1.
William F. Knowland
–
William Fife Knowland was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and Republican Party leader. He was a US Senator representing California from 1945 to 1959 and he served as Senate Majority Leader from August,1953 to January,1955 after the death of Robert A. Taft. He opposed sending American forces to French Indochina and was a critic of Communist China under Mao Zedong. Knowland represented the wing of the party and considered some of President Dwight D. Eisenhowers policies too liberal. After the Republicans lost their majority in the 1954 election, he served as Minority Leader from 1955–1959 and he was defeated in his 1958 run for California Governor. He succeeded his father, Joseph R. Knowland, as the editor in chief, Knowland was born in the City of Alameda, Alameda County, California. His father, Joseph R. Knowland, was serving his term as a US Representative. He was the child, with an older sister, Elinor. His grandfather, Joseph Knowland, had made the fortune in the lumber business. His mother, Elinor Fife Knowland, died on July 20,1908 and his fathers second wife, Emelyn S. West, raised Knowland as her own son. A young Knowland made campaign speeches for the 1920 Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and he married at 19, became a California State Assemblyman at 25, entered the US Senate at 37, and became a grandfather at 41. Knowland, the president of the student body, graduated from Alameda High School in the Class of 1925 and he graduated with a political science degree in three and a half years from the University of California, Berkeley in 1929. He was a member of Zeta Psi fraternity, California Governor C. C. Young and University of California President William Wallace Campbell praised Knowlands political activities as a university student. Knowland attended the 1932 Republican National Convention and he watched from the gallery, the California delegation which included his father, Earl Warren, Louis B. Mayer and Marshall Hale. The Republicans in Chicago renominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis, in November 1932, he was elected to the State Assembly, serving two years, and in 1934 to the California State Senate, serving four years. He did not seek re-election in 1938 but remained active in the California Republican Party by serving in a number of roles. He was also influential on the scene, serving as the chairman of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee from 1940 to 1942. Knowland campaigned for 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell L. Willkie, in June 1942, Knowland was drafted into the U. S. Army for World War II service
2.
Everett Dirksen
–
Everett McKinley Dirksen was an American politician of the Republican Party. He represented Illinois in the House of Representatives and the Senate, Dirksen, a conservative, was one of the Senates strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was also known as The Wizard of Ooze because of his flamboyant oratorical style. Dirksen was born in Pekin, Illinois, a city near Peoria. He was the son of German immigrants Johann Friedrich Dirksen and his wife Antje Conrady, Everett had a fraternal twin, Thomas Dirksen, and a brother named Benjamin Harrison, a nod to the Republican leanings of his father. The boys father died when the twins were nine years old, Dirksen grew up on a farm on Pekins outskirts, in a section called Beantown because immigrants grew beans instead of flowers. After attending the schools, he entered the University of Minnesota Law School. He served as a lieutenant in a field artillery battery. He was a member of the Reformed Church in America, founded in the 18th century by Dutch immigrants, after the war, Dirksen invested money in an electric washing machine business, but it failed. He joined his brothers in running a bakery and he expressed his artistic side by writing a number of unpublished short stories, as well as plays with former classmate Hubert Ropp. In addition, Dirksen was active in the American Legion, and his political career began in 1926, when he was elected to the nonpartisan Pekin City Council. He placed first in field of eight candidates vying for four seats, at the time, the top votegetter also received appointment as the citys commissioner of accounts and finance, and Dirksen held both posts from 1927 to 1931. Dirksen was a Freemason and was a member of Pekin Lodge #29 in Pekin, in 1954, he was Grand Orator of the Grand Lodge of Illinois. He was honored with the 33rd degree in 1954, after losing in the 1930 Republican primary, Dirksen won the nomination and the congressional seat in 1932 and was re-elected seven times. His support for many New Deal programs marked him as a moderate, Dirksen was able to secure the passage of an amendment to the Lend Lease Act by introducing a resolution while 65 of the Houses Democrats were at a luncheon. It provided that the Senate and the House could, by a majority in a concurrent resolution. Dirksen studied law privately in Washington, D. C. after he was elected and he was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1936 and the bar of Illinois in 1937. In December 1943, Dirksen announced that he would be a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1944 and he stated that a coalition of midwestern Republican representatives had urged him to run and that his campaign was serious. Dirksens presidential campaign was still alive on the eve of the 1944 convention
3.
Homer S. Ferguson
–
Homer Samuel Ferguson was a United States Senator from Michigan. He was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of Harrison City, Pennsylvania to parents Samuel Ferguson, Ferguson attended public schools and the University of Pittsburgh. He graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1913, was admitted to the bar the year and commenced practice in Detroit. He was judge of the court for Wayne County, Michigan from 1929–1942. Ferguson was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1942 and was reelected in 1948, serving from January 3,1943, Ferguson successfully was re-elected in 1948, a year dominated by the Democratic partys upset wins. He was a candidate for reelection in 1954, defeated by Democrat Patrick V. McNamara. While in the Senate, he served as chairman of the Republican Policy Committee in the 83rd United States Congress and he introduced the Senate version of the bill that inserted under God into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954. Michigans 17th congressional district United States House of Representatives Republican Charles G. Oakman had previously introduced a House version, the bill became law on Flag Day, June 14,1954. Also in 1954, Ferguson proposed several amendments to the Bricker Amendment, Ferguson served as United States Ambassador to the Philippines from 1955 to 1956 and was judge of the United States Court of Military Appeals at Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1971. He served as judge on the United States Court of Military Appeals from 1971 to 1976. In 1976, he retired and moved back to Michigan and resided in Grosse Pointe until his death and he is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, in Detroit. Fergusons behind the scenes involvement in influencing the failed investigation, trial, lloyd Bridges portrayed Senator Ferguson in the 1988 film Tucker, The Man and His Dream, in which Tucker was played by the elder actors son Jeff Bridges. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, homer Ferguson is available at the Internet Archive
4.
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
–
Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper was a Republican politician from the US state of Iowa. He was lieutenant governor from 1939 to 1943 and then the 29th Governor of Iowa from 1943 to 1945, in 1944, he won election to the first of four terms in the United States Senate. An only child of a couple, Hickenlooper was born in Blockton in Taylor County in southwestern Iowa. He attended Iowa State University, then Iowa State College in Ames, in April 1917, Hickenlooper enrolled in the officers training camp at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. He was commissioned a lieutenant and assigned to France as a battalion orientation officer. After military service, Hickenlooper early in 1919 returned to the United States, in June 1919, he received his bachelors degree in industrial science from Iowa State. He then enrolled at the University of Iowa College of Law and he thereafter practiced law in Cedar Rapids. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1934 to 1937 and his grandfather had earlier served in the same body. When he ran for lieutenant governor, the first time unsuccessfully in 1936 and he told a yarn about his going as a child to a drugstore in the county seat of Bedford to obtain a nickels worth of asafetida for his mother. The druggist just gave him the asafetida, a pungent herb used in cooking, as lieutenant governor, Hickenlooper saved a Cedar Rapids woman from drowning in the Cedar River. The extensive publicity from his rescue mission generated him much support when he ran for governor in 1942, in 1944, Hickenlooper easily unseated the Democrat Guy M. Gillette in the U. S. Senate election. As a senator from 1945 to 1969, Hickenlooper was among the most conservative and he became the top Republican on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, serving alongside longtime Democratic chairman J. William Fulbright of Arkansas. Hickenlooper was a co-author of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and he also chaired the Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee. In 1958, U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Hickenlooper as a U. S. representative to the United Nations General Assembly. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson named him to a team to oversee the elections in the Republic of South Vietnam. Hickenlooper in time one of the most powerful Republicans in the Senate. In this position, he developed an intense intraparty rivalry with fellow Midwesterner Everett McKinley Dirksen of Illinois, Hickenlooper opposed civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Dirksen was working in collaboration with U. S, senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, the Democratic floor manager of the legislation and later Vice President of the United States from 1965 to 1969
5.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
–
The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
6.
