1.
Heinrich Hoffmann (author)
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Heinrich Hoffmann was a German psychiatrist, who also wrote some short works including Der Struwwelpeter, an illustrated book portraying children misbehaving. Hoffmann was born in Frankfurt on Main to a father, Philipp Hoffmann. Hoffmanns mother died when he was a baby and his father later married his mothers sister, Antoinette Lausberg, who was a loving and more than adequate mother to him. Lazy and easily distracted, Hoffmann at first struggled at school, at university in Heidelberg, he immersed himself into the corps student culture. His zest for dueling was small, but owing to his sociability, good humour and wit, Hoffmann soon became the center of social circles. His progress in his studies was slow because of the many distractions. To flee these he left Heidelberg for Halle, where he concentrated on his studies under Professor Peter Krukenberg and his first brush with medical practice coincided with a cholera outbreak in Halle. After getting his degree, he intended to spend a year in Paris to improve his knowledge of surgery. But due to the health of his father, he had to return home early. Hoffmann married Therese Donner and had three children by her, two of whom survived him, as did his wife and he was known to draw comic sketches for his children as well as for his wife. Hoffmann worked for a clinic and had a private practice. He also taught anatomy at the Senckenberg Foundation, none of this paid very well, and when the Frankfurt lunatic asylums previous doctor retired in 1851, he was eager to take the post even though he had no expertise in psychiatry. This changed quickly, as his later competent publications in the field show, Hoffmann portrays himself as a caring, humane psychiatrist, who strove to be the sunshine in the life of his miserable patients. His gregarious personality may well have been popular with many of them, always a skeptic, Hoffmann voices doubts whether this was due to any therapy he may have given them. Much of his energy from 1851 onwards went into campaigning for a new and he was successful and the new clinic was built at the site of todays Frankfurt Universitys Humanities campus. The book, later called Struwwelpeter after one of its anti-heroes, became popular with the public and had to be reprinted regularly, Struwwelpeter was not perceived as cruel or overly moral by Hoffmanns contemporaries. The original title, Funny stories and droll pictures, indicates that entertainment was at least partly the authors intention, after the books success, Hoffmann felt persuaded to write other childrens books, of which only the first, König Nussknacker und der arme Reinhold, became popular. He also kept on writing satires and poems for adults and his satires show his strong skepticism towards all kinds of ideology and his distaste for religious, philosophical or political bigotry
2.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
3.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
4.
Children's literature
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Childrens literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern childrens literature is classified in two different ways, genre or the age of the reader. Childrens literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of an oral tradition. The development of childrens literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many childrens tales were originally created for adults. Since the 15th century, a quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early centuries became known as the Golden Age of Childrens Literature as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics. There is no single or widely used definition of childrens literature and it can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. The International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature notes that the boundaries of genre. are not fixed but blurred, sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Rowlings Harry Potter series was written and marketed for young adults, the series extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for childrens books. Despite the widespread association of childrens literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, seth Lerer, in the opening of Childrens Literature, A Readers History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, This book presents a history of what children have heard and read. The history I write of is a history of reception, early childrens literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems that were used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of childhood, that a genre of childrens literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations. French historian Philippe Ariès argues in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. Pre-modern childrens literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational, during the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection, the English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and he also suggested that picture books be created for children
5.
Cautionary tale
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A cautionary tale is a tale told in folklore, to warn its hearer of a danger. There are three parts to a cautionary tale, though they can be introduced in a large variety of ways. First, a taboo or prohibition is stated, some act, location, then, the narrative itself is told, someone disregarded the warning and performed the forbidden act. Finally, the comes to an unpleasant fate, which is frequently related in expansive. Like horror fiction, generally the cautionary tale exhibits an ambivalent attitude towards social taboos and those whose job it is to enforce conformity therefore frequently resort to cautionary tales. The German language anthology, Struwwelpeter, contains tales such as Die gar traurige Geschichte mit dem Feuerzeug, the genre of the cautionary tale has been satirized by several writers. Hilaire Belloc in his Cautionary Tales for Children presented such moral examples as Jim, Who ran away from his Nurse, and was eaten by a Lion, and Matilda, Who told lies, and was Burned to Death. In The Complete Tribune Printer, Eugene Field gave cautionary tales an ironic inversion, as in The Gun, put the Gun on the table, and you, Susie, blow down one barrel while you, Charlie, blow down the other. Run quick, Jennie, and pick up Susies head and Charlies lower Jaw before the Nasty Blood gets over the New carpet. Some films, such as Gremlins, satirized this framework by imposing very arbitrary rules whose violation results in horrendous consequences for the community by not taking responsibility, Cautionary tales are sometimes heavily criticized for their ham-fisted approach to ethics. The Cold Equations is a well-known example, clover, Carol J. Men, Women, and Chainsaws, Gender in the Modern Horror Film. On Analyzing Fairy Tales, Little Red Riding Hood Revisited, in Western Folklore, vol. 46, no.2 KLEIN Norman M.7 Minutes, The Life and Death of the American Animated Cartoon, Verso, New York,1993, Ch.7, “Depression Melodrama”, pp. 130-134. Secrets beyond the Door, The Story of Bluebeard and His Wives, in The Lion,1, - Discusses the traditional folktale of Bluebeard as a cautionary tale. Mental Hygiene, Classroom Films 1945 -1970, white, Beatrice, A Persistent Paradox, in Folklore, vol. 83, no.2 - the tale of King Yunan from One Thousand and One Nights as a cautionary tale
6.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
7.
Bogeyman
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Bogeyman, pronounced /bʊɡimæn/ or /boʊɡimæn/, is a common allusion to a mythical creature in many cultures used by adults to frighten children into good behavior. Parents may tell their children if they misbehave, the bogeyman will get them. Bogeymen may target a specific instance, a bogeyman that punishes children who suck their thumbs—or general misbehaviour. In some cases, the bogeyman is a nickname for the Devil, the bogeyman is usually a masculine entity, but can be any gender, or simply be androgynous. The word bogey is believed to be derived from the Middle English bogge / bugge and is thought to be a cognate of the German bögge. A related word, bugbear, from bug, meaning goblin or scarecrow, and bear, was imagined as a demon in the form of a bear that eats small children, and was also used to mean a general object of dread. The word bugaboo, with a pair of meanings, may have arisen as an alteration of bugbear. In Southeast Asia, the term is supposed to refer to Bugis or Buganese pirates, ruthless seafarers of southern Sulawesi. These pirates often plagued early English and Dutch trading ships of the British East India Company and it is popularly believed that this resulted in the European sailors bringing their fear of the bugi men back to their home countries. Bogeyman-like beings are almost universal, common to the folklore of many countries, in many countries, a bogeyman variant is portrayed as a man with a sack on his back who carries naughty children away. Similar legends are very common in Eastern Europe, as well as in Haiti. El Coco is a common to many Spanish-speaking countries. In Spain, parents will sing lullabies or tell rhymes to children, warning them if they do not sleep, El Coco will come. The rhyme originated in the 17th century has evolved over the years, coconuts received that name because their brownish hairy surface reminded Portuguese explorers of coco, a ghost with a pumpkin head. Some lore has him as a kid who was the victim of violence, and now hes alive, but hes not, Medrano said, citing Xavier Garzas 2004 book Creepy Creatures and other Cucuys. In Brazilian folklore, a character called Cuca is depicted as a female humanoid alligator. Theres a famous lullaby sung by most parents to their children that says that the Cuca will come and get them if they do not sleep, just as in Spain. The Cuca is also a character of Monteiro Lobatos Sítio do Picapau Amarelo, in the countries of the eastern Mediterranean, children who misbehave are threatened with a creature known as babau
8.
