1.
Malaysia at the Olympics
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Malaysia has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. The Federation of Malaya competed as Malaya in the 1956 and 1960 Games, the present day state of Sabah sent an independent team to the 1956 Games as North Borneo, and Singapore also competed at the Olympics from 1948 to 1960. After these British colonies federated to form an independent Malaysia in 1963, Singapore would subsequently regain independence from Malaysia in 1965 and compete once again as Singapore from 1968 onwards. Malaysian athletes have won a total of 11 Olympic medals, in badminton, the first Malaysian Olympians to win Olympic medals could have been Punch Gunalan and Ng Boon Bee, who lost their final match in badminton mens doubles. As the badminton was only a sport in 1972, there were no official medals then. The most successful Malaysian Olympians by medals won are Lee Chong Wei with 3 silver medals in badminton, no Malaysian athlete has ever won a gold medal. The National Olympic Committee for Malaya was created in 1953 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1954 and this subsequently became the National Olympic Committee for Malaysia. Malaysia at the Paralympics List of flag bearers for Malaysia at the Olympics Malaysia
Malaysia at the Olympics
2.
Kuala Lumpur
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Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, or more commonly called KL is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city. Being rated as an Alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the global city in Malaysia which covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017. It is among the fastest growing regions in South-East Asia, in terms of population. Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, the city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remain in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is situated in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia, enclaved within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Since the 1990s, the city has played host to international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and it is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysias futuristic development. Kuala Lumpur means muddy confluence, kuala is the point where two rivers join together or an estuary, and lumpur means mud. One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur, it was recorded in 1824 that Sungei Lumpoor was the most important tin-producing settlement up the Klang River. It has also proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu. Another suggestion is that it was initially a Cantonese word lam-pa meaning flooded jungle or decayed jungle, there is however no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes. It is also possible that the name is a form of an earlier. It is unknown who founded or named the settlement called Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur was originally a small hamlet of just a few houses and shops at the confluence of Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang before it grew into a town. The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened
Kuala Lumpur
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Clockwise from top left:
Petronas Twin Towers,
Petaling Street, Masjid Jamek and
Gombak /
Klang river confluence,
National Monument,
National Mosque, skyline of KL. Centre:
KL Tower
Kuala Lumpur
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Jamek Mosque at the confluence of
Gombak (left) and
Klang (right) rivers. The earliest settlement of Kuala Lumpur developed on the eastern side of the river bank (to the right in this picture).
Kuala Lumpur
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Japanese troops advancing up High Street (now
Jalan Tun H S Lee) in Kuala Lumpur in December 1941 during
World War II.
Kuala Lumpur
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The Majestic Theatre on Pudu Road was an early pioneer in Kuala Lumpur's cinema scene. It was converted into an amusement park in the 1990s and demolished in 2009.
3.
2016 Sukma Games
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The 2016 Sukma Games, officially known as the 18th Sukma Games was a Malaysian multi-sport event held in Kuching, Samarahan, Miri and Sibu of Sarawak. This was Sarawaks second time to host the Sukma Games, around 5670 athletes from 13 states, Federal Territory and Brunei participated at the games which featured 382 events in 24 sports. The games was held from 23 to 31 July 2016, although several events had commenced from 19 July 2016. The games was opened by Abdul Taib Mahmud, the Governor of Sarawak and was closed by Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the final medal tally was led by Selangor, followed by host Sarawak and Terengganu. 6 national and 67 games records were broken during the games, malaccan sprinter Khairul Hafiz Jantan and Terengganuan archer Nur Aqilah Yusof were announced as best sportsman and best sportswoman of the games respectively. With little or no controversy at all, the Games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Malaysian states. This was the 18th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986, all states had held their respective Sukma Games except for Kelantan. Prior to this games, Sarawak had hosted the 1990 Sukma Games where it emerged as overall champion, before this, the optional sports games under the Annual Games System, was scheduled to be hosted by Kuala Lumpur and known to public as the 2015 Sukma Games. It was a proposed major Malaysian multi-sport event due to be celebrated in the tradition of the Sukma Games under the said system, the games is expected to be held in May 2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It would have been the fifth time Kuala Lumpur host the event, in February 2015, the sports minister announced that the games has been cancelled. The 2016 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues, most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old and they were reverted to public use after the games. Some had been used to host multi-disciplinary events such as the 1990 Sukma Games, at the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded Petra Jaya Sports Complex. Incorporating the 40, 000-seat Sarawak Stadium, it hosts most of the events, a games village was not built, instead athletes and officials were housed in Universities across Sarawak such as Universiti Malaysia Sarawak which was chosen to be the official games village. Besides being physically near to the venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the host cities. The 18th Sukma Games had 23 venues for the games,16 in Kuching,3 in Samarahan,2 each in Miri, the organisers estimated that about 4,000 volunteers between the age of 18 and 60 are needed to successfully host the games. During the closing ceremony of the 2014 Sukma Games, the Sukma Games Flag was formally handed over to Sarawak from Perlis and this was followed by a song and dance section highlighting Sarawak as the next venue. The countdown to the games began on 22 July 2015 at the Baitul Makmur in Petra Jaya, Kuching during the press conference of the games to mark the one year countdown to the games
2016 Sukma Games
4.
Sarawak
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Sarawak is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. The capital city, Kuching, is the centre of the state. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, as of the 2015 census, the total population of Sarawak is 2,636,000. Sarawak has a climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park, Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia, Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak, the earliest known human settlement in Sarawak, located at the Niah Caves, dates back to 40,000 years ago. A series of Chinese ceramics dated from the 8th to 13th century AD was uncovered at the site of Santubong. The coastal regions of Sarawak came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century, in 1839, James Brooke, a British explorer, arrived in Sarawak. He, and his descendants, governed the state from 1841 to 1946, during World War II, it was occupied by the Japanese for three years. After the war, the last White Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, ceded Sarawak to Britain, on 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British and subsequently became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia, established on 16 September 1963. However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia leading to a three-year confrontation, the creation of the Federation also resulted in a communist insurgency that lasted until 1990. The head of state is the Governor, also known as the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, Sarawak exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language, major ethnic groups in Sarawak are, Iban, Malay, Chinese, Melanau, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu. English and Malay are the two official languages of the state, there is no official religion. The Gawai Dayak is a festival celebrated on a public holiday. The official explanation of the word Sarawak is that it is derived from the Sarawak Malay word serawak, which means antimony. A popular alternative explanation is that it is a contraction of the four Malay words purportedly uttered by Pangeran Muda Hashim, Saya serah pada awak, James Brooke became the first of the White Rajah dynasty to govern Sarawak. Sarawak is nicknamed Land of the Hornbills and these birds are important cultural symbols for the Dayak people, representing the spirit of God. It is also believed if a hornbill is seen flying over residences
Sarawak
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A west view of a river from the anchorage off Sarawak, Borneo circa 1800s. Painting from the
National Maritime Museum of London.
Sarawak
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Sir James Brooke, the first
Rajah of Sarawak.
Sarawak
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An 1888 postage stamp of Sarawak featuring the picture of
Charles Brooke.
Sarawak
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Japanese propaganda banner as seen in
Kuching shortly after the surrender of Japan. Image taken on 12 September 1945.
5.