Kenneth McKellar (politician)
–
Kenneth Douglas McKellar was an American politician from Tennessee who served as a United States Representative from 1911 until 1917 and as a United States Senator from 1917 until 1953. A Democrat, he served longer in both houses of Congress than anyone else in Tennessee history, and only a few others in American history have served longer in both houses. McKellar was a native of Dallas County, Alabama and graduated from the University of Alabama in 1891 and he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and was admitted to the bar the same year. McKellar was first elected to the House in an election in November 1911 to succeed George W. Gordon in the 10th Congressional District. He won the seat in his own right in 1912 and was reelected in 1914 serving until his election to the United States Senate. McKellar ran for the Senate in 1916, defeating incumbent Senator Luke Lea in the Democratic primary and he was reelected to the Senate in 1922,1928,1934,1940, and 1946 when he defeated William B. McKellar was considered a progressive in his early days in the Senate. He also staunchly supported the New Deal, especially the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority, McKellar was also a close ally of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump. Kenneth McKellar was a crusader of free trade and supported the repeal of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff after 1930, despite his early support for the policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, McKellar grew more conservative in his political stances and began opposing the administrations appointments. The most noted of these would be a feud with FDRs appointee to head the TVA. As head of the Appropriations Committee, McKellar had full knowledge of the appropriations needed for the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb. He was often called upon to keep the secret of the Manhattan Project by mingling funds for the project with other projects. As the Tennessee Valley Authority was centered in Tennessee, his home state, mcKellars threat to withhold funding for purchases of uranium had a much deeper meaning though. Lilienthal was also associated with the Manhattan Projects work done to electromagnetically enrich uranium. The Presidential Succession Act in effect until 1947 actually placed the Secretary of State as first in the line of succession, Truman successfully lobbied Congress to put first the Speaker of the House and then the President pro tempore of the Senate ahead of the Cabinet secretaries. By the time the law came into effect, McKellar was no longer in the position of President pro tempore, Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 to restrict labor unions, which McKellar voted in favor of. As such Truman selected Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his mate in the 1948 presidential election. When Democrats regained control as a result of the 1948 elections and he was therefore second in line for the presidency from January 3,1949 until January 20,1949, when Alben Barkley took office as Vice President of the United States
7.
Walter F. George
–
Walter Franklin George was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957, George was born on a farm near Preston, Georgia, the son of Sarah and Robert Theodoric George, who were sharecroppers. He attended public schools and then Mercer University in Macon, Georgia and he received his law degree from Mercer in 1901 and entered the practice of law. George served as a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1917, George resigned from the Supreme Court of Georgia to run for a seat in the United States Senate, which became available due to the death of Thomas E. Watson. George was re-elected to his first full term in 1926. He served in the Senate from 1923 until 1957, declining to run for a full term in 1956. At that time, the Republican Party in Georgia was very weak, during the 1920s George, a Democrat, tended to vote much like his fellow senators from the South, conservatively. He supported prohibition and opposed civil rights for blacks, even voting against anti-lynching measures and he was a strong supporter of large corporations, particularly those based in Georgia, like the Coca-Cola Company and Georgia Power Company. In 1928, Georgias congressional delegation selected George as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, even though George was never a serious candidate for the nomination, it was clear that he was very popular among his fellow Georgians. The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression of the 1930s and, with it, still very conservative, George opposed Franklin Roosevelts nomination for president in 1932. He would also support several of the earlier New Deal policies and during Roosevelts time in office, he supported 34 New Deal bills that went through the Senate, opposing only 10. Roosevelt—who considered Georgia his second home, given the time he spent at Warm Springs, tried hard to unseat George, George shook the presidents hand and accepted the challenge. George avoided openly attacking Roosevelt, who was popular in Georgia. Instead, George accused the presidents advisors of promoting his interference in Georgia politics, George painted a dire picture of another round of Reconstruction to be forced upon Georgia if the northern advisors had their way. George easily won renomination for his seat and, with the Democratic Party firmly in control of Georgia. This attempt increased his popularity in his State and in the Senate, from July 31,1941 – August 2,1946 Senator George was chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance. In this position he blocked many of Roosevelts continued efforts to enact progressive taxation, once the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, George embraced the presidents vigorous prosecution of the war. He reversed his previous opposition to an international agency designed to keep peace by supporting the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and he also strongly supported racial segregation like most other southern senators, signing The Southern Manifesto in 1956 and introducing it into the Congressional Record
8.
United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
–
The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate, the Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the U. S. Senate, with 30 members in the 114th Congress. The committee was first organized on March 6,1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance Committee. The chairman of the Appropriations Committee has enormous power to bring home special projects for his or her state as well as having the final say on other senators appropriation requests. For example, in fiscal year 2005 per capita spending in Alaska. Alaska has 11,772 special earmarked projects for a combined cost of $15,780,623,000 and this represents about four percent of the overall spending in the $388 billion Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 passed by Congress. The federal budget is divided into two categories, discretionary spending and mandatory spending. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills, each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. These functions were handled by two separate Senate subcommittees. Archived from the original on October 13,2005, ^ Creation of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. Archived from the original on September 27,2005, call it Pork or Necessity, but Alaska Comes Out Far Above the Rest in Spending. ^ Senate, House Appropriations Set Subcommittee Plans for New Congress, archived from the original on January 31,2007. ^ Senate Appropriations Subcommittee Rosters Set, archived from the original on September 29,2007. Appropriations in Riddicks Senate Procedure, 150–213, the Cardinals of Capitol Hill, The Men and Women Who Control Government Spending. United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 1867–2008, the Congressional Appropriations Process, An Introduction
9.
