1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
No Doubt
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No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim, California, that formed in 1986. Since 1994, the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani, bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal, guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont, since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio, they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley. The ska sound of their song Trapped in a Box that was featured on their first album No Doubt failed to make an impact. The Beacon Street Collection is a raw expression of their sound, inspired by ska punk, the album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995, over three times as many as their first album sold. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady, which incorporated reggae, the album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Sly and Robbie, and Lady Saw. The album produced two Grammy-winning singles, Hey Baby and Underneath It All, as well as Hella Good, after a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects, with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love. Baby. and The Sweet Escape while Tom Dumont released his own music project. In 2008, the band resumed working slowly on their effort, titled Push and Shove. They have sold over 33 million records worldwide, Eric Stefani and John Spence met at a Dairy Queen and had talked about getting a group together to play music. Eric got a keyboard and gathered some players together to practice, the practice included Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, John Spence, Jerry McMahon, Chris Leal, Chris Webb, Gabriel Gonzalez & Alan Meade and Tony Meade. They practiced in Erics parents garage, Tony Kanal went to one of the bands early shows and soon joined the band as its bassist. After initially rejecting her advances, he began dating Gwen, but they kept their secret for a year. Paul Caseley also joined the band in 1987, Eric Carpenter joined the horn section soon after. In December 1987, Spence committed suicide days before the band was to play a gig at The Roxy Theatre for record industry employees. No Doubt disbanded but decided to regroup after several weeks with Alan Meade taking over vocals, when Meade left the band, Gwen replaced him as lead singer, and No Doubt continued to develop a live following in California. He joined No Doubt and replaced Jerry McMahon as the bands guitarist, Adrian Young replaced Chris Webb as the drummer the following year. Caseley left No Doubt in July 1989 for the US Navy Band, No Doubts self-titled debut album was finally released in 1992, but it featured no radio singles, although a video was made for Trapped in a Box. The albums distinctly upbeat pop/cartoon sound sharply contrasted with the then-dominant grunge movement, because the music worlds focus was redirected squarely at Seattle, No Doubts album was not supported by the record label and considered a commercial failure for selling only 30,000 copies
3.
Tragic Kingdom
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Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10,1995 by Trauma Records and it is the final album to feature original keyboardist Eric Stefani, who left the band in 1994. The album was produced by Matthew Wilder and recorded in 11 studios in the Greater Los Angeles Area between March 1993 and October 1995, the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, No Doubt earned nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album, Tragic Kingdom helped to initiate the ska revival of the 1990s, persuading record labels to sign more ska bands and helping them to attract more mainstream attention. The album was ranked number 441 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, No Doubt embarked on a tour to promote the album. It was designed by Project X and lasted two and a half years, an early 1997 performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim was filmed and released as Live in the Tragic Kingdom on VHS and later DVD. No Doubt released their debut album in 1992, a year after being signed to Interscope. The albums pop-oriented sound sharply contrasted with grunge music, a genre which was popular at the time in the United States. The band began work on their album in 1993, but Interscope rejected most of the material, which was written by Gary Angle. Keyboardist Eric Stefani did not want to relinquish control to someone outside the band. He encouraged other members of the band to write songs, Eric became increasingly depressed, and in September 1994, he stopped attending rehearsals, though they were usually held at his house. He soon left the band to pursue a career on the animated sitcom The Simpsons. Bassist Tony Kanal then ended his relationship with Gwen Stefani. The band decided to produce their next album independently and recorded their album, The Beacon Street Collection. No Doubts first two singles were released for The Beacon Street Collection, Squeal and Doghouse, under their own record label, despite limited availability, the album sold 100,000 copies in the year of its release. Their independence attracted Interscopes attention and ensured that the label would fund a third album, Tragic Kingdom was recorded in 11 different studios in Los Angeles, starting in March 1993 and finally being released two-and-a-half years later in October 1995. During one of recording sessions, the band was introduced to Paul Palmer. After mixing the first single with David J. Holman, Just a Girl, Palmer and he wanted to release the album on his own label, Trauma Records, which was already associated with Interscope, and succeeded in getting the contract
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Oi to the World!
