1.
Compact (newspaper)
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A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term as used for this came into its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for Londons commuters. Readers from other parts of the country liked the new format, the Times and The Scotsman copied the format as The Independent increased sales. All three newspapers are now printed exclusively in compact format following trial periods during which both broadsheet and compact version were produced simultaneously, the term “compact” was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail when that newspaper went tabloid, although the Mail now calls itself a tabloid. It is often used to differentiate newspapers with more content from those with a flamboyant or salacious publishing style. The functional opposite of compact is red top, as the nameplates of British sensationalist tabloids tend to be red, berliner Broadsheet List of newspapers Paper sizes Tabloid
2.
Newsquest
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Newsquest Media Group Ltd. is the second largest publisher of regional and local newspapers in the United Kingdom with 205 brands across the UK, publishing online and in print. It reaches 28 million visitors a month online and 6.5 million readers a week in print, based in London, Newsquest employs a total of more than 5,500 people across the UK. It also has a specialist arm that publishes both commercial and business-to-business titles such as Insurance Times, The Strad, and Boxing News, the next year it floated on the London Stock Exchange realising a market capitalisation of £500 million. In 1998, Newsquest added the Sussex-based Contact-a-Car, the London Property Weekly titles, in 1999, The US Gannett media groups newly formed UK subsidiary paid £922 million for Newsquest and took on the company’s debt. The Competition Commission again inquired into this purchase but cleared it, in 2005, Newsquest’s Exchange Enterprises division paid £50. Newsquest also owned the formerly named Brentford, Chiswick and Isleworth Times, later known as the Hounslow and Brentford Times, Gannett had replied by saying, There is no truth in the report. Newsquest is a part of the Gannett company. It was hardly a picture of a company suffering from poor health, the company hoped to launch the gallery across the whole of the Newsquest network, the press release added. In April 2014, following CEO/Chairman Paul Davidsons retirement, Henry Faure Walker was appointed CEO at Newsquest. On 26 May 2015, Newsquest announced that it had acquired Romanes Media Group, the Romanes newspaper portfolio comprises one daily,19 weekly paid-fors and nine weekly frees, and associated websites, and the company employs 270 staff. On 28 April 2016, Newsquest announced that the latest comScore figures showed that users spend more time per month on Newsquest sites than any other regional press group, Newsquest has a digital audience of 28 million unique users including the Scottish jobs website s1jobs. com. Wishart had written to the commission in June 2007 to express his concern about standards, union members were holding a ballot over whether they should strike over five redundancies on the Glasgow Evening News, one of the papers bought from SMG. Newsquest’s Glasgow NUJ members went on again on 3 and 4 August 2007. She was not surprised staff had walked out and they have a long list of causes for dissatisfaction - redundancies, staffing shortages, poor working conditions and high stress levels. This is damaging the health of the workers and the health of the paper, rather than discuss the problems, Newsquest has derecognised the NUJ, Peattie continued. Peattie had tabled a motion in the Scottish Parliament expressing concerns about the Herald newspapers
3.
Scottish independence
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Scottish independence is a political aim of various political parties, advocacy groups, and individuals in Scotland for the country to become an independent sovereign state. A national referendum was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014, voters were asked to answer either Yes or No to the question, Should Scotland be an independent country. 55. 3% of voters answered No and 44. 7% answered Yes, Prime Minister Theresa May has stated that her government will not agree to this proposal. Scotland emerged as an independent polity during the Early Middle Ages, the level of independence of the Scottish kingdom was fought over by the Scottish kings and by the Norman and Angevin rulers of England who petitioned the Pope and other foreign rulers. A popular myth in English folklore was that Britain had been founded by Brutus of Troy, who had left England to his eldest son, Locrinus, and Scotland to his youngest son, Albanactus. Scots disputed this and established their own popular myth, which was that Scotland had been founded earlier, by a Greek prince Goídel Glas and his wife Scota, according to legend, Scota carried the Stone of Destiny from Egypt to Scotland. A watershed in the Scottish kingdoms history was a crisis that erupted in 1290 where Edward I of England claimed the right of succession to the Scottish throne. The Auld Alliance of Scotland and France against English interests was first invoked at this time, the Wars of Scottish Independence ended in a renewed kingdom under Robert the Bruce, whose grandson Robert II of Scotland was the first Scottish king of the House of Stuart. From 1603, Scotland and England shared the same monarch in a union when James VI of Scotland was declared King of England and Ireland in what was known as the Union of the Crowns. Scottish jacobite resistance to the union, led by descendants of James VII/II including Bonnie Prince Charlie, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed by the Acts of Union 1800, which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland. The 26 southern counties of Ireland left the Union in 1922, the Home Rule movement for a Scottish Assembly was first taken up in 1853 by the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, a body close to the Conservative Party. A key element in this movement was the comparison with Ireland, the original movement broadened its political appeal and soon began to receive Liberal Party backing. In 1885, the post of Secretary for Scotland and the Scottish Office were re-established to promote Scotlands interests, in 1886, however, William Ewart Gladstone introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. When many Scots compared what they had to the Irish offer of Home Rule and it was not regarded as an immediate constitutional priority however, particularly when the Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Commons. A Scottish Home Rule bill was first presented to parliament in 1913, unlike Ireland, which rebelled in the Easter Rising and fought a War of Independence, Scotland did not resist central rule. There was, however, a persistent demand for Scottish home rule, the Scottish Office was relocated to St Andrews House in Edinburgh during the 1930s. The Scottish Covenant was a petition to the UK government asking for home rule and it was first proposed in 1930 by John MacCormick and formally written in 1949. The petition was signed by two million people
4.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
5.
Evening Times
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The Evening Times is an evening tabloid newspaper published Monday to Saturday in Glasgow, Scotland. The paper, a sister paper of The Herald, was established in 1876. The papers slogan is Nobody Knows Glasgow Better, publication of the Evening Times moved to a Charles Rennie Mackintosh building in Mitchell Street in 1868. The building is now the Lighthouse, Scotlands Centre for Architecture, Design, in 1964, publishers George Outram were bought by Sir Hugh Fraser. In 1979, the ownership was acquired by Tiny Rowlands Lonrho, on 19 July 1980, the paper moved to offices at 195 Albion Street, a black-fronted building modelled after the Black Lubyanka building of the Daily Express in Londons Fleet Street. The Albion Street building had housed the Scottish Daily News workers cooperative from May to November 1975. A management buy-out in May 1992 created Caledonian Newspapers, later purchased by Scottish Television in 1996, after the purchase the TV group renamed itself Scottish Media Group, which was later shortened to SMG and, in 2008, rebranded as STV Group plc. The Evening Times and The Herald are owned by Newsquest, which acquired it with the purchase of the arm of the Scottish Media Group in 2003 for £216 million. Newsquest also owns the Scottish Jobs website s1jobs. com The newspaper is sold in trademark vendor stalls around Glasgow City Centre, in addition it is delivered to doors around Glasgow by paper boys and girls, and is also sold in numerous stores around Greater Glasgow
6.
