1.
54 (film)
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54 is a 1998 American drama film written and directed by Mark Christopher, about Studio 54, a world-famous New York City disco club, the main setting of the film. It stars Ryan Phillippe, Salma Hayek, Neve Campbell and Mike Myers as Steve Rubell, prior to its release in 1998, the film was extensively reshot and recut, and released to poor critical acclaim but respectable box office. In 2008, a version of the directors cut was screened at Outfest leading to interest for its release. Shane OShea is a young Jersey man, handsome enough to become a bartender at Studio 54, there he befriends aspiring singer Anita and her husband, Greg Randazzo. Shane gets sucked into the scene at Studio 54, as his life spirals downward. He had spent five years researching the club and the period while working on a screenplay. Miramax purchased a screenplay in 1995 and developed the script with the filmmaker for over a year. Christopher shot the film in Toronto over two months in the fall of 1997, during the production, a Miramax executive was often present on the set and studio head Harvey Weinstein flew up from New York to give his approval. In the 1998 version, expectations were high with the hopes that the film would become a big summer hit, Christopher finished his cut of the film and the studio scheduled the films release for July of the following year. After initial positive reactions within the company, early test screenings for the cut of the film disappointed the studio. Audiences found the characters unlikable and reacted negatively to a kiss between Shane and Greg and they also did not respond well to the happy ending for both of them and Anita. Miramax requested cuts be made and Christopher initially refused, Christopher reshot parts of his movie at the behest of the studio, with only two months until its theatrical release. These edits removed the love triangle subplot between the three characters, much of the cast was called back for two weeks of additional filming in New York without being told what they would be shooting. Meyer, for example, found out that his part in the film had been cut down to a stereotypical best-friend role. The kiss between Greg and Shane was replaced with a conversation, ultimately,45 minutes of the original film were deleted and replaced with 25 minutes of new scenes and voice-over. Miramax finally gave the cut the green light in 2014. With its original story, characters, tone and themes restored and it was given limited theatrical runs internationally and was released on Blu-ray in May 2016. 54 opened at #4 in its opening weekend with $6,611,532 behind Blade, Theres Something About Mary, the studio cut of the film received almost universally poor reviews and was a box office disappointment, grossing $16 million on an estimated budget of $13 million
2.
Radio Studio 54 Network
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Radio Studio 54 Network, or Studio 54 Network, is an Italian private radio station based in Locri, Calabria. The programming is characterized by the transmission of musical hits and real-time information, with 28 daily updates. Studio 54 Network was founded on June 6,1985 from an idea of Pietro Parretta and Francesco Massara with Enzo Gatto, Memmo Minniti, Pietro Musmeci, with the historic name of Radio DJ Club Studio 54. Like almost all the radio stations began as a game. With the Mammì law for the Italian broadcast in 1990, the game replaces the company, in 1991, was the first Calabrian radios to use the Radio Data System. In 1994, the issue was digitized, and since then the quality can not be matched with analog equipment. This was the first time in Calabria that this was achieved, in 1997 he was one of the first Italian radios perform transmission experiments, especially regarding webcasting technology in Real Audio. In 1998, its name changed Studio 54 Network, in 2000, construction of the first mobile studio Stargate marked the beginning of a new editorial policy, radio broadcasting from the square, the crowd. Italia in Prima Pagina, information and in-depth analysis, from 06,00 to 10,00 Rock Collection, the travelling show lasts an entire day and includes special guests, music, games, entertainment, and a disco. The 54 Angels are the Studio54 Networks front girls, created to support all external activities of Studio54 Network, became in 2010 a team for the animation of any event, whether or not produced by Studio 54 Network. They are equipped with mobile units discovered, such as jeeps or convertibles, studio54network offers a wide selection of hostesses and models selected from throughout the country. Studio 54 Stargate hosts the main activities and live broadcasts. Radio Studio 54 Network Official Website
3.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
4.
54th Street (Manhattan)
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54th Street is a two-mile-long, one-way street traveling west to east across Midtown Manhattan. The route begins at Twelfth Avenue, opposite the intersection is the New York Passenger Ship Terminal and the Hudson River. This is the only portion of 54th Street, the remainder is one-way eastbound. The west side neighborhood of Clinton derives its name from the park, fitz Gerald who lived there and popularized the phrase Big Apple. The London NYC, 54-floor 180 m /590 ft office tower that is tallest building on West 54th Ziegfeld Theatre New York Hilton Hotel, 54th Street, A New York Songline - virtual walking tour
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
7.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
8.
Children of a Lesser God (play)
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The play was specially written for the Deaf actress Phyllis Frelich, based to some extent on her relationship with her husband Robert Steinberg. It was originally developed from workshops and showcased at New Mexico State University, with Frelich and it was seen by Gordon Davidson, Director of the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, who insisted that the male role needed to be played by a more experienced professional actor. The cast included Phyllis Frelich as Sarah and John Rubinstein as James, in 1981, the West End production ran originally at the Mermaid Theatre, then at the Albery Theatre, garnering three Olivier Awards. The production starred Trevor Eve and Elizabeth Quinn, Deaf actors from the UK were involved as understudies including Jean St Clair, Sarah Scott and Terry Ruane. In 1986, Medoff adapted the play for film directed by Randa Haines, starring Marlee Matlin, archived from the original on September 27,2007. Children of a Lesser God at the Internet Broadway Database Children of a Lesser God at the Internet Broadway Database
9.
Eugene De Rosa
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Eugene L. De Rosa was an Italian American architect. He worked in New York City and specialized in the design of theatres, De Rosas business flourished from 1918 to 1929 and was at its height during the Roaring Twenties, but it was largely destroyed by the Great Depression. During the 1930s he spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples, toward the end of World War II he was reported to be back in New York and beginning to work on post-war theatre projects, just before his death. De Rosa was born in Calabria, in the far south of mainland Italy, while he was still a small child his parents emigrated to the United States, arriving through Ellis Island and settling in New York City, where they were living by 1898. De Rosa had four brothers, Felix, Jerry, Vincent, and John and his brother Felix also became an architect. By 1918 De Rosa was practising as an architect, quickly choosing to specialize in theatre design, an early project was his Vanderbilt Theatre, New York. By 1919 he was in a partnership called De Rosa & Pereira, during the 1920s De Rosa obtained many more commissions for new theatres. One important design for a site on Hyatt Street in St. George, Staten Island, provided not just a new theatre. De Rosas business was destroyed by the Great Depression of the 1930s. He spent some years in London and settled for a while in Naples and his brother Felix De Rosa, also an architect, sold insurance during the Depression. Before or during the Second World War De Rosa returned to New York, however, his death in about 1945 prevented the revival of his career. An improvement scheme in 1927 added six distinctive opera boxes and further balcony seating, unlike many others, the Lafayette was spared from demolition and multiplexing and continues to be used as a single-screen movie theatre. Another surviving work is The Broadway Theatre, New York, originally B. S. Mosss Colony Theatre. De Rosas huge 2, 800-seat St. George Theatre, St. George, Staten Island, begun in 1928, the theatre opened on December 4,1929, only weeks after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and remains in use. It is now owned by St. George Theatre Restoration Inc. a non-profit organization which aims to restore the building and to develop it as a performing arts, most of the ornate interior was designed not by De Rosa but by Nestor Castro
10.