Carl Hayden
–
Carl Trumbull Hayden was an American politician and the first United States Senator to serve seven terms. The longtime Dean of the United States Senate served as its president pro tempore and he was a member of the Democratic Party. In addition, he played a key role in creating the formula for the federal highway system. Known as the Silent Senator, Hayden rarely spoke on the Senate floor, instead his influence came from committee meetings and Senate cloakroom discussions where his comments were given a respect comparable to canon law. Theyd probably vote landlocked Arizona a navy if he asked for it, Hayden was born to Charles Trumbull Hayden and Sallie Calvert Davis on October 2,1877, in Haydens Ferry, Arizona Territory. Charles Hayden was a Connecticut-born merchant and freight operator who had moved west due to a lung ailment, Charles Hayden had also served as a probate judge and, following Grover Clevelands 1884 election, had been considered for the territorial governorship. Sallie Davis was an Arkansas-born schoolteacher who served as president of the Arizona Territorial Suffrage Association during the 1890s. Following the birth of their son, Charles and Sallie Hayden had three daughters, Sarah, Anna, and Mary, Anna died unexpectedly at two-and-one-half years of age. The Hayden family operated a variety of interests including a ferry service, a gristmill, a general store. While he was growing up, Haydens family took several trips including journeys to Washington D. C. to these, Hayden added several solo trips including a horseback trip to the Grand Canyon and a trip to Mexico City when he was fourteen. Hayden attended Tempes Eighth Street School and Arizona Territorial Normal School, while at Stanford, he was sophomore class president and participated in debate, fiction writing, football, and track. During his junior year, Hayden suffered his only defeat when he narrowly lost the race for student body president. He attributed his loss to overconfidence and learned to always run scared in future elections, Hayden met his future wife, Nan Downing, while at Stanford. The couple married on February 14,1908 and produced no children, one semester from graduation, in December 1899, Hayden was forced to drop out of school when his father became ill. Charles Hayden died on February 5,1900, leaving his son with responsibility for the family, in the fall of 1903, he enlisted in the Arizona Territorial National Guard and was elected captain within two months. Soon after his return from Stanford, Hayden became active in Democratic Party politics, in September 1900 he represented Tempe as a delegate at a county level convention and became chairman of the Maricopa County Democratic Central Committee in 1902. Hayden was also elected to a term on the Tempe town council. Following passage of the National Reclamation Act of 1902 he was sent to Washington, Hayden led the Arizona Territory delegation to the 1904 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis
10.
Party leaders of the United States Senate
–
The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate, the Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate are the second-ranking members of each partys leadership. The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues, because they are the second ranking member of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 52 Republicans,46 Democrats, the current leaders are Republican Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Democratic Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York. The current Assistant Majority Leader is Republican John Cornyn of Texas, the current Assistant Minority Leader/Whip is Democrat Dick Durbin of Illinois. The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority, John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917, the Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate. The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate is absent, for these reasons, it is the Majority Leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a deal of discretionary power. The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920, the Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925. gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority
11.
Leverett Saltonstall
–
Leverett A. Saltonstall was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts. He served three terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts, and for more than twenty years as a United States Senator. Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy and he was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy. Leverett Saltonstall was born in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts to Richard Middlecott Saltonstall, the Saltonstall family, a wealthy Boston Brahmin family, had deep colonial roots, as did that of his mother. Saltonstall was able to trace his roots to the Mayflower, his grandfather and great-grandfather. His father was a lawyer, his mother was the daughter of Peter C. Brooks III and he then entered Harvard, graduating in 1914, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1917. He also played football and hockey, scoring an overtime goal in a 1914 win over the legendary Hobey Bakers Princeton team. Saltonstall married Alice Wesselhoeft in 1916, while still in law school, after graduation, Saltonstall entered the United States Army. He served as a first lieutenant in the 301st Field Artillery Regiment in the 76th Division in World War I and he was discharged in 1919, and then entered the law firm of his uncle. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives that same year, there he rose to the position of Speaker of the House, in 1936, Saltonstall decided to seek the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts. In the party convention, conservative forces prevailed in securing the nomination for John W. Haigis, Saltonstalls friends were able to engineer his nomination for Lieutenant Governor. Both Haigis and Saltonstall were defeated by their Democratic rivals, although Saltonstalls margin of defeat, just over 7,000 votes, was enough to merit a recount. He ran again two year later, and won a victory over James Michael Curley, who had been involved in a bruising Democratic primary fight against the incumbent Charles F. Hurley. During his tenure, Saltonstall mediated a Teamsters strike, reduced taxes and he served as President of the National Governors Association from 1943 to 1944. In 1944, he served as the fifth President of the Council of State Governments. The Cocoanut Grove fire occurred in Boston and he was reelected in 1940 and 1942, the 1940 election win was by an extremely narrow margin. In 1944, Saltonstall was elected to the United States Senate in an election to fill the unexpired term created by the resignation of U. S. He was re-elected three times, serving from 1945 to 1967 and those he defeated included John H. Corcoran in 1944, John I
12.
Kenneth S. Wherry
–
Kenneth Spicer Wherry was an American businessman, attorney, and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U. S, Senator from Nebraska from 1943 to 1951. He was Senate Minority Leader from 1949 to 1951, Wherry was born in Liberty, Nebraska, to David Emery and Jessie Wherry. He received his education at public schools in Pawnee City. From 1915 to 1916, he studied business administration at Harvard University, during World War I, he served in the U. S. Navy Flying Corps. Following his military service, Wherry began a career selling automobiles, furniture. He also studied law and, after being admitted to the bar, Wherry entered politics as a member of the Pawnee city council, serving in 1927 and 1929. He was mayor of Pawnee City from 1929 to 1931, simultaneously serving as a member of the Nebraska State Senate from 1929 to 1932 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor in 1932 and for U. S. In 1938, Wherry was again elected mayor of Pawnee City and he was chairman of the Nebraska Republican Party from 1939 to 1942, and Western Director for the Republican National Committee from 1941 to 1942. In 1942, Wherry was elected to the U. S. Senate after defeating incumbent George W. Norris and he was reelected in 1948 and served until his death. He served as Republican whip from 1944 to 1949 and Senate Minority Leader from 1949 to 1951 and he was also one of the few postwar politicos to see the plight of the defeated Germans. In 1945, Wherry was among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the United Nations, Wherry was the unsuccessful leader in the fight to block the Marshall Plan in Congress in early 1948. Congress, under the control of conservative Republicans, agreed to the program itself, the 20-member conservative isolationist wing of the party was led by Wherry. He was outmaneuvered by the internationalist wing, led by Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, Vandenberg admitted there was no certainty that the plan would succeed, but said it would halt economic chaos, sustain Western civilization, and stop further Soviet expansion. Senator Robert A. Taft, The most prominent conservative, hedged on the issue and he said it was without economic justification, however it was absolutely necessary in the world battle against communism. I say, lets get these fellows out of the government and he also publicized the fear that Adolf Hitler had given Joseph Stalin a list of closeted homosexuals which he believed Stalin would use to blackmail them into becoming Soviet spies. He died in Washington on November 29,1951, while serving as Republican Floor Leader, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Kenneth S. Wherry papers at Nebraska State Historical Society Fundamentalist Republican, obituary from Time
13.
Lyndon B. Johnson
–
A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
14.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
15.
New Hampshire
–
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests
16.
