joh Bjelke-Petersen was Premier of Queensland at the time, and McLennan was arrested in a student protest against aspects of that governments conservative policies. In 1977 Grant McLennan met Robert Forster at university, Forster encouraged him to learn bass guitar – McLennan had no musical training – and to form an alternative rock band, the Go-Betweens, in Brisbane. For several months they used a succession of drummers, with McLennan on bass guitar and Forster on lead guitar. The group released their first single in September 1978, Lee Remick, during the groups initial period Forster provided most of the song writing and lead vocals. In November 1979 the Go-Betweens McLennan and Forster travelled to England and then to Scotland, by the time it appeared they had returned to Australia. As McLennans own distinctive compositional style developed the two shared lead vocal duties almost equally, for Go-Betweens releases from about 1980 forward, some songs were credited to Forster/McLennan, although the two generally wrote separately, each singing their own compositions. In November 1981 the Go-Betweens issued their debut album, Send Me a Lullaby, aside from lead vocals and bass guitar McLennan also provides lead guitar for three of its eight tracks – he wrote four tracks and co-wrote one with Forster. McLennan told Gavin Sawford of Rave magazine, in April 1996, if Id heard that and I wasnt in the band, I think my comment would have been What the fuck is going on here. Theres great melodies but then theres changes which to this day I cant work out, theres lyrics to this day which I dont understand and when I actually summon up enough courage to get to the microphone, I sound like a choirboy with a mouthful of fruitcake. The group released only a single, After the Fireworks, on Missing Link Records, in late 1983 the Go-Betweens added Robert Vickers on bass guitar – which allowed McLennan to shift to lead guitar
8.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
9.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
10.
Amanda Brown (musician)
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Browns early bands were Climbing Frame, Tender Mercies and Blood Brothers, in which she played violin, oboe, guitar and keyboards. In 1986, The Go-Betweens – soon after signing a new contract – discovered Amanda Brown playing live in a café. She later joined the band in London, her addition expanding the line-up to a five-piece, for which she provided backing vocals, violin, oboe, guitar and keyboards, Brown played on two studio albums, Tallulah and 16 Lovers Lane. The Go-Betweens toured for 18 months following the release of 16 Lovers Lane, ending in Munich, Germany, later work includes playing with Sydney band Love Me and diverse session appearances with artists including R. E. M. The Reels, Died Pretty, Silverchair, David Bridie, David Lane, The Cruel Sea, The Apartments, The Junction House Band and Boxcar. A graduate of the Australian Film Television and Radio School, Amanda Brown has established a career as a composer, writing for television. In 2003 she released the Incognita soundtrack CD, a mixture of songs, the performance of Incognita toured Australia and Europe, commencing at the Sydney Festival 2003, and the show explored issues of Australias past and present. Brown composed scores for films, including Preservation, Floodhouse, Look Both Ways Monkey Puzzle. Documentaries she has composed the music for include Suburb For Sale, Brown is also the occasional sixth member of Toni Collettes live band, The Finish, and has continued to record and perform with various artists including The Vines, Youth Group and Josh Pyke. In the winter 2007–08 she duetted with the Danish singer Michael Møller on the song A Sunday Routine from his solo outing from his band Moi Caprice. Since November 2007, Brown has been a member of The Rainy Season, a five piece band fronted by Jed Brown, and including Peter Jones, Clyde Bramley, in 2008 Brown won the IF Inside Film Award for Best Music for her score to Son of a Lion. A soundtrack album of the music from Son of a Lion was released in late 2008, in 2009 she won the APRA/Australian Guild of Screen Composers Award for Best Music in a Documentary for the score to Sidney Nolan, Mask and Memory. Brown continues to diversify and in 2009 she mixed David Lanes album Head in the Clouds, however, she now has no plans to make her first solo album of songs. On her 50th birthday in 2015, Brown was elected to the APRA Board as a Writer Director and she resides in the Sydney suburb of Maroubra with partner Simon Marnie. ISBN 1-891241-16-8 Amanda Brown discography Amanda Brown at the Internet Movie Database Amanda Browns MySpace page
11.
Mushroom Records
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Mushroom Records was an Australian flagship record label, founded in 1972 in Melbourne. It published and distributed many successful Australian artists and expanded internationally, Festival Mushroom Records was later acquired by Warner Bros. Records, which operated the label from 2005 to 2010 until it folded to Warner Bros, founder Michael Gudinski is now the leader of the Mushroom Group, the largest independent music and entertainment company in Australia. Mushroom Records was an Australian record label formed by Michael Gudinski, after its sale in 1998 along with Mushroom Distribution Services, they merged into Festival Mushroom Records. From 2005 to 2009, it was operated by Warner Bros, Gudinski has since expanded a pre-existing label, Liberation Music, to release material by former Mushroom artists. In December 1974, Gudinski flew to the US to promote his artists, with Ayers Rock securing a recording contract. Ayers Rock were the first Mushroom artist to sign a recording contract. Mushroom struggled to survive for its first two years and reportedly came close to folding on several occasions, around the same time, Gudinksi was convinced to sign expatriate New Zealand band Split Enz, who had recently relocated to Australia. Mushroom entered the scene by setting up an International division in London headed by Gary Ashley. The Australian label had some success before then by signing The Saints, Kylie Minogue, Dannii Minogue. However the last two were released internationally through PWL, in the 1990s, Mushroom was reportedly in the front-running to sign rising new Australian band Silverchair, but the group opted to sign with Sony instead. After selling 49% of the company to News Corporation in 1993, Garbage signed to the label via Marshalls UK operation, followed by Pop Will Eat Itself, Ash, The Paradise Motel and Peter André. Gudinski sold the remaining 51% share of the label to News Corporation in 1998 for a sum reported to have been around A$40 million, Gudinski maintained control of most other Mushroom Group companies and the name Mushroom Records. When Mushroom was merged with News Corporationss record label Festival Records to form Festival Mushroom Records in 1998, Gudinksi relaunched Liberation Music. In October 2005 Festival Mushroom Records was wound up and its trademarks, the companys other major asset, Festival Music Publishing, was sold to Gudinksis Mushroom Music a month later for an undisclosed sum. In December 2009, Gudinski announced that he bought the remaining 50% he did not own from Warner Bros, in 2010, it became fully independent again. With the reorganisation into Festival Mushroom Records, a number of international operations, in the United Kingdom, the British arm of the company was reorganised as A&E Records and sold on to the Warner Music Group when Korda Marshall took a position within that company. Below are all the artists that were on the now non-existent label, Records Liberation Records A&E Records/Warner Music Group Infectious Records Perfecto Records Taste Media Mushroom 25 Live Infectious Music Mushroom Records Mushroom Music Publishers
12.
