1.
Municipalities of Denmark
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Denmark is divided into five regions, which contain 98 municipalities. This structure was established per an administrative reform, effective Monday 1 January 2007 which replaced the counties with five regions, the 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 larger units, most of which have at least 20,000 inhabitants. The reason was to give the new municipalities greater financial and professional sustainability, many of the responsibilities of the former counties were taken over by the enlarged municipalities. Presented in a report put forward as a proposal by the government in April 2004, the report on the structural reform of the public sector was first presented 9 January 2004 by the commission which was set up by the government 1 October 2002. The archipelago of Ertholmene is not part of any municipality, but is administered by the Ministry of Defence, the existing coat of arms of the municipalities. The average land area of a Danish municipality is 432.59 km2,167.08 square miles, the Constitution of Denmark states, Article 82. The right of municipalities to manage their own affairs independently, under State supervision,2,522 municipal councillors were elected on Tuesday 15 November 2005 being the first councils elected since the new reform. The number of councillors was reduced to 2,468 in the 2009 elections, in 1997 there were 4,685 municipal and 374 county councillors in the then 275 municipalities and 14 counties. As an example of the reduction in the number of councillors, Bornholm then had a total of 122 councillors in five municipalities, after the merger on 1 January 2003, of the five municipalities and the county, there was one single municipal council with 27 municipal councillors. These guidelines replaced the old guidelines with the elections in 2005 after the laws initiating the structural reform were passed in parliament. Council elections are held on the third Tuesday of November every four years, the previous were held on 19 November 2013 and the next are due to be held on 21 November 2017. 32 municipalities including those of the recently formed Ærø Municipality and Bornholm Regional Municipality remained unchanged and were not merged with other municipalities, copenhagen County was not included in the municipal reform of 1 April 1970. This is probably because the municipality was extremely populous. Thus the number of municipalities was 277 from 1 April 1970 to 1 April 1974, still, the reform is called The municipal reform of 1970, because the decisive changes happened 1 April 1970, when 1098 municipalities were reduced to 277. Also on 1 April 1974, Avedøre, which was part of Glostrup Municipality, was conjoined with Hvidovre Municipality and this combination was logical, as Avedøre bordered Hvidovre, but was separated from Glostrup. This brought the number of municipalities down to 271 from 1 January 2003, the final agreement from 2005 included more parties. Until 1978 the fiscal year from 1 April to 31 March was in use in the sector since a law was passed in 1849. As a consequence of a law passed by the Folketing in 1976, many reforms and laws passed prior to 1979 therefore have effect from 1 April
2.
Randers
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Randers is a city in Randers Municipality, Central Denmark Region on the Jutland peninsula. It is Denmarks sixth-largest city, with a population of 61,163, Randers is the municipalitys main town and the site of its municipal council. The municipality is also a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area, by road it is 38.5 kilometres north of Aarhus,43.8 kilometres east of Viborg, and 224 kilometres northwest of Copenhagen. Randers became a market town in medieval times, and many of its 15th-century half-timbered houses remain today, as does St Martins Church. Trade by sea was facilitated through the Gudenå River, entering Randers Fjord, most of the larger historic industries in Randers are gone today. From 1970, the population saw a decline from a peak of 58.500 citizens, the main tourist attraction is Randers Tropical Zoo thanks to its artificial rainforest, the largest in Northern Europe, its 350 varieties of plant and over 175 species of animals. The citys football team, Randers FC, play their homes games at the AutoC Park Randers, and are in Denmarks first league, the Superligaen. The town is home to Randers rugby union club and Jutland RLFC, a rugby league team, as well as Randers Cimbria. The oldest forms of the name appear on coins minted from the times of King George until those of Svend Grathe. The coins bear the names Ranrosia, Ransias, Radrusia, Rand, ancient written records include the Latin Randrusium, Icelandic Randrosi, and Rondrus, Randrøs. Other early forms provide Randersborg and Randershusen, the name appears to stem from Rand and Aros and probably means town on the hillside by the river mouth. The modern form Randers was first came into use at the end of the 17th century, Randers was formally established around the 12th century, but traces of activity date back to Viking times. Canute IV of Denmark, also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy, the peasants of Randers who rose up against him and his plans to attack England and its ruler, William the Conqueror, assembled in this town. Their uprising led to the death of Canute, a chronicle written at Essenbæk Abbey tells of a fire that ravaged the city. The city was destroyed and rebuilt three times in the 13th century, in 1246, it was burned down by Abel of Denmarks troops during the civil uprising against Eric IV of Denmark. This action led to insurrection against the Germans. Ebbesen died in a battle at Skanderborg Castle in December 1340. A statue to Ebbesen stands in front of Randers Town Hall today, when King Valdemar IV of Denmark tried to assemble a government in 1350 after the mortgaging to the Holsteiners, the town was further reinforced with protection, and was often named as Randershus
3.