Henry W. Keyes
–
Henry Wilder Keyes was a Republican politician from Haverhill, New Hampshire. He served as Governor of New Hampshire and as a United States Senator, Keyes was born in Newbury, Vermont on May 23,1863. He was raised in New Hampshire, and his father was a prominent farmer, merchant, Keyes graduated from Adams Academy, and then attended Harvard University, from which he graduated in 1887. He was a farmer and cattle breeder, and initiated raising of the Holstein-Friesian breed in the United States and he was also a founder of the Woodsville National Bank, and served as its president. Keyes served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1891 to 1895 and he served in the New Hampshire State Senate from 1903 to 1905. He was treasurer of the State license commission from 1903 to 1915, from 1915 to 1917 he served again in the state House of Representatives. In 1916 he was elected Governor of New Hampshire, and he served one term,1917 to 1919, Keyes ran successfully for the United States Senate in 1918. He was reelected in 1924 and 1930 and served from March 4,1919 and he did not run for reelection in 1937. Keyes married future prolific author Frances Parkinson Keyes in 1904 and they had three sons together—Henry Wilder Keyes, Jr. John Parkinson Keyes, and Francis Keyes. Keyes died on June 19,1938 in North Haverhill, New Hampshire and he was the recipient of an honorary Master of Arts from Dartmouth College, and honorary Bachelor of Science and LL. D. degrees from New Hampshire College. Keyes biographic sketch at U. S. Congress Keyes at New Hampshires Division of Historic Resources Henry W. Keyes at Find a Grave Henry Wilder Keyes at National Governors Association
17.
Maurice J. Murphy Jr.
–
Maurice J. Murphy Jr. was the New Hampshire Attorney General and an appointed United States Senator. Born in Dover, New Hampshire, he graduated from the College of the Holy Cross in 1950 and he was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Portsmouth in 1955. He served as a man in the United States Army in 1946 and 1947. He was legal counsel to the New Hampshire Senate in 1957-1958, after serving as deputy attorney general for several months, Murphy was appointed by Governor Powell as New Hampshire Attorney General, and took office on November 4,1961. Three weeks later, the longest-serving U. S. Senator, on December 7,1961, Governor Powell appointed Murphy as U. S. Senator, to fill the vacancy until a November 1962 special election. Many political observers expected that Mrs. Dolores Bridges would be appointed to her husbands seat, Murphy ran in the 1962 election in an effort to keep his seat. However, Murphy was challenged in the primary by Doloris Bridges, Congressman Perkins Bass, Murphy finished third behind Bass and Mrs. Bridges. Governor Powell, too, was defeated in primary, and in his election night speech, he referenced Loebs opposition. Murphy then resumed the practice of law and he was chairman of the board and general counsel of the Portsmouth Savings Bank from 1968 to 1988. At the time of his death in 2002, he resided in Stratham and he was interred in Prospect Hill Cemetery in Greenland, New Hampshire. Maurice J. Murphy Jr. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, maurice J. Murphy Jr. at Find a Grave
18.
Governor of New Hampshire
–
The Governor of the State of New Hampshire is the head of the executive branch of New Hampshires state government. The governor is elected at the state general election in November of even-numbered years. New Hampshire is one of two states, along with bordering Vermont, to hold gubernatorial elections every two years as opposed to every four. Currently, the states 82nd governor is Republican Chris Sununu, who has served since January 5,2017, in New Hampshire, the governor has no term limit of any kind. No governor has served more than three terms since the 18th century with the exception of John Lynch, who won an unprecedented fourth term on November 2,2010. John Taylor Gilman had been the last governor before Lynch to serve longer than six years, unlike in many other states in which Executive Councils are merely advisory, the Executive Council of New Hampshire has a strong check on the governors power. The five-member council has a veto over many actions of the governor, the governor has the sole power to veto bills and to command the National Guard while it is not in federal service. To be qualified to be governor, one must be 30 years of age, a registered voter, starting in 1679, the colonial governors had been known as President of New Hampshire. From 1786 to 1791, President of the State of New Hampshire was the style of the position. The New Hampshire Constitution was amended in 1791 to replace President with Governor, list of Governors of New Hampshire New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu New Hampshire State Constitution - EXECUTIVE POWER – GOVERNOR A New Nation Votes, American Election Returns, 1787-1825
19.
John Gilbert Winant
–
John Gilbert Winant OM was an American politician with the Republican party after a brief career as a teacher in Concord, New Hampshire. John Winant held positions in New Hampshire, national, and international politics and he was the first man to serve more than a single two-year term as Governor of New Hampshire, winning election three times. Winant also served as US Ambassador to the United Kingdom during most of World War II, depressed by career disappointments, a failed marriage, and heavy debts, he committed suicide in 1947. Winant was born on East Side, New York City, the son of Frederick and his father was a partner in a prosperous real estate company. Winant attended St. Pauls School in Concord and progressed to Princeton University, but he was a poor student, and left without graduating. He was appointed an instructor in history at St. Pauls in 1913, remaining there until 1917, in 1917 he joined the United States Army Air Service, trained as a pilot, and commanded the 8th Aero Squadron in France, with the rank of captain. Winant returned to his position at St. Pauls in 1919 after his military service and he lost money in oil stocks in 1929, which he had profited from through the 1920s. He twice served as Governor of New Hampshire, from 1925 to 1927 and he served his later terms during the Great Depression and responded in several ways. He oversaw an emergency credit act which allowed the state to guarantee debts of municipalities so that governments could continue. He pushed through a minimum wage act for women and children, during the depression, Winant fought to keep improving the states highways while reorganizing the state banking commission and pursuing more accurate accounting of state agencies funds. Working closely with the government, Winant was the first governor whose state filled its enrollment quota in the Civilian Conservation Corps. Subsequently President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Winant to be the first head of the Social Security Board in 1935, at the time, it was rumored that Roosevelt appointed Winant to prevent him from running for President in 1936, but Winant never admitted to Presidential aspirations. The next year, he was elected to head the International Labor Office in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1941, Roosevelt appointed Winant ambassador to Britain, and Winant remained in that post until he resigned in March 1946. There is no place Id rather be at this time than in England, the remark, for a country that had come through the Battle of Britain and was in the midst of The Blitz, was dramatically on the front page of most British newspapers the next day. Winant, according to the book, had an affair with Churchills second daughter Sarah Churchill during this time, Winant was with Winston Churchill when he learned that Pearl Harbor had been attacked. President Harry S. Truman appointed Winant U. S. representative to UNESCO in 1946, however, he found himself unable to adjust to a quieter pace of life. Everywhere Winant turned he saw the drama in which he had participated so significantly drawing to a close, estranged from his socially ambitious wife and deeply in debt, he became profoundly depressed. In 1947, Winant shot himself in the head at his Concord home on the day his book Letter from Grosvenor Square was published
20.
Francis P. Murphy
–
Francis Parnell Murphy was a manufacturer and politician from Nashua, New Hampshire. He served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives and on the Governors Council before being elected as a Republican Governor. Murphy supported Roosevelts New Deal policies and switched to the Democratic Party in an attempt to unseat U. S, senator Styles Bridges in the 1942. He retired from politics to enter the broadcasting business and later started the WMUR radio. A large flood control project in northern New Hampshire at the headwaters of the Connecticut River is named for him and he was also responsible for one of the first ski area aerial tramways in the United States when the Cannon Mountain tramway was built in Franconia Notch, New Hampshire. Murphy was the fourth of eight born to Irish immigrant Roman Catholic parents. His father was a worker and a Civil War veteran. Murphy graduated from school in the factory town of Hudson, Massachusetts. Murphy worked his way up from this position, holding successively more responsible jobs at factories in Newport, Manchester. During World War I Murphy was chairman of New Hampshires Committee on Electric Power Supply, in 1922 Murphy and two partners organized the J. F. McElwain Company, a manufacturer of shoes, and in 1925 Murphy served on Governor Winants military staff with the rank of major. He was elected to the legislature, and to Governor Winants Executive Council. By 1936 Murphys shoe manufacturing plant had grown to twelve shoe manufacturing plants, Murphy won the Republican nomination for governor in 1936. Then he won the election in the face of an electoral landslide for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Even Republican New Hampshire voted for Roosevelt, so much ticket splitting was necessary for Murphy to win and he was reelected to a second term in 1938. Governor Murphy supported much New Deal legislation, particularly legislation which supported labor rights and he also had the traditional New Hampshire concern for sound budgeting. In order to ease tax burdens, he eliminated the state tax on real estate in favor of a new tax on tobacco products. The State House annex was built to bring all state agencies under one roof, the state got into tourism with the new Cannon Mountain Tramway, and with new State-owned bathing facilities at Hampton Beach. The State Police were established at this time and a system of probation was set up to make law enforcement more efficient
21.