Under the Milky Way
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Under the Milky Way is a single by Australian alternative rock band The Church, released on 15 February 1988 and appears on their fifth studio album Starfish. The song was written by bass guitarist and lead vocalist Steve Kilbey and his then-girlfriend Karin Jansson. It peaked at No.22 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart, No.24 on the United States Billboard Hot 100, No.25 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, at the ARIA Music Awards of 1989, the song won Single of the Year. It was issued simultaneously in both 7 vinyl and 12 vinyl formats by Arista Records and Mushroom Records, in 1987 Australian alternative rock band The Church travelled to Los Angeles to record their fifth studio album, Starfish, and worked with producers Waddy Wachtel and Greg Ladanyi. The Churchs line-up for the album was Steve Kilbey on bass guitar and lead vocals, Peter Koppes on guitars, Marty Willson-Piper on guitars, under the Milky Way was written by Kilbey and Karin Jansson of Curious. Kilbey and Jansson had become friends in 1983 and lived together in Australia from 1986, Kilbey said, I smoked a joint and started playing the piano and she came in the room and we just made it up. According to a release issued with Starfish, the title is from an Amsterdam music and cultural venue, Melkweg. In October 1990 Jansson told John Tingwell of Drum Media about songwriting with Kilbey its a very spontaneous thing and its not as if someone has put us together to write a hit song. Its more like sometimes when we write together, a song comes knocking on the door, while in September 2008 Kilbey discussed the track with Iain Shedden of The Australian. Under the Milky Way was released on 15 February 1988 in both 7 vinyl and 12 vinyl formats by Arista Records and Mushroom Records, the Churchs fifth studio album, Starfish, was issued simultaneously with the single. In April the single was released in several formats worldwide including 7, double 7,12, CD single, the 12 B-sides were Musk and Warm Spell, whereas the 7 B-side was Musk. Different Spanish versions added either Anna Miranda or Perfect Child, the music video for the song featured on The Churchs video compilation Goldfish. On the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart Under the Milky Way peaked at No.22, however, it was not their highest charting single, Almost with You and Metropolis charted at No.21 and No. 19, respectively, on the Australian charts, in the United States it reached No.24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.2 on the Mainstream Rock chart. Other charting peaks include No.25 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, No.69 on the Canadian RPM100, No.70 on the Dutch Single Top 100, and No.90 in the United Kingdom. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1989 Under the Milky Way won Single of the Year and he said, You will note that I didnt collect the award. I dont give a fuck about winning that award, Ive been a big critic of the Australian music industry. I think the thing is utterly embarrassing and repulsive
13.
The Church (band)
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The Church are an Australian psychedelic rock band formed in Sydney in 1980. Initially associated with new wave, neo-psychedelia and indie rock, their music came to feature slower tempos and surreal soundscapes reminiscent of dream pop. The Los Angeles Times has described the music as dense, shimmering. The founding members were Steve Kilbey on lead vocals and bass guitar, Peter Koppes and Marty Willson-Piper on guitars, Ward only played on their debut album and the bands drummer for the rest of the 1980s was Richard Ploog. Jay Dee Daugherty played drums from 1990 to 1993, followed by timEbandit Tim Powles who remains with them to the present day, Koppes left the band from 1992 to 1997 and Willson-Piper left in 2013. He was replaced by Ian Haug, formerly of Powderfinger, Kilbey, Koppes and Powles also recorded together as The Refo, mation in 1997. The Churchs debut album, Of Skins and Heart, delivered their first radio hit The Unguarded Moment and they were signed to labels in Australia, Europe. However, the US label was dissatisfied with their second album and this put a dent in their international success, but they returned to the charts in 1988, with the album Starfish and the US Top 40 hit Under the Milky Way. Subsequent mainstream success has proved elusive, but the band retains a large cult following and were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in Sydney in 2011. The Church continue to tour and record, releasing their 24th studio album, Further/Deeper, singer, songwriter and bass guitarist Steve Kilbey first played with guitarist Peter Koppes in a glam rock band called Baby Grande in Canberra, Australia in the mid-1970s. The name was a version of the original name proposed by Kilbey. A month later, Marty Willson-Piper, originally from Liverpool, United Kingdom, witnessed one of their gigs and that same night he was invited to join the band on guitar, establishing the classic two guitar formation. Gilbey went to rehearsals and helped shape their sound – he bought Willson-Piper a 12 string Rickenbacker guitar. Of that first batch of demos, only Chrome Injury would go on to be recorded for release, the bands debut album, Of Skins and Heart, was recorded late in 1980, produced by Gilbey and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. Seven of the nine tracks were written solely by Kilbey and two co-written with others, the first single, She Never Said, was released in November, but did not chart. At the start of 1981, Ward was replaced on drums by Richard Ploog and he was recruited by their manager, Michael Chugg, after hearing of his reputation in Adelaide. Ploogs arrival established The Churchs first stable line-up, the second single The Unguarded Moment, co-written by Kilbey and Michelle Parker, was issued alongside the album in March 1981, but only in Australia initially. To promote their releases, the band undertook their first national tour, the first recordings with Ploog were released as a five-track double 7 EP, Too Fast for You, in July
14.
