1.
Paralympic Games
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There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
2.
International Paralympic Committee
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The International Paralympic Committee is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and functions as the federation for nine sports. Founded on 22 September 1989 in Düsseldorf, Germany, its mission is To enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire, furthermore, the IPC wants to promote the Paralympic values and to create sport opportunities for all persons with a disability, from beginner to elite level. The IPCs headquarters is located in Bonn, Germany, in the upcoming years, other organizations joined and the need for a democratically guided organization emerged, demanded by the nations participating in the Paralympic Movement. They desired a democratic structure, to national and regional representation. The 1994 Winter Paralympics, Norway, were the first to be organized by the IPC, the word Paralympic derives from the Greek preposition para. and Olympics. The first connotation connected to the para was paralysis or paraplegia. But since the Paralympics cover different disability groups and the association to the Olympic Movement. A fifteen-member Governing Board oversees the IPC between meetings of the General Assembly, dr. Robert D. Steadward became the first President in 1989. Since 2001, Sir Philip Craven is President of the IPC, the number of athletes and nations participating in the Paralympic Games and thus being part of the Paralympic Movement is constantly increasing, along with the audience. Sport for persons with a disability is growing on a national and international level, the International Paralympic Committee has had two presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward and he was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British former Paralympic athlete, who remains president as of 2016. The IPC Governing Board consists of 14 members elected at the General Assembly, including the President, two members of the board without voting rights are the co-opted member Bernard Bourigeaud, and the CEO Xavier Gonzalez. The IPC has a board of distinguished individuals who support the IPCs goals and use their profile to raise funds. Chronology of milestones in the development of the International Paralympic Committee, the IPC publishes The Paralympian three times a year. The London 2012 Paralympics and other events related to the Paralympic Movement can be watched on the Internet TV channel for Paralympic Sports created by the IPC. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Paralympic Summer Games in Beijing, the agreement was adjusted in 2003. An extension was signed in June 2006, a further extension was signed in 2012, valid until 2020
3.
National Paralympic Committee
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A National Paralympic Committee is a national constituent of the worldwide Paralympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Paralympic Committee, NPCs are responsible for organizing their peoples participation in the Paralympic Games, there are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games, in the same host city. As of 2012, there are 174 NPC members of the IPC, only NPCs in good standing may enter athletes in the Paralympic Games. Within countries, some NPCs serve as the governing body for one or more sports
4.
All-time Paralympic Games medal table
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An all-time medal table for all Paralympic Games from 1960 to 2016 Summer Paralympic Games and 1976 to 2014 Winter Paralympic Games is tabulated below. The International Paralympic Committee itself does not publish all-time tables, and this table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IPC database. The results are attributed to the IPC country code as currently displayed by the IPC database, usually, a single code corresponds to a single National Paralympic Committee. When different codes are displayed for different years, medal counts are combined in the case of a change of IPC code or simple change of country name. As the medals are attributed to each NPC, not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NPC, names in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Paralympic Committee, to sort by gold, silver, and then bronze sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio National Paralympic Committees that have not yet won a Paralympic medal. All-time Olympic Games medal table Lists of Paralympic medalists List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All-Time Medal-Tally as of Beijing 2008, International Paralympic Committee
5.
Paralympic sports
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The Paralympic sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. As of 2016, the Summer Paralympics was included 22 sports and 526 medal events, the number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympic Games to another. The Paralympic Games are a major international event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement. These sports are organized and run under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee, organized sport for persons with physical disabilities developed out of rehabilitation programs. Following World War II, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Ludwig Guttmann of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England, in 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in London, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games. At the national level, there are a range of organizations that take responsibility for Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees, which are members of the IPC. Due to spinal-cord injury, spina bifida or polio, impaired passive range of movement - Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way. Acute conditions such as arthritis are not included, loss of limb or limb deficiency - A total or partial absence of bones or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency. Leg-length difference - Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due to deficiency or trauma. Short stature - Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, Hypertonia - Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch. Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which damage to the central nervous system. Ataxia - Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements, Athetosis - Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture. Visual Impairment - Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind and this includes impairment of one or more component of the visual system. The sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment, beginning in 2012, these guides (along with sighted goalkeepers in 5-a-side football became eligible to receive medals of their own. Intellectual Disability - Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning, the IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the disability group Intellectual Disability has been added to some Paralympic Games
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Paralympic symbols
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The Paralympic symbols are the icons, flags and symbols used by the International Paralympic Committee to promote the Paralympic Games. The Paralympic motto is Spirit in Motion, the motto was introduced in 2004 at the Paralympic Games in Athens. The previous motto was Mind, Body, Spirit, introduced in 1994, the symbol of the Paralympic Games is composed of three agitos, coloured red, blue, and green, encircling a single point, on a white field. The agito is a symbol of movement in the shape of an asymmetrical crescent, the Paralympic symbol was created by the Scholz & Friends agency and approved in April 2003. The colours of the agitos with the white background stand for the three colours that are most widely represented in national flags around the world, the shape also symbolises the Paralympic vision To Enable Paralympic Athletes to Achieve Sporting Excellence and to Inspire and Excite the World. This Paralympic symbol was first used in publications and other products in 2003, due to limited time before the 2004 Paralympic Summer Games in Athens, the new symbol was not used by participating delegations during the Games. At the 2004 Closing Ceremony however, the flag that was handed over to Beijing had the new symbol, the symbol was first used in a Paralympic emblem at the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Torino. The first Paralympic flag used five pa arranged similarly to the Olympic Rings, but not interlocking, a new symbol created for the International Paralympic Committee in 1991 included six overlapping pa in a circle. In November 1991, the IPC members voted against the new symbol, however, the IOC made clear that it would refuse further collaboration with the IPC if the five-pa symbol remained in place. In March 1992, the Paralympic symbol was changed to a version utilizing only three pa, the three-pa version remained in place from the close of the Lillehammer Games through the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. Each Paralympic Games has its own Paralympic emblem, the city that hosts the Paralympic Games creates a symbol to represent the event. See Category, Summer Paralympic Games and Category, Winter Paralympic Games for various Paralympic emblems and this design incorporates the Paralympic symbol, the name of the event, and one or more distinctive elements to identify the event. It is the responsibility of the International Paralympic Committee to approve Paralympic emblems for the Paralympic Games, the Paralympic emblems are used in promotional materials, by sponsors of the Paralympics, and on the uniforms of every Paralympic competitor. All emblems are the property of the IPC, atlanta 1996 – Nagano 1998 – Sydney 2000 – Three graphic shapes, portrays the Paralympic torch, echoes the sails of Sydneys Opera House. Salt Lake 2002 – Three distinct marks, A sphere over two broad fluid lines, Athens 2004 – Features the profile of an athlete—male or female—looking forward. Torino 2006 – Three graphic elements represent human figures creating an upward soaring movement, designed by the Benincasa-Husmann studio Beijing 2008 – Sky, Earth and Human Being, A figure of an athlete in motion, in the shape of the Chinese character zhi. The standard colours are green, magenta, orange and blue, created by designers at Wolff Olins. The emblem was released on the day as the emblem for the Olympic Games
7.