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Is a Christmas album by the southern California punk rock band The Vandals. It was released in 1996 by their label Kung Fu Records, who also re-released it in 2000 with altered artwork and it was the bands sixth full-length studio album and presented holiday-themed songs written and performed with the tongue-in-cheek humor for which the band is known. Their version, which was produced by Vandals guitarist Warren Fitzgerald, received exposure and popularity. Partly thanks to the exposure brought by association with No Doubt, increased and in 2000 Kung Fu Records, which by now had grown in size, re-released the album with new artwork and a bonus overture, as well as a new intro for the title track. Freese did play on three of the tracks, and both his brother Jason Freese and father Stan Freese also appeared playing horns. The original release was dedicated to the memory of Pat Brown, almost every year since the albums release the Vandals have played a traditional Winter Formal concert in Anaheim during the holiday season, at which they perform Oi to the World. Other than at this special show songs from the album are performed in concert, with the exception of Oi to the World. All tracks written by Warren Fitzgerald, except where noted
6.
Cassette single
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A cassette single is a music single in the form of a Compact Cassette. Bow Wow Wows C·30 C·60 C·90 Go was the first cassette single released in the U. K. in 1980, records released the first cassette single in the U. S. with the Go-Gos Vacation in 1982. The ZTT label made good use of the format by 1984, with singles by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Art of Noise, the format was used as a promotion in the 1990s, with Disney giving a cassingle to attendees of Hercules promotional events. Originally, most cassette singles were released in a sleeve that slipped over the outside of the release. This was then usually shrink wrapped in plastic, some singles contained one song on each side, much as 45s had done, but others repeated the songs on both sides. In some markets, cassette singles generally used the packaging as standard cassettes. As the cassette maxi-single was released, more intricate packaging was incorporated that looked similar to the packaging of a cassette release. These were placed in regular plastic cassette cases with a paper/cardstock insert, unlike a full-length cassette album, these were generally only one two-sided inlay instead of a fold-out. Maxi-singles usually contained four versions of a song, i. e. unique mixes & edits. In the U. S. cassette singles were completely phased out by the early 2000s, one reason for their lesser popularity was because they appeared to be an inefficient use of the media to consumers - a cassette single took up the same storage space as a full album
7.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
8.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
9.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
11.
Tony Kanal
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Tony Ashwin Kanal is a British-American musician, record producer and songwriter. Kanal is the bassist for the American rock band No Doubt and his musical work outside of the band includes producing and songwriting with artists such as reggae singer Elan Atias and No Doubt bandmate Gwen Stefani, among others. Kanals father Gulab and his mother Lajwanti Lajju are from India and are Hindus and his parents emigrated from India to London, England, where Kanal was born. While most of his years were spent in London, Kanal and his family also spent brief periods living in Toronto, Canada. At age eleven, he was taken by his once again to the United States. There, his parents opened a store named Kanals Gifts and Fashion, Kanals father suggested that Kanal learn to play the saxophone since it was the formers favorite instrument, so he bought one for Kanal. Kanal later learned how to play the bass from his schoolmate Dave Carpenter, after seeing one of third wave ska band No Doubts early shows, he joined the band as its bassist. Kanal enrolled at California State University, Fullerton to major in psychology, in October 1991, No Doubt began recording with producer Dito Godwin. When Interscope Records began turning songs down, No Doubt did it on their own, over two years they recorded ten songs and released it independently. When No Doubt went on hiatus, Kanal began a career behind the mixing console, in 2004, Kanal produced three songs for the soundtrack to 50 First Dates. Also in 2004, Kanal produced and co-wrote three tracks on Gwen Stefanis first solo album Love, Kanal then produced Elan Atiass debut album, Together as One, which was released in June 2006. Kanal again worked with Gwen Stefani for her solo album The Sweet Escape. He has created several remixes, including ones of Stefanis Hollaback Girl, Kanal produced the song Rent for the ska punk band Peppers 2006 album No Shame. In 2008, he collaborated on two songs titled Sober and Funhouse with Pink for her album Funhouse and also sang back-up on Crystal Ball, in late 2009, Kanal co-wrote and played bass for a song of former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatts debut solo album. Kanal also contributed on track seven of Weezers 2010 album Hurley and he received co-writing credit for the song Smart Girls. In 2010, Kanal co-wrote, produced, and performed bass on the track Kiss You Up, recorded by Barbadian artist Shontelle for her second album, No Gravity. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum
12.
Gwen Stefani
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Gwen Renée Stefani is an American singer, songwriter, and fashion designer. During the bands hiatus, Stefani embarked on a pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was met both critical and commercial success. It spawned three successful singles, What You Waiting For. Rich Girl, and Hollaback Girl, the reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006 Stefani released her studio album The Sweet Escape. The album produced two singles, Wind It Up and the albums title track The Sweet Escape. Her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released in March 2016, Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist she has received accolades, including an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L. A. M. B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, drawing inspiration from Japanese culture, Stefani performs and makes public appearances with four back-up dancers known as the Harajuku Girls. She was married to British musician Gavin Rossdale from 2002 to 2015, Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–09 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their 100 Greatest Women in Music list in 2012, including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Stefani was born on October 3,1969, in Fullerton, California and she was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from The Four Tops 1968 cover of The Left Bankes 1966 song Walk Away Renée. Her father, Dennis Stefani, is Italian American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive and her mother, Patti, worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Gwens parents were fans of music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan. She has two siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother named Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and The Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, finally, in 1991, the band was signed to Interscope Records
13.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
14.