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
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Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. While the avenue has different names at different points in Manhattan, north of Frederick Douglass Circle, it resumes its Eighth Avenue designation, but is also known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard. The avenue ends north of 155th Street, and merges into the Harlem River Drive, the New York City Subway IND Eighth Avenue Line runs under Eighth Avenue. MTA Regional Bus Operations primarily operates two bus routes on the avenue, the northbound M20 serves Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle, while the M10 serves the length of Eighth Avenue north of 59th Street in its entirety. The southernmost section is solely as Eighth Avenue between Abingdon Square and Columbus Circle. This portion of Eighth Avenue has carried traffic one-way northbound since June 6,1954, in fact, New York Citys annual gay pride parade takes place along the Greenwich Village section of Eighth Avenue. As its name indicates, CPW forms the edge of Central Park. It also forms the boundary of the Upper West Side. It runs 51 blocks from Columbus Circle to Frederick Douglass Circle, Central Park Wests expensive housing rivals that of Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side. Most of these housing cooperatives were built around 1930, replacing late 19th century hotels with the same names, some, including The Century, The San Remo, and The Majestic, are twin towers. Other landmarks and institutions along its length include the New-York Historical Society, the area from 61st to 97th Streets is included in the Central Park West Historic District. The building located at 55 Central Park West is the infamous Spook Central from the movie Ghostbusters, the famed New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green is located off of Central Park West, at 66th Street, within the grounds of Central Park. In 1899, while exiting a streetcar, Henry Bliss was run over by a taxi at CPW and West 74th Street, becoming the first person to be run down and killed by a motor car in the Americas. North of Frederick Douglass Circle at 110th Street in Harlem, it is Frederick Douglass Boulevard, Frederick Douglass Boulevard eventually terminates near the Harlem River at the Harlem River Drive around West 159th Street. While Central Park West has its own system, address numbers on Frederick Douglass Boulevard continue from where they would be if Central Park West used the Eighth Avenue numbering system. Formerly described as being like Detroit in its urban blight, it is now gentrified, especially in the restaurants along its route and this gentrification is partly due to massive city investment. The share of whites jumped to 12.4 percent from 2.3 percent, median household income rose 28 percent, to $34,694. Notes New York Songlines, Eighth Avenue, a walking tour
11.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
12.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
13.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
14.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
15.
Nightclub
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A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
16.
Club drug
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Club drugs range from entactogens such as MDMA and inhalants to stimulants and psychedelics. Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s Mod subculture in U. K. whose members took amphetamines. In the 1970s disco scene, the stimulant of choice shifted to cocaine, in the 1990s and 2000s, methamphetamines are sold and used in many clubs. Club drugs vary by country and region, in regions, even opiates such as heroin have been sold at clubs. Examples of drugs categorized as club drugs include MDMA, various amphetamines and the depressant GHB. Poppers is the name for a group of simple alkyl nitrites. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, the drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. The club drugs vary by country and region, in Delaware, heroin are sold at clubs and at raves. Though far less common than other drugs like MDMA, ketamine, or LSD. For example, alcohol is not included under the category of club drugs. Ketamine has long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular used in the New York Club Kid scene. Ketamine produces a state, characterized by a sense of detachment from ones physical body. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, in the 2000s, synthetic phenethylamines such as 2C-I, 2C-B and DOB have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature. By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the NBOMes, although each club drug has some variation, their use in clubs reflects their generally similar effects. Successful club drugs popularity stems from their ability to induce euphoria and give the dancer hyperactivity, many also report a feeling of heightened physical sensation, and increased libido and sexual pleasure. Some club drugs, such as LSD, enhance the experience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music. Although research continues into the scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects. Increased heart rate, a increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA
17.
Feinstein's/54 Below
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Feinsteins/54 Below is a cabaret and restaurant in New York City owned by Broadway producers Steve Baruch, Richard Frankel, Marc Routh and Tom Viertel. It has hosted shows by such performers as Patti LuPone, Ben Vereen, Marilyn Maye. It is located in the basement of Studio 54, Feinsteins/54 Below opened in June 3,2012 as 54 Below. Its designers include architect Richard H. Lewis, set designer John Lee Beatty, lighting designer Ken Billington, scott Wittman also serves as Creative Consultant. Jennifer Ashley Tepper serves as the Director of Programming at Feinsteins/54 Below, Feinsteins/54 Below features a variety of musical artists and styles, including musical theatre, opera, and jazz, the last of which was featured in a series co-produced with WBGO. In September 2015,54 Below announced an alliance with performer and singer, pianist. It was also featured in the season of the webseries Submissions Only. A partnership with Broadway Records has produced albums of shows performed at Feinsteins/54 Below. Artists with recordings in the Live at 54 Below series are, Aaron Tveit Andrea McArdle Bebe Neuwirth Christiane Noll Danielle Hope Jarrod Spector Laura Benanti Ahrens & Flaherty, Nice Fighting You. A 30th Anniversary Celebration Marin Mazzie Michael Cerveris & Loose Cattle Milly and Abigail Shapiro Norbert Leo Butz Patti LuPone Sierra Boggess When I Grow Up, Broadways Next Generation
18.
Fortune Gallo
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Fortune Thomas Gallo was an Italian-born opera impresario. Gallo was owner and General Manager of the traveling San Carlo Opera Company from 1913 until its disbandment in the late 1950s and he was born on May 9,1878 at Torremaggiore, Italy, a little town in the province of Foggia, to Zelinda Accetturo and Tommaso Gallo. He had two sisters, Antonia and Marianna and two brothers, Giuseppe and Giovanni, who became Italian army officers. His childhood was spent at Torremaggiore, where he involved with music and musicians, especially the Banda Rossa. In 1895, aboard the vessel Werra, Gallo immigrated to the United States and he worked as a clerk in an Italian bank on Mulberry Street in New York City. From that base it appears Gallo became involved in politics on the level, amassing contacts. Shortly after the turn of the century the Banda Rosa was engaged to play in America. Emanating from this situation was the acquaintance of Gallo with Channing Ellery, a patron of music, by 1910 Gallo had also become manager of another band, operated by Guiseppe Creatore. That same year he rescued an Italian opera company led by Mario Lombardi that was stranded in St, the company fared well, and in 1927 Gallo built the Gallo Opera House on West 54th Street in New York City which would become Studio 54. He not only toured the United States, Canada, Europe, and South America with San Carlo, in 1929 Gallo produced the first full-length sound movie of an opera, Leoncavallos I Pagliacci. Furthermore, he managed the Chicago Opera Company in the early 1940s, Fortune Gallos managerial abilities were lauded because he made opera pay. Numerous periodical articles described Gallos skills, with one portraying his as having produced opera for the masses, the impresario, often labeled the cut rate opera king, financed and toured with the San Carlo for over forty-five years. He died on March 28,1970 in New York City, on May 4,1912 Gallo married Sofia Charlebois, an actress. Gallo, Fortune, 1878-1970, Papers last retrieved September 1,2007 Gallo, Fortune, Lucky Rooster, Exposition Press, San Carlo Opera Founder, Fortune Gallo, Dead at 91, The Palm Beach Post - Mar 30,1970 Fortune Gallo Ballet Russe business letters 1940-1942. Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library
19.