Sukma Games
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The Sukma Games is a sporting event in Malaysia, held once every two years. The first Games was held in 1986 in Kuala Lumpur, the games have been held biannually from 1986 to 2010, annually from 2010 to 2014 and again biannually from 2014 onwards. The Sukma Games is the largest and prestige national-level tournament in Malaysia, the tournament is held at every alternate year with Southeast Asian Games to explore new talents of the athletes highly potential to represent the nation at international sporting events. The games rose from the proposal of the then Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports, Anwar Ibrahim in 1983. At first, the proposal consisted of such as tennis, table tennis, cycling, athletics and volleyball, but due to popularity and fame. The Sukma Games concept is initiated to shape a united multi-racial society across the nation, the games fulfilled the Malaysia corporation concept where the government, sporting bodies, National Sports Council and non-governmental organizations are involved in managing its sponsorship. The participating teams are mainly states and federal territories within Malaysia, some invitational teams had been invited to a few Sukma Games. Participating contingent with their respective Sukma Games Code are as below, notes, ^ Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya participated as a combined Federal Territory contingent since 2006. Given Putrajayas small area and population, the Putrajaya contingent was never formed throughout Sukma Games history, ^ No longer participated in the games, as of 2014 edition ^ Not from within Malaysia. The list below shows the sports that are played at all the Sukma Games since 1986, below shows the all time medal table of Sukma Games from 1986 to 2016. Defunct teams are highlighted in italics, total medals excluding 4th place Host state All states of Malaysia have held their respective Sukma Games, except Kelantan. * = host From 1998 to 2006, Sukma Games adopted the Fourth Place-Points System to calculate the points collected by athletes for the contingent and it was also a measurement to a contingents strength and as bonus awards to a contingent. In the event of a tie in the number of medals, the number of silver medals is taken into consideration. If two teams have a number of gold, silver, and bronze medals, they are ordered in the table alphabetically by their team name or code. On top of that, the organisers even included the fourth place, the system was abolished after the 2006 Sukma Games. Note that the system applied only for local contingents and not invitational contingents such as Brunei, points are calculated based on the Number of Athletes in an event as follows. For example, they fell to the three with only 2 Gold in the 2011 games which involved only optional sports. But in the 2012 Games in Pahang which involved only core sports, by combining the results of the 2011 and 2012 games, Sarawak is in fifth place overall among the participating states
Sukma Games
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Sukma Games
6.
2002 Sukma Games
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Around 5324 athletes from 13 states,2 federal territories and 5 invitational teams participated at the games. This was Sabahs first time to host the Sukma Games, Sabah is the eighth state to host the Sukma Games after Kuala Lumpur, Sarawak, Johor, Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Penang and the second state to host the Sukma Games in the 21st Century after Penang. The final medal tally was led by Selangor, followed by Perak and Sarawak, several national and games records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies at all, the games were a successful ones hosted by Sabah yet with the standard of competition amongst the Malaysian states. This is the 9th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986 and it was for the very first time the state held such a national sporting event. At that time, all held their respective Sukma Games except for Negeri Sembilan, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, Malacca. Prior to this games, Sabah has yet to host any Sukma Games, as this is the first time the state held such a grand national sporting event, many of the sports venues and facilities were either completed in time or renovated. The 2002 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues, most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old and they were reverted to public use after the games. At the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded Kota Kinabalu Sports Complex, incorporating the 35, 000-seat Likas Stadium, it hosts most of the events. A games village was not built, instead athletes and officials were housed in colleges, universities and hostels in downtown Kota Kinabalu. Besides being physically near to the Kota Kinabalu Sports Complex, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the city, the 9th Sukma Games had 19 venues for the games. The logo of the 2002 Sukma Games is an athlete in action, the colours on the logo represents the colours on the national flag of Malaysia. The Mascot of the 2002 Sukma Games is a Proboscis monkey named Bayau, the Proboscis monkey is a reddish-brown arboreal Old World monkey that is endemic to the south-east Asian island of Borneo. In Sabah, it can be found in Sukau, Sg, segama, Klias and other places in small population. Apart from having a body size, it can swing fast from tree to tree. The monkey is said to represent the agility, speed, courage, bravery, the theme song of the 2002 Sukma Games is Gemilang Di Alaf Baru which means, Glory in the New Century and is eponymous to the games theme. A total of 1123 medals, comprising 347 Gold medals,341 Silver medals and 425 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes, the host Sabahs performance was their best ever yet, and were placed sixth overall
2002 Sukma Games
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The logo of the 2002 Sukma Games
7.
2004 Sukma Games
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This was the first time Negeri Sembilan hosted the games. The final medal tally was led by Selangor, followed by Sarawak and Perak, several national and games records were broken during the games. Sarawakian swimmer Daniel Bego and Perakian swimmer Cindy Ong were announced as Best Sportsman, with little or no controversies at all, the games were deemed generally successful, with the rising standard of competition amongst the Malaysian states. This is the 10th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986 and it was for the very first time the state held such a national sporting event. At that time, all held their respective Sukma Games except for Kedah, Terengganu, Malacca, Perlis. Prior to this games, Negeri Sembilan has yet to host any Sukma Games, as this is the first time the state held such a grand national sporting event, many of the sports venues and facilities were freshly completed. The 2004 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues, most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old and they will be revert to public use after the games. At the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded 45, 000-seat Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium which hosts most of the events, a games village was not built, instead athletes and officials were housed in Universities, apartments and hotels throughout Negeri Sembilan. Besides being physically near to the venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the city. The 10th Sukma Games had 23 venues for the games,14 in Seremban,4 in Port Dickson,3 in Kuala Pilah and 2 in Rembau. The Logo of the 2004 Sukma Games is a geometrically shaped image, the three athletes also represent the Champion, Runner-up and Second runner-up position, which is the goal of every athlete. The Torch signifies the strength and competitive spirit of the athlete to achieve victory in every event, the Mascot of the 2004 Sukma Games is a nameless deer. It was a royalty hunt in the Glory days of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca and now a symbol of Negeri Sembilan and one of the prevalent species in Malaysia. The deers fast and agile characteristics are said to represent the courage, bravery, a total of 1202 medals comprising 370 Gold medals,368 Silver medals and 464 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The host Negeri Sembilans performance was their best ever yet and was placed tenth overall among participating states, key * Host state Radio Televisyen Malaysia was responsible for live streaming of several events, opening and closing ceremony of the games. Archived from the original on 11 April 2004
2004 Sukma Games
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The logo of the 2004 Sukma Games
8.
2006 Sukma Games
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This was Kedahs first time to host the Sukma Games. The final medal tally was led by Selangor, followed by Pahang, several national and games records were broken during the games. Negeri Sembilan weightlifter Zulkifli Che Rose and Negeri Sembilan swimmer Lew Yih Wey were announced as Best Sportsman, though there were several controversies, the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Malaysian states. This is the 11th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986 and it was for the very first time the state held such a national sporting event. At that time, all held their respective Sukma Games except for Kelantan, Terengganu, Malacca. Prior to this games, Kedah has yet to host any Sukma Games, as this is the first time the rice bowl of Malaysia held such a grand national sporting event, many of the sports venues and facilities were either completed in time or renovated. The 2006 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues, most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old and they will be revert to public use after the games. At the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded 40, 000-seat Darul Aman Stadium which hosts most of the events, a games village was not built, instead athletes and officials were housed in Universities throughout Kedah. Besides being physically near to the venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the city. The 11th Sukma Games had 20 venues for the games,11 in Kota Setar,3 each in Kuala Muda and Kubang Pasu respectively and 1 each in Langkawi, Padang Terap and Pendang respectively. The logo of the 2006 Sukma Games is an image of a figure in movement which represents the games values of Faster, Higher and Stronger as in the motto of the Olympic Games. The mascot of the 2006 Sukma Games is a nameless Eagle, the theme song of the games is Sukan Cemerlang Negara Terbilang which means Glory in sports, Glorify the nation and is eponymous to the games theme song. A total of 1177 medals, comprising 370 Gold medals,368 Silver medals and 439 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes, the host Kedahs performance was their best ever yet, and were placed sixth overall. Key * Host state Radio Televisyen Malaysia was responsible for streaming of several events. On 28 May 2006, the Kedah state team lost a Gold medal after it was out that Linvern Lim Yu Zheng represented Kedah as a Negeri Sembilan citizen. The Kedah state team deliberately took him for the Swimming event and was not to obey the Games rules. Lim Yu Zheng previously represented Negeri Sembilan in the two previous Sukma Games, on 4 June 2006, An athlete failed a doping test
2006 Sukma Games
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The official mascot.