Happy Now? (No Doubt song)
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Happy Now. is a song recorded by American rock band No Doubt. It was released as the single from their third studio album Tragic Kingdom. The single was issued on January 20,1997 as a CD single and it was written by Gwen Stefani, Tom Dumont, and Tony Kanal, with its production handled by Matthew Wilder. Its lyrics allude to Stefanis relationship status with Kanal, who broke up their relationship when creating Tragic Kingdom. Musically, Happy Now. is a rock and ska punk song. The song received positive reviews from music critics, with one of them calling it an improvement over No Doubts previous releases. Commercially, the single was unsuccessful and the only from Tragic Kingdom not to peak on any record chart, Happy Now. was recorded during sessions for No Doubts third studio album Tragic Kingdom. Band members Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, Tom Dumont, Adrian Young, however, after their record label Interscope brought in outside producer Matthew Wilder to improve the albums sessions, Eric became distraught and decided to leave the group. The single was recorded at different studios in California in 1995. A CD single featuring the song was released in both Australia and Sweden, however, the single was the one released from Tragic Kingdom that did not peak on any significant record chart. The Australian CD included three tracks, the version of Happy Now. Plus bonus tracks Lets Get Back and a cover of Sublimes song D. J. s, the Swedish CD featured the single and a cover of the ska-holiday song Oi to the World. The CDs cover art would be used for Tragic Kingdoms seventh and final single. Happy Now. was written by Gwen Stefani, Tom Dumont, a critic from Sputnikmusic stated the track had a great melody, while calling the guitar-driven lead melancholic. Similarly, Thomas Bleach from his blog stated it brought back the ska/rock sound that they created on their earlier releases. A critic from Classic Rock Review called it a more vocal and lyric driven track with guitar riffing and chords. Lyrically, the song details Stefanis former relationship with Kanal, the same critic from Classic Rock Review agreed that it deal with Gwen Stefanis recent breakup with Kanal. Similarly, David Browne of Entertainment Weekly approved of the taunt and savor lyrics that describe a man who ended a relationship but wants back in, Happy Now. received generally favorable reviews upon its release
15.
Hey You!
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Hey You. is a song recorded by American rock band No Doubt. It was released as the seventh and final single from their studio album Tragic Kingdom. The single was released as a CD single in the Netherlands on February 23,1998 and it is the final single to feature content from original keyboardist Eric Stefani, who left the group in 1995 due to creative issues. Musically, it incorporates several genres, including ska punk and psychedelic rock, the track received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, with one calling it a filler and others naming it a standout track. Since the song was released in the Netherlands, it only charted there. A music video using footage from a performance was directed by Sophie Muller. Studio sessions for Hey You. took place during the process of its parent album. Unlike their previous two albums, Tragic Kingdoms production was handled by outsider Matthew Wilder, to which member Eric Stefani disliked. Although seven of the fourteen tracks were written by Eric, he left the band shortly before its release. The CD single was released exclusively in the Netherlands and included two tracks, the version of Hey You. Plus a live version that was recorded on June 1,1997, at The Pond in Anaheim, the artwork of the release is the same used for the fifth single from Tragic Kingdom, Happy Now. Hey You. was written by Gwen Stefani and Kanal, with its production being handled by Matthew Wilder, the single is produced in D major, with Stefanis vocals ranging from A3–C5, layered with the use of a piano and guitars. It is a rock and alternative rock track, with a genre similar to No Doubts signature ska punk style. Its lyrics detail a cynical female protagonist hoping to get married, kenneth Partridge, who wrote for both Billboard and The A. V. Club, stated that it has a neo-psychedelic 60s vibe that wouldnt have sounded out of place on a Bangles record. He went on to discuss the lyrics as a jaded Gwen gives some tough love to a girl dreaming of a wedding in the lines Youre just like my Ken. Mike Boehm, writing for the Los Angeles Times, stated that the canny arangement of Stefanis multitracked voice provide a lift while Dumont, Kanal. An accompanying music video for Hey You. was never created, in the entirety of the video and performance, Stefani dances and bounces and sings
16.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
17.