44th Street Theatre
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The 44th Street Theatre was a Broadway theatre located at 216 West 44th Street in New York City from 1912 to 1945. It opened and operated for three years as the Weber and Fields Music Hall and its rooftop theatre, the Nora Bayes Theatre, presented many productions of the Federal Theatre Project in the mid 1930s. Its basement club became the famed Stage Door Canteen during World War II, the 44th Street Theatre was located at 216 West 44th Street in New York City. The architect was William A. Swansea, built by The Shubert Organization in 1912, it was first named Weber and Fields Music Hall. The theatre was renamed in 1915 when the duo of Joe Weber. A theatre on the roof of the building, Lew Fields 44th Street Roof Garden, in the mid-1930s it presented Federal Theatre Project shows. In the basement of the 44th Street Theatre was a small nightclub, in 1940 the building was purchased by The New York Times Company, which leased it back to Lee Shubert. When the American Theatre Wing requested the basement club as an entertainment venue for servicemen, after Shuberts lease expired in June 1945, the building was demolished. The New York Times printing plant built to replace the 44th Street Theatre was later abandoned, productions staged at the 44th Street Theatre are listed at the Internet Broadway Database
20.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
21.
What's My Line?
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Whats My Line. is a panel game show which originally ran in the United States on the CBS Television Network from 1950 to 1967, with several international versions and subsequent U. S. revivals. It is the longest-running U. S. primetime network television game-show, after its cancellation by CBS in 1967, it returned in syndication as a daily production, moderated originally by Wally Bruner and later by Larry Blyden, which ran from 1968 to 1975. There have been international versions, radio versions, and a live stage version. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it #9 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS Television, the show was initially called Occupation Unknown before deciding on the name Whats My Line. The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday, February 2,1950 and this was then state-of-the-art technology, and Daly praised it upon his return from Moscow. In such instances, there would often be two shows a day, the one, followed immediately by the live one. The cast and crew began taking Summer breaks from the show in July 1961, the host, then called the moderator, was veteran radio and television newsman John Charles Daly. Clifton Fadiman, Eamonn Andrews, and Random House co-founding publisher, the show featured a panel of four celebrities who questioned the contestants. On the initial program of February 2,1950, the panel was former New Jersey governor Harold Hoffman, columnist Dorothy Kilgallen, poet Louis Untermeyer, and psychiatrist Richard Hoffmann. At various times, a regular panelist might take a vacation or be absent from an episode to due outside commitments, on these occasions, the most frequent guest panelist was Arlene Franciss husband Martin Gabel, who appeared 112 times over the years. Publisher Bennett Cerf replaced Untermeyer as a regular panelist in 1951, Allen left in 1954 to launch The Tonight Show, and he was replaced by comedian Fred Allen, who remained on the panel until his death in 1956. Following Fred Allens death, he was not replaced on a permanent basis, for the majority of the shows network run, between 1956 and 1965, the panel therefore consisted of Kilgallen, Cerf, Francis and a fourth guest panelist. After Kilgallens death in 1965, she was not replaced with a permanent panelist. For the shows final two years, the panel consisted of Cerf, Francis and two guests, Whats My Line. was a guessing game in which the four panelists attempted to determine the occupation of a guest. In the case of the mystery guest each week, the panel sought to determine the identity of the contestant. Panelists were required to probe by asking only yes-no questions, a typical episode featured two standard rounds plus one mystery guest round. On the occasions on which there were two guests, the first would usually appear as the first contestant. For the first few seasons, the contestant would first meet the panel up close, for an inspection
22.
The $64,000 Question
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The $64,000 Question is an American game show broadcast from 1955 to 1958, which became embroiled in the 1950s quiz show scandals. The $64,000 Challenge was its popular spin-off show, Take It or Leave It — CBS Radio, April 21,1940 – July 30,1947, Sunday 10,00 p. m. The $64 Question — NBC Radio, September 10,1950 – June 1,1952, Sunday 10,00 p. m. and Sunday 9,30 p. m. The $64,000 Question — CBS television, June 7,1955 – June 24,1958, simulcast on CBS Radio from October 4 to November 29,1955. The $64,000 Challenge — CBS television, April 8,1956 – September 14,1958, the $128,000 Question — Syndicated weekly television, September 18,1976 – September 1978. The $64,000 Question had its roots in the CBS radio quiz show, Take It or Leave It, Take It or Leave It ran from April 21,1940 to July 27,1947. It was first hosted by Bob Hawk, followed by Phil Baker, contestants were asked questions devised by the series writer-researcher Edith Oliver. She attempted to make each question slightly more difficult than the preceding one, after answering a question correctly, the contestant had the choice to take the prize for that question or leave it in favor of a chance at the next question. The first question was one dollar, and the value doubled for each successive question, up to the seventh. During the 1940s, Thats the $64 question became a catchphrase for a particularly difficult question or problem. In addition to the common phrase Take it or leave it, chanted in unison by the entire audience when someone chose to risk their winnings by going for the $64 prize, it was vocalized with a rising inflection, Youll be sorrr-REEEE. The popularity of the program inspired a 1944 20th Century Fox feature film, Take It or Leave It. When he is chosen as a contestant on the quiz show. In 1947, the series switched to NBC, hosted at various times by Baker, Garry Moore, Eddie Cantor, on September 10,1950, the title of Take It or Leave It was changed to The $64 Question. Paar continued as host, followed by Baker and Paar, the series continued on NBC Radio until June 1,1952. Only two recordings of Take It or Leave It are known to survive, the $64,000 Question was created by Louis G. Cowan, formerly known for radios Quiz Kids and the television series Stop the Music. He drew the inspiration for the name from the earlier show Take It or Leave It and he decided to expand the figure to $64,000 for the new television program. Cowan had difficulty locating sponsorship for The $64,000 Question, a vacuum cleaner company also said no to Cowan, reportedly because the concept would be too glamorous for its product
23.
Video Village
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It was notable for the use of its unique living board game concept and for premiering soon after the quiz show scandals. Jack Narz served as the host from the premiere until September 9,1960. Red Rowe filled in as Mayor for the week of September 16, Kenny Williams served as the announcer throughout the shows run. Joanne Copeland served as the original hostess during its time originating from New York City. Shortly after Hall joined the show and Heatter-Quigley moved Village to CBS Television City in Hollywood, California, two contestants played the role of tokens on a human-size game board with three streets, Money Street, Bridge Street and Magic Mile. Players advanced according to the roll of a large six-sided die in a chuck-a-luck, rolled on the sidelines by a partner, after Video Village moved to California, the die was replaced by an electric randomizer. Any time a player landed on the space their opponent was on, the squares changed throughout the shows run, but some of the more notable ones included, Money squares, Located on Money Street, contestants received between $5–$20 depending on the space. Bus Stop, Do It Yourself and Take A Chance, Players landing on any one of these spaces must draw a card and follow the instructions written on the card. Jail, Located between Money Street and Bridge Street, contestants could be sent here either by landing on a Go to Jail space or drawing a card which instructed them to do so. To get out, the contestant had to predict whether their roll would be either even or odd. Ask the Council, Located on Money Street and Magic Mile, he/she won cash if the audience — acting as the council — was judged to agree. Finders Keepers, The first player to land on this space received a prize, shops, Located on the Magic Mile, these were five themed stores which each contained a prize. The first contestant to land on the stores space won that prize, safety Zone, Any player landing here is safe from any penalty imposed by their opponent. 1-2-3 Go, Any player landing on this space remained on it until getting a 1,2, or 3. Exchange Places, The very last square on the board before the two Finish lines, the contestant who landed here must change places with their opponent—no matter how far back he or she was. The first contestant to either of the two Finish spaces won the game and the right to return to play in the next game. Both contestants kept the cash and prizes they accumulated, a spin-off, Video Village Junior aired on Saturday mornings from September 30,1961 to June 16,1962, It was essentially the same game, except with children participating as the contestants. Its last episode aired the day after Video Village concluded its run, two years following Villages cancellation, a new Saturday morning kids show, Shenanigans, premiered with game play similar to that of Village
24.