2006 Sukma Games
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The logo of the 2006 Sukma Games
9.
2008 Sukma Games
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This was Terengganus first time to host the Sukma Games. The final medal tally was led by host Terengganu, followed by Selangor, several national and games records were broken during the games. Selangorian swimmer Foo Jian Beng and Sarawakian swimmer Marellyn Liew were announced as Best Sportsman, with little or no controversy at all, the games were deemed generally successful, with the rising standard of competition amongst the Malaysian states. This is the 12th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986 and it was for the very first time the state held such a national sporting event. At that time, all held their respective Sukma Games except for Malacca, Perlis. Prior to this games, Terengganu has yet to host any Sukma Games, as this is the first time the Malaysian state held such a grand national sporting event, many of the sports venues and facilities were freshly completed. The 2008 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues, most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old and they were revert to public use after the games. At the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded Gong Badak Sports Complex, incorporating the 50, 000-seat Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium, it hosts most of the events. Besides being physically near to the venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the host cities. The 12th Sukma Games had 23 venues for the games,9 in Kuala Terengganu,3 each in Hulu Terengganu and Kemaman respectively and 2 each in Besut, Dungun, Marang and Setiu respectively. The logo of the 2008 Sukma Games is an image of a T letter, four colours are found on the logo of the 2008 Sukma Games. The official mascot of the 2008 Sukma Games is an Ocellaris Clownfish named Si Diman and it is a bisexual mascot that can be refer as either male or female mascot. The clownfish can be found off the islands off the coast of Terengganu, the mascots characteristics of active, energetic and aggressive, represents the spirit of the athletes in all sport while the smile of the mascot represents the fun the games brought to people. The flag of Terengganu held by the mascot represents the burning spirit, Diman is short for Darul Iman synonym to the state of Terengganu. The abbreviated word with two syllabus is easily pronounced and remembered, the word Iman is a principle of Muslims, represents the official religion of Terengganu. Diman is also based on the myth of the greatest warrior of Terengganu long time ago, the theme song of the games is Sukma Dua Belas Terengganu 2008, a song name after the games itself. A total of 1311 medals, comprising 406 Gold medals,401 Silver medals and 504 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes, the host Terengganus performance was their best ever yet and emerged as overall champion of the games
2008 Sukma Games
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The logo of the 2008 Sukma Games
2008 Sukma Games
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The official mascot.
10.
2010 Sukma Games
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The 2010 Sukma Games, officially known as the 13th Sukma Games, was a multi-sport event held in Malacca from 12 to 19 June 2010 with 437 events in 33 sports featured in the games. Around 9237 athletes from 13 states, Federal Territory and Brunei participated at the games and this was the first time Malacca hosted the games. The final medal tally was led by Terengganu, followed by Selangor, several games records were broken during the games. With little or no controversy at all, the games were deemed successful with the rising standards of competition amongst Malaysian member states. This is the 13th edition of Sukma Games since its introduction in 1986 and it was for the very first time the state held such a national sporting event. At that time, all held their respective Sukma Games except for Perlis. Prior to this games, Malacca has yet to host any Sukma Games, as this is the first time the Malaysian heritage state held such a grand national sporting event, many of the sports venues and facilities were freshly completed or renovated. The 13th Sukma Games had 29 venues for the games,23 in Central Malacca,4 in Alor Gajah and 2 in Jasin. The logo of the 2010 Sukma Games is an image of a Chevrotain, the colours of Red, Yellow, Blue and White represents the state of Malacca. They also represent the role of Malacca in hosting the games, the Chevrotains jumping movement represents the athletes value of active and intelligent. The red and blue lines that forms the shape of the Chevrotain represents the confidence of Malacca in hosting the games, overall, the logos triangular pattern represents the dynamic movement of the athletes and their aspirations in reaching excellence. The mascot of the 2010 Sukma Games is a Chevrotain, named Tuah and it was named after the warrior Hang Tuah of the Malacca Sultanate. The Chevrotain known as the deer, is the state animal and emblem of Malacca. As the games mascot, it represents agility, bravery and the intelligence of the athletes in facing challenges, the name of the mascot, Tuah represents the luckiness of Malacca as the host of the 2010 Sukma Games. The theme song of the games is Harmoni dan Cemerlang, a song eponymous to the theme of the games, a total of 1410 medals, comprising 437 Gold medals,432 Silver medals and 541 Bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The host Malaccas performance was their best ever yet and were placed 7th overall among participating states, key * Host state 2010 Malaysia Para Games 2010 Sukma Games Official Website
2010 Sukma Games
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The logo of the 2010 Sukma Games
11.
Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
Multi-sport event
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The
Pan American Games is one of the largest multi-sport events and involves athletes from the Americas.
12.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
Malaysia
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"Malaysia" used as a label for the
Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas
Malaysia
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Flag
Malaysia
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The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the
Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of
Malacca.
Malaysia
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Statue of
Francis Light in the
Fort Cornwallis of Penang, marking the first step of
British expansion in the 18th century over the Malay Archipelago.
13.
Southeast Asian Games
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The Southeast Asian Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee, the Southeast Asian Games owes its origins to the South East Asian Peninsula Games or SEAP Games. On 22 May 1958, delegates from the countries in Southeast Asian Peninsula attending the Asian Games in Tokyo, Japan had a meeting, the SEAP Games was conceptualised by Luang Sukhum Nayaoradit, then Vice-President of the Thailand Olympic Committee. The proposed rationale was that a sports event will help promote co-operation, understanding. Six countries, Burma, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaya, Thailand and these countries agreed to hold the Games biennially in June 1959 and SEAP Games Federation Committee was formed thereafter. At the 8th SEAP Games in 1975, the SEAP Federation considered the inclusion of Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines. These countries were admitted in 1977, the same year when SEAP Federation changed their name to Southeast Asian Games Federation. East Timor was admitted at the 22nd Southeast Asian Games in Vietnam, the 2009 Southeast Asian Games was the first time Laos has ever hosted a Southeast Asian Games. Running from 9–18 December, it has also commemorated the 50 years of the Southeast Asian Games, held in Vientiane, since the Southeast Asian Games began in 1959, it has been held in 15 different cities across all Southeast Asian countries except Cambodia and Timor Leste. A host nation must stage at least a minimum of 22 sports, for each sport and event, a minimum of four member-country must participate to be included in the SEA Games. Sports competed shall not offer more than 5% of total medal tally, with the exception to athletics, aquatics, and shooting. Two compulsory sports, athletics and aquatics must be stage in every SEA Games edition, in addition to a minimum of 14 sports from Category 2, according to SEAGF Charter and Rules, sports competed in Olympic Games and Asian Games must be given priority or preference. With reference to the data of the Olympic Council of Asia. 1 – Competed as Malaya in the games until 1961. 2 – The Republic of Vietnam was dissolved in July 1976 when it merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to become the Socialist Republic of Vietnam also known as Vietnam, therefore, the medal counts for this country are considered to be as until 1975. The International Olympic Committee is not using codes for South Vietnam any more after unifying with North Vietnam,3 – Competed as Cambodia, Kampuchea, and Khmer Republic. 4 – In the 1989 edition, a unified Vietnam rejoined the games new name. Medals made by South Vietnam are already combined here, see table tally above for South Vietnam
Southeast Asian Games
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The Southeast Asian Games Federation logo and flag.
14.
Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)
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Malaysia Sports Commissioner Office, or Pejabat Pesuruhjaya Sukan Malaysia. Registrar of Youth Office, or Pejabat Pendaftar Pertubuhan Belia, National Sports Council Malaysia, or Majlis Sukan Negara Malaysia. Malaysia Stadium Corporation, or Perbadanan Stadium Malaysia, National Sport Institute, or Institut Sukan Negara. Institute for Youth Research Malaysia, or Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia, Youth and Sports Skill Training Institution, or Institusi Latihan Kemahiran Belia dan Sukan. Youth Parliament of Malaysia, or Parlimen Belia Malaysia, international Youth Centre, or Pusat Belia Antarabangsa. National Youth Consultative Council, or Majlis Perundingan Belia Negara, at that time, The Culture Division was given the role and responsibility of handling all matters relating to the youth affairs in Malaysia. Later in 1964, the Culture Division was placed under the Ministry of Information, at the same time, as a consequence of the growth of organisational activities among youths, a Youth Division was formed to inculcate and supervise these activities under the ministry. Besides that, a Sports Division was also formed under the Ministry of Information, the Ministry of Youth and Sports was only formed on 15 May 1964 in conjunction with the National Youth Day celebration of that year. Since then, the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports was reverted to its name which, today, known as the Ministry of Youth. Ministry of Youth and Sports was given the mandate to implement the policies of the Malaysian government, particularly in the areas of Youth and Sports development
Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)
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KBS tower in
Putrajaya.
Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)
Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)
Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)
15.
Anwar Ibrahim
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Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim is a Malaysian politician who was Leader of the Opposition between 2008 and 2015. He is a founder and leading figure of the Peoples Justice Party, Anwar served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1993 to 1998 and Finance Minister from 1991 to 1998 when he was a member of UMNO, the major party in the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition. However, he was removed from his post by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his prosecution has been criticised by human rights groups and several foreign governments, including the US, UK and Australia. Anwar is currently serving a prison sentence, commencing in 2015. From 1968 to 1971, as a student, Anwar was the president of National Union Of Malaysian Muslim Students, around the same time, he was also the president of University of Malaya Malay Language Society. In 1971, he was a member of the pro tem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia or Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia which he co-founded, at the same time, he was elected as the 2nd President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia. In 1974, Anwar was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and this came as a report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling, in the state of Kedah, which was later demonstrated to be false. However the rubber tappers in Baling were experiencing severe hardship as the price of rubber dropped in 1974 and he was imprisoned under the Internal Security Act, which allows for detention without trial, and spent 20 months in the Kamunting Detention Centre. From 1975 till 1982 he served as a representative for Asia Pacific of World Assembly of Muslim Youth, Anwar was also the trustee for WAMY during the 1970s and early 1980s, and he appeared at many Muslim Brotherhood-linked conferences. Anwar Ibrahim is also the proud co-founder of International Institute of Islamic Thought in USA, Anwar has been one of 4 acting directors, board member of IIIT and a trustee. He was also a chancellor of International Islamic University Kuala Lumpur between 1983 and 1988, in 2011, he participated in the 2011 U. S. -Islamic World Forum with a large number of individuals tied to the Muslim Brotherhood. During his tenure as Education Minister, Anwar introduced numerous policies in the school curriculum. One of his changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. As the minister of education, Anwar was elected as the 25th President of UNESCOs General Conference, in 1988, Anwar Ibrahim became the second President of International Islamic University of Malaysia. In 1991, Anwar was appointed Minister of Finance, during his tenure as Finance Minister his impact was immediate, Malaysia enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. Shortly after becoming Finance Minister, Euromoney named him as a top four finance minister, in the midst of Asian Financial Crises of 1997, Anwar was hailed for guiding Malaysia through the period of instability. He backed free market principles and highlighted the issue of the proximity of business and he advocated greater accountability, refused to offer government bail-outs and instituted widespread spending cuts. Towards the end of the 1990s, however, the relationship with Mahathir had begun to deteriorate, in Mahathirs absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps, which were in direct conflict with Mahathirs policies, to change the countrys governing mechanisms
Anwar Ibrahim
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Yang Berbahagia Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
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Anwar Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
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Anwar Ibrahim speaking
Anwar Ibrahim
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US Secretary of Defense
William Cohen (right) meets with Anwar Ibrahim (left) in his
Pentagon office.
16.
Brunei
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Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is surrounded by the state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang, Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, the remainder of the islands territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Bruneis population was 408,786 in July 2012, the maritime state was visited by Spains Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castille War. During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline, the Sultanate ceded Sarawak to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906, after the Japanese occupation during World War II, in 1959 a new constitution was written. In 1962, an armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British. Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s, with the GDP increasing 56% from 1999 to 2008, transformed Brunei into an industrialised country. It has developed wealth from petroleum and natural gas fields. Brunei has the second-highest Human Development Index among the Southeast Asian nations, after Singapore, according to the International Monetary Fund, Brunei is ranked fifth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. The IMF estimated in 2011 that Brunei was one of two countries with a debt at 0% of the national GDP. Forbes also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum, according to legend, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah. He moved from Garang, a place in the Temburong District to the Brunei River estuary, according to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, Baru nah, from which the name Brunei was derived. He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei, before the rise of the Bruneian Empire under the Muslim Bolkiah Dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers. It was renamed Barunai in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the Sanskrit word varuṇ, the word Borneo is of the same origin. In the countrys name, Negara Brunei Darussalam, darussalam means abode of peace. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill and their colour is whiter than that of the other sort. in this island justice is well administered. One of the earliest Chinese records is the 977 AD letter to Chinese emperor from the ruler of Po-ni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo
Brunei
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The tomb of a ruler of Po-ni in
Nanjing,
China.
Brunei
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Flag
Brunei
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Ahmad Tajuddin, the
27th Sultan of Brunei with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei.
Brunei
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Japanese battleships at Brunei in October 1944.
17.
Federal Territory (Malaysia)
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The Federal Territories in Malaysia comprise three territories, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan, governed directly by the federal government of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia, Putrajaya is the administrative capital. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves in the state of Selangor, the territories fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry for the Federal Territories, which was formed under Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis administration on 27 March 2006. The first Minister for the Federal Territories was Mohd, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor has been the minister since May 2013. The federal territories were part of two states - Selangor and Sabah. Both Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were part of Selangor, while Labuan was part of Sabah, Kuala Lumpur, the state capital of Selangor, became the national capital of the Federation of Malaya in 1948. Since independence in 1957, the federal as well as the Selangor state ruling party had been the Alliance, however, in the 1969 elections the Alliance, while retaining control of the federal government, lost its majority in Selangor to the opposition. The same election also resulted in a race riot in Kuala Lumpur. It was realised that if Kuala Lumpur remained part of Selangor, the solution was to separate Kuala Lumpur from the state and place it under direct federal rule. On 1 February 1974, Kuala Lumpur became the first federal territory of Malaysia, the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin cried after signing the cession agreement as he was very fond and proud of the city. The cession of Kuala Lumpur had the effect of securing the Selangor state government for the Barisan Nasional until the 2008 general election. The separation of Kuala Lumpur meant that Kuala Lumpur voters lost representation in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly, Labuan, an island off coast of mainland Sabah, was chosen by the federal government for development into an offshore financial centre. Labuan became the federal territory in 1984. Putrajaya is a city, designed to replace Kuala Lumpur as the seat of the federal government. Sultan Salahuddin, who was serving as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong at that time, was asked again to land to the federal government. Putrajaya became the federal territory on 1 February 2001. In the recent years, efforts were made to forge an identity for the three federal territories. A flag of Federal Territory was introduced to represent the territories as a whole
Federal Territory (Malaysia)
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Flag
18.
Johor
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Johor or Johore is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia, the state capital city of Johor is Johor Bahru. The royal city of the state is Muar and the old state capital is Johor Lama, Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south, which separates Johor and the Republic of Singapore. Johor is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Tazim, or Abode of Dignity, the name Johor originated from the Persian word Jauhar, gem/jewel. Malays tend to name a place after natural objects in great abundance or having visual dominance. Before the name Johor was adopted, the south of the Muar River to Singapore island was known as Ujong Tanah or lands end in Malay. Coincidentally, Johor is the most southern point of the Asian continental mainland. In the early 16th century, the Sultanate of Johor was founded by the Alauddin Riayat Shah II, the son of Mahmud Shah, Johor sultanate was one of the two successor states of the Melaka empire. On Malaccas defeat by the Portuguese in 1511, Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a monarchy in Johor, the Sultanate of Perak—established by Mahmud Shahs other son, Muzaffar Shah I—was the other successor state of Malacca. During Johors peak, the whole of Pahang, present day Indonesian territories of the Riau archipelago, a series of succession struggles were interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers, which maintained Johors political and economic hold in the Straits. In 1641, Johor in co-operation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca, by 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrepôt, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty. In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene, in 1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor, controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga, controlled by the Bugis. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri in south Johor as a major town, Temenggong Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Dato Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor by Queen Victoria of England. In 1886, he was crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor implemented a constitution, developed a British-style administration and constructed the Istana Besar. For his achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title Father of Modern Johor, the increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, which created Johors initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place with the first settlement of Kangkar Tebrau established in 1844, under the British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakars successor, was forced to accept a British adviser in 1904
Johor
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Johor Bahru, the capital of Johor.