Music journalism
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Music journalism is media criticism and reporting about popular music topics, including pop music, rock music, and related styles. Journalists began writing music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now thought of as classical music. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was James William Davison of The Times, the composer Hector Berlioz also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s. The 1840s could be considered a point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians. However, counterexamples include Alfred Brendel, Charles Rosen, Paul Hindemith, in the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring when classical-music criticism visibly started to disappear from the media. Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from other than their own, such as Indian ragas. The performers be treated as human beings and their music be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon, the review should show an understanding of the musics cultural backgrounds and intentions. A key finding in a 2005 study of journalism in America was that the profile of the average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male. Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, davis, one of the most respected voices of the craft, said he had been forced out after 26 years. Music writers only started treating pop and rock music seriously in 1964 after the breakthrough of the Beatles, one of the early music magazines in Britain, Melody Maker, complained in 1967 about how newspapers and magazines are continually hammering pop music. Melody Maker magazine advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s, by 1999, the quality press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums, which had a key role in keeping pop in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of legitimating pop as an art form, as a result, in the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. In the realm of music, as in that of classical music. Frank Zappa declared that, Most rock journalism is people who cant write, interviewing people who cant talk, in the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media. In 2006, Martin Edlund of the New York Sun criticized the trend, arguing that while the Internet has democratized music criticism, slate magazine writer Jody Rosen discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article The Perils of Poptimism. Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as normative … the standard state of popular music … to which everything else is compared. At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians and genres which rock critics have dismissed as lightweight. Rosen stated that this new paradigm is called popism — or, more evocatively
18.
Tom Dumont
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Thomas Martin Tom Dumont is an American guitarist and producer. Dumont is a member of third wave ska band No Doubt, born in Los Angeles, California, the Dumont family lived in Irvine, California. Tom was the adopted child in his family and has two siblings. Dumonts father, who played the piano, gave his son a guitar at age twelve, Dumont practiced by strumming folk songs by the likes of James Taylor. Dumont was influenced by metal bands such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest. He joined his older sisters heavy metal band Rising, but left in 1988 for third wave ska band No Doubt and he has one sister named Gina and a brother named John. Dumont studied music theory for five semesters at Orange Coast College, when the band moved into a house on Beacon Avenue in Anaheim, he wrote a poem about being addicted to television. He took the poem to Eric Stefani, who put the poem to music, the song was recorded for the bands self-titled debut album and was the albums only single. The band later self-released The Beacon Street Collection in March 1995, the same month, Dumont left his job as a file clerk at a mortgage company. He had a feeling about having finished recording Tragic Kingdom. Tragic Kingdom became a success, certified diamond in the United States. When Eric left the band, Tom took leadership in writing and composing responsibilities, after the Tragic Kingdom tour, Tom returned to his home in Long Beach, California and started surfing in 1997. Dumont is a member of The Surfrider Foundation, an organization to preserve coastal life. Since Eric Stefani left, Tom Dumont, Tony Kanal and Gwen Stefani became No Doubts primary songwriters, during No Doubts hiatus, Dumont produced Matt Costas 2005 debut album, titled Songs We Sing, after hearing a demo tape by Costa. With Stefani promoting her solo album, No Doubt began initial work on a new album without her. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum. Stefani made a post on March 28,2008 stating that songwriting had commenced but was slow on her end because she was, at the time, manager Jim Guerinot said the yet-untitled album is being produced by Mark Spike Stent, who helped produce and mix Rock Steady. Between Stefanis pregnancy and recording, No Doubt did not tour in 2008, No Doubt announced on their official website that they will tour in the summer of 2009 with Paramore, The Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry, and Panic. at the Disco
19.
Adrian Young
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Adrian Samuel Young is an American drummer, mostly known as a member of the rock band No Doubt. When not performing, in the studio or touring, Young likes to spend his time out on the golf course and he is a scratch golfer who is a much desired participant in celebrity golf tournaments such as the Michael Jordan Invitational, Alice Cooper Foundation Tournament and others. Young has participated in VH-1s Fairway to Heaven numerous times, on January 16,2000, they were married. Kent gave birth to a son, Mason James Young, on February 9,2002, on May 4,2010, at 8 months pregnant, Nina gave birth to their daughter, Ruby, who was delivered stillborn. Nina gave birth to baby girl, Magnolia Renée, on June 10,2011. No Doubt announced on their website that they would tour in the summer of 2009 with Paramore, The Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry. While finishing their album, which was set for release in 2010. Tickets for the tour went on sale March 7,2009, as a special promotion for the tour, the band was giving away their entire music catalog free as a digital download with purchase of top tier seating. In 2009, No Doubt made an appearance on the television series Gossip Girl and they performed their cover version of the Adam and the Ants song Stand and Deliver. Adrian Young is a sought after studio drummer. He has recorded and/or performed with acts as Bow Wow Wow, Scott Weiland, Scott Aukerman, Dilana, Kelis, Maroon 5, Unwritten Law, The Vandals, Bing Ji Ling. Young uses Orange County Drum and Percussion drums and Zildjian cymbals and drum sticks
20.