Password (game show)
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Password is an American television game show which was created by Bob Stewart for Goodson-Todman Productions. The host was Allen Ludden, who had previously been known as the host of the G. E. In the game, two teams, each composed of a celebrity player and a contestant, attempt to convey words to each other using only single-word clues. An additional 1,099 daytime shows aired from April 5,1971 to June 27,1975 on ABC, the shows announcers were Jack Clark and Lee Vines on CBS and John Harlan on ABC. Two revivals later aired on NBC, Password Plus from 1979 to 1982, all of these versions introduced new variations in gameplay. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it #8 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, Two teams, each consisting of one celebrity player and one civilian contestant, competed. The word to be conveyed was given to one player on team and was shown to the studio audience. Game play alternated between the two teams, on each team, the player who was given the password gave a one-word clue from which their partner attempted to guess the password. If the partner failed to guess the password within the allotted time limit, or if an illegal clue was given. The game continued until one of the players guessed the password correctly or until ten clues had been given, on the ABC version a limit of six clues was imposed to expedite game play, with the last clue worth five points. In addition, teams were given the option of playing or passing control of the first clue to the opposing team. On the daytime edition, the first team to reach 25 points won that contestant $100, on the nighttime edition, the winner won $250. $50 was awarded for each correctly guessed password, the Lightning Round was among the first bonus rounds on a television game. This increased the bonus prize to $500. On each episode from 1961 to 1975, Ludden would caution the players about unacceptable clues by stating, word authorities on the CBS version included New York University professor David H. Greene and World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary editor Dr. Reason A. Goodwin. Robert Stockwell from UCLA and Carolyn Duncan served as word authorities during the ABC version, a beeping sound would accompany each letter as it appeared on the screen. A final beep would signal that the password was revealed to the home viewer, on Password Plus, a bell would ring when the password was revealed. On Super Password from September 24,1984 to October 31,1986, however, Gene Wood began whispering the words on Super Password just like in the original, starting on November 3,1986
25.
To Tell the Truth
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As of the 2016 version, a total of 26 seasons of the various versions of To Tell the Truth have been produced, surpassing the 25 of Whats My Line. and the 20 of Ive Got a Secret. The show features a panel of four celebrities whose object is the identification of a described contestant who has an unusual occupation or has undergone an unusual experience. This central character is accompanied by two impostors who pretend to be the character, together, the three persons are said to belong to a team of challengers. The celebrity panelists question the three contestants, the impostors are allowed to lie, but the character is sworn to tell the truth. After questioning, the attempts to identify which of the three challengers is telling the truth and is thus the central character. Although there have some variations in the rules over the years. Three challengers are introduced, all claiming to be the central character, the announcer typically asks the challengers, who stand side by side, What is your name, please. Each challenger then states, My name is, the celebrity panelists then read along as the host reads aloud a signed affidavit about the central character. The panelists are given a period of time to question the challengers. Questions are directed to the challengers by number, with the central character sworn to give truthful answers, and the impostors permitted to lie and pretend to be the central character. Any panelist who knows one of the challengers or has another advantage is required to recuse or disqualify himself or herself which. Once the votes are in, the host asks, Will the real please stand up, the central character then stands, often after some brief playful feinting and false starts among all three challengers. Occasionally, the character would be asked to do something else related to their story instead of standing up. The two impostors then reveal their names and their actual occupations. Prize money is awarded and divided among all three of the based on the number of incorrect votes the impostors draw. The series was recorded in New York City, initially at CBS-TV Studio 52, the existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966. Bud Collyer was the shows host, recurring panelists by the 1960s included Tom Poston, Peggy Cass, Orson Bean, and Kitty Carlisle. Earlier regular panelists had included Johnny Carson, Polly Bergen, Jayne Meadows, Don Ameche, Hy Gardner, Dick Van Dyke, Faye Emerson, Hildy Parks, John Cameron Swayze, and Ralph Bellamy
26.
Beat the Clock
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Beat the Clock is a Goodson-Todman game show that aired on American television in several versions from 1950 to 2003. The original show, hosted by Bud Collyer, ran on CBS from 1950 to 1958 and ran on ABC from 1958 to 1961. The show was revived in syndication as The New Beat the Clock from 1969 to 1974, with Jack Narz as host until 1972, another version ran on CBS from 1979 to 1980, with Monty Hall as host and Narz as announcer. The most recent version aired from 2002 to 2003 on PAX with Gary Kroeger, the series was also featured as the third episode of Gameshow Marathon in 2006. Ricki Lake hosted while Rich Fields announced, contestants were required to perform tasks within a certain time limit which was counted down on a large 60-second clock. If they succeeded, they were said to have beaten the Clock, otherwise, the show had several sponsors over its run, with the most longstanding being the electronics company Sylvania. Collyer was referred to in the introductions as Americas number one clockwatcher, the show had several female on-air assistants. Roxanne was replaced by Beverly Bentley in August 1955, bentleys departure in 1956 coincided with Hazel Bishops sponsorship and a period of having no main assistant. She reappeared as one of the models on the version of The Price Is Right for its entire run. The announcer for the run on CBS was Bernard Bennett until 1958. In October 1957, Beat the Clock ran a contest inviting viewers to submit drawings of what Bennett, over 20,000 viewers participated, and winner Edward Darnell, of Columbus, Indiana, was flown in to appear with Bennett on the December 2,1957 show. When Beat the Clock moved to ABC, Dirk Fredericks became the announcer, substitute announcers included Lee Vines, Bob Sheppard, Hal Simms, and Dick Noel. Contestants were chosen from the audience and usually were married couples, other pairs were engaged, dating. Collyer would ask them questions and usually asked if they had children, their ages. Sometimes the couple would bring children on the show, Collyer usually would talk to the children, asking them what they wanted to be when they grew up, or, if the kids were not at the show, to have their parents wave to them on TV. The husbands on the show usually wore a business suit, Collyer would often ask the husband to take off his coat for stunts to make it less cumbersome or Collyer would hold the coat. Occasionally, if there was going to be a messy stunt, similarly, wives would sometimes play in their street clothes, but sometimes the women would appear in a jumpsuit due to the fact that their own clothing might be too cumbersome or perhaps fragile. The womens jumpsuits, unlike the mens, which were plain, were patterned to look like a pair of overalls with a collared blouse underneath
27.