Pembroke, Maine
–
Pembroke is a town in Washington County, Maine, United States. The population was 840 at the 2010 census, the town is home to a reversing falls on Mahars Point. Called Pennamaquan by the Passamaquoddy Indians, the area was settled about 1774 as part of Dennysville. It was set off and incorporated on February 4,1832 by the legislature, which named it after Pembroke in Wales, with one of the finest harbors in Maine, Pembroke too became a shipbuilding center. Vessels were constructed here as early as 1825, by 1859, when the population was 1,712, there were seven shipyards operating. Most schooners constructed here were used either by the trade or fisheries. Pembroke also had a factory, three sawmills, one gristmill, four shingle mills and four lath machines. Near the head of tide stood the Pembroke Iron Company, established in 1832 and by 1856 producing almost 5,000 tons of iron spikes, rivets, in 1880, the towns population was 2,324. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 35.26 square miles. Drained by the Pennamaquan River, Pembroke is on Cobscook Bay, the town is crossed by U. S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 214. As of the census of 2010, there were 840 people,358 households, the population density was 30.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 531 housing units at a density of 19.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 9% White,0. 1% African American,1. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 0% of the population. 27. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.68. The median age in the town was 48.5 years. 20. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 2% were from 25 to 44, 33% were from 45 to 64, and 22. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48. 7% male and 51. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 879 people,376 households, and 263 families residing in the town. The population density was 32.1 people per square mile, there were 539 housing units at an average density of 19.7 per square mile
22.
Concord, New Hampshire
–
Concord /ˈkɒŋ. kərd/ is the capital city of the U. S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County. As of the 2010 census, its population was 42,695, Concord includes the villages of Penacook, East Concord, and West Concord. The area that would become Concord was originally settled thousands of years ago by Abenaki Native Americans called the Pennacook, the tribe fished for migrating salmon, sturgeon, and alewives with nets strung across the rapids of the Merrimack River. The stream was also the route for their birch bark canoes. The broad sweep of the Merrimack River valley floodplain provided good soil for farming beans, gourds, pumpkins, melons and maize. On January 17,1725, the Province of Massachusetts Bay and it was settled between 1725 and 1727 by Captain Ebenezer Eastman and others from Haverhill, Massachusetts. On February 9,1734, the town was incorporated as Rumford, from which Sir Benjamin Thompson, citizens displaced by the resulting border adjustment were given land elsewhere as compensation. In 1779, New Pennacook Plantation was granted to Timothy Walker, Jr. and his associates at what would be incorporated in 1800 as Rumford, Maine, the site of Pennacook Falls. Concord grew in throughout the 18th century, and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street. In 1808, Concord was named the seat of state government. The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the legislative branches meet in their original chambers. The city would become noted for furniture-making and granite quarrying, in 1828, Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot-Downing Coaches. Their most famous coach was the Concord Coach, modeled after the coach of King George III. In the 19th century, Concord became a hub for the railroad industry, today, the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies. It is also home to Concord Litho, one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country, Concord is located at 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 67.5 square miles. 64.2 square miles of it is land and 3.2 square miles of it is water, Concord is drained by the Merrimack River. Penacook Lake is in the west, the highest point in Concord is 860 feet above sea level on Oak Hill, just west of the hills 970-foot summit in neighboring Loudon
23.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
24.
University of Maine
–
The University of Maine is a public research university in Orono, Maine, United States. The university was established in 1865 as a land grant college and is the university of the University of Maine System. The University of Maine is one of only nine land, sea, the University of Maines athletic teams, nicknamed the Black Bears, are Maines only Division I athletics program. The University of Maine was founded in 1862 as a function of the Morrill Act, established in 1865 as the Maine College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, the Maine College opened on September 21,1868 and changed its name to the University of Maine in 1897. By 1871, curricula had been organized in Agriculture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station was founded as a division of the university in 1887. Gradually the university developed the Colleges of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Engineering and Science, in 1912 the Maine Cooperative Extension, which offers field educational programs for both adults and youths, was initiated. The School of Education was established in 1930 and received college status in 1958, the School of Business Administration was formed in 1958 and was granted college status in 1965. Women have been admitted into all curricula since 1872, the first masters degree was conferred in 1881, the first doctors degree in 1960. Since 1923 there has been a graduate school. Near the end of the 19th century, the university expanded its curriculum to place emphasis on liberal arts. As a result of this shift, faculty hired during the early 20th century included Caroline Colvin, chair of the history department and the nations first woman to head a major university department. On April 16,1925,80 women met in Balentine Hall — faculty, alumnae and this organization was called The All Maine Women because only those women closely connected with the University of Maine were elected as members. On April 22,1925, the new members were inducted into the honor society, when the University of Maine System was incorporated, the school was renamed by the legislature over the objections of the faculty to the University of Maine at Orono. This was changed back to the University of Maine in 1986, the University of Maine is the flagship of the University of Maine System. The president of the university is Susan J. Hunter, the senior administration governs cooperatively with the Chancellor of the University of Maine system, James H. Page and the sixteen members of the University of Maine Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees has full responsibility and authority for the university system. It appoints the Chancellor and each university President, approves the establishment and elimination of programs, confers tenure on faculty members. UMaine is also one of a handful of colleges in the United States whose Student Government is incorporated, Student Government was formed in 1978 and incorporated in 1987
25.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
26.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
27.
State school
–
State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
28.
Maine
–
Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
29.
Orono, Maine
–
Orono is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. Located on the Penobscot and Still Water Rivers, it was first settled by Europeans in 1774 and named in honor of Chief Joseph Orono and it is home to the University of Maine. The towns population was 10,362 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.60 square miles. The town is divided by the Stillwater River, a branch of the Penobscot River and it occupies part of Marsh Island, which is surrounded by the Penobscot and the Stillwater, and the remainder of the town is on the mainland. The Orono Dam impounds the Stillwater River at its confluence with the Penobscot River near downtown Orono and this climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orono has a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,363 people,2,831 households, the population density was 569.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,089 housing units at a density of 169.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 7% White,1. 2% African American,1. 1% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age in the town was 21.8 years. 8. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,55. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,12. 2% were from 25 to 44,13. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 10. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51. 8% male and 48. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, the town had a population of 9,112 people,2,691 households, and 1,291 families residing in the town. The population density is 500.3 people per square mile, there are 2,899 housing units at an average density of 159.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 54% White,1. 38% Black or African American,0. 95% Native American,2. 39% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races, and 1. 15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 21% of the population,31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 0% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the family size was 2.81
30.