Yorba Linda, California
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Yorba Linda is a suburban city in Orange County, California, approximately 37 miles southeast of Downtown Los Angeles. Its most famous resident was Richard Nixon, who was born there, the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is in Yorba Linda. This area was the home of the Luiseño, Tongva, in 1834, Jose Antonio Yorbas most successful son, Bernardo Yorba, was granted the 13, 328-acre Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana by Mexican governor José Figueroa. Most of this land was retained after the Mexican–American war in 1848 by descendants of the Yorba family. A portion of the land is still owned and developed by descendants of Samuel Kraemer, who acquired it through his marriage to Angelina Yorba. The site of the Bernardo Yorba Hacienda, referred to as the Don Bernardo Yorba Ranch House Site, is listed as a California Historical Landmark, near that same site sits the second oldest private cemetery in the county, the historic Yorba Cemetery. The land was given to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles by Bernardo Yorba in 1858 since Orange County was not established out of Los Angeles County as a county until 1889. A section of the land was sold in 1907 to the Janss Investment Company, which first called the area Yorba Linda, and proceeded to subdivide the land and sell it for agriculture and manufacturing. In 1910, the aspect of that endeavor materialized, and the first of many lemon and orange groves were planted, at the time. A year later, The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company began serving Yorba Linda, the area that would later become downtown was also connected to Los Angeles by the Pacific Electric Railway in 1912, primarily for citrus transport. In 1913, Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, the chamber of commerce was set up, a library opened as part of the school, a year later, a separate district was established for the library system. In 1915, the Susanna Bixby Bryant Ranch house was constructed and it is now a museum and can be toured by the public. In 1917, the Yorba Linda Star began publication and it has since become an online section of the OC Register. However, a version of just the Star still exists and is available at various city buildings free of charge and is delivered to every household in Yorba Linda each Thursday. Moreover, its past articles are available for viewing on microfilm at the Yorba Linda Public Library, in that same year, the first street was paved, Yorba Linda Boulevard. The population exceeded 300 for the first time prior to 1920, in 1929, the citrus associations packing house burned down, as it was made of wood. These experiences culminated in incorporation, which occurred in 1967, the new city drew up and implemented its municipal general plan in 1972. By the 1980 Census, the population was nearing 30,000, within ten years it exceeded 50,000
21.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
22.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
23.
Kim Wilde
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Kim Wilde is an English pop singer, author, DJ and television presenter who burst onto the music scene in 1981 with her debut single Kids in America, which reached number two in the UK. In 1983, she received the Brit Award for Best British Female. In 1986, she had a UK number two hit with her version of the Supremes song You Keep Me Hangin On, which went on to be a major US hit. Between 1981 and 1996, she had 25 singles reach the Top 50 of the UK singles chart and her other hits include Chequered Love, You Came and Never Trust a Stranger. In 2003, she collaborated with Nena on the song Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime, worldwide, she has sold over 10 million albums and 20 million singles. Starting in 1998, while active in music, she has branched into an alternative career as a landscape gardener. When she was nine, the moved to Hertfordshire, where she was educated at Tewin. In 1980, at age 20, she completed a course at St Albans College of Art & Design. Kim Wilde, was signed to RAK Records by Mickie Most, Wilde released her debut single Kids in America in January 1981. An instant success, it reached two in the UK Singles Chart and scaled the Top 5 in other countries such as Germany, France. Although it achieved moderate success in the US, peaking at number 25 when released in 1982. Her debut album Kim Wilde repeated the success of the single, Wildes follow-up album was 1982s Select, led by the hit singles Cambodia and View from a Bridge. Both were number 1 hits in France and reached Top 10 positions in Germany, at the time, there was some controversy about Wildes hesitation to do live concerts. Her first concerts in September 1982 took place in Denmark, before embarking on a UK-wide tour in October, Wildes third album, Catch as Catch Can was a relative failure. The first single from the album, Love Blonde, was another success in France and Scandinavia, the failure of the album led to her leaving RAK and signing with MCA Records in the summer of 1984. The video for this song appeared in an episode of the 1980s TV hit Knight Rider in 1985, the second single, The Touch, was not a commercial success, but the third single, the rockabilly Rage to Love, made the UK top 20 in 1985. All of Wildes songs up to point, including all her major hits, had been written by her father Marty and brother. On Teases & Dares she penned two songs, meanwhile, Wilde had embarked on three European concert tours
24.