Winter Paralympic Games
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The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, the Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Paralympics are also hosted by the city hosted the Winter Olympics. The International Paralympic Committee oversees the Winter Paralympics, medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games started in 1904. The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than wheelchair athletes. The Games have expanded and grown to be part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympic Games, given their expansion the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has given rise to controversy and opened the door for cheating. Winter Paralympians have also been convicted of use and other forms of cheating unique to Paralympic athletes. The origins of the Winter Paralympics are similar to the Summer Paralympics, injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which known as the first Paralympics. Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports, advances were slow and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held. The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28, Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event. There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries, and it was the first time athletes with other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete. Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games and this was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the facilities as the Winter Olympics. Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have an advantage. German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002 and he had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals
8.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
9.
2016 Summer Paralympics
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These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program, canoeing and the paratriathlon. A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio, for the first time in Paralympic history, and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960, an athlete—Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad—died during competition. Following the third and final round of voting at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, parsons praised how well-organized the 2012 Summer Paralympics were, and felt that his team had learned lessons from London that could be applied in Rio. As in past years, the 2016 Summer Paralympics share most of its venues with the corresponding Summer Olympics. Barra da Tijuca hosts most of the venues of the Games and they are accompanied by a wooden carrying box, and a plush toy of Paralympic mascot Tom with hair leaves that match the medals color. During the Olympics, organizers stated that only 12% of a target of 3.3 million tickets had been sold. By early September, only half of the tickets to medal events had been sold, nugent began the campaign after noticing the large number of empty seats at competition venues during the 2016 Summer Olympics. Following endorsements of the campaign by prominent figures, such as British band Coldplay, as part of a revised ticketing strategy, the organizers set a new target of 2.4 million tickets, with the cheapest tickets costing R$10 each. Ticketing director Donovan Ferreti told The Guardian that a demand for tickets had begun to develop in the final days before the opening ceremony. The low cost of tickets helped to attract attendees to the Paralympics—especially families, while praised the large. The next day, Barra Olympic Park had an attendance of 167,675. On 14 September, the IPC announced that sales had exceeded 2 million, the Paralympic torch relay began with five individual flames being relayed to a city in each of the five regions of Brazil. The emblem incorporates a heart and the infinity symbol, representing a beating heart, IPC president Philip Craven explained that in his opinion, the emblem symbolized the heart of athletes, who were also the heart of the Paralympic movement. As with the Olympic emblem, the Paralympic emblem was designed so that it could also be rendered in two- and three-dimensional versions, named after Brazilian musician Tom Jobim, the Paralympic mascot represents Brazilian flora and is always growing and overcoming obstacles. The mascots fictional backstories state that they were born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games. Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots are intended to reflect the diversity of Brazils culture, the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on the evening of 7 September 2016, the Independence Day in Brazil, at the Maracanã Stadium. With the theme Todo Mundo tem um Coração, the portions of the ceremony featured sequences themed around the culture of host city. The official portions of the ceremony were afflicted by notable political gestures and they will surprise you, inspire and excite you, but most of all they will change you
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1960 Summer Paralympics
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They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term Paralympic Games was approved by the International Olympic Committee first in 1984, the Games were held in Rome, Italy from September 18 to 25,1960, with the 1960 Summer Olympics. The only disability included in these Paralympics was spinal cord injury, there were about 400 athletes, from 23 countries. As there were no more than three athletes or teams per event, every athlete was guaranteed a medal upon completing his or her event, archery Athletics Dartchery Snooker Swimming Table tennis Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Italy, is highlighted, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC. The information from the International Paralympic Committee website is based on sources which does not present all information from earlier games, such as relay
11.