Johor
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Flag
Johor
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Geography of Johor in Panti Forest.
Johor
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Malaysia's new Customs Complex (Sultan Iskandar Complex) at Johor Bahru
19.
Kedah
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Kedah also known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or Abode of Peace is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a area of over 9,000 km². The mainland has a flat terrain, which is used to grow rice. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, most of which are uninhabited, Kedah was called Kadaram by ancient and medieval Tamil people and Syburi by the Siamese when it was under their influence. To the north, Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares a boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand. It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest, the states capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani, and Kulim on the mainland, archaeological evidence found in Bujang Valley reveals that a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 A. D. The discoveries in Bujang Valley also made the ancient Kedah as the oldest civilisation of Southeast Asia, reference to ancient Kedah was first mentioned in a Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the 2nd century A. D. It described goods from Kadaram heaped together in the streets of Chola capital. Other than Kadaram, Kedah was known with different names at varying times in Indian literature, Kataha-Nagara, Anda-Kataha, Kataha-Dvipa, according to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in year 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Kedah was under the control of Srivijaya. In 1025, the city was conquered by Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, a second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Sri Vijaya province Kedah in the late 11th century and it was later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, in the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821, and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi, in 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Satun was combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. In World War II, Kedah was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan, the Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah was a reluctant addition to the Federation of Malaya in 1948, since 1958, the hereditary Sultan of Kedah has been Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah
Kedah
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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of
Bujang Valley.
Kedah
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Menara Alor Setar is the tallest tower in Kedah.
Kedah
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A
paddy field in Kedah.
Kedah
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Entrance to KHTP
20.
Kelantan
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Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu, the honorific of the state is Darul Naim. Kelantan is positioned in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia and it is bordered by Narathiwat Province of Thailand to the north, Terengganu to the south-east, Perak to the west, and Pahang to the south. To the north-east of Kelantan is the South China Sea, Kelantan is located in the north-eastern corner of the peninsula. Kelantan, which is said to translate as the Land of Lightning, is a state with green paddy fields, rustic fishing villages. Kelantan is home to some of the most ancient archaeological discoveries in Malaysia, there are a number of suggestions for the origin of the name Kelantan. One theory, according to historian Mohd Rosli Bin Ismail, proposes that Kelantan is a corruption of gelam hutan, i. e. the Malay word for the cajuput, or swamp tea tree. Other theories claim that the name comes from the Malay word kilatan, shiny/glittery or kolam tanah, Kelantan was called Kalantan by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Kolaan Thana or Kolaam Thana gradually became Kelantan to fit in better with the dialect of the local people. The early history of Kelantan traces distinct human settlement dating back to prehistoric times, early Kelantan had links to the Funan Kingdom, the Khmer Empire, Sri Vijaya, Majapahit and Siam. Around 1411, Raja Kumar, the ruler of Kelantan, became independent of Siam, in 1499, Kelantan became a vassal state of the Malacca Sultanate. With the fall of Malacca in 1511, Kelantan was divided up and ruled by petty chieftains, paying tribute to Patani, by the early 17th century, most of these Kelantan chiefs became subject to Patani. The legendary Cik Siti Wan Kembang was said to have reigned over Kelantan sometime between the 16th and 17th centuries, Long Yunus was succeeded in 1795 by his son-in-law Tengku Muhammad Sultan Mansur of Terengganu. The enthronement of Tengku Muhammad by Terengganu was opposed by Long Yunus sons, thus triggering a war against Terengganu by Long Muhammad, the pro-Terengganu faction was defeated in 1800 and Long Muhammad ruled Kelantan with the new title of Sultan as Sultan Muhammad I. Nevertheless, the death of childless Long Muhammad triggered another civil war among claimants to the throne and his nephew and son of Long Tan, Long Senik Mulut Merah, triumphed over his uncles and cousins and assumed the throne in 1835 as Sultan Muhammad II. Sultan Muhammad II leveraged on his alliance with Siam to form the modern Kelantan state, centered in his new fort on the eastern bank of the Kelantan river. Kelantan was where the Japanese first landed during their invasion of Malaya, in 1943, Kelantan was transferred by the Japanese to Thailand and became a province of Thailand. Kelantan reverted to British protection upon the end of World War 2 in August 1945, Kelantan became part of the Malayan Union in 1946 and then the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948, and together with other Malayan states attained independence on 31 August 1957
Kelantan
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Tengku Muhammad Faiz Petra Mosque.
Kelantan
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Flag
Kelantan
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Reclining Buddha in Wat Photivihan.
21.
Labuan
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Labuan /ləˈbuːən/, officially the Federal Territory of Labuan, is a federal territory of Malaysia. It is made up of the eponymous Labuan Island and six smaller islands and it is also a tourist destination for people travelling through Sabah, nearby Bruneians and scuba divers. The name Labuan derives from the Malay word labuhan which means harbour, Labuan is often referred to as the pearl of Borneo. Since the 15th century, the north and west coast of Borneo including the island of Labuan was part of the Bruneian Empire, in the 18th century, Labuan attracted British interest. James Brooke acquired the island for Britain in 1846 through the Treaty of Labuan with the Sultan of Brunei, the main reason why the British possessed the island was to protect their own interest in the region as a naval base and to suppress piracy in the South China Sea. The British also believed the island could be the next Singapore, the island became a Crown Colony in 1848 with James Brooke appointed as the first governor and commander-in-chief, with William Napier as his lieutenant-governor. In 1849, the Eastern Archipelago Company became the first of several British companies to try to exploit Labuan coal deposits, the company was formed to exploit coal deposits on the island and adjacent coast of Borneo but soon became involved in a dispute with James Brooke. Not proving itself a great commercial or strategic asset, administration of Labuan was handed to the British North Borneo Company in 1890. In 1894, a communications cable was built by the British to link the islands communications with North Borneo, Singapore. By 30 October 1906, the British Government proposed to extend the boundaries of the Straits Settlements to include Labuan, the proposal took effect from 1 January 1907. In World War II, Labuan was occupied by Japan from December 1941 until June 1945, the island served as the administrative centre for the Japanese forces. As the Allied counter-attack came closer, the Japanese also developed Labuan, Labuan became the main objective for the Allied forces to repossess. Soon, the 9th Division of the Australian Army launched the attack with support from airstrikes, most of the Labuan island area including the main town of Victoria was under the control of Allied forces within four days of the landing on 10 June. The name of Labuan was later restored by the British and the island was administered under the British Military Administration together with the rest of the Straits Settlements. Labuan then on 15 July 1946 joined the North Borneo Crown Colony, in 1984, the Government of Sabah ceded Labuan to the federal government which later been accessed to a federal territory. It was declared an international financial centre and free trade zone in 1990. A post office was operating in Labuan by 1864, and used a date stamp as postmark. The postage stamps of India and Hong Kong were used on some mail, from 1867, Labuan officially used the postage stamps of the Straits Settlements but began issuing its own in May 1879
Labuan
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Labuan financial park located in
Victoria.
Labuan
Labuan
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The signing of the Treaty of Labuan between the Brunei sultanate and the British delegation on 18 December 1846 at the Brunei palace
Labuan
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British flag hoisted for the first time on the island in 24 December 1846.