Ashfield, Massachusetts
–
Ashfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,737 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Ashfield was first settled in 1743 and was incorporated in 1765. The town was originally called Huntstown for Captain Ephraim Hunt, who died in King Williams War, the first permanent settlement was in 1745, by Richard Ellis, an Irish immigrant from the town of Easton. The town was renamed upon reincorporation, although there is debate over its namesake, it is either for the ash trees in the area, or because Governor Bernard had friends in Ashfield, England. The town had a small peppermint industry in the nineteenth century, Ashfield is the birthplace of prominent director Cecil B. DeMille, Alvan Clark, nineteenth century astronomer and telescope maker, and William S. Clark, member of the Massachusetts Senate and third president of Massachusetts Agricultural College. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 40.3 square miles, of which 40.0 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. Ashfield is located in the southwest corner of Franklin County, along the Hampshire County line, Ashfield is bordered by Buckland to the north, Conway to the east, Goshen to the south, Cummington to the southwest, Plainfield to the west, and Hawley to the northwest. Ashfield is 15 miles west-southwest of Greenfield,35 miles north-northwest of Springfield, Ashfield lies in the eastern foothills of The Berkshires, with several high hills, including Ridge Hill, in the northern portion of town. Near the center of town, Ashfield Lake feeds into the South River, in the southwest portion of town, a small portion of the Poland Brook Wildlife Management Area crosses into town, as does a portion of the Daughters of the American Revolution State Forest. The town is at the junction of the north-south Route 112 and the east-west Route 116, the town is located approximately 12 miles west of Interstate 91, the nearest interstate to the town. The nearest bus service is in Greenfield, with the nearest small air service being Turners Falls just east of there. The nearest Amtrak service is in either Greenfield, Northampton, or Pittsfield, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,800 people,741 households, and 500 families residing in the town. By population, Ashfield ranked thirteenth of the towns in Franklin County. The population density was 44.7 people per square mile, there were 821 housing units at an average density of 20.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 33% White,0. 61% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 06% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 44% of the population. 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.90
31.
University of New Hampshire
–
The University of New Hampshire is a public research university in the University System of New Hampshire, in the United States. The universitys Durham campus, comprising six colleges, is located in the Seacoast region of the state, a seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the universitys campus in Manchester, the states largest city. The University of New Hampshire School of Law, known as the Franklin Pierce Law Center until 2010, is located in Concord, the University of New Hampshire was founded and incorporated in 1866, as a land grant college in Hanover in connection with Dartmouth College. In 1893, UNH moved to Durham, with over 15,000 students between its Durham, Manchester, and Concord campuses, UNH is the largest university in the state. The university is one of only nine land, sea and space grant institutions in the nation, since July 1,2007, Mark W. Huddleston has served as the universitys 19th president. The Morrill Act of 1862 granted federal lands to New Hampshire for the establishment of an agricultural-mechanical college, in 1866, the university was first incorporated as the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Hanover, New Hampshire, in association with Dartmouth College. The institution was officially associated with Dartmouth College and was directed by Dartmouths president, Durham resident Benjamin Thompson left his farm and assets to the state for the establishment of an agricultural college. On January 30,1890, Benjamin Thompson died and his will became public, on March 5,1891 Gov. Hiram Americus Tuttle signed an act accepting the conditions of Thompsons will. On April 10,1891, Gov. Tuttle signed a bill authorizing the colleges move to Durham, New Hampshire. In 1892, the Board of Trustees hired Charles Eliot to draw a plan for the first five campus buildings, Thompson, Conant, Nesmith, and Hewitt Shops. Eliot visited Durham and worked for three months to create a plan prior to the move to Durham, the Class of 1892, excited about the pending move to Durham, held commencement exercises in an unfinished barn on the Durham campus. On April 18,1892, the Board of Trustees voted to authorize the faculty to all the arrangements for the packing. In fall 1893, classes began in Durham with 51 freshmen and 13 upperclassmen. Graduate study was established in fall 1893 for the first time. The number of students and the lack of funds for dormitories caused a housing crunch. The lack of housing caused difficulty for attracting women to the university, in 1908, construction on Smith Hall, the first womens dorm, was completed using private and state funds. Prior to the construction of Fairchild Hall in 1915 for male students,50 freshmen lived in the basement of DeMerritt Hall, with the continuing housing shortage for men, the administration encouraged the growth of the UNH Greek system. From the late 1910s through the 1930s, the fraternity system expanded and provided room, in 1923, Gov. Fred Herbert Brown signed a bill changing the name of the college to University of New Hampshire
32.
Durham, New Hampshire
–
Durham is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 14,638 at the 2010 census, Durham is home to the University of New Hampshire. The primary settlement in the town, where 10,345 people resided at the 2010 census, is defined by the U. S, situated beside Great Bay at the mouth of the Oyster River, Durham was originally called Oyster River Plantation. It was settled in 1635 by pioneers who traveled up the Piscataqua River, at the time, the land that is now New Hampshire belonged to Massachusetts, not until 1692 did the New Hampshire colony finally gain full and permanent independence from its southern neighbor. Most of the area was divided among four townships, and for its first century. The village location was ideal for its water, natural meadows for livestock. The land along the river was settled, and nearby dense forests provided the timber necessary to construct homes as well as boats. Oyster River Plantation took the form of an agricultural village. The town name Durham was suggested by the Rev, hugh Adams, as claimed by him in an address to the General Assembly in 1738. In all,104 inhabitants were killed and 27 taken captive, with half the dwellings, including the garrisons, the community would rebuild, however, and by 1716 Durham was a separate parish. Incorporated in 1732, Durham once included portions of the towns of Madbury, Lee. Because of its land, the town would develop as a farming community. Benjamin Thompson, a descendant of a settler, bequeathed his assets and family estate, Warner Farm. Founded in 1866 in Hanover, the New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Thompson Hall, built in 1892 with an iconic clock tower, is named in his honor. Designed in the Romanesque Revival style by the Concord architectural firm of Dow & Randlett, over the years the people of Durham have created several libraries, Durham Social Library, This library was incorporated by act of the New Hampshire Legislature in 1815. The library contained several hundred books and had a membership numbering nearly 50, Durham Agricultural Library, Formed Feb.3,1862, with Benjamin Thompson as president, this library was small and vocationally-based. Durham Social Library, Organized March 9,1881, the library had a membership of 80, in 1883 the Richardson house was purchased to house the library. It eventually merged with the Durham Public Library, Durham Public Library, Established in 1892 through the provisions of a New Hampshire state act, this was the towns first public library
33.
Magazine
–
A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
34.
Governor
–
A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and these companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are governors, school governors. The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernyare, the historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman standardized provincial governments after their conquest by Rome, in Pharaonic times, the governors of each of the various provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt are usually known by the Greek word. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation, under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies in Rome in the previous year, a special case was Egypt, a rich private domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a sui generis styled praefectus augustalis. Otherwise, the governors of provinces had various titles, some known as consularis, apart from Egypt and the East, each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio and this system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East, the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage, a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos, today, crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the colonies of the United Kingdom. Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors, frequently the name Government House is given to Governors residences. The term can also be used in a generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it, Governor-general. In the United Kingdoms remaining overseas territories, the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government, the Governors chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony. In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, in Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen, as head of the state government. It is not an office but a ceremonial one. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier, State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used
35.