The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The newspaper was founded by an Edinburgh-born printer called John Mennons in January 1783 as a publication called the Glasgow Advertiser. Mennons first edition had a scoop, news of the treaties of Versailles. War had ended with the American colonies, he revealed, the Herald, therefore, is as old as the United States of America, give or take an hour or two. The story was, however, only carried on the back page, Mennons, using the larger of two fonts available to him, put it in the space reserved for late news. In 1802, Mennons sold the newspaper to Benjamin Mathie and Dr James McNayr, former owner of the Glasgow Courier, along with the Mercury, was one of two papers Mennons had come to Glasgow to challenge. Mennons son Thomas retained an interest in the company, the new owners changed the name to The Herald and Advertiser and Commercial Chronicle in 1803. In 1805 the name changed again, time to The Glasgow Herald when Thomas Mennons severed his ties to the paper, from 1836 to 1964 The Herald was owned by George Outram & Co. becoming the first daily newspaper in Scotland in 1858. The company took its name from the editor of 19 years, George Outram. Outram was an early Scottish nationalist, a member of the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, any man calling himself a Scotsman should enrol in the National Association, said The Herald. In 1895, the moved to a building in Mitchell Street designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In 1980, the moved to offices in Albion Street in Glasgow into the former Scottish Daily Express building. It is now based at in a building in Renfield Street. One of the most traumatic episodes in the history of The Herald was the battle for control, millionaires Hugh Fraser and Roy Thomson, whose newspaper empire included The Heralds archrival, The Scotsman, fought for control of the title for 52 days. Sir Hugh Fraser was to win, the papers then editor James Holburn was a disapproving onlooker The Labour Party condemned the battle as big business at its worst. The newspaper changed its name to The Herald on 3 February 1992, dropping Glasgow from its title and that same year the title was bought by Caledonia Newspaper Publishing & Glasgow. In 1996 was purchased by Scottish Television, as of 2013 the newspaper along with its related publications, the Evening Times and Sunday Herald, were owned by the Newsquest media group
7.
The National (Scotland)
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The National is a Scottish daily newspaper owned by Newsquest that began publication on 24 November 2014, and the first daily newspaper in Scotland to support Scottish independence. Initially published on weekdays, a Saturday edition was added in May 2015, the National is printed in tabloid format, and is also available via online subscription. Details of its launch were announced on 21 November, with information given at a Scottish National Party rally the following day. By January 2015, daily sales had fallen to below 20,000, the first front page carried a story about charities urging devolution of powers over welfare legislation to Scotland. Reception to the launch was mixed in both media and political circles. However, the Scottish journalist and broadcaster Lesley Riddoch was more positive, upon its launch, The National stated that it is a separate entity from the SNP. The National describes itself as the newspaper that supports an independent Scotland, details of the newspaper were revealed on 21 November 2014 after The Guardian obtained a copy of a letter being circulated to retailers by Newsquest announcing its forthcoming publication. Richard Walker, editor of the Sunday Herald, was announced as the new papers editor, copies would cost 50p, while an online version would also be available via subscription. The paper was launched with an initial print-run of 60,000, initial contributors included Sunday Herald journalists Jamie Maxwell and Peter Geoghegan, as well as freelance reporter Sarah Cooper. During the initial week of publication, Walker spoke of his belief that The National would continue beyond the trial period, following healthy sales in the first few days, Newsquest executives decided on 27 November to continue printing the newspaper, and to allocate it additional resources. On the same day, Neil Mackay, The Nationals news editor, publication then continued on weekdays until the introduction of a Saturday edition in May 2015. On 27 November 2014, Alex Salmond, the former First Minister of Scotland, on 27 January 2015, Newsquest area manager Tim Blott announced that the newspapers website would be relaunched in February, while Callum Baird would be appointed as assistant editor. The first Saturday edition of The National was published on 9 May to provide coverage of the results of the 2015 UK general election. Walker subsequently described the response as very strong and said that the newspaper would continue to be printed on a Saturday for as long as there’s a public demand for it. In September 2015 Walker announced his resignation from Newsquest, and consequently the Sunday Herald and The National and he was succeeded as editor by Callum Baird. As Scotland prepared to welcome its first batch of refugees from the Syrian Civil War an edition of the newspaper published on 17 November 2015 carried the headline Welcome to Scotland. The Independent reported that an image of the front page was subsequently shared multiple times among users of social media. The Press Gazette reported that 80,000 copies were produced on the third day, other sources, including The Guardian, and subsequently The National itself, put the online subscription figure at 11,000
8.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
9.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
10.