22.
Malacca
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Malacca, dubbed The Historic State, is a state in Malaysia and located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west, the exclave of Tanjung Tuan also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north. This historical city centre has listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008. Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, the head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor, rather than a Sultan. Before the arrival of the first Sultan, Malacca was a village inhabited by local Malays known as Orang Laut. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah or Sri Majara and he found his way to Malacca around 1400 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Malacca Straits. According to a legend, Parameswara was resting under a tree near a river during a hunt. In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river, impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a propitious omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then and there to found an empire on that very spot. He named it Melaka after the tree where he had just taken shelter at, prominent Malaysian artist Syed Thajudeen visually depicted the epic tale of the founding of Malacca on canvas. The Beginning, a 4 panel painting measuring 183 x 512 cm is now a permanent collection at Galeri Petronas, because of its strategic location, Malacca was an important stopping point for Zheng Hes fleet. Her attendants married locals and settled mostly in Bukit Cina, the Chinese Emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked them again. In April 1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of some 1200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships and they conquered the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city Afonso de Albuquerque spared the Hindu, Chinese and Burmese inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery and it soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not also mean they controlled Asian trade centred there. Their Malaccan rule was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties, rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organisation of the network. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth had now gone, trade was now scattered over a number of ports among bitter warfare in the Straits. The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier spent several months in Malacca in 1545,1546, the Dutch launched several attacks on the Portuguese colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge who laid siege to the town with the help of his Johor allies and he engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port. In 1641, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, the Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance to Batavia on Java as their administrative centre
Malacca
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The Strand, Malacca, circa 1860-1900.
Malacca
Malacca
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Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum
Malacca
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1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of Malacca
23.
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
The Malaysian Armed Forces, the military of Malaysia, consists of three branches, namely the Malaysian Army, the Royal Malaysian Navy, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. Since 19 December 2016, General Raja Mohamed Affandi Raja Mohamed Noor is the Chief of Malaysian Armed Forces and its role is to defend the sovereignty and strategic interests of Malaysia from all forms of threat. It is responsible for assisting civilian authorities to overcome all threats, preserve public order, assist in natural disasters. It is also sustaining and upgrading its capabilities in the sphere to uphold the national foreign policy of being involved under the guidance of the United Nations. The main theatres of operations were within Malaysian borders, primarily to fight an insurgency led by the Communist Party of Malaya in what was known as the Emergency. The only foreign incursion of Malaysian territory in modern times were in World War II by Japan, Operations on foreign soil have mainly been peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations. First Emergency An insurrection and guerrilla war of the Malayan Races Liberation Army organised by the CPM against the British, Moro attacks on Malaysia Congo Peacekeeping Mission A contingent of 1,947 personnel were dispatched as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo or ONUC. This contingent was known as the Malayan Special Force to the Congo and their experiences there were later recounted through the drawings of the cartoonist, the insurgency ended when the NKCP signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian government in 1990. Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation An intermittent armed conflict between Malaysia and Indonesia with skirmishes mainly occurring in Sarawak and Sabah in the island of Borneo, in 1964, armed raids were made on Peninsular Malaysia. Combat eased with the deposing of Indonesias President Sukarno in 1965 by the Indonesian army, Communist insurgency in Malaysia A low level resurgence of insurgent activity by the armed elements of the CPM from sanctuaries in the Malaysian-Thai border. The insurgency was only ended after the CPM signed a treaty with the Governments of Malaysia. Iran/Iraq Border Participated as part of the UN Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group to supervise the Iran–Iraq War ceasefire, namibia Contributed a battalion to the UN Transition Assistance Group to supervise Namibias elections and transition to independence. Angola A contingent was sent under the United Nations Angola Verification Mission II to enforce the ceasefire in Angolan civil war, Cambodia An observer team was sent under the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia to aid in the administration of Cambodia and to organise and run elections. Following the Dayton Agreement, forces were redeployed as MALCON Command under the NATO led Implementation Force in Operation Joint Endeavor with deployments at Livno, Glamoč, MALCON further participated as part of the NATO led Stabilisation Force until 1998. Up to 8,000 troops were deployed in this theatre of operations. On 18 January 1994, Lieutenant General Abu Samah Bin Abu Bakar was appointed the Commander of UNOSOM II forces, Mozambique A team of observers were sent under the United Nations Operations in Mozambique. Lahad Datu standoff Deployed a contingent called Malaysian Medical Team to Chaman, Pakistan to treat refugees from Afghanistan during the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Deployed approximately a brigade-sized force on islands surrounding Sabah waters in Ops Pasir to prevent the recurrence of 2000 Sipadan kidnappings. Deployed a contingent to Acheh after the disaster in 2004
Malaysian Armed Forces
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Royal guard of the
Malaysian Army outside the main gate of the
Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Flag and Crest of the Malaysian Armed Forces www.mafhq.mil.my
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Soldiers from the Malaysian Army 9th Royal Malay Regiment with a M4 Carbine carry out a beach assault with US Marines during a combined amphibious landing exercise on the final day of CARAT Malaysia 2009.
Malaysian Armed Forces
–
Malaysia 's first
Scorpène class submarine docked at the naval base in Port Klang on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur on 3 September 2009.
24.
Education in Malaysia
–
Education in Malaysia is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Although education is the responsibility of the Federal Government, each state, the main legislation governing education is the Education Act 1996. The education system is divided into preschool education, primary education, secondary education, post-secondary education, Education may be obtained from the multilingual public school system, which provides free education for all Malaysians, or private schools, or through homeschooling. By law, primary education is compulsory, as in many Asia-Pacific countries such as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Japan, standardised tests are a common feature. Currently, there are 37 private universities,20 private university colleges, Sekolah Pondok, Madrasah and other Islamic schools were the earliest forms of schooling available in Malaysia. Early works of Malay literature such as Hikayat Abdullah mention these schools indicating they pre-date the current secular model of education, secular schools in Malaysia were largely an innovation of the British colonial government. Many of the earliest schools in Malaysia were founded in the Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca, many English-language schools are considered quite prestigious. British historian Richard O. Winstedt worked to improve the education of the Malays and was instrumental in establishing Sultan Idris Training College with the purpose of producing Malay teachers, Richard James Wilkinson helped established the Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1905 which aimed to educate the Malay elite. Many Malays failed to pursue additional education due to this issue and he remarked, In the fewest possible words, the Malay boy is told You have been trained to remain at the bottom, and there you must always remain. Why, I ask, waste so much money to attain this end when without any school, and without any special effort. To remedy this problem, the British established the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, most of these were single-sex schools. During the British colonial period, large numbers of immigrants from China, the Chinese and Indian communities eventually established their vernacular schools with school curricula and teachers from China and India respectively. In the 1950s, there were four initial proposals for developing the national system, the Barnes Report, Ordinance Report, the Fenn-Wu Report. The Barnes proposal was implemented through the 1952 Education Ordinance amidst Chinese protests, in 1956, the Razak Report was adopted by the Malayan government as the education framework for independent Malaya. Malay-medium schools would be known as national, while other schools would be known as national-type. Chinese secondary schools were given the options of accepting government funding and change into English national-type schools or remain Chinese, most of the schools accepted the change, although a few rejected the offer and came to be known as Chinese Independent High Schools. Shortly after the change, some of the national-type schools reestablished their Chinese independent high school branches, in the 1970s, in accordance to the national language policy, the government began to change English-medium primary and secondary national-type schools into Malay-medium national schools. The language change was made starting from the first year in primary school, then the second year in the following year
Education in Malaysia
–
Batu Pahat High School in
Johor.
Education in Malaysia
–
Education Museum in
Malacca.
Education in Malaysia
–
Malacca High School in Malacca, the second oldest recorded high school in Malaysia.
Education in Malaysia
–
Peringgit Primary School in Malacca.
25.