BBC Radio 1
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Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
15.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
16.
With or Without You
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With or Without You is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their fifth studio album, The Joshua Tree. With or Without You features sustained guitar parts played by guitarist the Edge with a prototype of the Infinite Guitar, along with vocals by lead singer Bono, the song originated from a demo recorded in late 1985 that the group continued to work on throughout The Joshua Tree sessions. Ostensibly a troubled love song, the lyrics were inspired by Bonos conflicting feelings about the lives he led as a musician. Critics praised the song upon its release and it is frequently performed on the bands tours, and it has appeared on many of their compilation albums and concert films. With or Without You is U2s second most frequently covered song, in 2010, Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 132 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In late 1985, U2 convened at a house that drummer Larry Mullen, during this time, a rough demo of With or Without You was written, with lead vocalist Bono composing the songs chord sequence. The band continued to work on the song at STS Studios, creating many permutations of the track, guitarist The Edge considered the song at that point to be awful. The track consisted of a Yamaha drum machine beat and a part played by bassist Adam Clayton using an Ibanez bass guitar with a short scale. According to Clayton, these versions of the song sounded too sentimental. The sessions for The Joshua Tree started in earnest in 1986, the group attempted to take the song in a different direction, although Bono was reluctant. Despite the work continued to put into the track, the group considered abandoning the song. Bono and his friend Gavin Friday continued to work on the song after Lanois, Bono credits Friday with rescuing the song and rearranging it, believing it could be a hit. Eno added a keyboard arpeggio, similar to the one from Bad, the songs fate was still in doubt when The Edge was sent a prototype of the Infinite Guitar by Canadian musician Michael Brook, with whom he had collaborated for the Captive soundtrack. The prototype included elaborate assembly instructions and as The Edge recollects, one wrongly placed wire and this piece of gear would have failed even the most basic of safety regulations. On subsequent tours, his guitar technician occasionally received electric shocks from the instrument when preparing it for performances. Listening to the track to With or Without You in the control room, Bono. The combination of the guitar and the track being played together impressed those listening
17.
Vertigo Tour
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The Vertigo Tour was a worldwide concert tour by the Irish rock band U2. Staged in support of the groups 2004 album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, the Vertigo Tour consisted of five legs that alternated between indoor arena shows in North America and outdoor stadium shows internationally. Much like the previous Elevation Tour, the portion of the Vertigo Tour featured a stripped-down. Protruding from the stage was an ellipse-shaped catwalk that encapsulated a small number of fans. The tour grossed US$260 million in 110 sold-out concerts in 2005, in North America alone, the tour grossed $138.9 million from 1.4 million tickets sold. The Vertigo Tour won the 2005 Billboard Roadwork Touring Awards for Top Tour, Top Draw, and Top Single Event, and U2s management company Principle Management won for Top Manager. By the time it finished, the Vertigo Tour had sold 4,619,021 tickets — with 131 shows — for a gross of $389 million. The tour was depicted in three films, Vertigo 2005, Live from Chicago, Vertigo, Live from Milan. After rehearsing for several months in Vancouver, the opening night was on 28 March 2005 at the iPayOne Center in San Diego. The first leg through North America consisted of 28 sold-out indoor arena shows and finished on 28 May in Boston, the second leg was a European stadium tour, commencing on 10 June in Brussels and finishing on 14 August in Lisbon. They played in a number of venues including Amsterdam, London, Dublin, Madrid, Milan, U2 broke Irish box office marks with ticket sales for three Croke Park concerts in Dublin, after more than 240,000 tickets were sold in record time. In The Netherlands, Belgium, France and Austria, the tickets were all sold within 60 minutes. On 9 March 2006, it was announced the final 10 shows in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, on 20 July 2006, it was announced that they were rescheduled for November and December, with some adjustments and additions of dates. The fifth leg started on 7 November in Brisbane, Australia and concluded on 9 December 2006 at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, the Vertigo Tours production was designed by architect Mark Fisher and stage and lighting designer Willie Williams. Key elements were an ellipse-shaped ramp on the connected to the stage, with some fans inside it. The inside area of the came to be known as the bomb shelter. The curtain design permitted concertgoers around the arena to have an excellent view of the curtains above the band, the roll-drop LED screens were designed by Fisher using 360deg golf-ball pixels developed with Frederic Opsomer of Innovative Designs in Belgium. The spherical LED product joined the BARCO product line as the Mi-Sphere, the Vertigo Tour used 189 strings of these MiSphere LED balls suspended from custom truss, which allows the LED curtains to be rolled up
18.