History of Scottish devolution
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Some have argued for devolution – a Scottish Parliament within the United Kingdom – while others have advocated complete independence. Scottish voters were given the chance to vote Yes on outright independence in a 2014 referendum, in an effort to persuade Scots to remain in the Union, the major UK parties vowed to devolve further powers to Scotland after the referendum. Having agreed to pass the Union with England Act, the Parliament of Scotland adjourned on 25 March 1707, the post of Secretary of State for Scotland existed after 1707 until the Jacobite rising of 1745. Thereafter, responsibility for Scotland lay primarily with the office of the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, the Secretaries of State were reorganised in 1782 and the duties now came under the Secretary of State for the Home Department. 1885 saw the creation of the Scottish Office and the post of Secretary for Scotland, in May 1913 the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Government of Scotland Bill 1913 by 204 votes to 159. The bill was supported by Liberals and opposed by Unionists and it did not proceed further due to the outbreak of the First World War. The Scottish Covenant Association was a political organisation that sought the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly. It was formed by John MacCormick who had left the Scottish National Party in 1942 when they decided to support independence for Scotland rather than devolution as had been their position. The Association was responsible for the creation of the Scottish Covenant, members of the organisation were also responsible for the removal of the Stone of Destiny from Westminster Abbey in 1950 that attracted huge publicity for the cause of Scottish home rule. The Scottish referendum of 1979 was a referendum to decide whether there was sufficient support for the Scotland Act 1978 that was to create a deliberative assembly for Scotland. The Act required that for the Act not to be repealed at least 40% of the electorate would have to vote Yes in the referendum, the referendum resulted in a narrow Yes majority but fell short of the 40% requirement. In response to the majority voting for both proposals, the United Kingdom Parliament passed the Scotland Act 1998, creating the Scottish Parliament. The Act was introduced by the Labour government in 1998 after the 1997 referendum, the Act specifically asserts the continued power of the UK Parliament to legislate in respect of Scotland. The Act devolves all powers except over matter it specifies as reserved matters and it further designates a list of statutes which are not amenable to amendment or repeal by the Parliament which includes the Human Rights Act 1998 and many provisions of the Scotland Act itself. The same constraints apply to acts of the Scottish Executive, the formal opening by the Queen took place on 9 October 2004. Enric Miralles, the Spanish architect who designed the building, died before its completion, Office and administrative accommodation in support of the Parliament were provided in buildings leased from the City of Edinburgh Council. The new Scottish Parliament Building brought together these different elements into one purpose built complex, housing 129 MSPs and more than 1,000 staff. A Scottish Executive was created under section 44 of the Scotland Act 1998, following the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, the Scottish Executive was rebranded as the Scottish Government by the new Scottish National Party administration
11.
Gus Macdonald
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Angus John Gus Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of Tradeston, CBE, PC is a member of the House of Lords, taking the Labour Party Whip. Macdonald was born in Larkhall, Scotland and his father, a Highlander, had poor health and gambled. His mother, who was from a mining family, worked multiple jobs to support. Macdonald was leader of the Govan and Gorbals branch of the Labour Partys Young Socialists and he moved to London in 1962 where he was briefly involved in revolutionary socialist politics as a member of the International Socialists, living at the London home of its foremost member, Tony Cliff. He has said that he returned to his roots working at the Labour weekly Tribune around 1964. He has worked as a journalist on The Scotsman and as a member of the Insight team on The Sunday Times and he also presented Granadas What the Papers Say as well as Right to Reply and Union World on Channel 4. Macdonald returned to Scotland in 1986 as Director of Programmes for Scottish Television, after four years he became Managing Director, replacing William Brown in 1990. While at STV he overhauled the stations Current Affairs output and cut the workforce from 800 to 330. The company took over two newspapers, The Herald and the Evening Times, plus the other ITV contractor in Scotland and he became non-executive Chairman of Scottish Media Group plc at the end of 1997, and of Chairman of Taylor and Francis plc in 1998. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to broadcasting in the 1997 Birthday Honours. A year after the Labour won the United Kingdom general election McDonald was made life peer on 2 October 1998 as Baron Macdonald of Tradeston in the City of Glasgow. Also member of House of Lords Select Committees on Economic Affairs and he is on Steering Group of the OECD Futures Programme on Infrastructure and Advisory Board of OECD International Transport Forum. In 2011 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, Macdonald was installed as Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in October 2007, succeeding Magnus Magnusson. He also served as a member of the Council and of Court at the University of Sussex and is Patron of the Dystonia Society, 1940–1997, Mr Gus Macdonald 1997–1998, Mr Gus Macdonald CBE 1998–1999, The Rt Hon. The Lord Macdonald of Tradeston CBE 1999–, The Rt Hon, the Lord Macdonald of Tradeston CBE PC Camera, A Victorian Eyewitness, B. T. Batsford Ltd, London,1979, ISBN 0-7134-2095-2 Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings,8 October 1998
12.
The Big Issue
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The Big Issue is a street newspaper founded by John Bird and Gordon Roddick in September 1991 and published in four continents. It is written by journalists and sold by homeless individuals. It is the worlds most widely circulated street newspaper, the Body Shop provided start-up capital to the equivalent value of $50,000. The magazine was published monthly, but, in June 1993. The venture continued to expand with national editions being established in Scotland and Wales, as well as regional editions for Northern England, further editions are also produced in seven locations overseas. In 1995, The Big Issue Foundation was founded to offer support and advice to vendors around issues such as housing, health, personal finance. In 2001, the magazine sold nearly 300,000 copies, between 2007 and 2011, the circulation of The Big Issue declined from 167,000 to less than 125,000. Competition between vendors also increased at this time, in January 2012, the magazine was relaunched, with an increased focus on campaigning and political journalism. New columnists were added, including the Premier League footballer Joey Barton, Rachel Johnson, to become a vendor, one must be homeless, vulnerably housed or marginalised in some way. There are five localised editions of the magazine throughout the United Kingdom and vendors buy The Big Issue for £1.25. The magazine is produced and sold in Australia, Ireland, South Korea, South Africa, Japan, Namibia, Kenya, Malawi. All vendors receive training, sign a code of conduct and can be identified by badges which include their photo, the accession of several Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union in 2004 led to the increased migration to the UK of residents of those countries. When Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007, the right of their residents to work in Britain was limited to the self-employed, highly skilled migrants, the Big Issue, whose vendors are classed as self-employed, offers an opportunity for A2 migrants to work in the UK. By 2011, around half of Big Issue sellers in the north of England were of Romani origin, in London, 30% of rough sleepers are Eastern European. In 2012, a Romanian Big Issue vendor obtained a ruling which confirmed that she is entitled, as a self-employed person. The Big Issue has been criticised for enabling migrants to access the system in this way. The magazine is produced by The Big Issue Company Ltd, the company is a self-sustaining business which generates income through magazine sales and advertising revenues. Financially, The Big Issue is an organisation, with all post-investment profits passed to The Big Issue Foundation
13.