1964 Summer Paralympics
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The 1964 Summer Paralympics, originally known as the 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games, were the 2nd Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Tokyo, Japan, they were the last Summer Paralympics to take place in the city as the Summer Olympics until the 1988 Summer Paralympics. The term Paralympic Games was approved by the International Olympic Committee first in 1984, in contrast with the 1960 Games, many events had more than three participants, meaning that athletes were no longer guaranteed a medal upon completing their event. Also originally known as Paralympic Tokyo 1964, Tokyo will host the Summer Paralympic Games again in 2020. Nine sports were competed at the 1964 games, in athletics, a wheelchair racing event in the form of a 60 m dash was added, previously the athletics program had included only field events. Wheelchair racing has become one of the most prominent Paralympic events. Archery Athletics Dartchery Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing Athletes from 17 of the 19 National Paralympic Committees won at least one medal, by default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code. With a few exceptions, each event contributed one medal of each type to the table, two bronze medals were awarded in the dartchery, snooker and table tennis events. Some swimming events did not award silver or bronze medals, host country First-time Paralympic appearance To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title. Fiji also made their debut Paralympic appearance, dick Thompson of the United Kingdom won two individual golds, one silver and one bronze in athletics. The United States Ron Stein won six golds and South Africas Daniel Erasmus won two golds and two silvers in athletics, nineteen delegations participated in the Tokyo Paralympics. The 1964 Games marked South Africas Paralympic Games début, the country had just been banned from taking part in the Olympic Games, due to its policy of apartheid, and was thus absent from the 1964 Summer Olympics. It was not, however, banned from the Paralympics until 1980, the Opening ceremony was organized in the Oda Field, and the Closing Ceremony at Yoyogi National Gymnasium. About 5000 spectators were present at both of the ceremonies, then Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko were present in both of them. Earlier it was thought that the Games might not get media coverage, due to the focus on the Olympic Games. Yoshisuke Kasai was the chairman of the Board of directors, the board had 3 vice-chairmen, namely T. Azuma, H. Dazai and I
12.
1968 Summer Paralympics
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The 1968 Summer Paralympics were the third Paralympic Games to be held. Organised under the guidance of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation, the games were originally planned to be held alongside the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but in 1966, the Mexican government decided against it due to difficulties. The Israeli government offered to host the games in Tel Aviv, the closing ceremony took place in the Tel Aviv Trade Center. Therefore, these games were the first in Paralympic history to not be held concurrently with the Olympic Games, Lawn bowls was included in the program for the first time. In wheelchair basketball, a team event was added, as was a 100 m wheelchair race for men in athletics. Archery Dart archery Athletics Lawn bowls Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below, the host nation, Israel, is highlighted. Twenty-eight delegations took part in the Tel Aviv Paralympics, having made its Paralympic Games début four years earlier, South Africa continued to compete at the Paralympics, by sending a delegation to the Tel Aviv Games. It was, at the time, banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, but it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980
13.
1972 Summer Paralympics
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The 1972 Summer Paralympics, the fourth edition of the Paralympic Games, were held in Heidelberg, West Germany, from August 2 to 11,1972. As with previous Paralympics, the 1972 games were intended for wheelchair athletes only, however, demonstration events such as goalball and a 100 m sprint for the visually impaired allowed visually impaired competitors to participate for the first time. Archery Athletics Dartchery Goalball Lawn bowls Snooker Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair fencing The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below, the host nation, West Germany, is highlighted. Forty-two delegations took part in the Heidelberg Paralympics, south Africa was competing at the Paralympics for the third time. Although banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980, Rhodesia competed for the last time. But as the Paralympics that year were held before the Olympics, Rhodesia was able to take part in the 1972 Paralympic Games
14.
1976 Summer Paralympics
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The 1976 Summer Paralympics was the fifth Paralympic Games to be held. They were hosted by Toronto, in the province of Ontario, from August 4 to 12,1976, the games began two days after the close of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. This was the first time global politics interfered with the Paralympic Games, the problem stemmed from the logic that admitting a team from South Africa was to give implicit approval for its governments attitude towards segregation and racism. The provincial government at Queens Park eventually covered the tab, guttman and Bob Jackson, worked to convince the governments to honour their promises of support and were largely successful. Nevertheless, a number of teams withdrew, following on from the Montreal boycott by 25 countries, later, efforts were made to develop a joint policy with the International Olympic Committee. Rhodesia was not allowed to participate as the Canadian government refused to grant visas for the Rhodesian Paralympic team to attend the competition, the opening of the 1976 games was held at Woodbine Race Track in north Etobicoke. There was no village, so competitors were housed at York University, University of Toronto. Israeli athletes were housed at a hotel due to security concerns. Closing ceremonies and outdoor events took place at Centennial Park Stadium, Centennial Gymnasium and Centennial Parks Olympic Pool were the other venues. The 1976 games marked the first television coverage of Paralympic events, performances were shown to viewers in Southern Ontario. Within the Toronto area, a consortium of cable companies carried the games on channel 10 after CTV. At the 1976 games, amputees and visually impaired athletes competed for the first time, within the sport of athletics, new wheelchair racing distances of 200 m,400 m,800 m and 1500 m were added. Shooting and goalball, both demonstration events, were included as official medal sports. The host nation, Canada, is highlighted, forty delegations took part in the Toronto Paralympics. South Africa was competing at the Paralympics for the fourth time, although banned from the Olympic Games due to its policy of apartheid, it was not banned from the Paralympics until 1980, and Canada, as host country, did not object to its participation. These were, however, to be its last Paralympics before the dismantling of apartheid, The Netherlands, as hosts of the 1980 Games, Canada at the Paralympics World Paralympiads in Canada 1976 Summer Paralympics – Toronto 2010 Winter Paralympics – Vancouver—Whistler 1976 Winter Paralympics 1976 Summer Olympics
15.