Brisbane
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Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbanes metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million, the Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, about 15 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite, one of the oldest cities in Australia, Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples. A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe,28 kilometres north of the business district. The city was marred by the Australian frontier wars between 1843 and 1855, and development was set back by the Great Fire of Brisbane. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a colony from New South Wales in 1859. During World War II, Brisbane played a role in the Allied campaign. Today, Brisbane is well known for its distinct Queenslander architecture which forms much of the built heritage. It also receives attention for its damaging flood events, most notably in 1974 and 2011. Several large cultural, international and sporting events have held at Brisbane, including the 1982 Commonwealth Games, World Expo 88, the final Goodwill Games in 2001. Prior to white settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and they knew the area that is now the central business district as Mian-jin, meaning place shaped as a spike. The Moreton Bay area was explored by Matthew Flinders. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, in 1823 Governor of New South Wales Sir Thomas Brisbane instructed that a new northern penal settlement be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named, and explored the Brisbane River as far as Goodna,20 kilometres upstream from the Brisbane central business district, Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore. The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay,28 km south, chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane. Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838, German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of ministers Christopher Eipper and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and they were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as the German Station
19.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
20.
Prime7
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Prime7 is an Australian television network owned by Prime Media Group Limited, and an affiliate of the Seven Network. Prime Television launched on 17 March 1962 as CBN/CWN in Orange and Dubbo, New South Wales, and has expanded to cover regional New South Wales, Victoria. Prime7 along with GWN7 national broadcast facilities are based in Canberra, Prime Media Group head office/administration is located in Pyrmont, Sydney. CBN-8 Orange began on 17 March 1962, followed by CWN-6 Dubbo on 1 December 1965, the two stations were both licensed to Country Broadcasting Services. CWN was a relay of CBN—the first Australian television station to relay another. The two stations thus formed the countrys first regional television network, at the same time, RVN-2 Wagga Wagga began on 19 June 1964, and MTN-9 Griffith began on 15 December 1965. The two stations merged in 1971 as the Riverina and North East Victoria Television Service Pty Ltd with the callsign RVN/AMV on air, in northern New South Wales, NEN-9 Tamworth began transmission on 27 September 1965, with a relay in Armidale on 15 July 1966. ECN-8 Taree started on 27 May 1966, at one stage, ECN-8 was tied NRN-11 Coffs Harbour, however the two stations split. NEN later merged with ECN as NEN/ECN, as a result of the financial difficulties that many independent stations faced, MTN-9 joined CWN-6 and CBN-8 to form Television 6-8-9 in 1973. Relays were launched in Portland, Lithgow, Mudgee, Cobar, Kandos and Rylstone, in 1981, 6-8-9 changed its name to Midstate Television. Colour television was introduced at the time as the rest of the country. The station was a prominent broadcaster of sporting events including Tennis. In 1979 a documentary titled Goin Down The Road, about the 1978 National Rodeo Titles won the network a Logie award for an Outstanding Contribution by a Regional Station. Midstate produced a number of programs, including the Weekend Report, Early Shift, Rural Roundup. Since 1968 CBN was able to access the Postmaster Generals microwave link for national news, Midstate Television was bought out by media magnate Paul Ramsays Ramcorp Ltd. in October 1987. It was soon merged with Ramcorps other stations, RVN/AMV and NEN/ECN, in 1988, Midstate Television was renamed Prime Television and began to show increased Seven Network programming in readiness for aggregation. When aggregation took place, Prime began broadcasting to both southern New South Wales and northern Victoria and these changes led to the de-merger of RVN-AMV, with RVN becoming CBN-2. A supplementary licence, AMN-31, was bid for by MTN in 1996
21.
The Courier-Mail
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The Courier-Mail is a daily tabloid newspaper published in Brisbane, Australia. Owned by News Corp Australia, it is published daily from Monday to Saturday in tabloid format and its editorial offices are located at Bowen Hills, in Brisbanes inner northern suburbs, and it is printed at Murarrie, in Brisbanes eastern suburbs. It is available for purchase throughout Queensland, most regions of Northern New South Wales, the history of The Courier-Mail is through four mastheads. The Moreton Bay Courier later became The Courier, then the Brisbane Courier, the Moreton Bay Courier was established as a weekly paper in June 1846. Issue frequency increased steadily to bi-weekly in January 1858, tri-weekly in December 1859, the recognised founder and first editor was Arthur Sidney Lyon who was assisted by its printer, James Swan, the later mayor of Brisbane and member of Queensland Legislative Council. Lyon was encouraged to emigrate by Rev. Dr. John Dunmore Lang and he persuaded James Swan, a printer of Langs Sydney newspaper The Colonialist to join him. Lyon and Swan established themselves on the corner of Queen Street and Albert Street, Brisbane, the first issue of the Moreton Bay Courier, consisting of 4 pages, appeared weekly on Saturday 20 June 1846, with Lyon as editor and Swan as publisher. After some 18 months, Lyon and Swan disagreed on many aspects of policy, including transportation of convicts. Lyon took over control in late 1847, but had money problems. Swan sold out to Thomas Blacket Stephens in about November 1859. The Moreton Bay Courier became The Courier, in June–July 1868, Stephens floated a new company, and transferred the plant and copyright of the Brisbane Courier to The Brisbane Newspaper Company. He was the director until retired in November 1873, when the paper was auctioned. The Journal was, from November 1873 to December 1880, managed by one of the new part owners, although called managing editor, actual writing and editing was by William Augustine OCarroll. Carl Feilberg followed William Henry Trail in the role of political commentator and he succeeded William OCarroll as Courier editor-in-chief from September 1883 to his death in October 1887. Lukins roles as part owner-editor changed on 21 December 1880, charles Hardie Buzacott, former Postmaster General in the first McIlwraith government, had been a staff journalist. John James Knight was editor-in-chief of the Brisbane Courier 1906–16, later managing director, the first edition of The Courier-Mail was published on 28 August 1933, after Keith Murdochs Herald and Weekly Times acquired and merged the Brisbane Courier and the Daily Mail. In 1987, Rupert Murdochs News Limited acquired newspaper control, the Courier-Mail was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame in 2015. The Courier-Mail is a right of center newspaper with four editorial endorsements for the coalition to one for Labor in the period 1996–2007, the Courier-Mail generally supports free market economic policies and the process of globalisation. It supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Courier-Mail has the fourth-highest circulation of any daily newspaper in Australia
22.
