Stucco
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Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such as metal, expanded metal lath, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe for decorative and structural purposes.
Baroque stucco on the ceiling of the Rotonde de Mars in the Louvre Palace, Paris, by Balthazard Marsy and Gaspard Marsy, 1658
Stucco used as an exterior coating on a residential building.
Rock dash stucco used as an exterior coating on a house on Canada's west coast. The chips of quartz, stone, and colored glass measure approx. 3–6 mm (1/8–1/4").
Fragment from a Roman relief; c. 138–161 AD; height: 8¼" (20.9 cm); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Lath and plaster
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Lath and plaster is a building process used to finish mainly interior dividing walls and ceilings. It consists of narrow strips of wood (laths) which are nailed horizontally across the wall studs or ceiling joists and then coated in plaster. The technique derives from an earlier, more primitive process called wattle and daub.
Lath seen from the back with white plaster coat oozing through
Partially-exposed wallpapered lath and plaster illustrating the technique. Example from the Winchester Mystery House, constructed between 1884 and 1922