Chromolithography
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Chromolithography is a unique method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, when chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing, hand-colouring also remained important, elements of the official British Ordnance Survey maps were coloured by hand by boys until 1875. The initial technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each colour, depending on the number of colours present, a chromolithograph could take months to produce, by very skilled workers. However much cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying both the number of used, and the refinement of the detail in the image. Cheaper images, like advertisements, relied heavily on a black print. The process is based on the rejection of grease by water, the image is applied to stone, grained zinc or aluminium surfaces, with a grease-based crayon or ink. Limestone and zinc are two commonly used materials in the production of chromolithographs, as aluminium unfortunately corrodes easily, after the image is drawn onto one of these surfaces, the image is gummed-up with a gum arabic solution and weak nitric acid to desensitize the surface. Before printing, the image is proved before finally inking up the image with oil based transfer or printing ink, the inked image under pressure is transposed onto a sheet of paper using a flat-bed press. This describes the form of printing. The offset indirect method uses a cylinder that transfers the image from printing surface to the paper. Colours may be overprinted by using stones or plates to achieve a closer reproduction of the original. Accurate registration for multi-coloured work is achieved by the use of a key outline image, ben-Day medium, uses a raised gelatin stipple image to give tone gradation. An air-brush sprays ink to give soft edges and these are just two methods used to achieve gradations of tone. The use of twelve overprinted colours would not be considered unusual, each sheet of paper will therefore pass through the printing press as many times as there are colours in the final print. In order that each colour is placed in the position, each stone or plate must be precisely ‘registered, ’ or lined up. Chromolithographs are considered to be reproductions that are smaller than double demi, autolithographs are prints where the artist draws and perhaps prints his or her own limited number of reproductions. This is the true art form
9.
Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
10.
Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone
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The twins were born in 1928 to successful British portraitist and costume designer Doris Zinkeisen and her husband, Captain Edward Grahame Johnstone. They attended the Heathfield School in Ascot, Berkshire during World War II, later, they attended Saint Martins School of Art in London, where they studied period clothing styles before moving to Suffolk in 1966. The twins never married and would live with their mother until their deaths. The Johnstone sisters popularity took off in the early 1950s, when they were noticed by publishers and they always worked together, passing drawings back and forth across their studio until both twins were satisfied with the final outcome. Janet specialized in animals and birds, Anne focused on the period costumes that so dominated their work. Because of their collaboration, until the death of Janet in 1979. The first important book the twins worked on was The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith, in 1956 she invited them to illustrate her first childrens book, and it was an immediate success, captivating parents and children alike. Eventually, Smiths book was made into a animated film by Walt Disney. The twins further success with later Smith books, The Starlight Barking and The Midnight Kittens and their business association developed into an enduring friendship until Smith died in November 1990. Although not widely remembered, the twins at a stage of their career worked extensively in British television. They produced an amount of artwork for programmes including Tai Lu, Andy Pandy. These programmes were popular with British children during the 1950s and 1960s. Over the course of their career together, the sisters illustrated more than 100 books, early commissions included Enid Blytons Tales of Ancient Greece, and new illustrations for a shocking old German childrens morality book, Struwwelpeter. The Johnstones illustrated many of Paul Gallicos magical childrens stories, working on Manxmouse, The Man who was Magic and their most collectible book to date is Enid Blytons 1979 Dean book, called, The Enchanted Wood. Most of their work was done designing Christmas cards and illustrating numbers of large, brightly coloured gift books, Janet and Anne also illustrated many company logos and advertisements, including a wine label designed by the twins for their own brand of wine. Their work was featured in the British childrens magazine Finding Out. In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the business enterprise previously shared with her sister
11.
Thumb sucking
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Thumb sucking is a behavior found in humans, chimpanzees, captive ring-tailed lemurs, and other primates. It usually involves placing the thumb into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration and it can also be accomplished with any piece of skin within reach and is considered to be soothing and therapeutic for the person. As a child develops the habit, it will develop a favorite finger to suck on. At birth, a baby will reflexively suck any object placed in its mouth, from the very first time they engage in nutritive feeding, infants learn that the habit can not only provide valuable nourishment, but also a great deal of pleasure, comfort, and warmth. Whether from a mother, bottle, or pacifier, this behavior, over time, begins to become associated with a strong, self-soothing. This reflex disappears at about 4 months of age, thumb sucking is not purely an instinctive behavior, Thumb sucking generally stops by the age of 5 years. Some older children will retain the habit, which can cause dental problems. Thumb sucking is sometimes retained into adulthood and may be due to stereotypic movement disorder, another psychiatric disorder, most children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own between 2 and 4 years of age. No harm is done to their teeth or jaws until permanent teeth start to erupt, the only time it might cause concern is if it goes on beyond 6 to 8 years of age. At this time, it may affect the shape of the cavity or dentition. Thumbsucking leads to open bite, a high arched palate because of the pressure created in the mouth by the buccinator muscle. This habit can also cause the central incisors to tip labially. Aside from the physical aspects of thumb sucking, there are also additional risks. These include increased risk of infection from communicable diseases, due to the fact that non-sterile thumbs are covered with infectious agents. Some children experience social difficulties, as children are taunted by their peers for engaging in what they can consider to be an “immature” habit. This taunting often results the child being rejected by the group or being subjected to ridicule by their peers, during the 1950s, parents could get a series of sharp prongs known as hay-rakes cemented to a childs teeth to discourage sucking. The American Dental Association recommends, Praise children for not sucking, if a child is sucking their thumb when feeling insecure or needing comfort, focus instead on correcting the cause of the anxiety and provide comfort to your child. If a child is sucking on their thumb because of boredom, involve older children in the selection of a means to cease thumb sucking
12.
Kate Bishop (actress)
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Kate Bishop was an English actress from Bristol, a member of a theatrical family. Her brother and daughter were also successful actors and her greatest success was in Our Boys, which ran for more than four years in London. She temporarily retired from the theatre in the nineteenth century. Bishop was born into a family, the daughter of Charles Bishop. She began acting as a child in Bristol in 1863 and her brother Alfred also successfully entered the theatrical profession. In 1868, Bishop appeared with Edward Askew Sothern in a revival of Our American Cousin, in which The Manchester Guardian thought her arch, of her performance in the last, The Times commented, The notion of the irresistible flirt is completely realized by Miss Kate Bishop. Bishop played in About Town by Bertie Vyse in 1873 and Ruy Blas Righted and Romulus and Remus, both by Robert Reece, in 1874. Her most famous role was Violet Melrose in H. J. Byrons Our Boys. When Our Boys finally closed, it was by far the longest-running work of theatre up to that time, byron supplied a successor, The Girls, in which Bishop had another leading role. Family life in Australia took her away from the English stage for some 15 years at the end of the nineteenth century, in 1900 she returned to the stage in Struwwelpeter, at the Garrick Theatre, together with George Grossmith Jr. She played Mrs Percival de Hooley in Jerome K. Jeromes The Passing of the Third Floor Black in 1908, in 1909 she appeared on Broadway in Penelope, by Somerset Maugham, at the Lyceum Theatre. Her last stage appearance was in 1915, as Lady Matilda Rye in H. A. Vachells The Case of Lady Camber at the Savoy Theatre, in 1885, Bishop married Lewis J. Löhr, treasurer of the Melbourne Opera House. Five years later their daughter Marie Lohr, later an actress, was born in Sydney. Bishop died in London, aged 75, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery
13.