Cinema of Australia
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The Australian film industry has its beginnings with the 1906 production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, the earliest feature film ever made. Since then, many films have produced in Australia, a number of which have received international recognition. Cinema in Australia began with the first public screenings of films in Australia in October 1896, the first Australian exhibition took place at the Athenaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, to provide alternative entertainment for the dance hall patrons. The venue would continue screenings, but these were all short films, commercially successful Australian films have included Paul Hogans Crocodile Dundee, Baz Luhrmanns Moulin Rouge. Other award winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine, the Athanaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, was a dance hall from the 1880s, which from time to time would provide alternative entertainment to patrons. In October 1896, it exhibited the first movie shown in Australia, the Athanaeum would continue screenings, but these early screenings were all short films. The earliest feature length film in the world was the Australian produced The Story of the Kelly Gang. The film was written and directed by Charles Tait and included several of his family, the film was also exhibited in the United Kingdom, and was commercially very successful. Melbourne was also home of one of the worlds first film studios, the Limelight Department produced evangelical material for use by the Salvation Army, as well as private and government contracts. In its 19 years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, soldiers of the Cross fortified the Limelight Department as a major player in the early film industry. The Limelight Department was commissioned to film the Federation of Australia, the 1910s was a boom period in Australian cinema. While these numbers may seem small, Australia was one of the most prolific film-producing countries at the time, in all, between 1906 and 1928,150 narrative feature films were made, of which almost 90 were made between 1910 and 1912. There are various explanations for the decline of the industry in the 1920s. Some historians point to falling numbers, a lack of interest in Australian product and narratives. Also, there was a ban on bushranger films in 1912. To redress this imbalance, the government imposed a tax on imported film in 1914. Whatever the explanation, by 1923, American films dominated the Australian market with 94% of all exhibited films coming from that country, in 1930, F. W. Thring established the Efftee Studios based in Melbourne to make talking films using optical sound equipment imported from the USA. The first sound films produced were in 1931, when the company produced Diggers, A Co-respondents Course, The Haunted Barn, during the five years of its existence, Efftee produced nine features, over 80 shorts and several stage productions
23.
Cinema of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. Many British actors have achieved fame and critical success, including Maggie Smith, Michael Caine, Sean Connery. Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the second, the identity of the British industry, and its relationship with the Cinema of the United States, has been the subject of debate. The history of production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. The career of the producer Alexander Korda was marked by this objective, the Rank Organisation attempted to do so in the 1940s, in 2009 British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom. UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012, with 172.5 million admissions, the British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking what they consider to be the 100 greatest British films of all time, the BFI Top 100 British films. The annual BAFTA awards hosted by the British Academy of Film, the first people to build and run a working 35 mm camera in Britain were Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres. They made the first British film Incident at Clovelly Cottage in February 1895, soon several British film companies had opened to meet the demand for new films, such as Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn. Although the earliest British films were of everyday events, the early 20th century saw the appearance of shorts, mainly comedies. The early films were often melodramatic in tone, and there was a preference for story lines already known to the audience, in particular, adaptations of Shakespeare plays. The Lumière brothers first brought their show to London in 1896, in 1898 American producer Charles Urban expanded the London-based Warwick Trading Company to produce British films, mostly documentary and news. Also in 1898 Hepworth Studios was founded in Lambeth, South London by Cecil Hepworth, the Bamforths began producing films in Yorkshire, in 1902 Ealing Studios was founded by Will Barker, becoming the oldest continuously-operating film studio in the world. In 1902 the earliest color film in the world was made, like other films made at the time, in 2012 it was found by the National Media Museum in Bradford after lying forgotten in an old tin for 110 years. The previous title for earliest color film, using the Kinemacolour process, was thought to date from 1909 and was actually an inferior method, the re-discovered films were made by pioneer Edward Raymond Turner from London who patented his process on 22 March 1899. In 1903 Frank Mottershaw of Sheffield produced the film A Daring Daylight Robbery, in 1911 the Ideal Film Company was founded in Soho, London, distributing almost 400 films by 1934, and producing 80. In 1913 stage director Maurice Elvey began directing British films, becoming Britains most prolific film director, in 1914 Elstree Studios was founded, and acquired in 1928 by German-born Ludwig Blattner, who invented a magnetic steel tape recording system that was adopted by the BBC in 1930. In 1920 Gaumont opened Islington Studios, where Alfred Hitchcock got his start, also in 1920 Cricklewood Studios was founded by Sir Oswald Stoll, becoming Britains largest film studio, known for Fu Manchu and Sherlock Holmes film series. In 1920 the short-lived company Minerva Films was founded in London by the actor Leslie Howard and his friend, some of their early films include four written by A. A. Milne including The Bump, starring C
24.