Holstebro
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Holstebro is the main town in Holstebro Municipality, Denmark. The town, bisected by the Storåen, has a population of 34,873, the town arose at a ford by the creek, and later a bridge was erected. The name probably derives from holdested ved broen, Holstebro was first mentioned in a letter from Bishop Thyge of Ribe in 1274. A large fire in 1552 destroyed many of the old buildings. The town is a trading, industrial and cultural center in western Jutland, industries include the manufacture of processed food, iron and machinery, wood and furniture, textiles and chemicals. Holstebro has a network of pedestrian walkways in the town centre either side of the River Storå. This area has a varied shopping environment, enhanced by outdoor sculptures and picturesque buildings, including the town church, the first sculpture purchased by Holstebro Municipality was Alberto Giacomettis sculpture Woman on the Cart purchased in 1966. Holstebro has a rich and varied cultural life, between 1997 and 2009 it hosted the internationally recognized ballet company Peter Schaufuss Ballet and the town still hosts the performance art theatre Odin Teatret. Several museums, including the Holstebro Art Museum with its collection of Danish and international art. The town holds an annual festival, the Holstebro Festive Week. The Holstebro Hall, rebuilt in 1966, houses a music theatre, more than 100 cultural events occur here every year, and the hall is visited by more than 100,000 people annually. The Jutland Dragoon Regiment, which can trace its history back to 1679 in the times of King Christian V, has made Holstebro its home since 1953, the regiment is Holstebros largest place of work with more than 1,800 employees. Holstebro is served by Holstebro railway station and it is located on the Vejle-Holstebro and Esbjerg-Struer railway lines and offers direct InterCity services to Copenhagen and Struer and regional train services to Fredericia and Skjern. Team Tvis Holstebro were founded in 1990 and play handball, representing Holstelbro in the mens Danish Handball League, the womens team has won the Womens European Handball Federation cup twice, in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 and were runners up in 2010–2011. The mens handball team won the Danish Handball Cup in 2008 and have finished third in the league three times, most recently in 2008. They achieved third place in the mens 2012–13 EHF Cup, both teams play at Gråkjær Arena, a 3,250 capacity hall which can also be used for concerts. The arena is located to the north of the town centre, Holstebro Idrætspark, located to the north-east of the town centre, is a multi-use sports complex. A stadium on the site is home to Holstebro BK, the football club who play in the 4th tier of Danish football
4.
Jutland
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Jutland, also known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula, is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and the northern portion of Germany. The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri, respectively, jutlands terrain is relatively flat, with open lands, heaths, plains and peat bogs in the west and a more elevated and slightly hilly terrain in the east. Jutland is a peninsula bounded by the North Sea to the west, the Skagerrak to the north, geographically and historically, Jutland comprises the regions of South Jutland, West Jutland, East Jutland and North Jutland. There are several subdivisions and regional names, some of which are still occasionally encountered today. They include Nørrejyllland, Sydvestjylland, Nordvestjylland and Slesvig, historically, Jutland was regulated by the Law Code of Jutland. This civic code covered the Jutland Peninsula from the north of the River Eider to Funen as well as the North Jutlandic Island. The Danish part of Jutland is currently divided into three regions, North Denmark Region, Central Denmark Region and Region of Southern Denmark. These three regions have an area of 29,775 km2, a population of 2,599,104. The northernmost part of Jutland is separated from the mainland by the Limfjord and this area is called the North Jutlandic Island, Vendsyssel-Thy or simply Jutland north of the Limfjord, it is only partly co-terminous with the North Jutland region. Inhabitants of Als would agree to be South Jutlanders, but not necessarily Jutlanders, the Danish Wadden Sea Islands and the German North Frisian Islands stretch along the southwest coast of Jutland in the German Bight. Jutland has historically been one of the three lands of Denmark, the two being Scania and Zealand. Before that, according to Ptolemy, Jutland or the Cimbric Chersonese was the home of Teutons, Cimbri, many Angles, Saxons and Jutes migrated from Continental Europe to Great Britain starting in c.450 AD. The Angles themselves gave their name to the new emerging kingdoms called England and this is thought by some to be related to the invasion of Europe by the Huns from Asia. Saxons and Frisii migrated to the region in the part of the Christian era. Old Saxony was later on referred to as Holstein, during the First World War, the Battle of Jutland in the North Sea west of Jutland was one of the largest naval battles in history. In this pitched battle, the British Royal Navy engaged the Imperial German Navy, the British fleet sustained greater losses, but remained in control of the North Sea, so in strategic terms, most historians regard Jutland either as a British victory or as indecisive. The distinctive Jutish dialects differ substantially from standard Danish, especially West Jutlandic, dialect usage, although in decline, is better preserved in Jutland than in eastern Denmark, and Jutlander speech remains a stereotype among many Copenhageners and eastern Danes. Administratively, Danish Jutland comprises three of Denmarks five regions, namely the Region Nordjylland, Region Midtjylland and the half of Region of Southern Denmark
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Denmark
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The term Danish Realm refers to the relationship between Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland—three countries constituting the Kingdom of Denmark. The legal nature of the Kingdom of Denmark is fundamentally one of a sovereign state. The Faroe Islands and Greenland have been part of the Crown of Denmark since 1397 when the Kalmar Union was ratified, legal matters in The Danish Realm are subject to the Danish Constitution. Beginning in 1953, state law issues within The Danish Realm has been governed by The Unity of the Realm, a less formal name for The Unity of the Realm is the Commonwealth of the Realm. In 1978, The Unity of The Realm was for the first time referred to as rigsfællesskabet. The name caught on and since the 1990s, both The Unity of The Realm and The Danish Realm itself has increasingly been referred to as simply rigsfællesskabet in daily parlance. The Danish Constitution stipulates that the foreign and security interests for all parts of the Danish Realm are the responsibility of the Danish government, the Faroes received home rule in 1948 and Greenland did so in 1979. In 2005, the Faroes received a self-government arrangement, and in 2009 Greenland received self rule, the Danish Realms unique state of internal affairs is acted out in the principle of The Unity of the Realm. This principle is derived from Article 1 of the Danish Constitution which specifies that constitutional law applies equally to all areas of the Danish Realm, the Constitutional Act specifies that sovereignty is to continue to be exclusively with the authorities of the Realm. The language of Denmark is Danish, and the Danish state authorities are based in Denmark, the Kingdom of Denmarks parliament, with its 179 members, is located in the capital, Copenhagen. Two of the members are elected in each of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Government ministries are located in Copenhagen, as is the highest court, in principle, the Danish Realm constitutes a unified sovereign state, with equal status between its constituent parts. Devolution differs from federalism in that the powers of the subnational authority ultimately reside in central government. The Self-Government Arrangements devolves political competence and responsibility from the Danish political authorities to the Faroese, the Faroese and Greenlandic authorities administer the tasks taken over from the state, enact legislation in these specific fields and have the economic responsibility for solving these tasks. The Danish government provides a grant to the Faroese and the Greenlandic authorities to cover the costs of these devolved areas. The 1948 Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands sets out the terms of Faroese home rule, the Act states. the Faroe Islands shall constitute a self-governing community within the State of Denmark. It establishes the government of the Faroe Islands and the Faroese parliament. The Faroe Islands were previously administered as a Danish county, the Home Rule Act abolished the post of Amtmand and these powers were expanded in a 2005 Act, which named the Faroese home government as an equal partner with the Danish government
7.