Kids in America
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Kids in America is a song recorded by British singer Kim Wilde. It was released in the United Kingdom as her single in January 1981. It has been covered by artists from different genres. The song was recorded in 1980 after RAK Records boss Mickie Most heard Wilde singing on a track for her brother Ricky Wilde. He liked her voice and image and expressed an interest to work with her, Ricky Wilde, together with his father Marty Wilde, a pre-Beatles British rock and roll star, wrote the song Kids in America for Wilde to record. Once the demo was sent, Most remixed the track himself, the synthesizer featured at the start of the recording is the WASP synthesizer, which was owned by Ricky Wilde at the time and inspired the writing of the song. Kids in America 1994 was released in May 1994 in order to help promote Wildes compilation album The Remix Collection, although it was intended to be released in the UK, for reasons unknown these plans were cancelled at the last minute. However, the track was released in countries in several remixed forms using Wildes original vocals from 1981. The radio version of the track was remixed by Cappella, with James Stevenson on guitar, among some of her other classic hits, Wilde recorded a new version of the song for her 2006 comeback album Never Say Never, featuring English singer Charlotte Hatherley. Nena on the track Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime, a new version of her 1984 hit single, Wilde contributed English verses to the song, which was slightly remixed and released as a single in 2003. In 1995, The Muffs cover of Kids In America was featured on the soundtrack for the 1995 film Clueless and it was later reissued on the Muffs 2000 album Hamburger. The song is used in Rock Band 2. A version of the song by Alexa Brevig was used in a 2010 commercial for Totinos pizza and pizza rolls, the song peaked at number 2 in the United Kingdom. The following year it reached the top 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 hit in the United States, in the summer of 1981, the track appeared on Wildes self-titled debut album. Kids in America was the song that signalled the start of Wildes career and her father and brother continued to write songs for her, although in later years Wilde herself and her brother would usually be credited with the songwriting. Kids in America Tuning In Tuning On 7 US/Canada single Kids In America Youll Never Be So Wrong Lawnmower Deth covered the song as their only 1991 single, bloodhound Gang covered the song for their first album Use Your Fingers. Len covered the song for the 2000 film Digimon, The Movie and was released as a single, No Secrets covered the song for the 2001 film Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius and was released as a single, and it later appeared on their 2002 debut album No Secrets. Dave Grohl from the American rock band Foo Fighters covered the song in 1991, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
25.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
26.
The A.V. Club
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Club was initially created in 1993 as a supplemental part of The Onion and had a minimal presence on The Onion’s website in its early years. However, a 2005 website redesign placed The A. V, Club in a more prominent position, allowing its online identity to grow. Unlike its parent publication, The A. V, the publication’s name is a reference to school audiovisual clubs, composed of a bunch of geeks who actually knew how to run the film strip and film projectors. In 1993, five years after the founding of The Onion at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, UWM student Stephen Thompson launched an entertainment section, Club, as part of the newspapers 1995 redesign. Both The Onion and The A. V, Club made their Internet debut in 1996. Club acquired its own Internet domain name in December 1999, in December 2004, Stephen Thompson left his position as founding editor of The A. V. Club website was redesigned in 2005 to incorporate blogs and reader comments, in 2006, concurrent with another redesign, the website shifted its model to begin adding content on a daily, rather than weekly, basis. According to Sean Mills, then-president of The Onion, the A. V, Club website received more than 1 million unique visitors for the first time in October 2007. In late 2009, the website was reported as receiving over 1.4 million unique visitors and 75,000 comments per month, the offending review was removed from The A. V. Club, and then-editor Keith Phipps posted an apology on the website, leonard Pierce, the author of the review, was terminated from his freelance role with the website. At its peak, the print version of The A. V, Club was available in 17 different cities. Localized sections of the website were also maintained, with reviews and news relevant to specific cities, the print version and localized websites were gradually discontinued alongside the print version of The Onion, and in December 2013, publication ceased in the final three markets. On 13 December,2012, long-time writer and editor Keith Phipps and he stated, Onion, Inc. and I have come to a mutual parting of the ways. On 2 April,2013, longtime editor and critic Scott Tobias stepped down from his role as film editor of The A. V. Club stating via Twitter, After 15 great years @theavclub, I step down as Film Editor next Friday. In the comments section of the announcing the departures, writer Noel Murray announced he would also be joining their project. On 30 May,2013, it was announced that the six writers would be a part of the staff of The Dissolve. In April and June 2014, senior staff writers Kyle Ryan, Sonia Saraiya and Todd VanDerWerff left the website for positions at Entertainment Weekly, Salon and Vox Media, in 2015, Ryan returned to Onion, Inc. for a position in development
27.