AACTA Awards
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The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. The awards recognise excellence of professionals in the film and television industry and it is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards, the awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958 and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film, the AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. As of 2011, the Australian awards take place at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney and they were instituted in 1958, as a way to improve the impoverished state of Australian cinema, and was part of the Melbourne International Film Festival until 1972. Between 1958–1980, submitted films were presented with a gold, silver or bronze prize, and in some circumstances, a Grand Prix award, which was the highest honour a film could receive. Additionally, films were presented with a gold or silver medallion for technical achievements. Up until 1970, prizes were handed out in recognition of the film and production, rather than achievements of individual filmmakers and crafts people. In 1977 feature film categories became competitive, while non-feature films continued to be awarded the gold, silver and bronze prizes until 1981, in 1976 the awards were broadcast live on television for the first time on the Nine Network at the Hilton Hotel in Melbourne. In 1986 television categories were introduced, presenting awards for mini-series and telefeatures before expanding to dramas, in June 2011, the AFI announced an industry consultation for an Australian Academy. The aim of the Academy is to create awareness for Australian film in local and international markets, the name of the new Academy was revealed on 18 August 2011 as the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, with the awards renamed to the AACTA Awards. The date change was made to align the awards with the awards season. At the time of the inception, a jury of five judges, composed of film critics and filmmakers. In 1976, the system was replaced by a peer voting process for feature films which would allow public members the right to vote in the Best Film category. The nominees and winners were later peer-voted by a jury which was made up of representatives from all industry crafts, including members of guilds, who have a professional membership with the AFI. When the AFI announced the launch of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, the fifteen Chapters consist of professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, producers, directors and screenwriters. All television and non-feature film awards, and feature film pre-selection are determined by juries, members of the Australian Film Institute are eligible to vote in the Best Short Fiction Film, Best Short Animation and Audience Choice award categories only. The votes are audited by accounting firm Ernst and Young from 2011, throughout the history of the awards there have been several differently designed awards given to winners
25.
Feature film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
26.
The Black Balloon (film)
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The Black Balloon is a 2008 Australian comedy-drama film starring Toni Collette, Rhys Wakefield, Luke Ford, Erik Thomson, Gemma Ward as well as a cast of newcomers. It is directed by feature film director, Elissa Down. The film was released in Australian cinemas on 6 March 2008, the world premiere was at the Berlin International Film Festival in Germany in February 2008, where the film received a Crystal Bear as the best feature-length film in the Generation 14plus category. Fifteen-year-old Thomas Mollison and his move to a new home in the early 1990s. Thomas is anxious because he has to start at a new school, however, it seems he struggles to achieve this goal. Although his family appears to be a happy one, Thomas often feels isolated, it seems as if his mother only dotes upon his brother, Charlie. Thomas, however, is devoted to his brother and shows affection for him, Charlie is Thomass older brother who lives with autism, as well as attention deficit disorder. Charlie enjoys dressing up like a monkey, playing computer games using a Commodore 64, Charlie communicates with the rest of his family by using sign language. When their heavily pregnant mother, Maggie, must take a rest owing to a recommendation by her doctor as a consequence of Maggies high blood pressure, Thomas finds this task difficult and onerous. For example, when Charlie flees from the house in a high-spirited mood, Thomas cannot keep up with Charlie. Matters become even more problematic when Charlie expresses the urge to go to the bathroom, when he does so, the brothers encounter Jackie who is taking a shower. The fact that both brothers are only wearing their underwear is a source of embarrassment for Thomas. Jackie exhibits her interest in Thomas when she attends a CPR class at school, Thomass first response is to ensure that his brother is hidden away from Jackie. Maggie, however, is less than thrilled when she discovers that Thomas has locked Charlie in his bedroom, Thomas becomes frustrated and tells Maggie that Charlie is her responsibility. Maggie replies that Charlie will never be able to have a job, nor a family and this latest episode proves too much for Maggie. Her husband insists that she spend the rest of her pregnancy in the hospital and this again causes severe embarrassment for Thomas. That same evening when the return from the supermarket, Thomas who was annoyed by the meltdown rips up Charlies star chart. This causes things to become worse when the fight and Charlie throws a stool through the window
27.