Negeri Sembilan
–
The name is believed to derive from the nine villages or nagari in the Minangkabau language settled by the Minangkabau, a people originally from West Sumatra. Minangkabau features are visible today in traditional architecture and the dialect of Malay spoken. Unlike the hereditary monarchs of the other royal Malay states, the ruler of Negeri Sembilan is known as Yang di-Pertuan Besar instead of Sultan, the election of the Ruler is also unique. He is selected by the council of Undangs who lead the four biggest districts of Sungai Ujong, Jelebu, Johol, the capital of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban. The royal capital is Seri Menanti in the district of Kuala Pilah, other important towns are Port Dickson, Bahau and Nilai. The Arabic honorific title of the state is Darul Khusus, the earliest inhabitants of Negeri Sembilan were the ancestors of the Semelai, Semai, Semang, and Jakun peoples, who lived either as hunter-gatherer nomads or as subsistence farmers. The Minangkabaus from Sumatra settled in Negeri Sembilan in the 15th century under the protection of the Malacca Sultanate, and later under the protection of its successor, Negeri Sembilan is a state which has matrilineal society majority. The matrilineal custom was brought by the Minangkabau, as Johor weakened in the 18th century, attacks by the Bugis forced the Minangkabaus to seek protection from their homeland. The Minangkabau ruler, Sultan Abdul Jalil, obliged by sending his near relative, when he arrived, he found that another royal, Raja Khatib had already established himself as ruler. He declared war against Raja Khatib and became the ruler of Negeri Sembilan, the Sultan of Johor confirmed his position by granting the title Yamtuan Seri Menanti in 1773. After Raja Melewars death, a series of disputes arose over the succession, for a considerable period, the local nobles applied to the Minangkabau ruler in Sumatra for a ruler. However, competing interests supported different candidates, often resulting in instability, in 1873, the British intervened militarily in a civil war in Sungai Ujong to preserve British economic interests, and placed the country under the control of a British Resident. Jelebu followed in 1886, and the states in 1895. The number of states within Negeri Sembilan has fluctuated over the years, the federation now consists of six states, the former state of Naning was annexed to Malacca, Kelang to Selangor, and Segamat to Johor. Negeri Sembilan endured Japanese occupation in World War II between 1942 and 1945, and joined the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and became a state of Malaysia in 1963, the state has the highest percentage of Indians when compared to other Malaysian states. Negeri Sembilan is a state in which every ethnic groups speak their own respective languages. The Negeri Sembilanese people speak a variety of Malay known as Negeri Sembilan Malay or in their native language as Baso Nogoghi. It is not closely related to varieties of Malay in Peninsular Malaysia
Negeri Sembilan
–
Istana Seri Menanti
Negeri Sembilan
–
Seremban, capital of Negeri Sembilan.
26.
Northern Territory
–
The Northern Territory is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, to the north, the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite its large area—over 1,349,129 square kilometres, the Northern Territorys population of 244,000 makes it the least populous of Australias eight major states and territories, having fewer than half as many people as Tasmania. The archaeological history of the Northern Territory begins over 40,000 years ago when Indigenous Australians settled the region, makassan traders began trading with the indigenous people of the Northern Territory for trepang from at least the 18th century onwards. The coast of the territory was first seen by Europeans in the 17th century, the British were the first Europeans to attempt to settle the coastal regions. After three failed attempts to establish a settlement, success was achieved in 1869 with the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin. Today the economy is based on tourism, especially Kakadu National Park in the Top End and the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in central Australia, the capital and largest city is Darwin. The population is not concentrated in regions but rather along the Stuart Highway. The other major settlements are Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy, residents of the Northern Territory are often known simply as Territorians and fully as Northern Territorians, or more informally as Top Enders and Centralians. With the coming of the British, there were four attempts to settle the harsh environment of the northern coast. The Northern Territory was part of colonial New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a time from February to December 1846. It was part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911, under the administration of colonial South Australia, the overland telegraph was constructed between 1870 and 1872. A railway was built between Palmerston and Pine Creek between 1883 and 1889. The economic pattern of raising and mining was established so that by 1911 there were 513,000 cattle. Victoria River Downs was at one time the largest cattle station in the world, gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burrundi, and copper was found at Daly River. On 1 January 1911, a decade after federation, the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia, alfred Deakin opined at this time To me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation. In late 1912 there was growing sentiment that the name Northern Territory was unsatisfactory, the names Kingsland, Centralia and Territoria were proposed with Kingsland becoming the preferred choice in 1913
Northern Territory
–
Thomas Baines with Aborigines near the mouth of the
Victoria River.
Northern Territory
–
Flag
Northern Territory
–
Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863
Northern Territory
–
The northern coast of Australia is on the left with Melville Island in the lower right.
27.
Pahang
–
Pahang is the third largest state in Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia. The state occupies the huge Pahang River river basin and it is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and the South China Sea. Its state capital is Kuantan, and the seat is at Pekan. Other important towns include Jerantut, Kuala Lipis, Temerloh and the resorts of Genting Highlands, Cameron Highlands, Bukit Tinggi. The Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur, based on Chinese records, Pahang was known to the Chinese as Phang or Pahangh, other variations include Pang-Hang, Pang-Heng, Pong-Fong, Phe-Hang, and Pang-Kang and others. In 1225, Chau Ju-Kua wrote the book Chu-Fan-Chi and mentioned that amongst the states controlled by San-Fo-Chi was one called Peng-Keng, supposedly modern day Pahang. The Arabs and Europeans at that time called it as Pam, Pan, Phang, Paam, Poa, Paon, Phamm, Paham, Fanhan, Phang, G. R Tibbets, a historian who commented the story written by Masudi thought that Fanjab was Pahang. He preferred to call it Fanhan, Panghang/Panhang, rather than Fanjab, the name Pahang has been said to originate from the language of a Siamese aborigines tribe, meaning ore. The aborigines used to live here and opened up several mining areas, according to an old Malay story, at the place near the Pahang River, on the opposite side of Kampung Kembahang, a large mahang tree fell across the river, thus the name Pahang originated. Evidence for nomadic tribes living in the Pahang area go back to the Mesolithic Era, after the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Majapahit, Siam, and then by Sultanate of Malacca. Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, during this time, its population was mostly killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered and its economy ruined. After the decline of Aceh in the century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, from 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara. In 1896, Pahang joined Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan in the Federated Malay States and this evolved into the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. Rainforest covers much of the highlands, but it tends to be thinner, ferns are also extremely common, thanks mainly to the high humidity and fog that permeates the area. The Cameron Highlands area in the west is home to extensive tea plantations, the area is the highest on the mainland, and the climate is temperate enough to have distinct temperature variations year round. The area is known as a major supplier of legumes and vegetables to both Malaysia and Singapore. Genting Highlands is known as Malaysias playground and it is home to several hotels, a theme park and Malaysias only casino
Pahang
–
The 17th century
Mao Kun map based on the early 15th century navigation maps of
Zheng He showing
Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), Pulau Siribuat (石礁) and
Pulau Tioman (苧麻山).
Pahang
–
Cameron Highlands
Pahang
–
Teluk Chempedak.
Pahang
–
Kuantan, capital of Pahang.
28.