Lawrence Grossmith
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Lawrence Randall Grossmith was an English actor, the son of the Gilbert and Sullivan performer George Grossmith and the brother of the actor-manager George Grossmith Jr. He continued his career in England and America from 1924. From 1933 until his death in 1944, he acted in films as well as on stage, Grossmith was born in London, the son of the actor George Grossmith, famous for his roles in the Savoy Operas, and Emmeline Rosa Noyce. His uncle was the actor Weedon Grossmith and he was educated at St Pauls College, Stony Stratford, London University School and Shrewsbury School. He was intended for a career as an engineer, but, like his father, his uncle and his elder brother and he made his stage debut, in 1896, as Robert in Mamzelle Nitouche at the Court Theatre. In 1901 Grossmith played the role in a stage adaptation of Struwwelpeter. In 1904 Grossmith married Coralie Blythe, a star of Edwardian musical comedy and her brother was the dancer Vernon Castle. In the first years of the 20th century he became known for his appearances in Edwardian musical comedy, in such West End shows as The White Chrysanthemum and The Girl Behind the Counter. In 1906 Grossmith and his wife Coralie Blythe were invited to go to New York by Lew Fields, later in 1906 the trio appeared at the Herald Square Theatre on Broadway in the musical revue About Town. He was back in London after this, appearing in Havana, in 1913 he went into management, taking over the Savoy Theatre. In 1915 Grossmith and Blythe appeared in Reubens and Kerns musical comedy Nobody Home on Broadway, Grossmith stayed in New York for some years before moving on to Australia, not returning to England until 1924. During these years he appeared in the musical comedies Flora Bella, in the non-musical theatre his roles in this period included Major Lowndes in Somerset Maughams Too Many Husbands. He returned to Broadway in 1928, appearing there in The Cat, Grossmith made a silent film in 1914, The Brass Bottle. From 1933 to 1944, he made several talking films, taking roles in Counsels Opinion, Tiger Bay, Sing As We Go, Everything in Life, Silver Blaze The Girl in the Taxi. Grossmith died on 21 February 1944 in Woodland Hills, California, London, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons
14.
George Grossmith Jr.
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George Grossmith Jr. was a British actor, theatre producer and manager, director, playwright and songwriter, best remembered for his work in and with Edwardian musical comedies. Grossmith was also an important innovator in bringing cabaret and revues to the London stage. Born in London, he took his first role on the stage at the age of 18 in Haste to the Wedding. Grossmith soon became an audience favourite playing dude roles, early appearances in musicals included George Edwardess hit A Gaiety Girl in 1893, and Go-Bang and The Shop Girl in 1894. In 1895, Grossmith left the stage, instead appearing in straight comedies. The lanky Grossmith was often paired with the diminutive Edmund Payne. At the same time, he developed a reputation as a co-writer of musicals and revues, Grossmith soon established himself as a major producer, together with Edward Laurillard, of such hits as Tonights the Night, Theodore & Co and Yes, Uncle. He wrote the long-running revue series that began with The Bing Boys Are Here and he also continued to appear in other producers shows, including The Naughty Princess and No, No, Nanette. Later, he performed in such pieces as Princess Charming and appeared in at least ten films for London Film Productions Ltd. among other films and he produced The Land of Smiles and Cavalcade, and in 1933, he played Touchstone in a production of As You Like It. George Grossmith was born in Haverstock Hill, London, the eldest son of the writer and Gilbert and Sullivan star George Grossmith and his grandfather was also named George Grossmith, and even though he was the third George Grossmith, he was credited on stage as George Grossmith Jnr. His brother was the actor Lawrence Grossmith, Grossmith studied at University College School in London, and in Paris, and his parents hoped that he would follow an army career, but that was not to be. In 1895, Grossmith married burlesque and musical comedy actress Gertrude Elizabeth Cissie Rudge, whose name was Adelaide Astor. Letty Lind was the most famous of these, Grossmith and his wife had three children, Ena Sylvia Victoria, who became a stage and film actress, George, who became a theatrical manager, and Rosa Mary. Grossmith was known for speaking songs and for his easy comic grace on stage and he was tall and gangling, with a face hardly less extraordinary than his curious legs and a humour as unctuous as his fathers at his best. Grossmiths first role in a musical was at the age of 18 in a comic role in his fathers collaboration with W. S. Gilbert. He next appeared in several comic roles, including in The Baroness. This was followed by appearances in Go-Bang and in George Edwardess production of A Gaiety Girl and he also played in Pick-me-up at the Trafalgar Square Theatre in 1894 with Jessie Bond and Letty Lind. Edwardes then hired Grossmith to create the part of Bertie Boyd in the hit musical The Shop Girl, the 21-year-old actor wrote the lyrics to his characters hit song Beautiful, bountiful Bertie, which he popularised in both London and New York
15.
Terry family
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The Terry family was a theatrical dynasty of the late 19th century and beyond. The family includes not only members with the surname Terry. The dynasty was founded by the actor Benjamin Terry and his wife, the first member of the family to achieve national prominence was their eldest surviving daughter, Kate. Her younger sister, Ellen, achieved fame, in partnership with Henry Irving. Ellen Terry was seen as the greatest star of the family for many decades, among those of the family who did not become actors, Gordon Craig, Ellens son, was an internationally-known theatre designer and director. Members of the family who were associated with the theatre. Other members of the family are mentioned in the text, the graphic below is simplified to show the best-known family members. For example, it only three of Gordon Craigs eight children. The names of actors and others connected with the theatre are shown in capital letters, Benjamin Terry was a moderately successful actor in the mid-19th century. His father, also called Benjamin, an innkeper, married Catherine Crawford in 1838, the younger Benjamins wife, Sarah, née Ballard, was the daughter of Peter Ballard, a builder and Master Sawyer who worked in Portsmouth. She had no theatrical connections before meeting Terry and marrying him without her parents knowledge and she became an actress, adopting the stage name Miss Yerrett. But it was Terry who was the theatrical influence on their children. He had been a member of William Charles Macreadys company, and his daughter Ellen recalled that he always corrected me if I pronounced any word in a slipshod fashion, and if I now speak my language well it is in no small degree due to my early training. The couple had children, two of whom died in infancy. Of the nine children who survived to adulthood only two, the eldest son, Benjamin, and the next to youngest, Tom, had no theatrical history. Benjamin went into commerce and emigrated to Australia and then India, and Tom and her husband, Wojciech, was also a famous leading actor. Their daughter, also called Aniela, married Adam Gielgud, who had born at sea during his parents flight from Poland after the failed rising against Russian rule in 1830. Their son Frank married Kate Terrys daughter, Kate Terry-Lewis, listed in order of date of birth
16.
Marie Lohr
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Marie Lohr was an Australian film and stage actress. Marie Löhr was born in Sydney, New South Wales, to Lewis J. Löhr, treasurer of the Melbourne opera house, and his wife and her maternal uncle, Alfred Bishop, along with her godparents, William and Madge Kendal, were also actors. Her first stage appearance was in Sydney, aged 4, in The World Against Her and her London debut, was at age 11, in Shockheaded Peter as well as The Man Who Stole the Castle. Her later stage-work included appearances in a 1929 London stage production of Beau Geste alongside Laurence Olivier, and in the original production of the 1930 play The Bread-Winner. Her first film appearance was in the 1932 film version of Arent we All. and — having appeared in several of George Bernard Shaws works onstage — her subsequent films included two Shaw adaptations. She died at the age of 84, and was buried in the Brompton Cemetery in west London, great Catherine, Dowager Lady Gorse The Plane Makers, Geraldine Pettifur - one episode Carlton-Browne of the F. O. Mrs. Fraser Major Barbara, Lady Britomart George and Margaret, Alice A Gentlemans Gentleman, Mrs. Handside-Lane Pygmalion, Mrs. Higgins South Riding, Mrs. Cope Lady in Danger, Lady Brockley Oh, Daddy. Lady Pye My Heart is Calling, Manageress of Dress Salon Fighting Stock, Mrs. Barbara Rivers Mon Coeur tAppelle, Modiste - English version, My Heart is Calling You Road House, Lady Hamble Arent We All. Lady Frinton Victory and Peace, Barbara Rowntree The Real Thing at Last, Murdered Woman Marie Lohr at the Internet Movie Database Lohr, Marie
17.