The Scotsman
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The Scotsman is a Scottish compact newspaper and daily news website published from Edinburgh. It was a broadsheet until 16 August 2004, the Scotsman Publications Ltd also issues the Edinburgh Evening News and the Herald & Post series of free newspapers in Edinburgh, Fife, and West Lothian. As of February 2016, it had a print circulation of 22,740, with a full-price paid-for circulation of 61. 6% of this figure. Scotsman. com websites, including the site, job site, property site, mobile site. The paper was pledged to impartiality, firmness and independence, after the abolition of newspaper stamp tax in Scotland in 1850, The Scotsman was relaunched as a daily newspaper priced at 1d and a circulation of 6,000 copies. Their premises were originally at 257 High Street on the Royal Mile, in 1860 they obtained a purpose built office on Cockburn Street in Edinburgh designed in the Scots baronial style by the architects Peddie & Kinnear. This backed onto their original offices on the Royal Mile, the building bears the initials JR for John Ritchie the founder of the company. In 1902 they moved to new offices at the top of the street, facing onto North Bridge. This huge building had three years to build and also had connected printworks on Market Street. The printworks connected below road level direct to Waverley Station in an efficient production line. In 1953 the newspaper was bought by Canadian millionaire Roy Thomson who was in the process of building a media group. The paper was bought in 1995 by David and Frederick Barclay for £85 million, the daily was awarded by the Society for News Design the World’s Best Designed Newspaper™ for 1994. Ian Stewart has been the editor since June 2012, after a reshuffle of senior management in April 2012 during which John McLellan who was the papers editor-in-chief was dismissed, ian Stewart was previously editor of Edinburgh Evening News and remains as the editor of Scotland on Sunday. In 2012, The Scotsman was named Newspaper of the Year at the Scottish Press Awards, Johnston Press have downsized to refurbished premises at Orchard Brae House in Queensferry Road, Edinburgh, a move which was quoted as saving the group £1million per annum in rent. The newspaper backed a No vote in the referendum on Scottish independence and it has had live webcams and panoramas around Scotland. It also has sections for other Scotsman Publications including Scotland on Sunday, List of newspapers in Scotland List of newspapers by date Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 273–79 Official website The Scotsman Digital Archive 1817-1950 Johnston Press Comprehensive Design Architects
14.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981
15.
STV Group (Scotland)
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STV Group plc, previously known as Scottish Television and Scottish Media Group, is a Scottish media company. It is a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index, originally formed as Scottish Television, it changed its name to Scottish Media Group in 1996 when it acquired Caledonian Publishing, owners of Glasgow-based newspapers The Herald and Evening Times. It then went on to acquire the ITV licence holder for Northern Scotland, Grampian Television, Scottish and Grampian merged brands in 2006 to form STV. Originally formed as Scottish Television, it changed its name to Scottish Media Group in 1996 when it acquired Caledonian Publishing, owners of Glasgow-based newspapers The Herald and it then went on to acquire the ITV licence holder for Northern Scotland, Grampian Television in June 1997. In August 1997 the company acquired a 15% stake in UTV In 1999 it launched a new Sunday broadsheet newspaper, talks were also held which could have led to Border Television and Ulster Television being bought, but they came to nothing. On 24 March 1999 Mirror Group sold its 18. 6% stake in SMG to Granada, by September an agreement had been reached to acquire Guardian Media Groups 15% stake in GMTV for £20 million, but both Carlton and Granada objected to the deal. In the first week of September,1999 the company acquired a 37. 4% stake in Heart of Midlothian F. C. for £8 million. A few days later the company unveiled its interim results with its pre-tax profits up 2 per cent to £24 million with a turnover of £111.2 million. In early December 2000 the group acquired a 14. 9% stake in Scottish Radio Holdings, in anticipation of a relaxation of radio ownership rules and within four months increased this to 27. 7%. By 2004 the company sold their 27. 8% stake in Scottish Radio Holdings to Emap for £90million in anticipation of consolidation in the radio market. Flextech owner Telewest sold its 16. 9% stake in STV Group to an investment bank for £45 million as part of their plan to raise funds to clear off debt. Throughout 2003/2004 rumours appeared about the company being broken up, with its ITV interests being sold off in an attempt to wipe out its £380m debt, however, the group instead sold the Herald newspapers and its stake in Scottish Radio Holdings. SMG said SMG are pulling out of GMTV because it did not want to hold a minority interest in someone elses media business, andrew Flanagan unexpectedly resigned as chief executive in July 2006. SMG said in a statement that the price GMT Communications Partners is paying represents a clear uplift on offers previously received for Primesight, Primesight have been prosecuted a number of times for the display of advertisements without consent which is an offence under UK Planning Acts. The lack of consent for many of Primesights displays is said to have reduced the price by up to £30 million. Further major changes occurred when STV Group sold Virgin Radio to a group led by The Times of India on 31 May 2008, in June 2008, SMG plc announced plans to change its name to STV Group plc. The company said the name change was to highlight its renewed focus on television, encompassing the STV Central and STV North franchises. The new STV Group branding was introduced on 1 October 2008. 1m from the due to a 2010 payment from Vue Cinemas
16.
STV (TV channel)
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STV is a television channel serving the majority of Scotland. It operates the two ITV licensees in northern and central Scotland, formerly known as Grampian Television and Scottish Television, the brand was adopted on Tuesday 30 May 2006 replacing both franchises identities. In 2013, STV won licences to launch local TV channels in Glasgow, STV Glasgow launched on 2 June 2014, with STV Edinburgh following on 12 January 2015. In spring 2017, the city channels are to be rebranded as STV2 and operated in combination with new franchises centred on Aberdeen, Dundee, there is no STV South as Southern Scotland is part of the ITV Border region and programmes are presented there under the ITV Border brand. Emphasising the fact that STV is essentially one channel across the two regions, there is a director of channels, and a single head of news. Terms in the renewed licences for both STV Central and STV North also mean that regional non-news programmes are shared across both licences. Although the stations are required to produce 1.5 hours a week of regional non-news programmes, the chief executive of STV Group plc. Today, news and current affairs forms the bulk of STVs regular programming on Channel 3, on a network scale, one of STVs most famous exports is the long-running crime drama Taggart, set in Glasgow. The networks range of programmes was dramatically expanded during the 1990s under director Alistair Moffat, another of the stations best-known programmes, Scotsport, ran continuously for 51 years until May 2008 and remains one of the worlds longest-running television sports programmes. ITVs coverage of the FA Cup was also dropped, ITV plc claimed that STV were in breach of their network agreements by making this decision and sued STV for £38 million. STV launched its own legal action against ITV plc, claiming the company was owed money, the then executive chairman of ITV plc, Michael Grade claimed his company was the victim in the ongoing dispute. The company pledged to continue with its plan to more regional programming. On 27 April 2011, ITV plc and STV settled their legal dispute, the programming rights payment is capped at a maximum of £15 million. In addition, STV will receive £2.4 million of credit for programme opt outs in 2011, STV said it believed it was in the best interests of shareholders to end the long period of uncertainty. The parties have agreed the basis of a collaborative relationship for the future. The deal would see STV and UTV become affiliates of the network, at the time, the licence holders paid a percentage of the Channel 3 network costs based on their share of qualifying revenue. On 23 August 2012 STV confirmed the new agreement with ITV was in operation. The STV studios in Glasgow were originally located in the former Theatre Royal in the Cowcaddens area of the city, the first programme broadcast by STV from the Theatre Royal studios was This is Scotland on 31 August 1957
17.