The Jack Benny Program
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The Jack Benny Program, starring Jack Benny, is a radio-TV comedy series that ran for more than three decades and is generally regarded as a high-water mark in 20th-century American comedy. Protagonist of the show, Benny is a comic, vain, penny-pinching miser, insisting on remaining 39 years old on stage despite his actual age, Eddie Anderson - Rochester Van Jones, Jacks valet and chauffeur. Early in the run, he often talked of gambling or going out with women. Later on, he complained about his lack of salary. Don generally opened the show and also did the commercial and he was the target of Jacks jokes, mostly about his weight. Dennis was always in his early 20s no matter how old he actually was and he was sweet but not very bright. When called upon, he could use a variety of accents. He usually sang a song about 10 minutes into the program, if the episode was a flashback to a previous time, a ruse would be used such as Dennis singing his song for Jack so he could hear it before the show. Although Sadie Marks, in life, was Jack Bennys wife, Mary Livingstone was a very sarcastic. Sometimes she was presented as a date, sometimes as a love interest and her role changed from plot to plot and she was never a steady girlfriend for Jack. In one episode, Fred Allen summarized Marys role as a girl to insult, Marks later legally changed her name to Mary Livingstone in response to the characters popularity. Her role on the program was reduced in the 1950s, a skirt-chasing, arrogant, hip-talking bandleader who constantly put Jack down. He referred to Mary as Livvy or Liv, and Jack as Jackson, an on-air joke explains this by saying, Its as close to jackass as I can get without being fired or getting into trouble with a censor. Spun off into The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show with his wife, Harris left the radio show in 1952 and his character did not make the transition to television. Mel Blanc - Carmichael the Polar Bear, Professor Pierre LeBlanc, Sy the Mexican, Polly, The Maxwell, an occasional running gag went along the lines of how the various characters Mel portrayed all looked alike. He was also the effects of Jacks barely functional Maxwell automobile—a role he played again in the Warner Brothers cartoon The Mouse that Jack Built. Another participating voice actor was Bert Gordon and he was always the person who waits on Jack wherever he was, from the railroad station, to the clerk in the store, to the doorman, to the waiter. Frank always delighted in aggravating Jack, as apparently, he was constantly aggravated by Jacks presence, sheldon Leonard - A racetrack tout who frequently offered unsolicited advice to Benny on a variety of non-racing-related subjects
28.
I've Got a Secret
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Ive Got a Secret is a panel game show produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television. Created by comedy writers Allan Sherman and Howard Merrill, it was a derivative of Goodson-Todmans own panel show Whats My Line, the original version of Ive Got a Secret premiered on June 19,1952, on CBS and ran until April 3,1967. This version began broadcasting in black and white and switched to a format in 1966. The show was revived for the 1972–73 season in syndication and again from June 15 to July 6,1976. Oxygen launched a revival series in 2000, which ran until 2001. A second revival by GSN with an all-gay panel premiered on April 17,2006, the show was originally hosted by radio and television personality Garry Moore. After several months of a panel, game show host Bill Cullen, acerbic comedian Henry Morgan, TV hostess Faye Emerson. In 1958, Emerson left the show to star in a play and was replaced by actress Betsy Palmer, later that year, Meadows relocated to the West Coast and was replaced by former Miss America Bess Myerson. At various times, guest hosts substituted for Moore, including panelists Morgan and Palmer, additionally, other comedians and celebrities appeared as guests on the panel when others were away. The announcer for most of the 1952-67 run was John Cannon, Moore left the show after the 1963–64 season. After his comedy program The Garry Moore Show was canceled, Moore chose to retire from television to travel the world with his wife, Moore was replaced by Steve Allen, who left his own syndicated talk show to take over the game, on September 21,1964. Allen also hosted the show during the 1972−73 revival, former panelist Bill Cullen hosted the show for its brief 1976 CBS summer run. Frequent panelists on this revival were Richard Dawson, Henry Morgan, Pat Carroll, the version seen on Oxygen was hosted by Stephanie Miller until August 2001. Regular panelists on this version included Jim J. Bullock, Jason Kravits, Amy Yasbeck, each typical episode featured two regular contestant rounds, followed by a celebrity guest round, occasionally followed by an additional regular round. Each round was a game where the panel tried to determine a contestants secret. The concept of a secret was fairly wide reaching, Secrets were always intended to be unusual, amazing, embarrassing or humorous. They commonly included such types as something which happened to a person, owning something, or an occupation, hobby, one or more contestants would enter. The host would introduce the contestant or ask their name and hometown and he would then ask them to whisper your secret to me, and well show it to the folks at home
29.
The Original Amateur Hour
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The Original Amateur Hour is an American radio and television program. The show was a continuation of Major Bowes Amateur Hour which had been a staple from 1934 to 1945. Major Edward Bowes, the originator of the program and its master of ceremonies, left the show in 1945 and he was ultimately succeeded by Ted Mack, when the show was brought into television in 1948. The show is a progenitor of later, similar such as Star Search, American Idol. The format was almost always the same, at the beginning of the show, the talents order of appearance was determined by spinning a wheel. After it was announced how many episodes the current one marked, as the wheel spun, the words Round and round she goes, and where she stops nobody knows were always intoned. The telephone number JUdson 6-7000 was on a banner at the bottom of the screen for viewers to call, as the show gained markets outside New York, Mack would give the address where viewers could send their postcards, he did this after every act. The winners were invited to appear on the weeks show. Three-time winners were eligible for the championship, with the grand-prize winner receiving a $2000 scholarship. Ted Mack ensured that the show was very fast-paced, despite the programs title, it was generally only a half-hour show, the only exception to this rule being from March 1956 to June 1957 on ABC, when it was expanded to an hour. Some contestants became minor celebrities at the time, but few ever became really big show-business stars, the two greatest successes of the shows television era were Gladys Knight, then only a child, and Pat Boone. Boones appearances on the show caused the closest thing that it ever had to a scandal. He was removed from the program, but by then his fame was assured, at twenty-three, Boone was hosting his own variety show on ABC, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, which aired from 1957-1960. Other future celebrities discovered on the show include Ann-Margret, Irene Cara, Louis Farrakhan appeared in 1949 playing a violin, under his real name Louis Wolcott. Future child actor Roger Mobley appeared with a brother and older sister in a musical trio. The greatest fame attained by anyone appearing on the show was that achieved by Frank Sinatra, the claim was that coded information was passed out in the course of the broadcast. Some accused Bowes himself, but none of these accusations could ever be proved, Bowes was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelts closest friends and was personally responsible for having the swimming pool constructed at the White House when FDR was in office. As the years went by, the audience for this program aged as well, Bowes started the radio show on WHN in New York City in 1934
30.