Regions of Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
8.
Danish language
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There are also minor Danish-speaking communities in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, around 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their home language. Along with the other North Germanic languages, Danish is a descendant of Old Norse, until the 16th century, Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions. With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing, a language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect. It spread through use in the system and administration though German. Today, traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared, though there are variants of the standard language. The main differences in language are between generations, with youth language being particularly innovative, Danish has a very large vowel inventory comprising 27 phonemically distinctive vowels, and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød, a kind of laryngeal phonation type. The grammar is moderately inflective with strong and weak conjugations and inflections, nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender. As in English, Danish only has remnants of a case system, particularly in the pronouns. Its syntax is V2, with the verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence. Danish is a Germanic language of the North Germanic branch, other names for this group are the Nordic or Scandinavian languages. Along with Swedish, Danish descends from the Eastern dialects of the Old Norse language, Scandinavian languages are often considered a dialect continuum, where there are no sharp dividing lines between the different vernacular languages. Like Norwegian and Swedish, Danish was significantly influenced by Low German in the Middle Ages, Danish itself can be divided into three main dialect areas, West Danish, Insular Danish, and East Danish. Danish is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Swedish, both Swedes and Danes also understand Norwegian better than they understand each others languages. By the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language was called the Danish tongue, or Norse language. Norse was written in the alphabet, first with the elder futhark. From the 7th century the common Norse language began to undergo changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, most of the changes separating East Norse from West Norse started as innovations in Denmark, that spread through Scania into Sweden and by maritime contact to southern Norway
9.
Municipality
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It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term municipality may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality, a municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French municipalité and Latin municipalis, a municipality can be any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village, such as West Hampton Dunes, New York. The power of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state, municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. Similar terms include Spanish ayuntamiento, also called municipalidad, Polish gmina, Dutch/Flemish Gemeente, in Australia, the term local government area is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia, incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility. In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, the Province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers. Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities, nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units. In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality is a local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it directly with the state government. Generally, smaller cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika. Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self-government entrusted with duties and responsibilities. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title, in Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of government in this jurisdiction. In the United States, municipality is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, in the Peoples Republic of China, a direct-controlled municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. In Taiwan, a municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei. In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ, when referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used
10.
Social democracy
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In this period, social democrats embraced a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property, with only a minority of essential utilities and public services under public ownership. By 1868–1869, Marxism had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, in this period, social democracy became associated with reformist socialism. The origins of social democracy have been traced to the 1860s, with the rise of the first major party in Europe. 1864 saw the founding of the International Workingmens Association, also known as the First International, another issue in the First International was the role of reformism. Although Lassalle was not a Marxist, he was influenced by the theories of Marx and Engels, however unlike Marxs and Engelss The Communist Manifesto, Lassalle promoted class struggle in a more moderate form. While Marx viewed the state negatively as an instrument of class rule that should only exist temporarily upon the rise to power of the proletariat and then dismantled, Lassalle accepted the state. Lassalle viewed the state as a means through which workers could enhance their interests, Lassalles strategy was primarily electoral and reformist, with Lassalleans contending that the working class needed a political party that fought above all for universal adult male suffrage. The ADAVs party newspaper was called Der Sozialdemokrat, Marx and Engels responded to the title Sozialdemocrat with distaste, Engels once writing, But what a title, Sozialdemokrat. Why dont they simply call it The Proletarian. Marx agreed with Engels that Sozialdemokrat was a bad title, there was a Marxist faction within the ADAV represented by Wilhelm Liebknecht who became one of the editors of the Die Sozialdemokrat. Friction in the ADAV arose over Lassalles policy of an approach to Bismarck that had assumed incorrectly that Bismarck in turn would be friendly towards them. This approach was opposed by the partys Marxists, including Liebknecht, opposition in the ADAV to Lassalles friendly approach to Bismarcks government resulted in Liebknecht resigning from his position as editor of Die Sozialdemokrat and leaving the ADAV in 1865. Though the SDAP was not officially Marxist, it was the first major organization to be led by Marxists and Marx. The party adopted stances similar to those adopted by Marx at the First International, there was intense rivalry and antagonism between the SDAP and the ADAV, with the SDAP being highly hostile to the Prussian government while the ADAV pursued a reformist and more cooperative approach. In spite of such militant rhetoric to appeal to the working class, in 1875 Marx attacked the Gotha Program that became the program of Social Democratic Party of Germany in the same year in his Critique of the Gotha Program. Marx was not optimistic that Germany at the time was not open to a means to achieve socialism. In addition he noticed a change over the relations between the two classes. The Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 make an approach to universal suffrage. The Fabian Society was founded as a group from the Fellowship of the New Life due to opposition within that group to socialism
11.