Dave McCormack
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David McCormack is an Australian musician and singer-songwriter, best-known as frontman of Brisbane-based rock group Custard. David McCormack was born in 1968 in the Brisbane suburb of Kenmore, Queensland and he started his musical career as a vocalist and guitarist in Brisbane rock outfit, Whos Gerald. In 1986, which included school friends Paul Medew on bass guitar and Glen Donald on keyboards and they released a cassette, Whos Geralds Greatest Hits in the same year on their own Gerald Corp Records. In March 1988 they released a single, Wrestle Wrestle and had the track, Pins, Atthow, McCormack and Medew briefly formed Automatic Graphic in 1988 with Scott Younger. In 1989, McCormack and Medew formed Custard Gun with Shane Brunn on drums, after a number of performances, Straker left in early 1990, the band was renamed as Custard, and Straker was replaced at years end by Matthew Strong on guitar. Custard existed for about a decade, with a number of different drummers including Gavin Herrenberg, John Lowry, a DVD video clip compilation called The Spaces by the Side of the Road – A Digital History of Custard was released in 2007. Custard released a new album in November 2015, entitled Come Back, McCormack was moonlighting in other bands during the 1990s, which formed in and around Custards practice rooms. The Cows from 1993 had Thompson and Robert Moore on bass guitar, as well as Maureen Hansen on vocals, Susie Hansen on vocals, COW released Beard in June 1996. In 2006, McCormack and Moore collaborated on a new COW single called The Chicken Dance with Rob Hirst of Midnight Oil on drums. McCormack, Moore and Thompson recorded with Robert Forster for his solo album, Calling from a Country Phone, released in 1993. Frank n Stein from 1995 had Moore and McCormack join with his brother Dylan McCormack, miami, also from 1995, had Maureen Hansen, Nick Naughton on drums and Medew. Miami released two CDs, Costume of Sand and Feel the Seed, computor was another collaboration between McCormack and Moore, which was electronic sounding and released a tape called Floppy Disk. After the break-up of Custard in 2000, McCormack formed The Titanics with his then wife Emma Tom and Thompson and film-maker, the Titanics released Size Isnt Everything and Love Is The Devil. Following the break-up of The Titanics McCormack went solo, releasing a CD of electronic doodling called The Matterhorn then recruited a band called The Polaroids. David McCormack and The Polaroids have released two albums, Candy and The Truth About Love as well as a few singles and a DVD entitled Save Dave, McCormack was one of the two weekly mystery guests on the Australian television show RocKwiz on SBS One in March 2006. He later appeared as the guest host of RocKwiz in January 2009, in November 2006, under the guidance of JJJ, McCormack assembled a band to perform a concert at the Tivoli in Brisbane as a tribute for the late Grant McLennan of The Go-Betweens. Early in 2007, McCormack then went into the studio to produce an album to the band. He also recorded a version of Streets of Your Town for the film All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane
28.
All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane
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All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane is a 2007 Australian romantic comedy film directed by Louise Alston and written by Stephen Vagg. It follows Anthea, a 25-year-old girl who hates her job and has to sit back and watch as all her friends away from her hometown, Brisbane. In 2013, The Guardian referred to it as a film inspired by a typically Brisbane lament. The departure of people in their late 20s to Sydney, Melbourne, Anthea is undergoing a crisis of confidence, overworked, no boyfriend, and now all her friends are leaving Brisbane. She is tempted to leave herself, but is opposed by her longtime best platonic male friend Michael, in short, he is in a rut. Antheas temptation to leave Brisbane increases with the departure of her flatmate Kath. However, she hears that her ex-boyfriend Jake is coming back to Brisbane to live. To Michaels annoyance, she dreams of a future with him. Michael is then out of his comfort zone by starting a new relationship with a girl he meets at work. Slightly alternative and good natured, Simone is totally different from the sorts of girls he normally deals with, on her last day in Australia, Anthea and Michael finally resolve their feelings for each other. She could see that the story would make a feature film. Producer Jade van der Lei then became interested in the film and was able to raise a budget of A$42,000, the film was shot in the middle of a Queensland summer, January 2006, over a three-week period. Afterward, The filmmakers successfully applied for funding from the Australian Film Commission. The film completed post-production in early 2007 and made its debut at the 2007 Brisbane International Film Festival. The film was shot on location in such Brisbane suburbs as New Farm, Paddington, Kangaroo Point, Brookfield, and Toowong. It features such iconic Brisbane landmarks as the Story Bridge and the Royal Exchange Hotel, and refers to Brisbane artists such as Powderfinger, Nick Earls, the soundtrack includes a cover version of Streets of Your Town from Brisbane band The Go-Betweens by Brisbane singer Dave McCormack. All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane was released on 27 May 2008 in Australia through Accent Film, All My Friends Are Leaving Brisbane took $42,524 at the box office in Australia, which is equivalent to $48,135 in 2009 dollars. Stephen Vagg wrote an adaptation of the play which relocated the action to Adelaide
29.
Rainbow, Victoria
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Rainbow is a town in north west Victoria, Australia,400 kilometres from Melbourne. The town is in the Shire of Hindmarsh and the nearest large towns are Warracknabeal, Dimboola, at the 2011 census Rainbow had a population of 525. In 1898 the railway line was extended from Jeparit to a town site, Rainbow Rise. A post office opened on 2 July 1900 and town blocks in Rainbow were sold in October 1901, by 1910 the township was referred to as the Metropolis of the Mallee. Rainbow was part of the Dimboola Shire until 25 January 1995, the town was the subject of an episode of the ABC television program, Enough Rope, with Andrew Denton, on 31 July 2006. Rainbow was well known for its wheat growing, the silos still stand sentinel over the township and are visible for many kilometres before reaching the township. Many of the original settlers were of German descent and came across country from South Australia. Names such as Strauss, Bretag, Rogasch, Fischer, Schumann, Schulz, the railway line was used to transport wheat, other grains and passengers. In later years it was used for the transport of freight only, when the Melbourne to Adelaide main line was regauged to standard gauge, the Rainbow branchline was re-gauged too. Rainbow is a commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural area. To its south lies Victorias largest freshwater lake, Lake Hindmarsh, while to the north are Lake Albacutya, which is dry but is a Ramsar-listed bird habitat. For tourists, especially birdwatchers, Rainbow makes a base from which to explore the surrounding region. The town is notable for its main street, which incorporates a central strip of parkland. Despite its remoteness, Rainbow prides itself on community involvement, there are football, netball, cricket, golf, bowls and volleyball clubs, arts groups, a community learning group, service clubs and a proactive town committee. Local businesses include a baker, butcher, chemist, modern supermarket, stock and station agents, a weekly newspaper, the college caters for students from farms and towns nearby. Rainbow P-12 College, located at 17 Albert Street caters for students through Years foundation to 12, the former Rainbow Primary School catering for younger students was co-located to the site of the secondary college in 2011 in a new $3.5 million building. Following a community consultative process the P-12 college was established, golfers play at the course of the Rainbow Golf Club on Nhill Road. 01303829587497525 Media related to Rainbow, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons Discover Rainbow – town website Enough Rope with Andrew Denton, Rainbow, ABC TV,31 July 2006
30.