Captain Kangaroo
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In 1986, the American Program Service integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes, distributing the newer version of the series until 1993. The show was conceived and the character was played by Bob Keeshan. Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show when it aired on NBC, Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9000 times over the nearly 30-year run of the show. The May 17,1971, episode had two changes on the show, The Treasure House was renovated and renamed The Captains Place. It was cancelled by CBS at the end of 1984 and he was the voice of Aniforms puppet TV Fred, and was the artist behind the Magic Drawing Board. Sam Levine as The Banana Man, the character was created by Adolph Proper, bill Cosby as himself, the host of the Picture Pages segment Debbie Weems appeared as Debbie, she also provided the voice for the puppet character Baby Duck. Even the opening sequence could change, the show generally began with the theme music starting up, then the Captain would unlock and open the doors of the Treasure House from the inside, and viewers would catch their first glimpse of him. Then he would put the Treasure House keys on a nail, however, sometimes the Captain could not get the keys to stay on the nail, and when they fell off, the theme music would begin playing again. Tom had a sidekick named Mighty Manfred the Wonder Dog, other cartoons included Lariat Sam, which was developed by veteran game show announcer Gene Wood, then a show staffer. The British cartoon Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings appeared in the 1970s, another British-produced cartoon, Ludwig, about a magical egg-shaped robot, was also included around the same time as Simon. The cartoons musical score consisted of selections from the works of Beethoven, episodes were generally a few minutes each and basically revolved around teaching children the importance of dental care. A silent cartoon in the 1970s named Crystal Tipps featured the adventures of a young girl, later reruns were narrated by the voice of Mr. Moose. Another British favorite, The Wombles, was also featured, the Red & Blue shorts from Italy were also shown. The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo, featuring a family of sea explorers, was featured, beginning in 1974 and continuing throughout the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s, the show opened with different people wishing the Captain good morning. Spock, characters from the Peanuts cartoons, and Fred Rogers from Mister Rogers Neighborhood, the montage of good mornings always ended with the Captain himself returning the greeting before the opening credits ran. The Sweet Pickles books were also featured, carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975 to 1977. On the first show of every month, the Captain had a cake for all of the children with birthdays that month. Keeshan also had a role as the Town Clown, a pantomime piece that took place in
31.
Love of Life
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Love of Life is an American soap opera which aired on CBS from September 24,1951, to February 1,1980. It was created by Roy Winsor, whose previous creation Search for Tomorrow had premiered three weeks before Love of Life, and who would go on to create The Secret Storm two and a years later. Love of Life originally came from Liederkranz Hall on East 58th Street in Manhattan, mike and Buff, Ernie Kovacs, and Douglas Edwards and the News, as well as Search for Tomorrow and The Guiding Light also came from that location. The program originated at other studios in Manhattan, but primarily at the CBS Broadcast Center on West 57th Street, in 1975, the series moved to make way for a nightclub that became known as Studio 54. Until its final episode in 1980, Love of Life was taped in Studio 44 at the CBS Broadcast Center, unlike most other soap operas, Love of Life was originally not split up into segments dictated by commercial breaks. Because the show was owned by packaged-goods giant American Home Products and merely licensed to CBS, all commercials were for AHP brands, and occurred before or after the show. In the 1960s, one commercial break was allotted around the middle of the program, Love of Life adopted the five segments per half-hour standard in the 1970s. Love of Life began, as most other serials of that era, as a 15-minute program. The program became so popular, CBS expanded it to 30 minutes on April 14,1958, during that period, Love of Life generally placed in the ratings among the top six soaps in the 1950s and 1960s. Starting on October 1,1962, the duration was reduced by five minutes to accommodate a newscast. As such, Love of Lifes audience share dropped from fifth place in the 1968/1969 Nielsens to 11th in the 1969/1970 season. This led to a win for NBC in 1971 by having Hollywood Squares, Jeopardy. From this date, episodes again had a full 30-minute duration, on March 26,1973, episodes were again reduced to fit a 25-minute slot to accommodate a newscast. By this time, CBS had assumed production from the original packager, AHP, CBS canceled its in-house soaps Love is a Many Splendored Thing and Where the Heart Is in 1973, and The Secret Storm in early 1974. Love of Life managed to escape due to a brief rise in the ratings in the mid-1970s. The shows ratings climbed as high as ninth, above General Hospital and One Life to Live, on April 23,1979, CBS moved Love of Life to the 4, 00/3,00 pm slot that had opened when Match Game was canceled. For this slot, episodes again had a full 30-minute duration, however, ratings plummeted upon relocating, an increasing number of CBS affiliates pre-empted the serial to show more profitable syndicated programming. Beginning in September 1979, in markets, this included a new daily syndicated version of the Match Game
32.
Ed Sullivan Theater
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The Ed Sullivan Theater, located at 1697–1699 Broadway between West 53rd and West 54th, in the Theater District in Manhattan, is a venerable radio and television studio in New York City. The theater has been used as a venue for live and taped CBS broadcasts since 1936 and it is historically known as the home of The Ed Sullivan Show and the site of The Beatles US debut performance. It has also housed David Lettermans tenure of CBS Late Show from 1993 to 2015, the theatre currently houses The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the second incarnation of the Late Show franchise. It is on the National Register of Historic Places, and the interior has been designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the 13-story, brown brick and terra cotta office building with a ground-floor theater was designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp. It was built by Arthur Hammerstein between 1925 and 1927, and was named Hammersteins Theatre after his father, Oscar Hammerstein I, the original neo-Gothic interior contained pointed-arch stained-glass windows with scenes from the elder Hammersteins operas. Its first production was the three-hour musical Golden Dawn, the male lead of which was Cary Grant, then still using his birth name. Arthur Hammerstein went bankrupt in 1931, and lost ownership of the building and it later went by the name Manhattan Theatre, Billy Roses Music Hall, and the Manhattan once again. In the 1930s, it became a nightclub, after CBS obtained a long-term lease on the property, the radio network began broadcasting from there in 1936, moving in broadcast facilities it had leased at NBC Studios in Radio City. The debut broadcast was the Major Bowes Amateur Hour, the theater had various names during the networks tenancy, including Radio Theater #3 and the CBS Radio Playhouse. It was converted for television in 1950, when it became CBS-TV Studio 50, in the early and mid-Fifties, the theater played host to many of the live telecasts of The Jackie Gleason Show. The theater was renamed for Sullivan at the end of his 20th Anniversary Celebration telecast on December 10,1967. In the 1960s, Studio 50 was one of CBS busiest stages, not only for Sullivans program but also for The Merv Griffin Show, as well as several game shows. In 1965, Studio 50 was converted to color, and the first color episode of The Ed Sullivan Show originated from the theater on October 31,1965, the first episode of regular color telecasts of Whats My Line. was broadcast live on September 11,1966. Line and Truth remained at Studio 50 even after they moved from CBS to first-run syndication in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Ed Sullivan Theater was also the first home for The $10,000 Pyramid, with its huge end-game board set at the rear of the stage, in 1973. Other short-lived game shows produced at the Ed included Musical Chairs with singer Adam Wade, Shoot For The Stars with Geoff Edwards, the CBS lease on the building expired in 1981 and it became a Reeves Entertainment teletape facility. As such it hosted the sitcom Kate & Allie, which ran from 1984 to 1989, in 1990, David Niles/1125 Productions signed onto the lease, with the theater to house his HDTV studio and new Broadway show Dreamtime. On October 17,1992, an NBC special celebrating Phil Donahues 25 years on television taped in the theater, the following month, NBC News used the theater for its November 1992 election night coverage
33.