1980 Summer Paralympics
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The 1980 Summer Paralympics were the sixth Paralympic Games. They were held in Arnhem, Netherlands, from June 21 to 30,1980, the Soviet Union, hosts of the 1980 Summer Olympics, were invited to host these Paralympics. However, disability sport was not yet well-developed there, and they passed, notoriously, Soviet Paralympic teams were first represented in the 1988 Summer and Winter Games, the last while the Soviet Union was extant. The first Paralympics on former Soviet territory would be in 2014, there was controversy during the preparation for these Games over the inclusion of a team from South Africa. In the Netherlands, public and official opinion was against the inclusion of the South African team, the Dutch Parliament was negative as well. Eventually, the parliament decided against allowing the participation of the South African team, Dutch organisers also increased visibility through their fundraising. Building a fund that would hold a surplus years after the games and this would naturally find its expression in the International Fund Sport Disabled, supporting the future of the paralympic movement in the 1980s. Competitors were divided into four disability categories, amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired and it was the first time that cerebral palsy athletes competed in the Paralympics. Volleyball was added to the program as a new sport, forty-three delegations took part in the Arnhem Paralympics. Prior to the Games, the States General of the Netherlands, as host country, adopted a motion declaring South Africas participation undesirable, due to its policy of apartheid. The 1980 Games thus marked South Africas first absence from the Summer Paralympics since it had joined the movement in 1964, the United States and other countries boycotted the Olympics because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan but they did not boycott the Paralympics. The Netherlands decision thus corrected the anomaly whereby South Africa had been banned from the Olympic movement since 1960, the top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Netherlands, is highlighted,1980 Summer Olympics 1980 Winter Paralympics International Paralympic Committee
16.
1984 Summer Paralympics
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The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, as with the 1984 Summer Olympics, the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games. Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief took the tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess. However, overall reports and the impression given off by the games was a friendly atmosphere. The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, patchy showers greeted the 14000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on the 19th June. New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech, entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech. Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a speech acknowledging the athletes. Competitors were divided into five categories, amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair. The wheelchair category was for competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs, within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The Trails for the first wheelchair event to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using paralympic terminology, the seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each. Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics,1984 Summer Olympics 1984 Winter Paralympics International Paralympic Committee
17.
1988 Summer Paralympics
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The 1988 Summer Paralympics, were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games. They took place in Seoul, South Korea and this was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use. The 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympic Games to be held under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee, the ICC was accepted into the Olympic Family, which allowed greater co-operation by National Olympic Committees in regards to the organization of Paralympic Games. The SLOOC gave a subsidy of $12,857,143 US dollars, the Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee designed the first Paralympic Symbol which was used from 1988-1994. The Five teardrops in the W configuration and colours of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and this symbol was eventually changed in 1994, as it was considered to be too close to the International Olympic Committees 5-ring emblem. The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games is considered as the genesis of the Modern Paralympic Games, during the Opening Ceremony there were more than 75,000 people within the Olympic Stadium with a then record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations. The President of South Korea, Roh Tae-Woo, presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, paul Croft, competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia during the Opening Ceremony. Parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, the Seoul Paralympic Games were not without controversies. The Iranian goalball team were disqualified for refusing to play against the Israeli team and it was deemed that the Iranian team had misused the sporting platform for political aims by the ICC who made immediate arrangements to send the team home. A Libyan team arrived at the Seoul Paralympic Games without having gone through the entry procedures. The SPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team and a compromise was reached and they could compete in the marathon event, however they would not have any medal entitlement, nor would they be officially recognized at the Closing Ceremony. Twenty-seven athletes were awarded medals after the first round of competition in the mens and womens wheelchair slalom event. The mistake was discovered when officials realised that the medals should not have been awarded until after a round of competition. The games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one demonstration sport, powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted, sixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics. Burma, which had part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred mere weeks after the 8888 Uprising and the coup which brought the State Peace. Burma would return as Myanmar in 1992, the Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic début, having previously taken part in the 1988 Winter Paralympics
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1992 Summer Paralympics
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The 1992 Summer Paralympics were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, in addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid. The games consisted of 560 events spread over fifteen sports, powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. Wheelchair tennis, a sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, was contested as an official medal sport for the first time. The United States topped the medal count with more medals, more silver medals. Germany took the most bronze medals, with 59, the Madrid medals are counted too and added in the table In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation. Host country One hundred three delegations participated at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, south Africa returned to the Paralympics for the first time since being declared undesirable due to its policy of apartheid in 1980. The first Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympic games in the Spanish capital of Madrid from September 15–22. The games featured a cultural group, a group of intellectually disabled men from Nagasaki who played taiko during the opening and closing ceremonies. 1992 Summer Olympics 1992 Winter Paralympics Cheating at the Paralympic Games
19.