Yarraville, Victoria
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Yarraville is an inner-western suburb of Melbourne, Australia,6 km from Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area of the City of Maribyrnong, at the 2011 census, Yarraville had a population of 13,747 and a large Greek population. Formerly a working-class suburb, in recent years Yarraville has experienced rapid gentrification due to its proximity to the Melbourne CBD. The suburb lies immediately north of the West Gate Bridge, and immediately west of its namesake, features of Yarraville include C. J. Cruickshank Park, Yarraville Oval, Beaton Reserve, Yarraville Gardens, Stony Creek and the Yarraville Village Shopping Strip. Yarraville Post Office opened on 1 September 1872, located near Yarraville railway station on Anderson and Ballarat Streets, this area of the suburb is renowned in Melbourne for its unique character, architecture and quality of village life. Anderson and Ballarat Streets, in the heart of the Yarraville Village, are lined with refurbished 19th century buildings and dotted with neighbourhood cafés, restaurants, notable examples of Edwardian and Victorian architecture can be found in Yarraville. The Yarraville Village is home to award winning restaurants and cafes. A reflection of Melbournes multicultural nature, Yarraville offers an array of world cuisine styles including, Greek, Italian, Modern Asian, Indian, Cambodian, Thai, Chinese, retail shops in the village provide an eclectic shopping experience. From books to the work of a local artist, to quality clothes, shoes, gifts, jewellery, wines, Yarraville railway station is a suburban train station located in the centre of the village area,20 minutes from the Melbourne CBD. The station is serviced by all trains on the Williamstown line, the station is located near Anderson Street in Yarraville Village, access via Birmingham Street to the North, and Woods Street on the South. Yarraville station is within the Zone 1 region of Melbournes public transport ticketing system, several bus routes also service the suburb,223 Yarraville – Highpoint SC via Seddon, Footscray RS. 409 Highpoint SC – Yarraville via Victoria University Footscray, Footscray RS,411 Footscray – Laverton via Geelong Road, Altona Gate SC, Altona, Altona Meadows. 412 Footscray – Laverton via Geelong Road, Altona Gate SC,414 Footscray – Aircraft via Geelong Road, Laverton North. 432 Yarraville – Newport via Altona Gate SC,472 Moonee Ponds – Williamstown via Ascot Vale, Flemington Racecourse, Footscray, North Williamstown RS. 944 City – Werribee via Spotswood, Newport, Hoppers Crossing, nightRider service, operated by Dysons Bus Services. Residents of Yarraville have concern about the effects of the growing number of trucks using the residential streets. In 2005 the Maribyrnong Truck Action Group was set up by the community to protest the rising amounts of trucks. Residents believe they cause excessive noise pollution and air pollution, threatening the health, on 5 April 2006, a large protest organised by residents and MTAG was held in a busy Yarraville intersection, calling for restrictions towards trucks
31.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
32.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
33.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
34.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
35.
Kent Music Report
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The Kent Music Report was a weekly record chart of Australian music singles and albums which was compiled by music enthusiast David Kent from May 1974 through to 1988. After 1988, the Australian Recording Industry Association, who had been using the report under licence for a number of years, prior to the Kent Report, Go-Set magazine published weekly Top-40 Singles from 1966 and Album charts from 1970 until the magazines demise in August 1974. David Kent later publicised the Australian charts from 1940–1973 in a retrospective fashion using state by state chart data obtained from various Australian radio stations. Kent had spent a number of years working in the music industry at both EMI and Phonogram records and had developed the report initially as a hobby. The Kent Music Report was first released on a basis in July 1974 and was offered for subscription. The report data was based solely on radio station charts from around the country. These radio station charts were compiled using data collected from local record stores and. In 1976, as funding from subscriptions grew, Kent himself started collecting data from retail stores to supplement the radio station charts. His operation grew and staff were employed to assist with research, within a year or so, the major record companies started using the Report for their own marketing programs and it had established itself as the leading national chart publication. From 1982, retail sales data collected by Kent and his staff were used exclusively, some radio station chart data was used as supplementary information, however. At about the time, the Australian Recording Industry Association was established by the major record companies, being EMI, Festival Records, CBS, RCA, WEA. From 1983 until 1988 ARIA had an arrangement with Kent to use the Report under their own banner. The Kent Report continued however and in 1987 was rebadged as the Australian Music Report, in 1988 the arrangement with ARIA ended and the ARIA Charts were produced in-house by the Association. In April 1998, the AMR charts ceased publishing, leaving the ARIA charts as the nationally recognised chart publication. In 1993, David Kent published his Australian Chart Book 1970 -1992 and this was based on his chart data already published as the Kent Music Report from May 1974 onwards. He specially retro-calculated charts based on state-based Australian radio station available to him dated prior to May 1974. On this basis, he put together Australian national charts from 1940 -1969. Prior to 1949, radio music charts in Australia were only available on a monthly basis