Scottish independence referendum, 2014
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A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom took place on 18 September 2014. The referendum question, which answered with Yes or No, was Should Scotland be an independent country. The No side won, with 2,001,926 voting against independence and 1,617,989 voting in favour, the turnout of 84. 6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the introduction of universal suffrage. To pass, the proposal required a simple majority. With some exceptions, all European Union or Commonwealth citizens resident in Scotland aged 16 or over could vote and this was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include 16 and 17 year olds in Scotland. Yes Scotland was the campaign group for independence, while Better Together was the main campaign group in favour of maintaining the union. Many other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, newspapers, prominent issues raised during the referendum included which currency an independent Scotland would use, public expenditure, EU membership, and North Sea oil. The Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were established as independent countries during the Middle Ages, after fighting a series of wars during the 14th century, the two monarchies entered a personal union in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also became James I of England. The two nations were temporarily united under one government when Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of a Commonwealth in 1653, Great Britain in turn united with the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the Union in 1922 to form the Irish Free State, consequently, the Labour Party was committed to home rule for Scotland in the 1920s, but it slipped down its agenda in the following years. The Scottish National Party was formed in 1934, but did not achieve significant electoral success until the 1960s, a document calling for home rule, the Scottish Covenant, was signed by 2 million people in the late 1940s. Home rule, now known as Scottish devolution, did not become a serious proposal until the late 1970s as the Labour government of James Callaghan came under pressure from the SNP. A proposal for a devolved Scottish Assembly was put to a referendum in 1979, a narrow majority of votes were cast in favour of change, but this had no effect due to a requirement that the number voting Yes had to exceed 40% of the total electorate. No further constitutional reform was proposed until Labour returned to power in 1997, clear majorities expressed support for both a devolved Scottish Parliament and that Parliament having the power to vary the basic rate of income tax. The Scotland Act 1998 established the new Scottish Parliament, first elected on 6 May 1999, a commitment to hold a referendum in 2010 was part of the SNPs election manifesto when it contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. As a result of election, the SNP became the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and formed a minority government led by the First Minister. The SNP administration launched a National Conversation as an exercise in August 2007, part of which included a draft referendum bill. After this, a paper for the proposed Referendum Bill was published
18.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
19.
Iain Macwhirter
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Iain Macwhirter is the political commentator of the The Herald and the Sunday Herald, an author and documentary film and radio presenter and a former Rector of Edinburgh University. In 2013, he published Road to Referendum which accompanied a major new television series of the same name on STV and ITV. In 2015, his book Tsunami, about the SNPs victory in the 2015 general election, was published by Freight Books, Macwhirter was educated at George Heriots School, an independent school for boys in Edinburgh, followed by the University of Edinburgh. Macwhirter worked for the BBC for almost 20 years, becoming Scottish political correspondent in 1987, then from 1989 as a member of the Westminster press contingent, as part of Westminster Live. He returned to Scotland to help launch the Sunday Herald in 1999 and he also writes for Public Finance and other publications. Macwhirter announced that he was running for Rector of the University of Edinburgh on 12 January 2009 and he was backed by George Galloway following the latters withdrawal as a candidate for the post. He was elected Rector on 13 February 2009, winning by 4,822 votes to 2,182, succeeding the former Green MSP Mark Ballard. Media of Scotland Iain Macwhirter | writer and broadcaster
20.
Scotland on Sunday
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Scotland on Sunday is a Scottish Sunday newspaper, published in Edinburgh by The Scotsman Publications Ltd and consequently assuming the role of Sunday sister to its daily stablemate The Scotsman. It was originally printed in broadsheet format but in 2013 was relauched as a tabloid and it backed a No vote in the referendum on Scottish independence. Scotland on Sunday was launched on 7 August 1988 and was priced at 40p, ultimate ownership of Scotland on Sunday has changed several times since launch. In 1995, the group was sold to the billionaire Barclay Brothers for £85 million, then in December 2005 the paper, along with the other Scotsman Publications titles, was sold to Edinburgh-based newspaper group Johnston Press in a £160 million deal. List of newspapers in Scotland Iain Gale, Scotland on Sunday art critic Andrew Crumey, Scotland on Sunday literary editor, 2000–06
21.
On the Waterfront
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On the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg. It stars Marlon Brando and features Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, Pat Henning, the soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. The film focuses on violence and corruption amongst longshoremen while detailing widespread corruption, extortion. In 1997 it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the eighth-greatest American movie of all time and it is Bernsteins only original film score not adapted from a stage production with songs. In 1989, On the Waterfront was deemed culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress, mob-connected union boss Johnny Friendly gloats about his iron-fisted control of the waterfront. Terry Malloy is a dockworker whose brother Charley the Gent is Friendlys right-hand man, Terry is used to coax Joey Doyle, a popular dockworker, into an ambush, preventing Joey from testifying against Friendly before the Crime Commission. Terry assumed that Friendlys enforcers were only going to lean on Joey to pressure him into silence, Joeys sister Edie, angry about her brothers death, shames waterfront priest Father Barry into fomenting action against the mob-controlled union. Friendly sends Terry to attend and inform on a dockworkers meeting Father Barry holds in the church, Terry helps Edie escape the violence, and is smitten with her. Horrified, Edie breaks up with him, as Terry increasingly leans toward testifying, Friendly decides that Terry must be killed unless Charley can coerce him into keeping quiet. In what has become a scene, Terry reminds Charley that had it not been for the fixed fight. I coulda been a contender, laments Terry to his brother, Instead of a bum, Charley gives Terry the gun and advises him to run. Terry flees to Edies apartment, where she first refuses to let him in but finally admits her love for him. Friendly, having had Charley watched, has Charley murdered and his body hung in an alley as bait to lure Terry out to his death, but Terry and Edie both escape the attempt on Terrys life. After finding Charleys body, Terry sets out to shoot Friendly, Terry proceeds to give damaging testimony implicating Friendly in Joeys murder and other illegal activities, causing Friendlys mob boss to cut him off and Friendly to face indictment. After the testimony, Friendly announces that Terry will not find employment anywhere on the waterfront, Terry is shunned by his former friends and by a neighborhood boy who had previously looked up to him. Refusing Edies suggestion that they move away from the waterfront together, when he is the only man not hired, Terry openly confronts Friendly, calling him out and proclaiming that he is proud of what he did. The confrontation develops into a brawl, with Terry getting the upper hand until Friendlys thugs gang up on Terry. The dockworkers, who witness the confrontation, show their support for Terry by refusing to work unless Terry is working too, encouraged by Father Barry and Edie, the badly injured Terry forces himself to his feet and enters the dock, followed by the other workers
22.