1996 Summer Paralympics
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The 1996 Paralympic Games in Atlanta, USA were held from August 16 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million and it was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status. The mascot for the Paralympic Summer Games in Atlanta 1996 was Blaze, Blaze was created by Trevor Stone Irvin of Irvin Productions in Atlanta. Blaze is a phoenix, a bird that rises from ashes to experience a renewed life. The phoenix appears in Egyptian, Arabian, Chinese, Russian and Native American folklore and in all instances symbolizes strength, vision, inspiration and survival. The phoenix was a mascot for the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games and later for BlazeSports America. The phoenix has long been the symbol of Atlanta’s rebirth after its devastation in the American Civil War, but most importantly, it is the personification of the will, perseverance and determination of youth and adults with physical disability to achieve full and productive lives. Today, Blaze is the most recognizable symbol of disability sport in America, the games consisted of 508 events spread over twenty sports, including three demonstration sports. E. The host country, the United States, topped the medal count with more medals, more bronze medals. Germany took the most silver medals, with 58, in the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by the top ten nations. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. Host country One-hundred and four delegations participated in the Atlanta Paralympics,1996 Summer Olympics BlazeSports America, the legacy organization of the 1996 Paralympic Games International Paralympic Committee Official site at the Wayback Machine
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2000 Summer Paralympics
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The 2000 Paralympic Games were held in Sydney, Australia, from 18 to 29 October. In September 1993, Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games, to secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games. The Sydney games were the eleventh Summer Paralympic Games, where an estimated 3800 athletes took part in the programme and they commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000. It was followed by the 11 days of international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere, the games was estimated to cost $157 million, with the NSW Government and Commonwealth Government contributing $25 million each. The Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games contributed $18 million, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee entered into a Host City contract with the International Paralympic Committee, which outlines the SPOC’s obligations in hosting the Paralympic Games. To cover the costs, other revenue was raised via sponsorship, though there is no budgeted profit, if any profit is made though the games, repayment to the Federal and State Governments is the first priority. In October 1998, governing bodies of the Paralympics including the SOCOG, an estimated total of forty-one thousand Australians answered this call, non-including those sourced from specialist community groups. The major focus between 1999-2000 was completion of the first stage of the Millennium Parklands and this is composed of 450 hectares of landscape, with up to 40 kilometers of pedestrian and cycle trails. This major first stage included focus on the surrounding Olympic facilities, providing a landscape for recreational activities, conservation. During this time work on the Water Reclamation and Management Scheme will continue to progress, the WRAMS will be in use during the games with the first stage to be implemented. This system will continue after the games, and will be developed after the games has been completed. The WRAMS system is one of the many water saving management strategies to be used during the games period. Stormwater from the Stadium Australia roof is to be collected and used to irrigate the central stadium, the Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee. The Games were organised by the Sydney Paralyampic Organising Committee led by President Dr John Grant, the SOCOG was established at the same time as the Sydney Paralympic organising Committee on 12 November 1993 by the Office of Olympic Co-ordination. In January 1995, SPOC became a company controlled by the Government. A board of directors including the Premier, Minister for the Olympics, the Treasurer and the Minister for Sport, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee also regulated the use of Paralympic Games indicia and images. On 29 November, the Sydney Games Administration Act 2000 was passed, the legislation caused the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee to dissolve from 1 January 2001, its assets and liabilities were transferred to the Olympic Coordination Authority
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2004 Summer Paralympics
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3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed. 519 medal events were held in 19 sports, four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens, 5-a-side football for the blind, quads wheelchair tennis, and a womens competition in sitting volleyball and in the judo. A total of 1567 medals were awarded during the Athens games,519 gold,516 silver, china topped the medal count with more gold medals, more silver medals, and more medals overall than any other nation. In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of medals earned by a nation. Chantal Petitclerc of Canada won five golds and set three records in wheelchair racing, while Swedish shooter Jonas Jacobsson took four gold medals. Frances Béatrice Hess won her nineteenth and twentieth Paralympic gold medals in swimming, swimmer Trischa Zorn of the United States won just one medal, a bronze, but it was her 55th ever Paralympic medal. She retained her position as the most successful Paralympian of all times, the opening ceremony for the 2004 Summer Paralympics took place on September 17,2004. The show started with children passing on knowledge and raising their lights to the sky and this was a reference to Hippocrates, who transferred knowledge to the children. A26 meters tall olive tree symbolising life stood in the middle of the arena, the opening ceremony also featured a performance with human drama, with light and with music, in an allegory about obstacles and limits. The Parade of Delegations was accompanied by the music of French composers Yves Stepping, the music told the legend of Hephaestos, god of fire and son of Zeus and Hera. An athlete from Turkmenistan propelled himself around the stadium by doing somersaults, Greece, the home team, received a strong cheer. After that, fireworks erupted at the stadium, there were 150 local support staff involved and 400 volunteers. The children were from ages 8 to 17, coming from Australia, France, Spain, Greece, the Games were officially declared opened by Greek president Costis Stephanopoulos and Philip Craven, the president of the International Paralympic Committee. They were accompanied by the head of the organizing committee Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, who told the athletes, many of you will leave Athens with medals, but all of you will leave as champions. Phil Craven quoted Democritus in his speech, Two thousand years ago and this holds true for all athletes, but especially for Paralympians. Recognising and cultivating your unique abilities and mastering challenges – you set standards and give expression for people, young and old. The Paralympic flame was lit by Greek athlete Georgios Toptsis, the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Paralympics took place on September 28,2004. The artistic and entertainment part of the ceremony will not take place, flags were flown at half mast and a minutes silence was observed
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2008 Summer Paralympics