Politics of Denmark
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Denmark is described as a nation state. Danish politics and governance are characterized by a striving for broad consensus on important issues. Executive power is exercised by the cabinet of Denmark, presided over by the Prime Minister who is first among equals, legislative power is vested in both the executive and the national parliament. Members of the judiciary are nominated by the executive, formally appointed by the monarch, Denmark has a multi-party system, with two strong parties, and four or five other significant parties. No single party has held a majority in the Folketing since the beginning of the 20th century. Since only four coalition governments have enjoyed a majority, government bills rarely become law without negotiations. Hence the Folketing tends to be powerful than legislatures in other EU countries. The Constitution does not grant the power of judicial review of legislation. Since there are no constitutional or administrative courts, the Supreme Court deals with a constitutional dimension, on many issues the political parties tend to opt for co-operation, and the Danish state welfare model receives broad parliamentary support. This ensures a focus on efficiency and devolved responsibilities of local government on regional and municipal levels. Margrethe II has ruled as Queen Regnant and head of state since 14 January 1972, in accordance with the Danish Constitution the Danish monarch, as head of state, is the theoretical source of all executive and legislative power. However, since the introduction of parliamentary sovereignty in 1901, a de facto separation of powers has been in effect, the text of the Danish constitution dates back to 1849. Therefore, it has been interpreted by jurists to suit modern conditions, in a formal sense, the monarch retains the ability to deny giving a bill royal assent. In order for a bill to law, a royal signature. The monarch also chooses and dismisses the Prime Minister, although in modern times a dismissal would cause a constitutional crisis, on 28 March 1920, King Christian X was the last monarch to exercise the power of dismissal, sparking the 1920 Easter Crisis. When a new government is to be formed, the monarch calls the party leaders to a conference of deliberation, on the basis of the advice the monarch then appoints the party leader who commands a majority of recommendation to lead negotiations for forming a new government. However, the monarch does continue to exercise three rights, the right to be consulted, the right to advise, and the right to warn, pursuant to these ideals, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet attend the regular meeting of the Council of State. Nine parties are represented in parliament, the four oldest and in history most influential parties are the Conservative Peoples Party, the Social Democrats, Venstre and the Danish Social Liberal Party
12.
Struer, Denmark
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Struer is the main town of the kommune of Struer, Region Midtjylland, Denmark with a population of 10,261. The town of Struer owes its growth to the railroad, which arrived in 1865 with Jutlands first railroad line from Århus/Randers over Viborg to Skive, although the station has been expanded several times, the central part of the wellmaintained building is one of Denmarks oldest stations. One of the oldest station buildings now house the administration and science labs of Struer statsgymnasium, Struer received privileged status as a merchant town in 1917. Until the end of the 1960s Struer station served as the headquarters for the central West Jutland administration of DSB, more than 300 DSB employees still work in Struer today. Bang & Olufsen, Denmarks only radio/TV manufacturer today, is the towns most important business, the business started in 1925 in Svend Olufsens old family farm, Quistrup, just south of the town. At the Struer Museum, there is a new large exhibition, where old and new B&O products are displayed together with many pieces of famous Danish design furniture
13.
North Jutlandic Island
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The North Jutlandic Island, Vendsyssel-Thy, or simply Jutland north of the Limfjord are lesser-used names for the northernmost part of Denmark and of Jutland. It is more common to refer to the three traditional districts Vendsyssel, Hanherred and Thy, although the area is separated from mainland Jutland by the Limfjord, it is traditionally regarded as a part of Jutland rather than an island. Geographically, it is the second largest island of Denmark after Zealand with a population of 296,700 on 1 January 2014, danes rarely refer to the area as a whole, but more often to the three constituent districts or to North Jutland. The adjectives nordenfjords and søndenfjords are commonly used, meaning north and south of the Fjord, the names can all be considered ad hoc creations, as a traditional name for the island as a geographical unity is lacking. The North Jutlandic Island was formerly an island, connected to the Jutland Peninsula by the narrow sand tombolo of Agger Tange between c.1200 and 1825. The area became an island again on 3 February 1825, when the North Sea broke through the Agger Tange in its far southwest, cutting off the area from mainland Jutland, the current separator is the Thyborøn Channel which was created slightly further south by a flood in 1862. The original Agger Channel filled up with sand in 1877, the syssel was a medieval sub-division which is regarded as the oldest administrative unity in Denmark, existing since prehistoric times. The North Jutlandic Island was divided two of these, Thysyssel and Vendsyssel. Ecclesiastically, the North Jutlandic Island is the core of the Diocese of Aalborg, in traditional terms, the westernmost part of the island, Thy, is considered part of Northern and Western Jutland simultaneously. The term North West Jutland refers to Thy, Mors, area,4,685 km² Population,296,700 Vendsyssel Hanherred Thy Traditional districts of Denmark List of islands of Denmark Media related to Nørrejyske Ø at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
15.