Garrick Theatre
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The Garrick Theatre is a West End theatre, located on Charing Cross Road, in the City of Westminster, named for the stage actor David Garrick. It opened in 1889 with The Profligate, a play by Arthur Wing Pinero, in its early years, the Garrick appears to have specialised in the performance of melodrama. The theatre later became associated with comedies, including No Sex Please, Were British, there was previously another theatre that was sometimes called the Garrick in London, on Leman Street, opened in 1831 and demolished in 1881. The new Garrick Theatre was financed in 1889 by the playwright W. S. Gilbert, the author of over 75 plays, including the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas. It was designed by Walter Emden, with C. J. Phipps brought in as a consultant to help with the planning on the site after an underground river was discovered in the excavation. Originally the theatre had 800 seats on four levels, but the level has since been closed. The theatres first manager was Gilberts friend John Hare, the first play at the theatre, The Profligate, by Arthur Wing Pinero and starring Hare, opened on 24 April 1889. Sydney Grundys long-running French-style comedy A Pair of Spectacles opened here in February 1890, Mrs Patrick Campbell starred five years later in Pineros The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith. In 1900, the theatre hosted J. M. Barries The Wedding Guest, the only piece actually premiered by W. S. Gilbert here was Harlequin and the Fairys Dilemma, a Domestic Pantomime. In 1921, Basil Rathbone played Dr. Lawson in The Edge o Beyond at the Garrick, in 1925 Henry Daniell played there as Jack Race in Cobra and appeared there again as Paul Cortot in Marriage by Purchase in March 1932. A proposed redevelopment of Covent Garden by the GLC in 1968 saw the theatre under threat, together with the nearby Vaudeville, Adelphi, Lyceum and Duchess theatres. An active campaign by Equity, the Musicians Union, and theatre owners under the auspices of the Save London Theatres Campaign led to the abandonment of the scheme. The gold-leaf auditorium was restored in 1986 by the stage designer Carl Toms, the theatre has mostly been associated with comedies or comedy-dramas. More recent productions are listed below and include No Sex Please, Were British, in 1995, the Royal National Theatres multi-award winning production of J. B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls opened here, having played successful seasons at the Royal National Theatres Lyttelton and Olivier theatres as well as the Aldwych Theatre, the interior retains many of its original features, and was Grade II* listed by English Heritage in September 1960. 1972 – Anthony Shaffers Sleuth transferred 1977 – Side By Side By Sondheim transferred and was a continuing success,111 ISBN 0-7136-5688-3 Whos Who in the Theatre, edited by John Parker, tenth edition, revised, London,1947, pps, 477–478 and 1184. Official Garrick Theatre Website Article on Garrick Theatre Information about the Garrick and other Victorian theatres
18.
Geoffrey Shaw (composer)
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Geoffrey Turton Shaw was an English composer and musician specializing in Anglican church music. After Cambridge, where he was a scholar, he became a schoolmaster, then a schools inspector, while producing a stream of compositions, arrangements. He was awarded the Lambeth degree of Doctor of Music, Shaw worked with his brother Martin Shaw, also a composer, while his son Sebastian was a Shakespearean actor who is remembered for the Star Wars role of Anakin Skywalker. Born at Clapham, South London, in 1879, Shaw was the son of James Fallas Shaw, a composer of music and organist of Hampstead. Geoffrey Shaw became a chorister at St Pauls Cathedral under Sir George Martin and was educated at Derby School. At Caius, he was a scholar, studied with Sir Charles Stanford and Charles Wood. From 1902 to 1910, Shaw was a master and Director of Music at Greshams School, Holt. Bensons History of Greshams School notes that — Shaw was too fine a musician to be held for long, despite his love of Norfolk and he was also Inspector of Music to the Board of Education from 1928 until his retirement in 1942. For some years he chaired the BBCs schools music sub-committee, in his Board of Education work, Shaw worked to raise standards of musical education in schools and also supported popular organizations and training colleges. His unofficial activities included promoting summer schools for teachers, and he was in demand as an adjudicator at music festivals and he was the first adjudicator of the Thanet Competitive Musical Festival, founded in 1921. Several descants by Shaw, Alan Gray, and Ralph Vaughan Williams appear in Songs of Praise, Shaw was an enthusiast for folk music and the work of Henry Purcell, and one of his aims was to restore the dignity of Christian music. With his brother, Shaw edited song books and he was one of the editors of The Public School Hymn Book of 1919 and also published the Descant Hymn-Tune Book, in two volumes. With Percy Dearmer, Martin and Geoffrey Shaw had a significant influence on 20th century church music, Shaws friend John Ireland composed the melody for My Song Is Love Unknown over lunch one day with Shaw, and at his suggestion. In 1932, Cosmo Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, awarded Shaw the honorary Lambeth degree of Doctor of Music, when Shaw died in 1943, he was cremated and his ashes buried at Golders Green Crematorium. Shaw was married to Mary Grace Shaw, born in 1881 and he was the father of six children, including the actor Sebastian Shaw, best known for the role of Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi. His other children were James, Peter, Susan, Margaret, James, like his father a chorister of St Pauls Cathedral, read History at Caius, his fathers Cambridge college, and was killed during the Second World War. One of Shaws great-grandchildren, Emma Bonner-Morgan, is a singer-songwriter, in the Stilly Night The Music of the English Church by Kenneth R
19.
Martin Shaw (composer)
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Martin Edward Fallas Shaw OBE FRCM was an English composer, conductor and theatre producer. His over 300 published works include songs, hymns, carols, oratorios, several instrumental works, Shaw delighted in describing himself as a cockney, a title he could claim under Samuel Rowlandss definition of one born within the sound of the Bow Bells. He was the son of the Bohemian and eccentric James Shaw, composer of church music and organist of Hampstead Parish Church. He was the brother of the composer and influential educator Geoffrey Shaw. He studied under Stanford at the Royal College of Music, together with a generation of composers that included Holst, Vaughan Williams and John Ireland. He then embarked upon a career as a producer, composer and conductor. However, he began his career as an organist, serving at Emmanuel Church, West Hampstead and their first production in 1901 was Purcells Dido and Aeneas, at the Hampstead Conservatoire. This was well received and transferred to the Coronet Theatre, where it played alongside Ellen Terrys production of Nance Oldfield and it was also Craigs first outing as stage director. The POSs other productions were The Masque of Love from Purcells semi-opera, Dioclesian and Handels Acis and he proposed to Edith Craig, Craigs sister, in 1903 and was accepted. Edy was a successful, prolific but now largely forgotten theatre director, producer, costume designer, a thinly fictionalised account of this episode appears in St Johns autobiographical novel Hungerheart, The Story of a Soul. Shaw then toured Europe as conductor to Isadora Duncan, extensively described in his 1929 autobiography Up to Now published by Oxford University Press and he was also master of music at the Guildhouse, London. After his marriage to Joan Cobbold, he settled down to family life, the couple had three children, John Fallas Cobbold Shaw, Richard Brinkley Shaw, and Mary Elizabeth Shaw. Under the influence of his wife, and faced with the need to support his family, church music gradually became the focus of his life, in 1918 he co-founded the League of Arts, the Royal School of Church Music and was an early organiser of hymn festivals. He did much editorial and executive work in connection with popularising music, in 1932 Shaw received the Lambeth degree of Doctor of Music. He was appointed an OBE in 1955 and was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Music in 1958 and his nephew was the actor Sebastian Shaw, who played the unmasked Darth Vader and the ghost of Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi. He composed the music for T. S. Eliots pageant play, The Rock and he later became the first editor of National Anthems of the World, published after his death. His oratorio The Redeemer, for SATB soloists, chorus and full orchestra, was first broadcast by the BBC in March 1945. Working with Percy Dearmer, Martin was music editor of The English Carol Book and, with Ralph Vaughan Williams, of Songs of Praise and his tune Little Cornard is sung to Hills of the North Rejoice, and Marching is sung to Through the Night of Doubt and Sorrow
20.