Budd Schulberg
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Budd Schulberg was an American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer. He was known for his 1941 novel, What Makes Sammy Run and his 1947 novel The Harder They Fall, his 1954 Academy Award-winning screenplay for On the Waterfront, and his 1957 screenplay for A Face in the Crowd. In 1931, when Schulberg was 17, his left the family to live with actress Sylvia Sidney. In 1939, he collaborated on the screenplay for Winter Carnival, one of his collaborators was F. Scott Fitzgerald, who was fired because of his alcoholic binge during a visit with Schulberg to Dartmouth. Dartmouth College awarded Schulberg an honorary degree in 1960, while serving in the Navy during World War II, Schulberg was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services, working with John Fords documentary unit. Following VE Day, he was reportedly among the first American servicemen to liberate the Nazi concentration camps, being the son of a successful Hollywood producer, Schulberg had an insiders viewpoint on the true happenings of Hollywood, and his literature and film reflected this. His most famed writing What Makes Sammy Run, allowed the public to see the harshness of Hollywood stardom via Sammy Glicks Cinderella story that does not end happily ever after. This novel was criticized by some as being self-directed antisemitism, in 1950, Schulberg published The Disenchanted, about a young screenwriter who collaborates on a screenplay about a college winter festival with a famous novelist at the nadir of his career. The novelist is portrayed as a tragic and flawed figure, with whom the young screenwriter becomes disillusioned, in 1958, Schulberg wrote and co-produced the film Wind Across the Everglades, directed by Nicholas Ray. He wrote some well received books on boxing including Sparring with Hemingway and he was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his contributions to the sport. P. In 1936, he married his first wife, actress Virginia Jigee Lee Ray and they had one daughter Victoria Schulberg Kingsland In 1943, he married Victoria Vickee Anderson, they had two children, Stephen and David. David was a Vietnam veteran who predeceased his father, in 1964, he married actress Geraldine Brooks until her death in 1977, they had no children. In 1977, he married Betsy Ann Langman, they had two children, Benn and Jessica and his niece Sandra Schulberg was an executive producer of the Academy Award nominated film Quills, among other movies. His mother, of The Ad Schulberg Agency, served as his agent until her death in 1977 and his brother, Stuart Schulberg, was a movie and television producer. His sister, Sonya Schulberg was an occasional writer, Budd Schulberg died in his home in Quiogue, New York, aged 95. Budd Schulberg, A Bio-Bibliography Lanham, Md, the Papers of Budd Schulberg in Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College Budd Schulberg at the Internet Movie Database Weiner, Tim. Budd Schulberg, On the Waterfront Writer, Dies at 95, Budd Schulberg, The Art of Fiction No.169. Article mentions Schulberg and his book On the Waterfront in noting similarity to recent allegations, Budd Schulberg at Find a Grave
23.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
24.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
25.
Auction
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An auction is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then buying the item to the highest bidder. The open ascending price auction is arguably the most common form of auction in use today, participants bid openly against one another, with each subsequent bid required to be higher than the previous bid. An auctioneer may announce prices, bidders may call out their bids themselves, in economic theory, an auction may refer to any mechanism or set of trading rules for exchange. The word auction is derived from the Latin augeō which means I increase or I augment, for most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. In practice, both haggling and sale by set-price have been more common. Indeed, before the century the few auctions that were held were sporadic. Nonetheless, auctions have a history, having been recorded as early as 500 B. C. According to Herodotus, in Babylon auctions of women for marriage were held annually, the auctions began with the woman the auctioneer considered to be the most beautiful and progressed to the least. It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be sold outside of the auction method, during the Roman Empire, following military victory, Roman soldiers would often drive a spear into the ground around which the spoils of war were left, to be auctioned off. Later slaves, often captured as the spoils of war, were auctioned in the forum under the sign of the spear, the Romans also used auctions to liquidate the assets of debtors whose property had been confiscated. For example, Marcus Aurelius sold household furniture to pay off debts, One of the most significant historical auctions occurred in the year 193 A. D. when the entire Roman Empire was put on the auction block by the Praetorian Guard. On March 23 The Praetorian Guard first killed emperor Pertinax, then offered the empire to the highest bidder, didius Julianus outbid everyone else for the price of 6,250 drachmas per guard, an act that initiated a brief civil war. Didius was then beheaded two months later when Septimius Severus conquered Rome, from the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe, while they had never been widespread in Asia. In some parts of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries auction by candle began to be used for the sale of goods and leaseholds, sometimes, other unpredictable processes, such as a footrace, were used in place of the expiration of a candle. This type of auction was first mentioned in 1641 in the records of the House of Lords, the practice rapidly became popular, and in 1660 Samuel Pepyss diary recorded two occasions when the Admiralty sold surplus ships by an inch of candle. The London Gazette began reporting on the auctioning of artwork at the coffeehouses, the first known auction house in the world was Stockholm Auction House, Sweden, founded by Baron Claes Rålamb in 1674. Other early auction houses that are still in operation include Dorotheum, Mallams, Bonhams, Phillips de Pury & Company, Freemans, by the end of the 18th century, auctions of art works were commonly held in taverns and coffeehouses. These auctions were held daily, and auction catalogs were printed to announce available items, in some cases these catalogs were elaborate works of art themselves, containing considerable detail about the items being auctioned
26.