John Gunther
–
He is best known today for the memoir Death Be Not Proud about the death of his beloved teenage son, Johnny Gunther, from a brain tumor. Gunther was born in the Lakeview district of Chicago, growing up on the North Side of the city and he was the first child of a family of German descent. His father was Eugene Guenther, a salesman and his mother was Lizette Schoeninger Guenther. During World War I the family changed the spelling of its name from Guenther to Gunther in order to avoid having a German-sounding name, in 1922, he was awarded a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Chicago, where he was literary editor of the student paper. Gunther met Frances Fineman in London in 1925 and the two were married in 1927, through 1936 they worked together—Frances as a foreign correspondent for the London News Chronicle—throughout Europe. Gunther wrote, I was at one time or another in charge of Daily News offices in London, Berlin, Vienna, Moscow, Rome, and Paris, and I also visited Poland, Spain, the Balkans, I have worked in every European country except Portugal. I saw at first hand the whole panorama of Europe from 1924 to 1936. In Vienna, Gunther worked alongside a group of English-speaking central European correspondents that included Marcel Fodor, Dorothy Thompson, Robert Best, Gunther later described those years as the bubbling, blazing days of American foreign correspondence in Europe. Most of us traveled steadily, met constantly, exchanged information, caroused, took in each others washing and we were scavengers, buzzards, out to get the news, no matter whose wings got clipped. With the success of the Inside books starting in the late 1930s, during World War II he worked as a war correspondent in Europe. The Gunthers had two children, Judy, who died in 1929 before the age of 1, and John, Jr. who was born in 1929, Gunther married Jane Perry Vandercook in 1948, the two adopted a son. Gunther died of cancer on May 29,1970. The books that made Gunther famous in his time were the Inside series of continental surveys, about Inside Europe, Gunther wrote, This book has had a striking success all over the world. I was fortunate in that it appeared at just the right time, in 1947, Gunther tackled Inside U. S. A. visiting all of the then-48 states. On the 50th anniversary of the publication, Arthur Schlesinger Jr. appraised the book and its impact, This book. It presents a shrewd, fast-moving, sparkling panorama of the United States at this moment of apparent triumph. Sinclair Lewis called it the richest treasure-house of facts about America that has ever been published, at the same time, in its preoccupations and insights Inside U. S. A. foresaw dilemmas and paradoxes that were to harass and frustrate Americans for the rest of the century. In addition, he published books for young readers, including a biography of Alexander the Great in 1953, and Meet Soviet Russia
36.
1940 Republican National Convention
–
The 1940 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from June 24 to June 28,1940. It nominated Wendell Willkie of Indiana for President and Senator Charles McNary of Oregon for Vice-President, the contest for the 1940 Republican nomination was wide-open. Front-runners included Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan, Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, Taft was the leader of the GOPs conservative, non-interventionist wing, and his main strength was in his native Midwest and parts of the South. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the favorite son candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a compromise candidate. All three men had campaigned vigorously during the season, but only 300 of the 1,000 convention delegates had been pledged to a candidate by the time the convention opened. Moreover, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited, deweys relative youth - he was only 38 in 1940 - and lack of any foreign-policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Nazi military emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940 Vandenberg was also a non-interventionist and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters attention and this left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge. A Wall Street-based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never run for public office. Willkie, a former Democrat who had been a delegate at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelts attempt to break up electrical power monopolies. Willkie did not dismiss all Roosevelts social welfare programs, and in fact supported those he believed free enterprise could not do better, furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies, especially the United Kingdom. Willkies persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be a presidential candidate. Even so, Willkie remained a candidate, the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Germany, nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkies candidacy. By mid-June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into place with 17%. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkies pro-British statements won over many of the delegates, hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from Willkie Clubs that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere, at the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the galleries of the convention hall
37.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
38.
Wendell Willkie
–
Wendell Lewis Willkie was an American lawyer and corporate executive, and the 1940 Republican nominee for President. His Democratic opponent, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, won the 1940 election with about 55% of the popular vote, Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892, both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the days of the war. Willkie settled in Akron, Ohio, where he was employed by Firestone. Much of his work was representing electric utilities, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation and he was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U. S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&Ss property for a good price, a longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as a choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters – many youthful – enthusiastically promoted his candidacy, Willkies support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race, Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states. After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelts informal envoy, and as leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes, Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming, after the war, a political party. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1940, Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana on February 18,1892, the son of Henrietta and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar and his father was born in Germany and his mother was born in Indiana, to German parents, his grandparents were involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions in Germany. The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but, as they were abolitionists, Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well. Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name, the Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan did not, defeated by former Ohio governor William McKinley. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher, one classmate said that Philip Pat Bing fixed that boy up
39.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
40.
Charles L. McNary
–
Charles Linza McNary was a United States Republican politician from Oregon. He served in the Senate from 1917 to 1944 and was Senate Minority Leader from 1933 to 1944, in the Senate, McNary helped to pass legislation that led to the construction of Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, and worked on agricultural and forestry issues. He also supported many of the New Deal programs at the beginning of the Great Depression, until Mark O. Hatfield surpassed his mark in 1993, he was Oregons longest-serving senator. McNary was the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1940, on the ticket with presidential candidate Wendell Willkie and they lost to the Democratic ticket, composed of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was running for his third term as president, and Henry A. Wallace in a landslide. McNary was a justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1913 to 1915 and was dean of Willamette University College of Law, in his hometown of Salem, from 1908 to 1913. Before that, he was a deputy attorney under his brother, John Hugh McNary. McNary died in office after unsuccessful surgery on a brain tumor, Oregon held a state funeral for him, during which his body lay in state at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem. McNary Dam, McNary Field, McNary High School, and McNary Country Club in Oregon are named in his honor, McNary was born on his maternal grandfathers family farm north of Salem on June 12,1874. He was the ninth of ten children, and the third son, when the two married in 1860, Hugh McNarys father-in-law gave him a 112-acre farm in what is now the city of Keizer. Charles McNarys paternal grandfather, James McNary, moved to Oregon Country from Kentucky in 1845, while his grandfather and namesake, Charles Claggett. McNarys father helped on the farm, then taught school for a few years before returning to farming near Salem. When McNarys mother died in 1878, his father moved the family to Salem where he bought a general store after being unable to run the family farm because of declining health. Charles, known as Tot, began his education at a school in Keizer and later attended Central School in Salem. Hugh McNary died in 1883, making Charlie an orphan at the age of nine, nina McNary became the head of the household, while other siblings took jobs in order to provide for the family. As a boy, Charles worked as a paperboy, in an orchard and he met Herbert Hoover, a future U. S. president, who moved to Salem in 1888. He later worked in the county recorders office for his brother John Hugh McNary, who had been elected as county recorder in 1890, and for a short time attended the Capital Business College. After leaving that school, he enrolled in preparatory classes at Willamette University. During this time he met Jessie Breyman, whom he began dating, another member of the club was Oswald West, a future governor of Oregon
41.