Norbert Schultze
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Norbert Arnold Wilhelm Richard Schultze was a prolific German composer of film music. He is best remembered for having written the melody of the World War II classic Lili Marleen, pseudonyms used by Schultze include Frank Norbert, Peter Kornfeld, and Henri Iversen. Schultze took the Abitur in Brunswick and went on to piano, conducting, composing and theatre science in Cologne. He went to the Bavarian capital in the 1930s as a composer and this was followed by 1932-34 involvement in Heidelberg and as a conductor in Darmstadt, Munich and Leipzig and Mannheim. After several projects as production manager at Telefunken, Schultze decided in 1936 to try his luck as a composer for stage. He delivered a series of compositions for martial and propaganda songs and was advised to become a member of the Nazi Party in 1940 in order not to be conscripted, in 1932 he married his first wife, the actress Vera Spohr, with whom he had four children. After his divorce in 1943 he married the Bulgarian actress, singer and writer Iwa Wanja, on behalf of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels he created works such as From Finland to the Black Sea, the song of the Kleist tank group tanks roll in Africa and bombs on England. The popularity of these combat and soldier songs led Norbert Schultze to be continually in demand by Nazi propaganda and he also wrote music for Veit Harlans morale-boosting hold out film Kolberg, and the main theme of the war documentary Baptism of Fire. His subsequent comment regarding his war work was, You know, for me the alternatives were, compose or croak. So I decided for the former, Schultze was defined under denazification as a fellow traveller, and on payment of a processing fee of 3,000 DM he got an immediate work permit. His songs being controlled to this day by GEMA, Schultze ordered that all of his royalties from 1933 to 1945 go to the German Red Cross as is the case to this day. Especially his song Bomben auf Engeland led to him being nicknamed Bomben-Schultze within Germanys writers of popular tunes in the war years, Schultze wrote the melody to Lili Marleen from the poem Die kleine Hafenorgel by Hans Leip. In 1990 he told BBC researcher Karen Liebreich that the tune was written for a toothpaste radio commercial. It was the first German million-seller, Schultze remained true to his profession and wrote numerous operas, operettas, musicals, ballets and Max and Moritz, music for more than 50 movies, and songs. He was from 1961 president of the Association of German stage writers and composers, until 1996, he held offices on the board of GEMA, the Board of Trustees of the Social Welfare Fund of GEMA and the supply Foundation of the German composers. His later life was spent with his third wife Brigitt Salvatori, mainly in Majorca but also often in Bavaria
21.
Shockheaded Peter (musical)
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Shockheaded Peter is a 1998 musical using the popular German childrens book Struwwelpeter by Heinrich Hoffmann as its basis. Whereas the children in the poems only sometimes die, in the musical they all do, commissioned by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds and the Lyric Hammersmith in West London, the show debuted in 1998 in Leeds before moving to London and subsequently to world tours. The Perverse Delight of Shockheaded Peter, Shockheaded Peter New York City at the Wayback Machine Shockheaded Peter at the Internet off-Broadway Database Shockheaded Peter at the Internet off-Broadway Database
22.
Opera
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Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing, recitative, a style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of theatre, such as acting, scenery. The performance is given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his operas in the 1760s. The first third of the 19th century saw the point of the bel canto style, with Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer, the mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy. The popularity of opera continued through the era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, the 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism, Neoclassicism, and Minimalism. With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso, since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on these mediums. Beginning in 2006, a number of opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world. In 2009, an opera company offered a download of a complete performance. The words of an opera are known as the libretto, some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti, others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e. g. Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action, in some forms of opera, such as singspiel, opéra comique, operetta, and semi-opera, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, the terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below. Over the 18th century, arias were accompanied by the orchestra. Subsequent composers have tended to follow Wagners example, though some, the changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail below
23.
The Tiger Lillies
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The Tiger Lillies are a cult British musical trio formed in 1989 by singer-songwriter Martyn Jacques. The bands name is rumoured to have inspired by a murdered Soho prostitute called Lillie who used to dress up in animal print. Jacques, however, has stated that he named the band after a painting he had on his wall, the band formed in 1989 when Martyn Jacques placed an ad on Loot looking for a drummer and a bass player for a new band. Adrian Huge and Phil Butcher were the musicians that got in touch with him and therefore became the original Tiger Lillies drummer. In Spring 2012 Adrian Huge decided to take a leave of absence and was replaced by drummer Mike Pickering who toured with the Tiger Lillies from 2012, in early 2015 Pickering was in turn replaced by bands current drummer, Jonas Golland. Notorious for singing controversial songs involving bestiality, prostitution, blasphemy and all other vice imaginable, in 2002 their cult hit musical Shockheaded Peter was nominated for five Olivier Awards. The show won the Olivier for Best Entertainment and Martyn Jacques won the Olivier for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical or Entertainment, in 2003 their album The Gorey End was nominated for Dominique de Rivazs Luftbusiness a Grammy Award for Best Classical Crossover Album. Sergei Bodrovs Drunken Sailor – a documentary on The Tiger Lillies by the director of Oscar-nominated epic Mongol Penny Woolcocks The Margate Exodus – a contemporary re-telling of the Book of Exodus, Martyn Jacques appears in the film as Shebeen Singer performing Hailstones
24.
Pantomime
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Pantomime, is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. It was developed in England and is performed throughout the United Kingdom, generally during the Christmas and New Year season and, to a lesser extent. It is a form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with certain parts of the music. Pantomime has a theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre. It developed partly from the 16th century commedia dellarte tradition of Italy, as well as other European and British stage traditions, such as 17th-century masques, an important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. Outside Britain the word pantomime is used to mean miming. The Roman pantomime drew upon the Greek tragedy and other Greek genres from its inception, although the art was instituted in Rome, the English word came to be applied to the performance itself. Music was supplied by flute and the pulse of an iron-shod shoe, performances might be in a private household, with minimal personnel, or else lavish theatrical productions involving a large orchestra and chorus and sometimes an ancillary actor. The dancer danced all the roles, relying on masks, stock poses and gestures, Pantomime differed from mime by its more artistic nature and relative lack of farce and coarse humour, though these were not absent from some productions. Precursors of pantomime also included the masque, which grew in pomp, the development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental commedia dellarte, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the Early Modern Period. Each scenario used some of the stock characters. These included the innamorati, the vecchi such as Pantalone, and zanni such as Arlecchino, Colombina, Scaramouche, Italian masque performances in the 17th century sometimes included the Harlequin character. In the 17th century, adaptations of the characters became familiar in English entertainments. From these, the standard English harlequinade developed, depicting the eloping lovers Harlequin and Columbine, pursued by the girls father Pantaloon and his comic servants Clown, in English versions, by the 18th century, Harlequin became the central figure and romantic lead. The basic plot of the harlequinade remained essentially the same for more than 150 years, tavern Bilkers, by John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage. The same year he produced a pantomime on the subject of Perseus, after this, pantomime was regular feature at Drury Lane. In 1717 at Lincolns Inn, actor and manager John Rich introduced Harlequin into the theatres pantomimes under the name of Lun and he gained great popularity for his pantomimes, especially beginning with his 1724 production of The Necromancer, or, History of Dr. Faustus. These early pantomimes were silent, or dumb show, performances consisting of only dancing, spoken drama was only allowed in London only in the two patent theatres until Parliament changed this restriction in 1843
25.