Kristian Ostergaard
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Kristian Ostergaard was Danish-American Lutheran pastor, educator, author and hymnwriter. Kristian Ostergaard was born at Østergård in the Hjerm parish of Viborg County, now Struer Municipality, Region Midtjylland and he was the son of Peder Ø. Ostergaard immigrated to the United States during 1878 and he taught at the Danish Folk High School in Elk Horn, Iowa from its beginning in 1878. He also helped establish the Ashland Folk School at Grant, Michigan in 1882, in 1885, he returned to Denmark, where he founded a Folk high school in Støvring. In 1892, Ostergaard returned to the United States and he was ordained a Lutheran pastor in 1893. He served the ministry of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church and he ministered to a number of congregations before retiring in 1916 at Tyler, Minnesota. Ostergaard devoted the remainder of his life to writing songs, poetry and his writings were all in the Danish language. He wrote a number of novels depicting the life among Danish-American immigrants and his novels provided accounts of the immigrants struggling to create communities on the prairies. Four of Ostegaards novels are set in Nebraska, several trace members of a family from their arrival in the early 1870s to their participation in the settling in their new home. Ostergaards novels also reflected a debate in Danish society involving the influences of N. F. S. Grundtvig, ostergarrd additionally alluded to the Danish intellectual Soren Kierkegaard. Ostergaard also wrote songs and hymns. He published two songbooks, Børnesangbogen and Den dansk-amerikanske Højskolesangbog, an anthology was published in 1912 as Songs of the Prairie. Most notably, Ostergaard wrote the hymn Den Sag er aldrig i Verden tabt, translated into English by Jens Christian Aaberg as That Cause Can Never Be Lost Nor Stayed, it was published in Hymns and Hymnwriters of Denmark during 1945. Ostergaard died in Tyler, Minnesota and was buried at the Danebod Lutheran Cemetery, fra Skov og Prærie Vesterlide Nybyggere Blokhuset Anton Arden Et Købmandshus Dalboerne Danby Folk Mortensen, E. Schools for life, The Grundtvigianfolk schools in America Larson, D. C, the movement to preserve Danish culture in North America
16.
1948 Summer Olympics
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The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin, the 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then for Helsinki, the 1944 Games had been provisionally planned for London. This was the occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games. The 1948 games were the first of two summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström, the event came to be known as the Austerity Games, because of the economic climate and post-war rationing. No new venues were built for the games, and athletes were housed in existing accommodation in the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village, as were the 1936 Games and the subsequent 1952 Games. A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes,3,714 men and 390 women, germany and Japan were refused permission to participate, the USSR was invited but chose not to send any athletes. The United States team won the most total medals,84, the host nation won 23 medals, three of them gold. One of the performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen. Dubbed The Flying Housewife, the 30-year-old mother of two won four medals in athletics. In the decathlon, American Bob Mathias became the youngest male ever to win an Olympic gold medal at the age of 17, the most individual medals were won by Veikko Huhtanen of Finland who took three golds, a silver and a bronze in mens gymnastics. In June 1939, the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1944 Olympic Summer Games to London, ahead of Rome, Detroit, Budapest, Lausanne, Helsinki, Montreal, World War II stopped the plans and the Games were cancelled so London again stood as a candidate for 1948. Britain almost handed the 1948 games to the USA due to financial and rationing problems. The official report of the London Olympics shows that there was no case of London being pressed to run the Games against its will. As a result, a committee was set up by the British Olympic Council to work out in some detail the possibility of holding the Games. After several meetings they recommended to the council that the Lord Mayor of London should be invited to apply for the allocation of the Games in 1948. In March 1946 the IOC, through a vote, gave the summer Games to London. London was selected ahead of Baltimore, Minneapolis, Lausanne, Los Angeles, London, which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics, became the second city to host the Olympics twice, Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924. It became the first city to host the Olympics for the time when London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics. E
17.
1952 Summer Olympics
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The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held and it was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the Peoples Republic of China, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21,1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting, the voting results in chart below, These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström. For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics, the first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the womens discus throwing event. The Soviet womens gymnastics won the first of its eight consecutive gold medals. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its War of Independence, a previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime. Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes, the PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984. The Republic of China withdrew from the Games on July 20, the Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics, hungary, a country of 9 million inhabitants, won 42 medals at these games, coming in third place behind the much more populous United States and Soviet Union. Hungarys Golden Team won the tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final. Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948, following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland participated, though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time. Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women, lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal. Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three medals in the 5000 m,10,000 m and the Marathon. The India national field hockey team won its fifth consecutive gold, bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points
18.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
19.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
20.
Forssa
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Forssa is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located almost in the centre of a triangle defined by the three largest major cities in Finland, in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Tavastia Proper region. The town has a population of 17,389 and covers an area of 248.78 square kilometres of which 4.61 km2 is water, the population density is 69.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. Forssa is known for its annual big events like in the first weekend of August held Holjat Festival as well as car enthusiasts get together in Pick-Nick, a tradition is also annual Suvi-ilta Maraton - the second biggest marathon event in Finland. Suvi-ilta Maraton takes place a weekend before Midsummer, there is also a fairly popular harness racing track in Forssa. The name Forssa comes from the Swedish word fors, meaning rapids, Forssa is twinned with, Södertälje, Sweden Sarpsborg, Norway Struer, Denmark Serpukhov, Russia Gödöllő, Hungary Sault Ste. Marie, Canada Media related to Forssa at Wikimedia Commons Town of Forssa – Official website
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Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
22.