New Year's Eve
–
In the Gregorian calendar, New Years Eve, the last day of the year, is on December 31 which is the seventh day of the Christmas season. In many countries, New Years Eve is celebrated at evening gatherings, where many people dance, eat, drink alcoholic beverages. Some Christians attend a watchnight service, the celebrations generally go on past midnight into January 1. Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati, part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa, New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally. New Years Eve is generally a social holiday, in some areas, such as in rural Quebec, people ice fish in the old days. Since 2000, the highlight of New Years Eve celebrations is in Montreals old port, which comes alive with concerts that take place and fireworks at midnight. From 1956 to 1976, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC, via a feed from CBS, after Lombardos death in 1977, the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978. Following the finale of the series, the original cast continued to participate in New Years Eve specials in the years following. Similarly, the CBCs French language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Years Eve comedy special, Bye Bye. Unlike Year of the Farce, Bye Bye has been presented by comedians, originally running from 1968 to 1998. Mexicans celebrate New Years Eve, by eating a grape with each of the chimes of a clocks bell during the midnight countdown. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough, when the bread is served, the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year. At the same time, they are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they continue in the new year. Mexicans celebrate with a dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin. Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home, for example, in Mexico City there is a street festival on New Years Eve centered on the Zocalo, the citys main square. Celebrations include firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers and shouts of ¡Feliz Año Nuevo, in Puerto Rico, New Years Eve is celebrated with friends and family. The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration. It has Latin music and fireworks at midnight along with the signature song Auld Lang Syne in Spanish, in the United States, New Years Eve is celebrated with formal parties, family-oriented activities, and other large public events
42.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
–
Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
43.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
–
The Congress of Industrial Organizations, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. Created by John L. Lewis in 1935, it was called the Committee for Industrial Organization. The CIO supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition, both the CIO and its rival the AFL grew rapidly during the Great Depression. The rivalry for dominance was bitter and sometimes violent, the CIO was founded on November 9,1936, by eight international unions belonging to the American Federation of Labor. In its statement of purpose, the CIO said it had formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in production industries along industrial union lines. The CIO failed to change AFL policy from within, on September 10,1936, the AFL suspended all 10 CIO unions. In 1938, these formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival labor federation. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union leaders to swear that they were not Communists, many CIO leaders refused to obey that requirement, later found unconstitutional. In 1955, the CIO rejoined the AFL, forming the new entity known as the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, the CIO was born out of a fundamental dispute within the United States. Labor movement over whether and how to organize industrial workers and those who favored craft unionism believed that the most effective way to represent workers was to defend the advantages they had secured through their skills. They used that power to quash any drive toward industrial organizing and they started to press the AFL to change its policies in this area. The AFL did, in fact, respond, and added more new members than the CIO. The AFL had long permitted the formation of unions, which were affiliated directly with the AFL. The AFL did not, however, promise to allow those unions to maintain a separate identity indefinitely and that meant these unions might be broken up later in order to distribute their members among the craft unions that claimed jurisdiction over their work. The AFL, in fact, dissolved hundreds of federal unions in late 1934, while the bureaucratic leadership of the AFL was unable to win strikes, three victorious strikes suddenly exploded onto the scene in 1934. Victorious industrial unions with militant leaderships were the catalyst that brought about the rise of the CIO, the AFL did authorize organizing drives in the automobile, rubber and steel industries at its convention in 1934, but gave little financial support or effective leadership to those unions. The AFLs timidity only succeeded in making it less credible among the workers it was trying to organize. This was especially significant in those industries, such as auto and rubber, Lewis responded that Hutchesons comment was small potatoes, to which Hutcheson replied I was raised on small potatoes, that is why I am so small
44.
Roosevelt family
–
It has been suggested that Claes van Rosenvelt could have been related to the Van Roosevelts of Oud-Vossemeer, who were amt lords in the Tholen region of the Netherlands. It may simply be a coincidence, or Claes van Rosenvelt may have chosen the name purposely because of its origins or to honor his local amt lord. Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt, the immigrant ancestor of the Roosevelt family, around the year 1652, he bought a farm from Lambert van Valckenburgh comprising 24 morgens in what is now Midtown Manhattan, including the present site of the Empire State Building. His children Johannes and Jacobus were, respectively, the progenitors of the Oyster Bay, by the late 19th century, the Hyde Park Roosevelts were generally associated with the Democratic Party and the Oyster Bay Roosevelts with the Republican Party. President Theodore Roosevelt, an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, was President Franklin Roosevelts fifth cousin, despite political differences that led family members to actively campaign against each other, the two branches generally remained friendly. Franklin Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt, Theodores niece and his own fifth cousin once removed, james Roosevelt met his wife at a Roosevelt family gathering in the home of Theodores mother. In heraldry, canting arms are a visual or pictorial play on a surname and it would be common to find roses, then, in arms of many Roosevelt families, even unrelated ones. Also, grassy mounds or fields of green would be a familiar attribute, a traditional blazon suggested would be, Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules. The Roosevelts -2014 PBS documentary Notes Further reading Cobb, William T, the Strenuous Life, The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance. The Merchants National Bank of the City of New York, the Old Merchants of New York City. Booknotes interview with Peter Collier on The Roosevelts, An American Saga, booknotes interview with Betty Boyd Caroli on The Roosevelt Women, May 9,1999. Booknotes interview with Susan Dunn on The Three Roosevelts, Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, May 6,2001
45.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
46.
Joseph McCarthy
–
Joseph Raymond Joe McCarthy was an American politician who was a U. S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957, beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion. He was noted for alleging large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government, ultimately, the controversy he generated led him to be censured by the U. S. Senate. The term McCarthyism, coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthys practices, was applied to similar anti-communist activities. Today, the term is used in reference to what are considered demagogic, reckless, born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, McCarthy commissioned in to the Marine Corps in 1942, where he served as an intelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber squadron. Following the end of World War II, he attained the rank of major and he volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a gunner-observer, acquiring the nickname Tail-Gunner Joe. Some of his claims of heroism were later shown to be exaggerated or falsified, McCarthy successfully ran for the U. S. Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. He also used various charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or sex crimes to attack a number of politicians and this included a concurrent Lavender Scare against suspected homosexuals. With the highly publicized Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954, and following the suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester C. Hunt that same year, McCarthys support and popularity faded. On December 2,1954, the Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by a vote of 67–22, McCarthy died at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland on May 2,1957, at the age of 48. The official cause of death was acute hepatitis, some biographers say this was caused or exacerbated by alcoholism. S. During the 1940s and 1950s was larger than many suspected and these suggestions have been the subject of dispute. McCarthy was born in 1908 on a farm in the Town of Grand Chute in Outagamie County, Wisconsin and his mother, Bridget, was from County Tipperary, Ireland. His father, Timothy McCarthy, was born in the United States, the son of an Irish father, McCarthy dropped out of junior high school at age 14 to help his parents manage their farm. He entered Little Wolf High School, in Manawa, Wisconsin and he attended Marquette University from 1930 to 1935. McCarthy worked his way through college, studying first engineering, then law, McCarthy was admitted to the bar in 1935. While working at a law firm in Shawano, Wisconsin, he launched a campaign for district attorney as a Democrat in 1936. In 1939, McCarthy had better success when he ran for the elected post of 10th District circuit judge
.jpg)