Puppetry
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Such a performance is also known as a puppet play. The puppeteer uses movements of her hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. The puppeteer often speaks in the voice of the character of the puppet, the actions, gestures and spoken parts acted out by the puppets are typically used in storytelling. There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made of a range of materials, depending on their form. They can be complex or very simple in their construction. A hand puppet is controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet, a live-hand puppet is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers for each puppet. Marionettes are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a bar held from above by the puppeteer. Puppetry is an ancient form of theatre which was first recorded in the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. Some forms of puppetry may have originated as long ago as 3000 years BC, Puppetry takes many forms, but they all share the process of animating inanimate performing objects to tell a story. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals and celebrations such as carnivals, Puppetry is a very ancient art form, thought to have originated about 3000 years ago. Puppets have been used since the earliest times to animate and communicate the ideas, some historians claim that they pre-date actors in theatre. There is evidence that they were used in Egypt as early as 2000 BC when string-operated figures of wood were manipulated to perform the action of kneading bread, wire controlled, articulated puppets made of clay and ivory have also been found in Egyptian tombs. Hieroglyphs also describe walking statues being used in Ancient Egyptian religious dramas, Puppetry was practiced in Ancient Greece and the oldest written records of puppetry can be found in the works of Herodotus and Xenophon, dating from the 5th century BC. Sub-Saharan Africa may have inherited some of the traditions of Ancient Egypt. Certainly, secret societies in many African ethnic groups still use puppets in ritual dramas as well as in their healing and hunting ceremonies. Today, puppetry continues as a form, often within a ceremonial context, and as part of a wide range of folk forms including dance, storytelling. There is slight evidence for puppetry in the Indus Valley Civilization, archaeologists have unearthed one terracotta doll with a detachable head capable of manipulation by a string dating to 2500 BC. Another figure is a monkey which could be manipulated up and down a stick
26.
Kenneth Hesketh
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Kenneth Hesketh is a British composer of contemporary classical music in numerous genres including opera, dance, orchestral, chamber, vocal and solo. He has also composed music for wind and brass bands as well as music for choir. Hesketh was born in Liverpool, and began composing whilst a chorister at Liverpool Anglican Cathedral and he received his first formal commission at nineteen for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Charles Groves. From 2003 to 2005 he was New Music Fellow at Kettles Yard, in 2007, Hesketh took up the position of Composer in the House with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra for two years. He also took part in teaching and outreach projects in Liverpool, several works have their origins in medieval symbolism and iconography, notably three pieces for chamber ensemble, Theatrum, Torturous Instruments, and The Circling Canopy of Night. This was Heskeths first piece to gain international attention, commissioned by the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group and Faber Music it was first conducted by Sir Simon Rattle and further championed by Oliver Knussen, who has performed many of Heskeths works. Performances at the Promenade Concerts at the Royal Albert Hall, London, the Times described this work as a glistening whirl of nocturnal colours, a driving sense of purpose and onward movement. He is also intrigued by childrens literature with a sinister or melancholy streak, other such works include Small Tales, tall tales after the Brothers Grimm, and Detail from the Record after Japanese folk tales. Hesketh has described Netsuke as intricate and ornate, a description which could apply to most of his works and his orchestral work At God speeded summers end has a clarity of texture and orchestral virtuosity. Recent pieces show an interest in what the composer describes as unreliable machines, short bursts of mechanistic material that repeat, are transformed, more recently as an outgrowth of this, death, loss and entropy feature strongly as stimuli in his work. His many concert works, including opera, orchestral, chamber, vocal, London and are performed by leading ensembles and orchestras in Europe and North America. Heskeths other works for wind band have become contemporary classics of the genre. Tuneful and immediately accessible, regular performances of them around the world have led to British, Japanese and these are published by Faber Music. His seasonal compositions for choir and orchestra are published by Novello & Co, recent performances have been given by the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Sudwest Rundfunk, the London Sinfonietta, Psappha, the ASKO ensemble, the Continuum Ensemble. Conductors include Sir Simon Rattle, Oliver Knussen, Martyn Brabbins, Patrick Bailey, Philip Headlam, Christoph Mueller, Vassily Sinaisky and Vasily Petrenko. Recent performances include a series of short pieces for piano titled Horae for the British pianist Clare Hammond which were premiered in its complete form at the Cheltenham Festival in 2013. Hesketh was a visiting guest composer at the Bowdoin Festival in the USA, the first NMC recording devoted to large ensemble and orchestral works by the composer, titled Wunderkammer, was released in 2013. Heskeths third CD was released in 2016 on the BIS label featuring works for solo piano, a fourth disc concentrating on music for 2 pianos and piano four hands will be released on the Prima Facie label, performed by the Françoise-Green piano duo
27.
Netsuke
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Netsuke are miniature sculptures that were invented in 17th-century Japan to serve a practical function. In English the word may be italicized or not, with American English tending to favour the former and their solution was to place such objects in containers hung by cords from the robes sashes. The containers may have been pouches or small woven baskets, but the most popular were beautifully crafted boxes, which were shut by ojime. Whatever the form of the container, the fastener that secured the cord at the top of the sash was a carved, Netsuke, like the inrō and ojime, evolved over time from being strictly utilitarian into objects of great artistic merit and an expression of extraordinary craftsmanship. Such objects have a long history reflecting the important aspects of Japanese folklore, Netsuke production was most popular during the Edo period in Japan, around 1615–1868. Today, the art lives on, and some works can command high prices in the UK, Europe. Inexpensive yet faithful reproductions are available in museums and souvenir shops, okimono, small and purely decorative sculptures, were often made by the same artists who produced netsuke. Katabori-netsuke or sculpture netsuke - This is the most common type of netsuke and they are compact three-dimensional figures carved in a round shape and are usually around one to three inches high. Anabori-netsuke or hollowed netsuke - subset of katabori which are carved out for a hollow center, clams are most commonly the motifs for this type of netsuke. Sashi-netsuke - This is a form of katabori, literally stab netsuke, similar in length to the sticks. They are about six inches long, obi-hasami - another elongated netsuke with a curved top and bottom. It sits behind the obi with the curved ends visible above and these were often imitations of full-size noh masks and share characteristics in common with both katabori and manju/kagamibuta. Manjū-netsuke - a thick, flat, round netsuke, with carving usually done in relief, shaped like a manjū, a Japanese confection. Ryūsa-netsuke (柳左根付）- shaped like a manjū, but carved like lace, kagamibuta-netsuke or mirror-lid netsuke - shaped like a manjū, but with a metal disc serving as a lid to a shallow bowl, usually of ivory. The metal is highly decorated with a wide variety of metallurgical techniques. Karakuri-netsuke or trick/mechanism netsuke - any netsuke that has moving parts or hidden surprises, ivory - the most common material used before ivory from live animals became illegal. Netsuke made from mammoth ivory fill part of the tourist trade demand today and this is a dense, carvable substance that makes up the solid casque growing above the upper mandible. It is not ivory, horn, or bone, yet it has been called ivory for many centuries and it is softer than real ivory and is a creamy yellow in color, becoming red at the top and sides
28.