Sarpsborg
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Sarpsborg, historically Borg, is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg, Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad. As of 1 January 2016, according to Statistics Norway these two municipalities have a population of 132,351 with 54,192 in Sarpsborg and 78,159 in Fredrikstad. Borregaard Industries is, and always has been, the most important industry in the city, the city is also the home of Borg Bryggerier, part of the Hansa Borg Bryggerier, which is Norways second largest brewery-group. In Norse times the city was just called Borg, the background for this was the fortification built by Olav Haraldsson. Later the genitive case of the name of the waterfall Sarpr was added, in Norse times Østfold county was called Borgarsýsla which means the county of Borg and the law district of southeast Norway was called Borgarþing meaning the thing/court of Borg. The old name has been revived in the diocese of Borg, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 13 November 1991 and it is based on a coat-of-arms from 1556. It shows a bear over a castle, the bear was introduced as early as sometime in the 13th century, by the earl of Sarpsborg, Alv Erlingsson. He used the bear to symbolize his strength, the castle symbolizes the fortress that once gave the city its original name. The city was founded as Borg by the Viking King Olav Haraldsson in 1016 and it was burned to the ground by Swedish invaders in 1567 during the Northern Seven Years War. Half the population was evacuated down the river to what is known as Fredrikstad. Much of the town disappeared into the river Glomma during a 1702 mudslide. Again Borg was rebuilt, and it was recreated as a city in 1839, the rural municipalities of Tune, Skjeberg, and Varteig were merged with the city on 1 January 1992. The population is growing, and during the summer of 2005 it reached 50,000 inhabitants. In football, Sarpsborg 08 FF has taken over the local throne, on 6 November 2009, they sent arch-rival FFK down from the Tippeliga in a play-off game in Fredrikstad stadion. Sarpsborg-08 has a football team that was promoted to the womens division-1 at the end of 2011. Sarpsborg BK plays in the highest bandy division, Sarpsborg also famous for their two elit leagues teams in floorball, Sarpsborg IBK and Greåker IBK
23.
Spydeberg
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Spydeberg is a municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Spydeberg and it is divided into the parishes Spydeberg, Heli, and Hovin. Spydeberg was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, the village of Spydeberg has approximately 5,500 inhabitants. It is located 45 kilometres southeast of Oslo and is reached by a bus. There are 16 daily buses to Oslo, and about 21 train departures, a lot of the people in Spydeberg commute to Oslo for work. The municipality is named after the old Spydeberg farm, since the first church was built here, the first element is the plural genitive case of spjót which means spear and the last element is berg which means mountain. The word spear is here referring to some outstanding points of a nearby mountain. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 30 June 1978. The arms show three canting silver spear points on a red background, the model for the spear points was unearthed at a burial mound near Mørk in 1905. The three spears represent the three parishes in the municipality and it was designed by Truls Nygaard. Petter Solberg, the famous World Rally Championship rally driver for Subaru, was born in Askim and he became Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile World Rally Champion in 2003. At present he lives officially in Monaco, henning Solberg, current WRC rally driver for Ford, is still living at Spydeberg. John Unnerud, former Norwegian rally and race ace is also from Spydeberg, anton Skulberg, a former mayor of Spydeberg, was also a professor and cabinet member. The municipality of Spydeberg has been active in international relations for over 20 years. The town has sister cities in Denmark, Sweden, and Latvia
24.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
25.
Aarhus Municipality
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Aarhus Municipality, until 2011 formerly known as Århus Municipality, is a municipality in the Central Region, on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 470.95 km2, and has a population of 331,332, the main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Aarhus. Neighbouring municipalities are Syddjurs to the north, Favrskov to the northwest, Skanderborg to the southwest and it forms part of the East Jutland metropolitan area. Aarhus Municipality was not merged with other municipalities in the nationwide Kommunalreformen due to its relatively large size. Aarhus City Council is also the municipal government, the city council consists of 31 members elected for four-year terms. Administratively the municipality is divided into six minor agencies which together constitute the magistrate led by a mayor and it is the only Danish city with a magistrate structure. The current Mayor of Aarhus municipality is Jacob Bundsgaard of the Social Democrats, Wammen wanted to focus on the upcoming election for Parliament. The gender composition of the city council has risen steadily in favour of women through the 20th century, the first publicly elected mayor of Aarhus was appointed in 1919. In the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform the current Aarhus municipality was created by merging 20 municipalities, Aarhus Municipality has 45 electoral wards and polling stations in four electoral districts for the folketing. The diocese of Aarhus has four deaneries composed of 60 parishes within Aarhus municipality, Aarhus municipality contains 21 postal districts and some parts of another 9. The urban area of Aarhus and the suburbs are divided into the districts Aarhus C, Aarhus N, Aarhus V, Viby J, Højbjerg. Aarhus is segmented into districts on different levels often containing several distinct neighbourhoods within them, the historical centre, known as Indre By, includes the neighbourhoods Centralværkstedet, the Latin Quarter and the areas around the Central Station and Aarhus Concert Hall. Districts and suburbs further out are Brabrand, Egå, Gellerup, Hasselager, Holme, Kolt, Rosenhøj, Skæring, Skåde, Slet, Stavtrup, Tilst and Tranbjerg. Statistics Denmark defines towns or cities as areas more than 200 residents in a continuous settlement with no more than 200 meters between residential structures. The city of Aarhus is the second largest urban area in Denmark, the port on the east coast of Jutland. In 2013 Beder and Malling was officially counted as an urban area for the first time. Towns in the municipality are generally considered satellites of Aarhus, population figures from Statistics Denmark,1
26.
Hedensted Municipality
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Hedensted Kommune is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. Its seat and main town is Hedensted, the municipality covers an area of 551.36 km² and has a total population of 45,788. Its mayor is Kirsten Terkilsen, a member of the liberal party Venstre, the main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Hedensted. The municipality is also a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area with 1,2 mio. inhabitants, on January 1,2007, as a result of Kommunalreformen, the former Juelsminde municipality and most of Tørring-Uldum municipality was merged into Hedensted municipality. Municipalitys official website Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro new municipalities map
27.