The Diamondback
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The Diamondback is the award-winning independent student newspaper of the University of Maryland, College Park. It was founded in 1910 as The Triangle and renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile and it is usually only about eight pages due to declining advertising revenue in recent years. The Diamondback publishes a digital edition during the school year. The papers offices are located on the floor of the South Campus Dining Hall, across from the WMUC-FM radio station. Opinion - The editorial section contains The Diamondbacks editorial, op-eds and letters to the editor, diversions - The entertainment section contains reviews of movies and music, as well as concerts and plays around the College Park region. Sports - The sports section covers University of Maryland athletics, including basketball and football. This section often has a combination of news and opinion articles, the Diamondback has received many awards throughout its history for categories including photography, news writing and cartoons, especially from the Society of Professional Journalists. For the 2012-2013 school year, The Diamondback was named the Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper in Region 2 of the Society of Professional Journalists. For the 2008-2009 school year, The Diamondback placed second in the national Society of Professional Journalists Mark of Excellence Awards ranking of daily student newspapers and it received the first-place award for its region. Notable journalists who worked at The Diamondback include, Jayson Blair, Blair achieved nationwide notoriety as a journalist at the Times for serious reporting errors, fabrication of facts, and plagiarism. A letter signed by 30 former Diamondback staffers regarding the situation with Blair also complained about the lack of involvement by the board that owns the paper, norman Chad, an ESPN columnist and World Series of Poker commentator. Brian Crecente, editor-in-chief of Gawker Media website Kotaku named one of the 20 most influential people in the game industry over the past 20 years. Mills also found success in Hollywood and he was a television writer for NYPD Blue from 1995 to 1997. He also wrote episodes of Homicide, Life on the Street. In 2003, he created Kingpin, an NBC miniseries, michael Olesker, former columnist for the Baltimore Sun, commentator for WJZ-TV and writer for the Baltimore Examiner. He resigned from the Sun after accusations of plagiarism, david Simon, author of Homicide, A Year on the Killing Streets and The Corner. Based on his books, Simon later created the TV series Homicide, Life on the Street and The Wire, as well as the mini-series, The Corner. Charlie Samuels has been contributing to The New York Times on a basis since 1990 and has been assigned by Time, Newsweek, US News & World Report, USA Today
28.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
29.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
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Mainstream Top 40
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Mainstream Top 40 is a 40-song music chart published weekly by Billboard Magazine which ranks the most popular songs being played on a panel of Top 40 radio stations in the United States. The rankings are based on radio airplay detections as measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, arbitron refers to the format as contemporary hit radio. The chart debuted in Billboard Magazine in its issued date October 3,1992, both Top 40 charts measured actual monitored airplay from data compiled by Broadcast Data Systems. Both charts were born of then-new BDS electronic monitoring technology as a more objective and this data was also used as the airplay component for Hot 100 tabulations. They returned to the print edition in the August 2,2003, songs on the chart are ranked by the total number of spins detected per week. Songs which gain plays or remain flat from the week will receive a bullet. A song will also receive a bullet if its loss in plays does not exceed the percentage of monitored station downtime for the format. If two songs are tied in total plays, the song with the increase in plays is placed first. Since the introduction of the chart until 2005, songs below No.20 were moved to recurrent after 26 weeks on the chart, in the chart week of December 3,2005, songs below No.20 were moved to recurrent after 20 weeks on the chart. Since the issue dated December 4,2010, songs older than 20 weeks on the chart are moved to recurrent after they drop below No.15 and this chart was often mistaken for and confused with the now discontinued Pop 100 Airplay chart. 12, Mariah Carey - Dreamlover, Taylor Swift - Shake It Off No,13, Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar - Bad Blood No. 14, Lady Gaga - Born This Way, Justin Timberlake featuring Jay-Z - Suit & Tie No,16, Madonna - Frozen, Britney Spears - Hold It Against Me No. I. The panel is regularly updated, with stations being added or removed sometimes even weekly, as of 2011, Britney Spears holds the record for the longest span between No. 1s at 12 years, seven months and four days between her first No.1 and her latest, katy Perrys Teenage Dream is the first and only album to have 6 singles top the chart. JoJo at age 13, became the youngest solo artist to have a single on the chart with Leave. Three acts have replaced themselves at No,1, Mariah Carey, OutKast and Iggy Azalea - with Azalea being the only one to do so with her first two chart entries. com BDS Top 40/CHR chart
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Australian Recording Industry Association