CBS Broadcast Center
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The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and radio production facility located in New York City. It is CBSs main East Coast production center, much as Television City in Los Angeles is the West Coast hub, black Entertainment Television also uses the Broadcast Center for then 106 & Park and other in-studio shows for the network. CBS Television Distributions nationally syndicated newsmagazine, Inside Edition, is taped at the CBS Broadcast Center. The Broadcast Center is also the base for the CBS Radio Network. The networks Master Control on the first floor serves as the routing center for other programming distributed by Westwood One. In addition to the Broadcast Center, CBS has one major studio in Manhattan — the Ed Sullivan Theater at 1697 Broadway. The General Motors Building on Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, was the home of The Early Show until December 31,2011, the Early Shows successor, CBS This Morning, premiered from newly constructed Studio 57 at the Broadcast Center on January 9,2012. Operations moved from Grand Central to the Broadcast Center in stages, from the 1950s to 1970s, another prominent CBS stage in New York was Studio 52 at 254 West 54th Street, around the corner from Studio 50. CBS also leased the Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street, now Chelsea Studios, for shows in the 1960s, 1970s. In early 2012, it was announced The Nate Berkus Show would not be renewed, after a few months it was announced that Anderson Coopers talk show would move into Studio 42 leaving its home in the Time Warner Center. Also in 2012, CBS acquired the Riverhead, Long Island-licensed WLNY-TV, following the merger, CBS moved that stations employees to the CBS Broadcast Center, with their former Melville facility maintained as the WCBS/WLNY Long Island bureau offices. WLNY currently carries one program from Broadcast Center, a 9pm newscast with WCBSs news personnel from Broadcast Center. Live from the Couch, a show airing parallel to CBS This Morning on WCBS, was broadcast on WLNY from 2012 until early 2014. The building in which the Broadcast Center is located served as a dairy depot for Sheffield Farms. CBS, which had been using studios at Grand Central Terminal and other theaters throughout Manhattan, purchased the site in 1952, until January 2000, the Broadcast Center was home to CBS-TVs soap opera As the World Turns. Defunct serials Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow, Love is a Many Splendored Thing, the show had been produced in Studio 45 at the CBS Broadcast Center from 1965-1968 before moving to West 26th street. GL used Studios 42 and 45 until its final broadcast on September 18,2009, in 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced The Dana Carvey Show at the Broadcast Center for ABC. Former home of CBS Evening News,57, CBS News 57 Newsroom, CBSN, CBS Weekend News and CBS Morning News Official website
34.
Late Show with David Letterman
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Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS, the first iteration of the Late Show franchise. The show debuted on August 30,1993, and was produced by Lettermans production company, Worldwide Pants Incorporated, the shows music director and leader of the house band, the CBS Orchestra, was Paul Shaffer. The head writer was Matt Roberts and the announcer was Alan Kalter, of the major U. S. late-night programs, Late Show ranked second in cumulative average viewers over time and third in number of episodes over time. In most U. S. markets the show aired from 11,35 p. m. to 12,37 a. m. Eastern and Pacific Time, and recorded Monday through Wednesdays at 4,30 p. m. the second Thursday episode usually aired on Friday of that week. In 2002, Late Show with David Letterman was ranked No.7 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. As host of both Late Night and Late Show for more than 30 years, Letterman surpassed Johnny Carson as the longest running talk show host in 2013. That same year, Late Night and Late Show were ranked at #41 on TV Guides 60 Best Series of All Time, in 2014, Letterman announced his retirement and the final episode of Late Show aired on May 20,2015. The show was succeeded by The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, hosted by Stephen Colbert. For most of the 20 years preceding Late Show, CBSs late night fare consisted of movies, reruns and specialty programming packaged under the title CBS Late Night and broadcast to middling ratings. When David Letterman became available following a conflict with NBC, CBS was eager to lure him and offered him a three-year, $14 million per year contract, according to their agreement, the show would spend a month in Hollywood at least once a year. CBS purchased the Ed Sullivan Theater for $4 million, spending several million to renovate it, the renovation was supervised by architect James Polshek. CBS total cost for acquiring the show including renovations, negotiation rights paid to NBC, signing Letterman, announcer Bill Wendell, Shaffer, the writers and the band was over $140 million. A significant issue regarding Lettermans move to CBS was the ownership of long-running comedy bits used on Late Night, NBC claimed that much of what he did on Late Night was intellectual property of the network. Ultimately a compromise was reached in key areas, NBC gave Letterman the choice of at least two options to name his new show, Late Show with David Letterman or Nightly with David Letterman. On this matter CBS executives stepped in, rejecting Nightly in part because of confusion with Nightline on ABC. Thus, Late Show with David Letterman quickly became the official title, after Letterman was introduced on Late Shows very first episode, NBC Nightly News anchor Tom Brokaw accompanied him on stage and wished him reasonably well. As part of an act, Brokaw then proceeded to retrieve a pair of cue cards while stating that These last two jokes are the intellectual property of NBC
35.
Mark Rothko
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Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz, was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent. Although Rothko himself refused to adhere to any art movement, he is identified as an abstract expressionist. With Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, he is one of the most famous postwar American artists, Mark Rothko was born in Dvinsk, Vitebsk Governorate, in the Russian Empire. His father, Jacob Rothkowitz, was a pharmacist and an intellectual who initially provided his children with a secular and political, rather than religious, according to Rothko, his pro-Marxist father was violently anti-religious. In an environment where Jews were often blamed for many of the evils that befell Russia, despite Jacob Rothkowitzs modest income, the family was highly educated, and Rothko was able to speak Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. Fearing that his sons were about to be drafted into the Imperial Russian Army. Markus remained in Russia, with his mother and elder sister Sonia and they arrived as immigrants, at Ellis Island, in late 1913. From that point, they crossed the country, to join Jacob, jacobs death, a few months later, from colon cancer, left the family without economic support. Sonia operated a cash register, while Markus worked in one of his uncles warehouses and his fathers death also led Rothko to sever his ties with religion. After he had mourned his fathers death for almost a year at a local synagogue, Markus had started school in the United States in 1913, quickly accelerating from third to fifth grade. In June 1921, he completed the level, with honors, at Lincoln High School in Portland. He learned his fourth language, English, and became a member of the Jewish community center. Like his father, Rothko was passionate about issues such as workers’ rights, at the time, Portland was the epicentre of revolutionary activity in the U. S. and the region where revolutionary syndicalist union Industrial Workers of the World, was strongest. He heard Emma Goldman speak on one of her West Coast activist lecture tours, with the onset of the Russian Revolution, Rothko organised debates about it. Despite the repressive political atmosphere, he wished to become a union organiser. Rothko received a scholarship to Yale, at the end of his freshman year in 1922, the scholarship was not renewed, and he worked as a waiter and delivery boy to support his studies. He found the Yale community to be elitist and racist, Rothko and a friend, Aaron Director, started a satirical magazine, The Yale Saturday Evening Pest, which lampooned the schools stuffy, bourgeois tone. In any event, Rothkos nature was more that of a man than a diligent pupil, One of his fellow students remembers that he hardly seemed to study
36.