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The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games, the thirteenth Paralympics, took place in Beijing, China from September 6 to 17,2008. As with the 2008 Summer Olympics, equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao,3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part. This was the largest ever number of nations at the Paralympics, China fielded more athletes than any other country. The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics, One World, China dominated the medal count finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals, more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases. 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken, international Paralympic Committee President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever. Nineteen competition venues—seventeen in Beijing, one in Hong Kong, the red, blue, and green in the emblem represent sun, sky, and earth. The slogan was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics, One World, the mascot was a cartoon cow named Fu Niu Lele, roughly meaning Lucky Ox Happy. The theme song was Flying with the Dream Chinese, 和梦一起飞 and it was performed by Chinese-Tibetan singer Han Hong and Hong Kong singer and actor Andy Lau. The torch relay of the 2008 Summer Paralympics started from Tian Tan on August 28, the flame then gathered before The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests and followed two routes. Both routes returned to Beijing on September 5, and the torch was flamed at the National Stadium during the Opening Ceremony on September 6, the opening ceremony took place on September 6,2008. The pre-ceremony performance was a succession of musical performances, ranging from military music to folk music. Following a countdown, a fireworks display signalled the beginning of the ceremony proper, the national flag of China was then raised, in accordance with usual protocol, and the national anthem of China performed. Performers wearing suits in bright colours paraded round the stadium, as a ceremony preceding the athletes entry. As with the 2008 Summer Olympics, the ceremony included a parade of nations, countries with the same number of strokes in the first character are sorted by those of the next character. This made Guinea the first country to enter as it takes two strokes to write the first character in the countrys name, the ceremony concludes with Hou Bin, the high jump gold medalist with one leg lighting the flame cauldron. The 2008 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony was held at the Beijing National Stadium and it began at 8,00 pm China Standard Time on September 17,2008. Twenty sports were on the program, Rowing made its first appearance in the Paralympics at these games, the following National Paralympic Committees sent delegations to compete. Burundi, Gabon, Georgia, Haiti and Montenegro were participating in the Paralympics for the first time, botswana was due to take part, but its single athlete, defending Paralympic champion sprinter Tshotlego Morama, withdrew prior to the Games due to injury
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2012 Summer Paralympics
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They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes, and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games. Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island, New York, after its original host, at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, the rights to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to London. As with the Olympics, the 2012 Summer Paralympics were overseen by LOCOG, LOCOG was responsible for overseeing the staging of the games, while the ODA dealt with infrastructure and venues. The Government Olympic Executive within the Department for Culture, Media, the GOE reported through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics Hugh Robertson. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy, the 2012 Summer Paralympics used many of the same venues as the 2012 Summer Olympics, along with two new locations such as Eton Manor for wheelchair tennis and Brands Hatch for road cycling. Londons purpose-built Olympic venues and facilities, including the Olympic Village itself, were designed to be accessible as possible so they could accommodate the Paralympics. Some venues also contained additional accessible seating areas during the Paralympics, transport for London operated the Paralympic Route Network to facilitate road traffic between venues and facilities. The network provided 8.7 miles of lanes specifically reserved for Paralympic athletes, TfL continued to operate its Get Ahead of the Games website during the Paralympics, which provided updates and advice for commuters during the Games. Prior to the Games, concerns were raised by TfL commissioner Peter Hendy that Londons transportation system might not be able to handle the Paralympics adequately, Sevenoaks railway station was designated as the preferred station for spectators travelling to watch the cycling at Brands Hatch. Organisers chose Sevenoaks over the closer Swanley railway station because of its existing step-free access and excellent transport links, whilst organisers did not believe that Swanley would be able to have wheelchair lifts installed by the start of the Paralympics, the station finished their installation by early August 2012. The formal handover occurred during the ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. This was followed by a presentation by Britain, which was similar to its presentation during the Olympics closing ceremony. It featured urban dance group ZooNation, the Royal Ballet, and Candoco, a double-decker bus drove around the stadium, guided by Ade Adepitan, to music composed by Philip Sheppard. The top of the bus was open and folded down to show a privet hedge featuring London landmarks such as Tower Bridge, The Gherkin and the London Eye. Cherisse Osei, drummer for Mika, and Sam Hegedus then performed, before the top of the bus folded up into its original form, both the Paralympic and Olympic flags were formally raised outside of Londons City Hall on 26 September 2008. British Paralympians Helene Raynsford and Chris Holmes raised the Paralympic flag, on 8 September 2011 Trafalgar Square staged International Paralympic Day, hosted by Rick Edwards, Ade Adepitan and Iwan Thomas, to coincide with a visit to London by representatives of the IPC. The event celebrated the Paralympic Games, showcasing and demonstrating the 20 sports that would feature during the Games and it also featured appearances by Paralympic athletes Oscar Pistorius, Ellie Simmonds and Sascha Kindred, and the unveiling of a bronze statue of Pistorius by Ben Dearnley. British Prime Minister David Cameron and Londons mayor Boris Johnson also appeared, two days later on 10 September, supermarket chain Sainsburys and Channel 4 presented Sainsburys Super Saturday, a family event at Clapham Common
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2020 Summer Paralympics
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This will mark the second time Tokyo has hosted the Paralympics, as they were first hosted there in 1964 alongside the 1964 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of badminton and taekwondo to the Paralympic programme, with the removal of sailing and 7-a-side football. She cited narrow roadways with no sidewalks, and buildings constructed with narrow doorways, in particular, she called for power lines to be moved from utility poles to underground to facilitate the widening of roads. 22 events are scheduled to make up the 2020 Paralympics, cycling events will be split into two disciplines, road and track
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2024 Summer Paralympics
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The 2024 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the games started in 2015, with five cities in contention. The two remaining candidate sites are Los Angeles and Paris, the host of the Summer Olympic Games is scheduled to be announced at the 130th International Olympic Committee Session in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017. However, IOC President Thomas Bach has suggested to both cities the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics at the session in Lima. On 17 March 2017, the International Olympic Committee has moved closer toward picking both Los Angeles and Paris to host a Summer Games in a double vote that year. The candidature process was announced at the time as the names of the five candidates cities on 16 September 2015. olympic. Hamburg withdrew its bid due to a referendum held on November 29,2015, while, citing fiscal difficulties, on February 22,2017, it was reported that Budapest withdrew its bid, after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum. In a statement released the IOC’s evaluation commission praised the candidates for “creativity, the International Olympic Committee wanted feedback on the formation of a working group that will consider giving 2024 to one city and 2028 to the other. On April 5,2017 the race between Los Angeles and Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics caused a debate from Facebook fans. On 19 February 2013, the United States Olympic Committee sent letters to the mayors of 37 American cities to gauge their interest in hosting the 2024 Olympics, the cities included were Atlanta, Chicago, Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D. C. On 