David and Frederick Barclay
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Sir David Rowat Barclay and Sir Frederick Hugh Barclay, commonly referred to as the Barclay Brothers, are British businessmen. The identical twin brothers have very substantial business interests primarily in media, retail, the Sunday Times Rich List of 2015 estimated their wealth at £6.5 billion. They have earned a reputation for avoiding publicity, and are described as reclusive. Sir Davids son, Aidan, manages their UK businesses and their businesses have been accused of tax avoidance, by placing assets under ownership of companies registered abroad and controlled through trusts. Their Press Holdings company owns The Business and The Spectator magazine, the Telegraph Group Limited titles are controlled via a wholly owned subsidiary, Press Acquisitions Limited. In 1993 the brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou, off the coast of Sark, one of the smallest of the British Channel Islands. The Barclay brothers were born ten minutes of each other in Hammersmith, County of London to Scottish parents Beatrice Cecilia and her husband, Frederick Hugh Barclay. The couple had eight other children, in 1955 David married Zoe Newton, a grammar school girl who trained as a ballet dancer, at St John the Baptist Church, Holland Road, Kensington. Despite standing only 411, Zoe Barclay pursued a career and became the most photographed and highly paid model of her time. She appeared on television and in the Dairy Council advertisements as the “drinka pinta milka day“ girl, by the end of the 1950s, the brothers were running Candy Corner, a tobacconists and confectioners on the edge of Kensington. Meanwhile, David was registered as a director of Hillgate Estate Agents in 1962, by 1968, however, Frederick was running the family businesses, replacing Zoe on the Hillgate board. He had obtained the discharge of his bankruptcy after David stepped in, during this time they redeveloped old boarding houses in London, and made them into hotels. Between 1968 and 1974, the twins received increasingly large loans from the Crown Agents, in 1970 they bought Gestplan Hotels — which operated the exclusive Londonderry House Hotel in Park Lane — from a group of Lebanese bankers. The property crash in late 1973 brought an end to the Crown Agents, in the mid-1970s Frederick met and married Hiroko Asada, née Kuzusaka, a familiar figure among Japanese society in London, she had a son from her previous marriage, Ko Asada. From the late 1960s onwards the Barclay brothers continued to build up stakes in a variety of businesses, including breweries, in 1975, they bought the Howard Hotel, overlooking the Thames at Temple Place. In 1983 they bought Ellerman, the brewing and shipping group for £45m and they later sold its brewing division for £240m. They used the proceeds to buy the Ritz Hotel in Londons Piccadilly in 1995 and they spent £370 million on Gotaas-Larsen, a Bermuda-based shipping company, and £200 million on the Automotive Financial Group, a motor retail chain in 1994. The brothers are involved in philanthropy and were knighted in 2000 for their support to medical research, to which they have donated an estimated forty million pounds between 1987 and 2000
27.
Scottish Parliament
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The Scottish Parliament, is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the city, Edinburgh. The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2016, as a consequence, both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England ceased to exist, and the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London was formed. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster, the British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws. The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999, initial Scottish proposals in the negotiation over the Union suggested a devolved Parliament be retained in Scotland, but this was not accepted by the English negotiators. Suggestions for a devolved Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War, one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs, the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament, publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament. Devolution continued to be part of the platform of the Labour Party which, in May 1997, an election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament. Since September 2004, the home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle. Some of the features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as based on Raeburns Skating Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004. In March 2006, one of the Holyrood buildings roof beams slipped out of its support and was left dangling above the back benches during a debate, the debating chamber was subsequently closed, and MSPs moved to The Hub for one week, whilst inspections were carried out. During repairs, all business was conducted in the Parliaments committee room two
28.
Andrew Neil
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Andrew Ferguson Neil is a Scottish journalist and broadcaster and the editor of The Sunday Times for 11 years. He currently presents live political programmes Sunday Politics and This Week on BBC One and he is also the former editor-in-chief and current chairman of the Press Holdings group, which owns The Telegraph and The Spectator. Neil was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire and he grew up in the Glenburn area and attended the local Lancraigs Primary School. At 11, Neil passed his 11-plus examinations and obtained entrance to the then-selective Paisley Grammar School and his father was an electrician and member of the Territorial Army, and his mother worked in the local cotton mills. After school, Neil attended the University of Glasgow, while there, he edited the student newspaper, the Glasgow University Guardian and dabbled in student television. He was also a member of the Dialectic Society and the Conservative Club, in 1971, he was chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students. He graduated in 1971 with an MA with honours, in economy and political science. After his graduation, Neil briefly worked as a correspondent for local newspaper. In 1973, he joined The Economist as a correspondent and was promoted as editor of the publications section on Britain. A passionate follower of cricket, he is a member of Marylebone Cricket Club, Neil was editor of The Sunday Times from 1983 to 1994. It was argued that he was appointed by Rupert Murdoch over more experienced colleagues, such as Hugo Young, opposition to perceived public school and Oxbridge attitudes was a hallmark of Neils Sunday Times editorship. During his editorship, the newspaper lost a case over claims that it had made concerning a witness interviewed in the Death on the Rock documentary on the Gibraltar shootings. While at The Sunday Times in 1988, Neil met the former Miss India, Pamella Bordes, in a nightclub, the News of the World suggested Bordes was a call girl. Worsthorne argued in an editorial article Playboys as Editors in March 1989 for The Sunday Telegraph that Neil was not fit to edit a serious Sunday newspaper, Worsthorne effectively accused Neil of knowing that Bordes was a prostitute. Neil won both the case and £1,000 in damages plus costs, the Sunday Times was campaigning for an already-discredited claim that AIDS is neither an infectious disease and was not caused by HIV. In 1992 Neil was criticised by groups and historians like Hugh Trevor-Roper for employing, as a translator of the diaries of Joseph Goebbels. In 1988 he also became founding chairman of Sky TV, also part of Murdochs News Corporation, Neil was instrumental in the companys launch, overseeing the transformation of a down market, single channel satellite service into a four channel network in less than a year. Neil and Murdoch stood side by side at Skys new headquarters in West London on 5 February 1989 to witness the launch of the service at 18.00
29.