The Little Prince
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The Little Prince, first published in 1943, is a novella, the most famous work of French aristocrat, writer, poet, and pioneering aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The novella is one of the books in the world and was voted the best book of the 20th century in France. After the outbreak of the Second World War Saint-Exupéry was exiled to North America, an earlier memoir by the author had recounted his aviation experiences in the Sahara Desert, and he is thought to have drawn on those same experiences in The Little Prince. The Little Prince is a tale, with watercolour illustrations by the author. The story is philosophical and includes social criticism, remarking on the strangeness of the adult world, the adult fable, according to one review, is actually. Though ostensibly styled as a book, The Little Prince makes several observations about life. For example, Saint-Exupéry tells of a fox meeting the young prince during his travels on Earth, the storys essence is contained in the lines uttered by the fox to the little prince, One sees clearly only with the heart. The essential is invisible to the eye, the foxs messages are arguably the books most famous quotations because they deal with human relationships. Whenever the narrator would try to correct this confusion, he was advised to set aside drawing. The narrator laments the crass materialism of contemporary society and the lack of creative understanding displayed by adults, as noted by the narrator, he could have had a great career as a painter, but this opportunity was crushed by the misunderstanding of the adults. Now an adult himself, the narrator has become a pilot, here, the narrator is greeted by a young boy whom he refers to as the little prince. Upon encountering the narrator, the prince asks him to draw a sheep. The narrator first shows him his old picture of the elephant inside the snake, which, to the narrators surprise, after three failed attempts at drawing a sheep, the frustrated narrator simply draws a box, claiming that the box holds a sheep inside. Again, to the surprise, the prince exclaims that this is exactly the picture he wanted. The prince has a habit of avoiding directly answering any of the narrators questions. The prince is described as having golden hair, a scarf, over the course of eight days stranded in the desert, as the narrator attempts to repair his plane, the little prince recounts the story of his life, often caused by his discussion of the sheep. The prince begins by describing life on his home planet, in effect. The asteroids most prominent features are three minuscule volcanoes as well as a variety of plants, catastrophe, the little prince would call it
29.
Walter de la Mare
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Walter John de la Mare OM CH was an English poet, short story writer and novelist. His 1921 novel Memoirs of a Midget won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction, De la Mare was born in Kent at 83 Maryon Road, Charlton, partly descended from a family of French Huguenots, and was educated at St Pauls Cathedral School. He was born to James Edward de la Mare, a principal at the Bank of England, the suggestion that Lucy was related to poet Robert Browning has been found to be incorrect. He had two brothers, Francis Arthur Edward and James Herbert, and four sisters Florence Mary, Constance Eliza, Ethel, De la Mare preferred to be known as Jack by his family and friends as he disliked the name Walter. He worked from 1890 in the department of the London office of Standard Oil for eighteen years to support his family. In 1908, through the efforts of Sir Henry Newbolt he received a Civil List pension which enabled him to concentrate on writing. In 1892 de la Mare joined the Esperanza Amateur Dramatics Club where he met and fell in love with Elfrida Ingpen, the leading lady, who was ten years older than he. They were married on 4 August 1899 and they went on to have four children, Richard Herbert Ingpen, Colin, Florence, the new family lived in Beckenham and Anerley from 1899 till 1924. It was in Beckenham at Mackenzie Road that the children were born, his first book of poems Songs of Childhood published and their house at Anerley in south London was the scene of many parties, notable for imaginative games of charades. In 1940, his wife Elfrida was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and spent the rest of her life as an invalid, eventually dying in 1943. From 1940 until his death, de la Mare lived in South End House, Montpelier Row, Twickenham, for the Collected Stories for Children, he won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the years best childrens book by a British subject. It was the first collection to win the award, De la Mare suffered from a coronary thrombosis in 1947 and died of another in 1956. He spent his final year mostly bed-ridden, being cared for by a nurse whom he loved and his ashes are buried in the crypt of St Pauls Cathedral, where he had once been a choirboy. De la Mare described two types of imagination – although aspects might be a better term, the childlike. It was at the border between the two that Shakespeare, Dante, and the rest of the great poets lay, De la Mare claimed that all children fall into the category of having a childlike imagination at first, which is usually replaced at some point in their lives. He explained in the lecture Rupert Brooke and the Intellectual Imagination that children are not bound in by their groping senses, facts to them are the liveliest of chameleons. They are contemplatives, solitaries, fakirs, who sink again and again out of the noise and fever of existence and his biographer Doris Ross McCrosson summarises this passage, Children are, in short, visionaries. This visionary view of life can be seen as either vital creativity and ingenuity, the increasing intrusions of the external world upon the mind, however, frighten the childlike imagination, which retires like a shocked snail into its shell
30.
Rammstein
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Rammstein is a German Neue Deutsche Härte band, formed in 1994 in Berlin. The majority of their songs are in German, but they have performed songs entirely or partially in other languages including English, Spanish, French. Rammsteins award-winning live shows are known for their pyrotechnic elements and both on and off-stage theatrics, Rammsteins entire catalogue is published by Universal Music Group. Rammstein have sold over 35 million albums worldwide, in 1989, East German guitarist Richard Z. Kruspe escaped to West Berlin and started the band Orgasm Death Gimmicks. At that time, he was influenced by American music. After the Berlin Wall came down, he moved home to Schwerin. At this time, Kruspe lived with Oliver Riedel of the Inchtabokatables, Kruspe had come to realize that the music he had previously created did not really suit him. He envisioned something that would combine machines as well as the sound of hard guitars, Kruspe, Riedel and Schneider started working together on a new project in 1994. Finding it difficult to both music and lyrics, Kruspe persuaded Lindemann, whom he had overheard singing while he was working. The band called themselves Rammstein-Flugschau after the 1988 Ramstein air show disaster, guitarist Paul H. Landers said the spelling of Ramstein with the extra m was a mistake. The extra m in the name makes it translate literally as ramming stone. A contest was held in Berlin for amateur bands in 1994, Kruspe, Schneider, Riedel, and Lindemann entered and won the contest, which sparked Landers attention, who wanted in on the project upon hearing their demo. To complete their sound, Rammstein attempted to recruit Christian Flake Lorenz, though initially hesitant, Lorenz eventually agreed to join the band. Later, Rammstein were signed by Motor Records, Rammstein began to record their first studio album, Herzeleid, in March 1995 with producer Jacob Hellner. They released their first single Du riechst so gut that August, later that year, they toured with Clawfinger in Warsaw and Prague. Rammstein headlined a 17-show tour of Germany in December, which did much to boost the bands popularity and they went on several tours throughout early 1996, releasing their second single titled Seemann on 8 January. On 27 March 1996, Rammstein performed on MTVs Hanging Out in London, Rammsteins first major boost in popularity outside Germany came when music director Trent Reznor chose two Rammstein songs, Heirate mich and Rammstein, for David Lynchs film Lost Highway. The soundtrack for the film was released in the U. S. in late 1996, Rammstein went on to tour through Germany, Austria and Switzerland from September to October 1996, performing an anniversary concert on 27 September called 100 years of Rammstein
31.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
32.