Perak
–
Perak also known by its honorific, Darul Ridzuan, or Abode of Grace, one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the fourth largest state in the country. It borders Kedah at the north, Thai Yala Province to the northeast, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor to the south, and the Straits of Malacca to the west. The states administrative capital of Ipoh was known historically for tin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, the royal capital, however remains at Kuala Kangsar, where the palace of the Sultan of Perak is located. The states official name is Perak Darul Ridzuan, Perak means silver in Malay, which is probably derived from the silvery colour of tin. In the 1890s, Perak, with the richest alluvial deposits of tin in the world was one of the jewels in the crown of the British Empire, however, some say the name comes from the glimmer of fish in the water that sparkled like silver. Darul Ridzuan is the states Arabic honorific, and can either land or abode of grace. Legend tells of a Hindu-Malay Kingdom called Gangga Negara in the northwest of Perak, archaeological discoveries indicate that Perak was inhabited since prehistoric times. The modern history of Perak began with the fall of the Malacca Sultanate, Raja Muzaffar Shah, fled the Portuguese conquest of 1511 and established his own dynasty on the banks of the Sungai Perak in 1528. Being rich in tin ore deposits, the dominion was under almost continuous threat from outsiders, the Dutch attempted to control the tin trade in the 17th century, and built defensive forts at the mouth of the Perak River and on Pulau Pangkor. Early history recorded the arrival in Perak of the Dutch in 1641, however, the Dutch attempt to monopolise the tin-ore trading in Perak by influencing Sultan Muzaffar Syah failed. This did not go well with the aristocracy of Perak. In 1651, Temenggung and the people of Perak attacked and destroyed the Dutch plant, the Dutch were forced to leave their base in Perak. The Dutch sent a representative to Perak in 1655 to renew the earlier agreement and to seek compensation for the loss of their plant. The Perak government however did not honour the treaty and was surrounded by the Dutch, in retaliation, the people of Perak, Aceh. In 1670, the Dutch returned to Perak to build Kota Kayu, now known as Kota Belanda, Perak agreed to the construction because of news that the Kingdom of Siam would be attacking the state. Nevertheless, in 1685, Perak once again attacked the Dutch on Pangkor Island, forcing them to retreat, the Dutch attempted to negotiate for a new treaty, but failed. In the 19th century, the Bugis, Acehnese, and the Siamese all attempted to invade Perak, the Perak Sultanate was unable to maintain order as it was embroiled in a protracted succession crisis. In her book The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither, Victorian traveller and adventurer Isabella Lucy Bird describes how Raja Muda Abdullah turned to his friend in Singapore, Tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore, drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed
Perak
–
Iron socked axe, said to have been found in a river bed in Perak, 100 BC- 200 AD,
British Museum
Perak
–
The ruins of the Dutch Fort on Pangkor Island
Perak
–
Sultan Abdullah of Perak
Perak
–
Royal Throne of Perak
29.
Perlis
–
Perlis, also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan, is the smallest state in Malaysia. It lies at the part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has the Satun. It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south and it was called Palit by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of 2010, the capital of Perlis is Kangar, and the Royal capital is Arau. Another important town is Padang Besar, at the Malaysia–Thailand border, the main port and ferry terminal is at the small village of Kuala Perlis, linking mostly to Langkawi Island. Perlis has a snake farm and research centre at Sungai Batu Pahat. Among the main tourist attractions are Perlis State Park and Gua Kelam, Perlis was originally part of Kedah, although it occasionally came under rule by Siam or Aceh. After the Siamese conquered Kedah in 1821, the British felt their interests in Perak to be threatened and this resulted in the 1826 Burney and Low Treaties formalising relations between the two Malay states and Siam, their nominal overlord. In the Burney Treaty, the exiled Kedah sultan Ahmad Tajuddin was not restored to his throne, Sultan Ahmad and his armed supporters then fought unsuccessfully for his restoration over twelve years. In 1842, the Sultan finally agreed to accept Siamese terms, however, Siam separated Perlis into a separate principality directly vassal to Bangkok. The Siamese made Raja Long Krok as the Governor of Siam in Perlis while Syed Hussain Jamalullail as deputy governor and this made Perlis as a sovereign state. His descendants still rule Perlis, but as rajas, instead of as sultans, as with Kedah, the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 forced Siam to relinquish its southern Malay vassal states of Kelantan, Trengganu, and Monthon Syburi to Great Britain. The British installed a Resident in the Perlis Royal capital of Arau, Perlis was returned to Siam in World War II as a reward for Siams alliance with Japan, but this brief annexation ended with the Japanese surrender. After World War II, Perlis returned to British rule until it became part of the Malayan Union, then the Federation of Malaya in 1957, since 1945, the Raja or hereditary monarch has been Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin. He was the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia from 13 December 2001 to 12 December 2006, Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra was the Regent of Perlis during the five-year period when Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin was Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Chief Executive or Menteri Besar is Azlan Man of Barisan Nasional, the Coat of Arms of Perlis consists of a sturdy green wreath of padi, indicating the wealth of the kingdom and the chief economic activity of the people. The shield in the centre represents the pride of the people, inside the shield is a ring of golden rice surrounding the name Perlis written in the Jawi script. The ethnic composition for the year 2000 in Perlis was, Malay, Chinese, Indian and others
Perlis
–
Kangar, capital of Perlis
Perlis
–
Limestone hills in Perlis
30.
Penang
–
Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts, Penang Island, where the city, George Town, is located. Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east, known as the Silicon Valley of the East for its industries, Penang is also one of the most urbanised and economically-important states in the country. George Town, which was founded by the British in 1786, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Penang has the third highest Human Development Index in Malaysia, after the State of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Its heterogeneous population is diverse in ethnicity, culture, language. A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite, Penang Lang or Penangkaran, the name of Penang comes from the modern Malay name Pulau Pinang, which means the island of the areca nut palm. The name Penang may refer either to Penang Island or the state of Penang, Penang is also known as the Pearl of the Orient, 东方之珠 and Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara. Penang is shortened as PG in English, or PP in Malay, early Malays called Penang Island Pulau Ka-Satu, meaning The First Island, because it was the largest island encountered on the trading sea-route between Lingga and Kedah. The Siamese, then the overlord of the Kedah Sultanate, referred to the island as Koh Maak, in the 15th century, Penang Island was referred to as Bīnláng Yù in the navigational drawings used by Admiral Zheng He of Ming China in his expeditions to the South Seas. The 16th-century Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Eredias map of the Malay Peninsula in his Description of Malacca in 1613 referred to the island as Pulo Pinaom, archaeological evidence shows that Penang was inhabited by the Semang-Pangan of the Juru and Yen lineage. Both of these are now considered extinct cultures and they were hunter-gatherers of the Negrito stock having short stature and dark complexion, and were dispersed by the Malays as far back as 900 years ago. The last recorded aboriginal settlement in Penang was in the 1920s in Kubang Semang, the first evidence of prehistoric human settlement in what is now Penang were found in Guar Kepah, a cave in Seberang Perai in 1860. Based on mounds of sea shells with human skeletons, stone implements, broken ceramics, and food leftovers inside, other stone tools found in various places on Penang Island pointed to the existence of Neolithic settlements dating to 5,000 years ago. One of the first Englishmen to reach Penang was the navigator, sailing from Plymouth for the East Indies, James reached Batu Ferringhi in June 1592, remaining on Penang Island until September of the same year and pillaging every vessel he encountered. In the early 18th century, ethnic Minangkabaus from Sumatra opened up a settlement on Penang Island, Haji Muhammad Salleh, known as Nakhoda Intan, anchored at Batu Uban and built a seaside settlement in 1734. Later, the Arabs arrived and settled mainly at Jelutong, the Arabs then intermarried with the Minangkabau, this gave rise to the Arab-Minangkabau admixture now described as Malay, as they have assimilated into the local Malay community. However, the history of Penang only began in 1786. On 17 July that year, Captain Francis Light, an English trader-adventurer of the British East India Company, landed on Penang Island, Fort Cornwallis was later built at the site where he first set foot
Penang
–
George Town, Penang as seen from
Penang Hill, the highest point on
Penang Island.
Penang
Penang
–
Aerial evening scene of Penang Island
Penang
–
Kapitan Keling Mosque built in 1801.
Selangor (SEL)
Sarawak (SAR)
Perak (PRK)
Pahang (PAH)
Penang (PEN)
Terengganu (TER)
Johor (JOH)
Sabah (SAB)
Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Kedah (KED)
Federal Territory (WIL)
Negeri Sembilan (NSE)
Malacca (MEL)
Kelantan (KEL)
Perlis (PER)
Police (POL)
Universities (MSU)
Armed Forces (ATM)
Brunei (BRU)
Labuan (LBN)
Northern Territory (NTA)
Sarawak (SAR)
Sabah (SAB)