Tax exile
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A tax exile is a person who leaves a country to avoid the payment of income or other taxes. In general, there is no agreement between countries which covers extradition for outstanding tax liabilities. Going into tax exile is a form of tax mitigation or avoidance, a tax exile normally cannot return to their home country without being subject to outstanding tax liabilities, which may prevent them from leaving the country until they have been paid. Most countries tax individuals who are resident in their jurisdiction, a very simplified rule of thumb is that under UK law a person is tax resident if that person meets any of the residency tests set out under the Statutory Residency Test introduced on 6 April 2014. The reality of the matter is far more complex and unclear, under the Internal Revenue Code, a United States citizen is taxed on his or her worldwide income, regardless to their place of residence. However, United States citizens living abroad are entitled to substantial tax savings through the foreign earned income exclusion, a permanent resident in the United States is generally treated as a citizen for tax purposes unless his or her residency lapses. An immigrant not legally admitted for permanent residence becomes liable for United States taxes if he or she spends more than 122 days in the tax year in the United States. Bad Company moved to Malibu, California, in 1975 to avoid what Mick Ralphs described as high tax in England. David and Frederick Barclay live on Brecqhou, one of the Channel Islands, located just west of Sark, John Barry, the composer of 11 James Bond films, moved to the United States in 1975 where he resided until his death in 2011. Shirley Bassey started living as a tax exile from the United Kingdom in 1968 and she currently lives in Monte Carlo. Marc Bolan relocated from the United Kingdom to Los Angeles in 1973 due to the UKs income tax, David Bowie moved from the United Kingdom to Switzerland in 1976, first settling in Blonay and then Lausanne in 1982. Michael Caine moved to the United States in the late 1970s to avoid the 83% tax on top earners that existed in Britain at the time and he spent several years in the United States before returning to Britain. Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker spent 1979 in Australia to avoid taxation on their previous years income, noël Coward left the UK for tax reasons in the 1950s, receiving harsh criticism in the press. He first settled in Bermuda but later houses in Jamaica and Switzerland. Marvin Gaye first relocated to Hawaii from Los Angeles to avoid problems with the IRS in 1980, later that year, Gaye relocated to London following the end of a European tour, then moved to Ostend, Belgium in February 1981. He recorded his final album Midnight Love while living in Belgium, stelios Haji-Ioannou who was quoted as saying, I have no UK income to be taxed in the UK. Source, David Leigh, Monday, July 10,2006, Guy Hamilton, the director of four James Bond films, became a tax exile in the mid-1970s when he was originally hired to direct Superman. Because of the U. K. tax laws, he could remain in the United Kingdom for 30 days a year, as a result, fellow Bond director John Glen has directed five films in the franchise
30.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
31.
Blackpool
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Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ is a seaside resort and unitary authority area in Lancashire, England, on Englands northwest coast. The town is on the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries,15 miles northwest of Preston,27 miles north of Liverpool,28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It had an population of 142,065 at the 2011 Census. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpools 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a new road, built by Thomas Clifton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, in the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St Johns Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821, Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England. In 1881, Blackpool was a resort with a population of 14,000. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort, by 1951 it had grown to 147,000. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool. Another explanation is that the dialect for stream was pul or poole. People originating from Blackpool are called Blackpudlians although Sandgrownians or Sandgrownuns is sometimes used or Seasiders, a 13, 500-year-old elk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points on Blackpool Old Road in Carleton in 1970. Now displayed in the Harris Museum this provided the first evidence of living on the Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, the Setantii a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, during the Roman occupation the area was covered by oak forests and bog land. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in the Domesday Book in 1086, many of them were Anglo-Saxon settlements. Some though had 9th and 10th century Viking place names, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons seem to have co-existed peacefully, with some Anglo-Saxon and Viking placenames later being joined together – such as Layton-with-Warbreck and Bispham-with-Norbreck. Layton was controlled by the Butlers, Barons of Warrington from the 12th century, the stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became Black Poole. In the 15th century the area was just called Pul, in 1602, entries in Bispham Parish Church baptismal register include both Poole and for the first time blackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built toward the end of the 17th century by Edward Tyldesley, an Act of Parliament in 1767 enclosed a common, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards
32.
Financial Times
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The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com
33.
Gannett Company
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Gannett Company, Inc. is a publicly traded American media holding company headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia, near McLean in Greater Washington DC. It is the largest U. S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation and its assets include the national newspaper USA Today and the erstwhile weekly USA Weekend. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2015, Gannett Co. Inc. spun off its publishing business into a separate publicly traded entity, while retaining the internet media divisions. Immediately following the spin off, the former parent Company renamed itself Tegna, the spun off publishing business renamed itself Gannett. Gannett Company, Inc. was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of the Elmira Gazette, by 1979, the chain had grown to 79 newspapers. In 1979, Gannett acquired Combined Communications Corp. operator of 17 television stations, as well as an advertising division. The company was headquartered in Rochester until 1986, when it moved to Arlington County and its former headquarters building, the Gannett Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Gannetts oldest newspaper still in circulation is the Leaf-Chronicle located in Clarksville, in 2001, the company moved to its current headquarters in Tysons Corner, a suburb of Washington, D. C. The practice has spread throughout the chain, on March 7,2011, Gannett replaced the stylized G logo in use since the 1970s, and adopted a new company tagline, Its all within reach. In 2010, Gannett increased executive salaries and bonuses, for example, Bob Dickey, Gannetts U. S. newspapers division president, was paid $3.4 million in 2010, the next year, the company laid off 700 U. S. employees to cut costs. In the memo announcing the layoffs, Dickey wrote, While we have many ways to reduce costs. The USA Today website became the one to allow unrestricted access. On August 21,2012, Gannett acquired Blinq Media, around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dishs AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for Gannetts television station, Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours. On June 13,2013, Gannett announced plans to buy Dallas-based Belo Corporation for $1.5 billion, the purchase would add 20 additional stations to Gannetts portfolio and make the company the fourth largest television broadcaster in the U. S. with 43 stations. On December 16,2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that Gannett, Belo, the deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, and it was completed on December 23. On February 28,2014, Meredith Corporation officially took over control of KMOV
34.
Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)
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The Department of Trade and Industry was a United Kingdom government department formed on 19 October 1970. It was replaced with the creation of the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills on 28 June 2007. The department was first formed on 19 October 1970 with the merger of the Board of Trade, the new department also took over the Department of Employments former responsibilities for monopolies and mergers. In January 1974, the departments responsibilities for energy production were transferred to a newly created Department of Energy, in 1983 the departments of Trade and Industry were reunited. The Department of Energy was re-merged back into the DTI in 1992, until it was succeeded in June 2007 the DTI continued to set the energy policy of the United Kingdom. The DTI had a range of responsibilities. There were ultimately nine main areas covered by the DTI, Company Law Trade Business Growth Innovation Employment Law Regional Economic Development Energy Science Consumer Law. From 1999 to 2005 it led the national E-Commerce Awards with InterForum and this aimed to encourage Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises to develop their business through the use of E-Commerce technologies. It also had responsibility for investigating misconduct by company directors, in which role Private Eye repeatedly lampooned it as the Department of Timidity and Inaction
35.
The Age
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The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication
36.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
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A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