Herning Municipality
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Herning Municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in western Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 1,322.87 km² and has a population of 86,813 and its mayor is Lars Krarup, a member of the Venstre political party. The main town and the site of its council is the Town of Herning. On January 1,2007, as the result of Kommunalreformen, Herning municipality was merged with former Aulum-Haderup, Trehøje, the city of Herning has a population of 44,437. The town has grown rapidly in the 150 years, in 1840 the total population of the village of Herning was just 21, gudmund Hatt, Danish archaeologist and cultural geographer, born in Vildbjerg parish municipality, which joined with other parish municipalities in 1970 to create Trehøje Municipality
28.
Holstebro Municipality
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Holstebro Municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in west Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 801.55 km², and has a population of 57,411, Østerby, a member of the Social Democratic party. The main town and the site of its council is the town of Holstebro. On January 1,2007 Holstebro municipality was, due to Kommunalreformen, merged with existing Ulfborg-Vemb, the town, lying on both sides of Storåen, has a population of 34,241. It is a member of the Douzelage twinning ring of towns
29.
Horsens Municipality
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Horsens municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality includes the island of Endelave, and covers an area of 524.21 km² and it has a population of 85,911. Its mayor is Peter Sørensen, a member of the Social Democrats political party, the main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Horsens
30.
Lemvig Municipality
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Lemvig is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the west coast of the Jutland peninsula in west Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 516.63 km², and has a population of 20,657 and its mayor is Erik Flyvholm, a member of the Venstre political party. The main town and the site of its council is the town of Lemvig. The town has a population of 6,966, the current municipality was enlarged on January 1,2007 as the result of Kommunalreformen when the former Thyborøn-Harboøre municipality was merged into the existing Lemvig municipality. A significant part of its border is defined by the waters of Bøvling Fjord, Indfjorden. A string of islands define the western perimeter of the south of the municipality, some of these islands belong to the municipality. These waters at the southern border, encompassing the three fjords, plus Fejsted Kog is a national park. The Lem Cove leads into the town of Lemvig from Nissum Bredning, lake Ferring lies north of the town of Ferring.000.000.000. In a small park at the edge of the town you find the sun,1.4 metres in diameter, the other planets follow along a path far out of town, represented as small bronze balls on granite pedestals. The outer planet, Pluto, is nearly 5 kilometres away from the sun, the trail is part of the Lemvig Museum
31.
Odder Municipality
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Odder municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark just south of Aarhus and is a part of the greater Aarhus area. The municipality covers an area of 225.04 km², including the islands of Alrø and it has a population of 21,806. The mayor as of 1 January 2014 is Uffe Jensen of Venstre, the main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Odder. Other towns in the municipality include Hou, Gylling, Saksild, Kysing, Hundslund, Odder municipality was not merged with other municipalities as part of the extensive Municipal Reform of 2007 and is one of the smallest municipalities in Denmark. Neighboring municipalities with land connection are Aarhus to the north, and Skanderborg, the municipality is surrounded by water on two sides, to the south and east. The island of Alrø is connected to the Jensnæs peninsula on the mainland by a damm, car ferry service connects the mainland via Hou harbour to the island of Tunø, and to Sælvig port on the island of Samsø. Both of these islands are located in the Kattegat, the town of Odder is located south of the city of Aarhus. The 26.5 kilometer Odderbanen train line connects the town, the railway line is affectionately known as Oddergrisen. The original A/S Hads-Ning Herreders Jernbane train line was established in 1884
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Randers Municipality
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Randers Municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 748.21 km², and has a population of 96,559 and its mayor as of 1 January 2014 is Claus Omann Jensen, a member of Venstre. The main town and the site of its council is the city of Randers. The Guden River, Denmarks longest river, runs from Randers Fjord in Nørhald municipality to the east, through the city of Randers, the 160 kilometer long Guden River continues to Tinnet Krat in Vejle County. The citys nearly 3 kilometer long Guden River Park stretches along the banks in the center of the town. He was the representative in Parliament during most of his active Parliament career. He represented the Social Democrats political party
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Silkeborg Municipality
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Silkeborg municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 857.16 km², and has a population of 89,707 and its mayor is Steen Vindum, of the party Venstre. The main town and the site of its council is the town of Silkeborg. On 1 January 2007 Silkeborg municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen, merged with Gjern, Kjellerup, the town is of Silkeborg is divided north and south by the lake, Silkeborg Langsø, which at the eastern side of the town, resolves into the Guden River. Silkeborg was the town of COBRA painter Asger Jorn, and has several interesting art museums and excibitions, including Museum Jorn
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Skanderborg Municipality
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Skanderborg Municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark, just southwest of Aarhus and is a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area. It has an area of 429.17 km², and has a population of 58,283 and its mayor as of 1 January 2010 is Jørgen Gaarde, representing the Social Democrats political party. Skanderborg is the main town, and serves as the seat of the municipal council. The former municipality covered an area of 143.22 km² and its last mayor was Aleksander Aagaard, a member of the agrarian liberal Venstre political party
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Skive Municipality