Rothko case
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The Rothko case was the protracted legal dispute between Kate Rothko, the daughter of the painter Mark Rothko, the painters estate executors, and the directors of his gallery, Marlborough Fine Art. The entire Rothko matter involved few litigants, but many counsel, one year later Rothko died by suicide on February 25,1970, leaving an estate consisting primarily but not entirely of 798 of his paintings. Rothkos wife Mary Alice died of a six months after her husbands demise. In the year after Rothkos death, the value of his more than doubled while early works were selling at auction for over $80,000. In 1971 Kate Rothko sued to release the estate from the agreement and have the paintings returned to the family. Such terms were not unheard of, as Pablo Picasso had had a deal with his gallery in the 1920s. It emerged from the proceedings that the executors and the gallery defrauded Rothko. Marlborough disputed the return of the paintings and was able to prevail as to those works it had sold during the proceedings in defiance of the orders to the contrary. Those works remained in the hands of collectors, including Rothkos 1953 oil on canvas painting, Homage to Matisse, the courts involved in litigating the Rothko matter were faced with many complex issues as part of and beyond the wrongdoing of the Marlborough group as estate executors. In 1979 after much of the litigation had already taken place. He bulk of the estate was and is in the form of hundreds of paintings rather than cash, internal Revenue Service may not at an early time complete its final determination with respect to date-of-death estate taxes. The estate is presently resisting a deficiency assessment of large proportions, reis estate lost its summary judgment motion to make the ruling go away. The disgraced Lloyd is not mentioned as active after 1972 on the history page on Marlboroughs website. Lloyd died in 1998 at age 86, the filmmakers based their work on the 1978 book, The Legacy of Mark Rothko, on interviews and the trial transcripts. Art dealer Art gallery Art world economics Wellman, Richard V, punitive Surcharges Against Disloyal Fiduciaries—Is Rothko Right. Harrow, Gustave, Reflections on Estate of Rothko, The Role of the Legal Advisor in Relation to the Artist,26 Cleveland State Law Review 573, feldman, Franklin, Marketing Fine Art, Selling the Right Thing the Wrong Way,1 Communications & the Law 71. Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law
37.
Glitter
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Glitter describes an assortment of small, flat, reflective particles. Glitter particles reflect light at different angles, causing the surface to sparkle or shimmer, glitter is like confetti, sparkles, or sequins, but somewhat smaller. Since prehistoric times, glitter has been made and used as decoration, from different materials including stones such as malachite, galena. Modern glitter is usually manufactured from plastic, the first production of modern plastic glitter is credited to the American machinist Henry Ruschmann, who found a way to cut plastic or mylar sheets into glitter in 1934. During World War II with German glass glitter unavailable, Ruschmann found a market for scrap material ground into glitter made of plastics and he founded Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. in Bernardsville, New Jersey, the company is still a producer of industrial glitter. Decades later he filed a patent for a mechanism for cross-cutting films as well as other related inventions, today over 20,000 varieties of glitter are manufactured in a vast number of different colors, sizes, and materials. Over 10,000,000 pounds of glitter was purchased between the years of 1989 and 2009 alone, commercial glitter ranges in size from 0.002 square inches to 0.25 square inches. First, flat multi-layered sheets are produced combining plastic, coloring, and reflective material such as aluminium, titanium dioxide, iron oxide and these sheets are then cut into tiny particles of many shapes including squares, rectangles, and hexagons. Glittering surfaces have been found to be used since prehistoric times in the arts, the modern English word “glitter” comes from the Middle English word gliteren, possibly by way of the Old Norse word glitra. However, as early as 30,000 years ago, mica flakes were used to cave paintings a glittering appearance. Prehistoric humans are believed to have used cosmetics, made of powdered hematite,8,000 years ago people of the Americas were using powdered galena a form of lead, to produce a bright greyish-white glittering paint used for objects of adornment. The collecting and surface mining of galena was prevalent in the Upper Mississippi Valley region by the Cahokia native peoples, over 6,000 years ago, ancient Egyptians produced glittering cosmetics from the iridescent shells of beetles as well as finely ground green malachite crystal. Prior to modern plastics, particles of glass were used to create glittering surfaces, prior to fabrics made with modern glitter, sequins were sewn or woven on to fabric to give it a glittering appearance. Edible glitter made from gum arabic and other ingredients is even used by culinary artists, glitter is used in cosmetics to make the face and nails appear more shiny or sparkly. Additionally, it is used in arts and crafts to color. The small, brightly colored particles often stick to clothing, skin, and furniture, glitter coatings or finishes are frequently used on fishing lures to draw attention by simulating the scales of prey fish. Due to its characteristics, glitter has also proven to be useful forensic evidence. Because of the tens of thousands of different commercial glitters, identical particles can be compelling evidence that a suspect has been at a crime scene
38.
Andy Warhol
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Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in galleries in the late 1950s. He promoted a collection of known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with coining the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame. In the late 1960s, he managed and produced the rock band The Velvet Underground. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism and he is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. Warhol has been the subject of retrospective exhibitions, books. The Andy Warhol Museum in his city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art. Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable, the highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash, his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. A2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the bellwether of the art market, Warhol was born on August 6,1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the child of Ondrej Warhola and Julia, whose first child was born in their homeland. His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, located in todays northeastern Slovakia, Warhols father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhols grandparents. Warhols father worked in a coal mine, the family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church, Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol, the oldest, was born before the family emigrated, Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavols son, James Warhola, became a childrens book illustrator. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors, often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio, Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident, as a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945
39.
Liza Minnelli
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Liza May Minnelli is an American actress and singer. She is considered both an American icon and a gay icon, Minnelli is the daughter of film actress and singer Judy Garland and film director Vincente Minnelli. She began her career as a teenager in New York City as a theatre actress. Minnelli also regularly performed with her famous mother, including a 1964 joint engagement at the London Palladium and in Garlands own CBS television series The Judy Garland Show. In 1965 she made her Broadway debut in the musical Flora the Red Menace and was awarded the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and her other film roles have included Golden Globe Award nominated performances in Lucky Lady, New York, New York and Arthur. She has successfully returned to the Broadway stage on a number of occasions, from the late 1970s onwards, Minnellis work has predominantly focused on concert tours and nightclub performances. She gave highly regarded performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987, in the late 1980s she toured alongside Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. in Frank, Liza & Sammy, The Ultimate Event. Minnelli was born on March 12,1946 in Hollywood, California, to Vincente Minnelli and she attended New York Citys High School of Performing Arts and Chadwick School. Her first performing experience on film was at age three where she appeared in the scene of the musical In the Good Old Summertime. The film stars Garland and Van Johnson, Minnelli has a half-sister, Lorna, and half-brother, Joey, from Garlands marriage to Sid Luft. She also has another half-sister, Christiane Nina Minnelli, from her fathers second marriage, Minnellis godparents were Kay Thompson and Ira Gershwin. Her parents named her after Ira Gershwins song Liza, during 1961, Minnelli was an apprentice at the Cape Cod Melody Tent, Hyannis, Massachusetts. She appeared in the chorus of Flower Drum Song and played the part of Muriel in Take Me Along, Minnelli began performing professionally at age 17, in 1963, in an Off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward, for which she received the Theatre World Award. The next year, her mother invited Liza to perform with her in concert at the London Palladium, both concerts were recorded and released as an album. She attended Scarsdale High School for one year, starring in a production of The Diary of Anne Frank which then went to Israel on tour and she turned to Broadway at 19, and won her first Tony Award as a leading actress for Flora the Red Menace. It was the first time she worked with the musical duo John Kander, Minnelli began as a nightclub singer as an adolescent, making her professional nightclub debut at the age of 19 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D. C. That same year she began appearing in clubs and on stage in Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami. Her success as a performer led to her recording several albums for Capitol Records