Royal Arms of England
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The Royal Arms of England are the armorials first adopted in a fixed form at the start of the age of heraldry as personal arms by the Plantagenet kings who ruled England from 1154. In the popular mind they have come to symbolise the nation of England, although according to heraldic usage nations do not bear arms, although the tincture azure of tongue and claws is not cited in many blazons, they are historically a distinguishing feature of the Arms of England. Without doubt the same animal was intended, but different names were given according to the position, Royal emblems depicting lions were first used by the Norman dynasty, later a formal and consistent English heraldry system emerged at the end of the 12th century. In 1340, King Edward III of England laid claim to the throne of France, and thus adopted the Royal arms of France which he quartered with his paternal arms, the Royal Arms of England. Significantly he placed the French arms in the 1st and 4th quarters of greatest honour and this quartering was adjusted, abandoned and restored intermittently throughout the Middle Ages as the relationship between England and France changed. When the French king altered his arms from semée of fleur-de-lys and it appears in a similar capacity to represent England in the Arms of Canada and on the Queens Personal Canadian Flag. King Henry II of England had used a coat with a lion on it, his children experimented with different combinations of lions. Although King John had a seal in 1177, with two lions passant guardant, the three lions passant or on a field gules were used as the Royal Arms by Kings John, Henry III, Edward I, and Edward II. In 1340, following the death of King Charles IV of France, in addition to initiating the Hundred Years War, Edward III expressed his claim in heraldic form by quartering the royal arms of England with the Arms of France. This quartering continued until 1801, with intervals in 1360–1369 and 1420–1422, as a consequence, the Royal Arms of England and Scotland were combined in the kings new personal arms. On 1 May 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to form that of Great Britain, the claim to the French throne continued, albeit passively, until it was mooted by the French Revolution and the formation of the French First Republic in 1792. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain, English heraldry flourished as a working art up to around the 17th century, when it assumed a mainly ceremonial role. The Royal Arms of England continued to embody information relating to English history, for instance, the coats of arms of both The Football Association and the England and Wales Cricket Board have a design featuring three lions passant, based on the historic Royal Arms of England. In 1997, the Royal Mint issued a British one pound coin featuring three lions passant to represent England, to celebrate St Georges Day, in 2001, Royal Mail issued first– and second-class postage stamps with the Royal Crest of England, and the Royal Arms of England respectively. Various accessories to the escutcheon were added and modified by successive English monarchs and these included a crest, supporters, a motto, and the insignia of an order of knighthood. These various components made up the achievement of arms. The first addition to the shield was in the form of a crest borne above the shield and it was during the reign of Edward III that the crest began to be widely used in English heraldry. The design underwent minor variations until it took on its present form in the reign of Henry VIII, The Royal Crown proper, thereon a lion statant guardant Or, the exact form of crown used in the crest varied over time
33.
W. H. Auden
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Wystan Hugh Auden was an English poet, who later became an American citizen. He was born in York, grew up in and near Birmingham in a professional middle-class family and he attended English independent schools and studied English at Christ Church, Oxford. After a few months in Berlin in 1928–29 he spent five years teaching in English public schools, then travelled to Iceland, in 1939 he moved to the United States and became an American citizen in 1946. He taught from 1941 to 1945 in American universities, followed by visiting professorships in the 1950s. From 1947 to 1957 he wintered in New York and summered in Ischia, from 1958 until the end of his life he wintered in New York and summered in Kirchstetten, Austria. Audens poetry was noted for its stylistic and technical achievement, its engagement with politics, morals, love, and religion and he came to wide public attention at the age of twenty-three, in 1930, with his first book, Poems, followed in 1932 by The Orators. Three plays written in collaboration with Christopher Isherwood in 1935–38 built his reputation as a political writer. Auden moved to the United States partly to escape this reputation, and his work in the 1940s, including the long poems For the Time Being and The Sea and the Mirror, focused on religious themes. He won the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry for his 1947 long poem The Age of Anxiety, in 1956–61 he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, his lectures were popular with students and faculty and served as the basis of his 1962 prose collection The Dyers Hand. From around 1927 to 1939 Auden and Isherwood maintained a lasting, throughout his career he was both controversial and influential, and critical views on his work ranged from sharply dismissive, treating him as a lesser follower of W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot, to strongly affirmative, after his death, his poems became known to a much wider public than during his lifetime through films, broadcasts, and popular media. Auden was born in York, England, to George Augustus Auden, a physician, and Constance Rosalie Auden, née Bicknell, who had trained as a missionary nurse. He was the third of three sons, the eldest, George Bernard Auden, became a farmer, while the second, John Bicknell Auden and he traced his love of music and language partly to the church services of his childhood. He believed he was of Icelandic descent, and his fascination with Icelandic legends. In 1908 his family moved to Homer Road, Solihull, near Birmingham, Audens lifelong psychoanalytic interests began in his fathers library. From the age of eight he attended boarding schools, returning home for holidays, until he was fifteen he expected to become a mining engineer, but his passion for words had already begun. He wrote later, words so excite me that a story, for example. Auden attended St Edmunds School, Hindhead, Surrey, where he met Christopher Isherwood, later famous in his own right as a novelist
34.
Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
35.
Astrid Lindgren
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Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays. As of January 2017, she is the worlds 18th most translated author, Lindgren has sold roughly 144 million books worldwide. Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, Sweden, Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Jonsson. She had two sisters, Stina and Ingegerd, and a brother, Gunnar Ericsson, who became a member of the Swedish parliament. Upon finishing school, Lindgren took a job with a newspaper in Vimmerby. She had a relationship with the editor, who was married. She declined and moved to the city of Stockholm, learning to become a typist. In due time, she gave birth to her son, Lars, in Copenhagen and left him in the care of a foster family. Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars, often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm, in 1931 she married her employer, Sture Lindgren, who left his wife for her. Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her child, Karin. The character Pippi Longstocking was invented for her daughter to amuse her while she was ill in bed, Lindgren later related that Karin had suddenly said to her, Tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking, and the tale was created in response to that request. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, Astrid Lindgren died in her home in central Stockholm. Her funeral took place in the Storkyrkan in Gamla stan, among those attending were King Carl XVI Gustaf with Queen Silvia and others of the royal family, and Prime Minister Göran Persson. The ceremony was described as the closest you can get to a state funeral, Lindgren worked as a journalist and secretary before becoming a full-time author. She served as a secretary for the 1933 Swedish Summer Grand Prix, in 1944 Lindgren won second prize in a competition held by Rabén & Sjögren, a new publishing house, with the novel Britt-Marie lättar sitt hjärta. A year later she won first prize in the competition with the chapter book Pippi Långstrump. Since then it has one of the most beloved childrens books in the world and has been translated into 60 languages
36.
Pippi Longstocking
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Pippi Longstocking is the main character in an eponymous series of childrens books by the Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. Pippi was named by Lindgrens daughter Karin, then nine years old like Pippi, Pippi is red-haired, freckled, unconventional and superhumanly strong – able to lift her horse one-handed. She often makes fun of unreasonable adults, especially if they are pompous and her anger comes out in extreme cases, such as when a man ill-treats his horse. Pippi, like Peter Pan, does not want to grow up and she is the daughter of a buccaneer captain and has adventure stories to tell about that too. Her four best friends are her horse and monkey, and the children, Tommy. After being rejected by Bonnier Publishers in 1944, Lindgrens first manuscript was accepted by Rabén, the first three Pippi chapter books were published in 1945–48, another six in 1969–75, and two final stories in 1979 and 2000. They have been translated into 70 languages and made several films. Pippi lives in a small Swedish village, sharing the house she styles Villa Villekulla with her monkey named Mr. Nilsson and she befriends the two children living next door, Tommy and Annika Settergren. Pippis two main possessions are a full of gold coins and a large chest of drawers containing various small treasures. Due to leading a life at sea, Pippi has received very limited conventional education and her behavior is highly exasperating to many adults, but she enjoys sharing recollections of her memories of sailing across the world. Pippi tends to many tall tales about her travels but appears to do so for the purpose of entertainment. Otherwise she seems trustworthy and loyal to her friends, Pippi is the daughter of a South Seas seafarer Ephraim Longstocking, captain of the sailing ship Hoptoad, from whom Pippi inherited her common sense and incredible strength. Captain Longstocking is the person known to match Pippi in physical ability. She believed her father would one day come to look for her at Villa Villekulla, as it turned out, Captain Longstocking had been washed ashore upon a South Sea island known as Kurrekurredutt Isle, where he was made the fat white chief by its native people. In the Swedish original, Pippi is described as negerprinsessa and her father as negerkung, meaning negro princess, Pippi has been described as the strongest girl in the world, but no explanation is given for her strength. Pippis strength amazes and confounds people, including the children, though they eventually begin to take it in stride, Pippi herself makes no mention of her extraordinary strength, though she is obviously aware of it. She is not at all violent, and when circumstances require her to herself or others. The film was based on three of the books, but several storylines were changed and characters were removed and added, Pippis character was played by Viveca Serlachius, who as Pippi made 10 other movies between 1944 and 1954
Struwwelpeter public domain audiobook at LibriVox