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Skive Municipality is a municipality in Central Denmark Region on Salling Peninsula, a part of the larger Jutland Peninsula in northwest Denmark. It covers an area of 688.09 km² and has a population of 46,938 and its mayor is Peder Christian Kirkegaard, a member of the Venstre political party. The main town and the site of its council is the city of Skive. The Virksund Bridge connects the municipality at the town of Virksund to the town of Sundstrup in Viborg municipality, as of January 1,2007, the original Skive municipality ceased to exist as a result of Kommunalreformen. It was merged with the former Sallingsund, Spøttrup, and Sundsøre municipalities, the old municipality had an area of 230 km² and a population of 27,919. Before the reform, the municipality was part of Viborg County, Skive itself is a coastal tourist resort, at the mouth of the Karup River and the Skive Fjord. As of 1992, the population was 19,711, the 14th century Spøttrup Castle underwent extensive repairs in the 1940s and opened as a museum and medicinal herb garden. Skive Art Museum is housed in a designed by Danish architect Leopold Teschl. The art museum houses a collection of modern Danish art with special interest in expressive landscapes. Also, the collection works by local artists, including Christen Dalsgaard. The Fur Museum is on the island of Fur, part of the Skive municipality and it features exhibits relating to the island of Fur, particularly fossils. The Mønsted Limestone Caves south-west of the town of Skive are run by Denmarks nature-preservation group, as well as being a tourist attraction, the caves are used as a place to age cheese, which is then exported to Germany as cavecheese. In winter, the caves are home to 10,000 bats
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Syddjurs Municipality
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Syddjurs municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland in Denmark just north of Aarhus and is a part of the Aarhus area. It covers an area of 696.7 km² and has a population of 41,671, the municipality is also a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area with 1,2 mio inhabitants. On 1 January 2007 Syddjurs municipality was created as the result of Kommunalreformen, consisting of the municipalities of Ebeltoft, Midtdjurs, Rosenholm. The municipality covers most of southern Djursland, Skødshoved, Helgenæs, Mols, Syddjurs municipalitys official website Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro new municipalities map
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Viborg Municipality
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Viborg municipality is a municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 1,421.04 km² and its mayor from 3 September 2014 is Torsten Nielsen, also a member of the Conservative Peoples Party. He is mayor in the rest of the 2014-17 term of office, the main city and the site of its municipal council is the city of Viborg. On 1 January 2007 Viborg municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen, merged with Bjerringbro, Fjends, Karup, Møldrup, Viborg has a twin city in each of the Nordic countries, as well as in other world regions
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Aarhus
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Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality. It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula, in the centre of Denmark,187 kilometres northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres north of Hamburg. The inner urban area contains 264,716 inhabitants and the population is 330,639. Aarhus is the city in the East Jutland metropolitan area. The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century, the city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products. Market town privileges were granted in 1441, but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades, in the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction. As the industrial revolution took hold, the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century, today Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade, services and industry in Jutland. The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union and it is also a top 100 conference city in the world. Aarhus is the industrial port of the country in terms of container handling. Major Danish companies have based their headquarters here and people commute for work and it is a centre for research and education in the Nordic countries and home to Aarhus University, Scandinavias largest university, including Aarhus University Hospital and INCUBA Science Park. Aarhus is notable for its musical history, in the 1950s many jazz clubs sprang up around the city, fuelled by the young population. By the 1960s, the music scene diversified into rock and other genres, in the 1970s and 1980s, Aarhus became the centre for Denmarks rock music fostering many iconic bands such as TV-2 and Gnags. Aarhus is home to the annual eight-day Aarhus International Jazz Festival, the SPoT Festival, in 2017 Aarhus are European Capital of Culture. In Valdemars Census Book the city was called Arus, and in Icelandic it was known as Aros and it is a compound of the two words ār, genitive of ā, and ōss. The name originates from the location around the mouth of Aarhus Å. The spelling Aarhus is first found in 1406 and gradually became the norm in the 17th century, aarhus/Århus spelling With the Danish spelling reform of 1948, Aa was changed to Å. Some Danish cities resisted the new spelling of their names, notably Aalborg, Århus city council explicitly embraced the new spelling, as it was thought to enhance an image of progressiveness. In 2010, the city voted to change the name from Århus to Aarhus in order to strengthen the international profile of the city
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Hadsten
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Hadsten is a city in central Denmark with a population of 8,028, and is the largest city in Favrskov Municipality, located in Region Midtjylland in Central Jutland. Until 1 January 2007 it was the site of the council of the now former Hadsten municipality. Other names for Hadsten are, Hadsten Stationsby, Khadsten or Хадстен, Hadsten has many educational institutions, including a technical school, gymnasium, and folk high school. Hadsten is famous for having one of the largest model railways in Europe, besides that, Hadsten have the shortest pedestrian street in Europe. Pronunciation of the name has often been the subject of discussion, since locals pronounce the name with a silent d. Archaeological digs around the city have shown that people have lived in Lilleådalen as far back as 2,000 BC in the Nordic Stone Age. The excavation at the mill, which later became known as Hadsten Mølle, have revealed the remains of an even older water mill from around the 1190s in the early High Middle Ages. The present mill originates from the 1400s during the Clausholm Castle era, the water level this river at that time has stood 2–3 meters higher than it is today - which is why the valley was marked by lakes. The modern city was founded on 3 September 1862, when the Den østjyske længdebane was opened, in 2012, the city celebrated its 150th anniversary, with a visit by Frederik, the Crown Prince of Denmark and his wife, Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark. The city was at the plant of the East Jutland stretch of railway line, therefore, this date is seen as the citys founding. In September 2012 celebrated its 150th anniversary with the visit of Crown Prince Frederik, Hadsten, Denmark is located at 56. 3282° latitude and 10. 0493° longitude. Hadsten’s average elevation above sea level is 44 meters, Hadsten Stationsby, current center of the city. Neder- and Over Hadsten, original villages, now integrated into the city, vinterslev, original village, now integrated into the city. The following cities were twinned with Hadsten, Saarijärvi, Western Finland, Finland It is the place of Birth of Derby County and former Denmark international soccer player, one of the most advanced buildings in Denmark is also in Hadsten. The building functions as a café, library and auditorium
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