10 June 2014, the USOC met in Boston to confirm the shortlist of cities drawn up for the 2024 Olympics, on 13 June 2014, the USOC announced its shortlist for potential host cities, Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington. On 26 September 2014, The U. S. Olympic Committee received near-unanimous support from the sports federations in a poll asking whether they would support a bid for the 2024 Olympics. Forty of the 47 national governing bodies took part in the poll and all 40 answered positively to the question, during the closed door meeting each of the four cities were given two hours to present their citys bids. Following the final presentation, the USOC announced that the United States would bid to host the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, but did not announce which city would bid. On 8 January 2015, the USOC selected Boston to be the city from the United States but on 27 July 2015 Bostons bid was withdrawn. On 1 September 2015 the USOC announced that Los Angeles was chosen for the United States bid for the 2024 Summer Games, Baku, Azerbaijan Baku submitted a bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics and submitted a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Baku failed to become a candidate both times, upon failing to become a candidate for the 2020 Games, it was stated that Baku would come back again next time even stronger. Baku National Stadium also hosted the 2015 European Games, istanbul is expected to bid for the 2019 European Games, as European Olympic Committee president Spyros Capralos stated that hosting the European Games would help with its future Olympic bids
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2028 Summer Olympics
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The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, are a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the host city is scheduled to begin in 2019, on 17 March 2017, the International Olympic Committee moved closer toward picking both Los Angeles and Paris to host a Summer Games in an unprecedented double vote this year. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Torontos economic development committee voted against bidding for the 2024 games on 20 January 2014, Torontos mayor at the time, Rob Ford, suggested that a bid for the 2028 games may be more realistic. Toronto bid for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, but lost to Atlanta and Beijing, in 2009, Toronto won the bid for the 2015 Pan American Games. International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach was among those who, in light of the Pan American Games, on 11 August 2015, Tory met with the head of the Canadian Olympic Committee to discuss the bid process and the citys previous bids. The COC encouraged the mayor to consider bidding, on 11 September 2015, the COC held a conference about a potential bid and voted unanimously in support for a Toronto bid for the 2024 games. This vote allowed the COC to prepare a letter of intent to send to the IOC by the September 15 deadline, on 15 September 2015, Mayor Tory announced that the city will not make a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However, a 2028 bid might be possible, depending on whether or not fellow Canadian city Calgary, however, a bid for the 2028 Olympics might be a possibility. Of note,2028 would mark the 60th anniversary of the 1968 Summer Olympics, a report announced that Budapest was planning to bid on the 2028 Summer Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics. He additionally stated that Budapest was going to host the 2017 European Youth Olympic Festival, however, he also said that Budapest would need to solve serious concerns surrounding transportation and Olympics sports facilities. Szalay-Berzeviczy also stated that the facilities in Hungary, such as transportation and sports venues, in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents if they want to organize the Summer Olympics in 2024 or not. A total of 138,527 signatures is required to be collected from Budapestians until 17 February 2017 to start a referendum, the referendum would be held in Budapest and only the residents of the capital city would be able to cast a valid vote. If Budapest withdraws from the 2024 Olympic race, there could still be a chance for a 2028 bid, on February 22,2017 Budapest withdrew its bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics, leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race. Germany Berlin The former mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, had stated that Berlin was exploring a bid for the 2024 or 2028 Olympic Games. Berlin hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and last bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, as polls in Berlin showed, 55% of Berlins population supported the application to host the 2024 Games. On 16 March 2015 the National Olympic Committee proposed Hamburg to be the city from Germany for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However on 29 November 2015 a referendum was held in which 51. 6% of the citizens voted against a bid for the Olympics. Although this means that Germany was no longer in the running for hosting the 2024 Summer Olympics, Hamburg Hamburg planned to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and if they failed, to re-bid again at 2028
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Archery at the Summer Paralympics
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Para-archery has been contested at every Summer Paralympic Games since they were first held in 1960. Separate individual and team events are held for men and women, archers are classified according to the extent of their disability, with separate individual events for each of three classes. W1 - Wheelchair and Cerebral Palsy athletes with impairment in all four limbs W2 - Wheelchair users with full arm function, w3 - Standing athletes in Amputee, Les Autres and Cerebral Palsy categories. Some athletes in the group will sit on a high stool for support. Overall results, updated to the 2016 Summer Paralympics
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Athletics at the Summer Paralympics
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Athletics has been contested at every Summer Paralympics since the first games in 1960. Men and women from all disability groups compete in the sport, some athletes use wheelchairs or prosthetic limbs. Visually impaired athletes participate in running events with the help of a sighted guide, sound-emitting devices or a sighted caller are used to indicate target areas for throwing events, take-off points for jumping events, and other important locations for visually impaired competitors. Athletes compete in classes which group them according to their impairments. Note that not all events at a particular games are competed across all classifications Marathon at the Paralympics
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Boccia at the Summer Paralympics
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Boccia has been contested at the Summer Paralympics since the 1984 Games in New York City and Stoke Mandeville. Five boccia events were held at those games, two for men, two for women, and one mixed event where men and women competed together, since then, all boccia events at the Paralympics have been mixed. Athletes in this sport have cerebral palsy and are given a classification according to the extent of their disability, there were originally two classes, C1 and C2, with C1 corresponding to those with more severe impairment. In 1996 a C1 with aid device class was added, and in 2000 the system was changed to have four classes, BC1 through BC4. The table below gives the number of boccia events and the disability classifications contested in individual, pairs. All events were mixed unless noted otherwise, total medals achieved from 1984 to 2016
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Cycling at the Summer Paralympics
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Cycling has been contested at every Summer Paralympic Games since the 1984 Summer Paralympics. Cyclists are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability, the classification system allows cyclists to compete against others with a similar level of function. Many such events are factored, reducing the times of riders in lower classifications to take their greater impairment into account, factoring percentages are based on average race times by riders in each classification. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, factored races included the mixed tricycle time trial, Womens C1–3 road time trial, Womens H1–2 road time trial and track C1–3 and C4–5 events
31.
Football 5-a-side at the Summer Paralympics
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Football 5-a-side has been contested at the Summer Paralympics since 2004. The competition has consisted of an event, mens team. Football 5-a-side is an adaptation of football for athletes with visual impairments including blindness, the sport, governed by the International Blind Sports Federation, is played with modified FIFA rules. Football 7-a-side at the Summer Paralympics Football 5-a-Side History, results by Sport - Football 5-a-Side
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Goalball at the Summer Paralympics
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Goalball tournaments have been staged at the Paralympic Games since 1976
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Powerlifting at the Summer Paralympics
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Paralympic powerlifting has been competed at every Summer Paralympics since 1984. Weightlifting had been on the Paralympic program since 1964, however after the 1992 Games the IPC decided to drop weightlifting, women first competed in the sport at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics. The International Paralympic Committee recognises the heaviest weights lifted in powerlifting events at the Paralympic Games, an asterisk after the result indicates that the lift is also a current IPC world record. Powerlifting at the Paralympics on paralympic. org
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Rowing at the Summer Paralympics
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Rowing at the Summer Paralympics has been part of the competition since the 2008 Summer Paralympics. Rowing as a sport has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1896 Summer Olympics, Rowing at the paralympics is under the jurisdiction of the International Rowing Federation the same as the Olympics. All races are raced over a 1000 m straight course, whereas the Olympic distance is 2000 m, there is a limited number of crews permitted to race, so the International Rowing Federation holds qualification events in order to determine who competes at the Paralympic Games. At the Paralympic Games, each National Olympic Committee can only have one boat per event, list of all athletes that participated in all events. List of rowing venues - includes Olympic venues and non Olympic venues Olympic Rowing Medalists at HickokSports. com
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Sailing at the Summer Paralympics
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Sailing has been an official part of the Summer Paralympic Games between 2000 to 2016, after being a demonstration sport in 1996. The International Association for Disabled Sailing is responsible for coordinating the event with the International Paralympic Committee and this table is based upon the names of the sailors who are documented in the Official Olympic Reports although 1996 is not included in the overall totals at it was a demonstration event. The table is currently being built
36.
Shooting at the Summer Paralympics
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Paralympic shooting has been competed at the Summer Paralympic Games since 1976. Events include mens, womens, and mixed events using rifles, overall results from both rifle and pistol shooting events in all categories. Updated to the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Shooting at the London 2012 Paralympic Games Shooting Rulebook – International Shooting Sport Federation
37.
Swimming at the Summer Paralympics
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Swimming has been contested at every Summer Paralympics. At the first games, the 1960 Paralympics,62 swimming events were held in distances of 25 and 50 metres, since then, swimming at the Paralympics has grown to 140 events covering distances from 50 to 400 metres, plus 4×50 and 4×100 metre relays. Along with track and field athletics, it is one of the largest sports at the Paralympics in terms of the number of events, competitors, as with most Paralympic sports, athletes are classified according to the type and extent of their disability. The International Paralympic Committee recognizes the fastest times swam at the games as Paralympic records and this table is updated to the 2012 Paralympics
38.
Volleyball at the Summer Paralympics
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Paralympic volleyball was first competed at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1976. That first year, the traditional standing form of volleyball was contested, sitting volleyball was later introduced as a full Paralympic event in 1980. The 2000 was the last time standing volleyball appeared on the Paralympic programme, the womens sitting volleyball event was also introduced in the 2004
39.
Wheelchair rugby at the Summer Paralympics
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Wheelchair rugby was first contested at the Summer Paralympics as a demonstration sport in 1996. It became an official medal-awarding sport in 2000 and has competed at every Summer Paralympics since then. Only one event, mixed team, is held, the final placement for each team in each tournament is shown in the following tables
40.
Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics
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Wheelchair tennis was first contested at the Summer Paralympics as a demonstration sport in 1988, with two events being held. It became an official medal-awarding sport in 1992 and has competed at every Summer Paralympics since then. Four events were held from 1992 to 2000, with events in both singles and doubles added in 2004. Six events are contested at each Paralympic, only mens and womens singles were held at the 1988 Paralympics, when it was a demonstration sport. These were joined by mens and womens events at its first medal games. In 2004 events were added to the roster for athletes with quadriplegia, current events Mens singles Mens doubles Womens singles Womens doubles Quad singles Quad doubles Medal winning teams for every Summer Games since 1992 are as follows, Wheelchair Tennis History. Results by Sport – Wheelchair Tennis
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Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
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Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
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United States (USA)
Great Britain (GBR)
Germany (GER)[24]
China (CHN)
Australia (AUS)
Canada (CAN)
France (FRA)
Netherlands (NED)
Sweden (SWE)
Poland (POL)
Spain (ESP)
Italy (ITA)
Ukraine (UKR)
South Korea (KOR)
Israel (ISR)
Rome, Italy
Tokyo, Japan
Tel Aviv, Israel
Heidelberg, West Germany
Toronto, Canada
Arnhem, Netherlands
New York, United States
Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom
Seoul, South Korea
Barcelona, Spain
Sydney, Australia
Athens, Greece
Beijing, China
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Tokyo, Japan
Paris, France