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It oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties. The association has more than 100 members, including small labels typically run by one to five people, medium size organisations, ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, both large and small. As of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica, in 1956, the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers was formed by Australias major record companies. It later included smaller record companies representing independent acts/labels and has over 100 members, by 1997, the six major labels provided 90% of all recordings made in Australia. ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, as of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica and Tony Harlow. Australian TV pop music show Countdown presented its own awards ceremony, Countdown Music and Video Awards. ARIA provided peer voting for awards, while Countdown provided coupons in the related Countdown Magazine for viewers to vote for populist awards. At the 1985 Countdown awards ceremony, held on 14 April 1986, fans of INXS and Uncanny X-Men scuffled during the broadcast and as a result ARIA decided to hold their own awards. Since 2 March 1987, ARIA administered its own entirely peer-voted ARIA Music Awards, to recognise excellence, initially included in the same awards ceremonies, it established the ARIA Hall of Fame in 1988 and has held separate annual ceremonies since 2005. The ARIA Hall of Fame honours Australian musicians achievements have had a significant impact in Australia or around the world, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association announced its own legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial. In 2006, ARIA formed sponsorship deals with Motorola and Nova and changed the appearance, Motorola took naming-rights sponsorship seeing the charts referred to in the media as the Motorola ARIA Charts. ARIA, have commented that as part of the same marketing printed charts would be reintroduced into media retailing shops, as part of the deal Nova began broadcasting the charted singles in reverse order on a Sunday afternoon show before it was released on the ARIA charts website. The ARIA Charts is the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association, the charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from retailers in Australia, the ARIA No.1 Chart Awards were established in 2002 to recognise Australian recording artists, who reached number one on the ARIA albums, singles and music DVDs charts. The ARIA Music Awards is a series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry. This criticism is stauncher in Australia due to the absence of an equivalent Digital Millennium Copyright Act or state crimes acts which clearly establish copyright infringement as a crime, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association took legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial
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Just a Girl
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Just a Girl is a song by the American rock band No Doubt. The song was released in 1995 and helped the band break into mainstream music, upon release in the UK in 1996 the song only reached number 38. However, after the success of Dont Speak the song was re-released and managed a peak of number 3. Just a Girl was first aired on the Californian radio show Ska Parade and it was also featured in the movie Clueless and the opening credits of Romy and Micheles High School Reunion. After primary songwriter Eric Stefani left No Doubt in 1994, the rest of the band took on the role of songwriters for the band and this is evident from lyrics such as Dont you think I know / Exactly where I stand. / This world is forcing me / To hold your hand and she explained her inspiration in an interview for BAM Magazine, Just a Girl is a moderately fast song at 108 beats per minute and is written in the key of D major. Like the majority of music, it is set in common time. The voice of the singer, Gwen Stefani, spans nearly an octave, the opening riff that Dumont uses was taken from an earlier effort by keyboardist Eric Stefani. The song is influenced by new wave music, using synth noise from a Roland Jupiter-8, 80s keyboards and effects. The music video was directed by Mark Kohr, the video begins with the band members loading their silver car with recording equipment in front of the Stefani household. Gwen Stefani stands in front of a red car and sings. They drive away, with Tom Dumont, Gwen Stefani and Tony Kanal sitting in the backseats. The band arrive at a building where Stefani enters the bathroom, carrying a boombox. The ladies bathroom is clean, brightly decorated and well furnished with flowers, fruit, the gents bathroom is dark, dirty and bare-walled. The men set up and play their equipment in the gents while Stefani sings in ladies, various men and women enter their respective bathrooms, the men use the urinals and the women check their make-up, before dancing with the band. Eventually, the men take to lifting each other through the ceiling to get into the other bathroom and the video ends with everyone dancing together in the ladies. American CD single Just a Girl –3,28 Different People –4,34 Just a Girl European CD single Just a Girl –3,28 Just a Girl –5,39 Dont Speak –5,28 Hey You. –3,20 German CD single Just a Girl –3,28 Different People –4,34 Open the Gate –3,38 JC Chasezs band Girl Radical released a version on iTunes in August 2013
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OC Weekly
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OC Weekly is a free weekly paper distributed in Orange County and Long Beach, California. OC Weekly was founded in September 1995 by Will Swaim, who acted as editor, the paper is distributed at coffee shops, bookstores, clothing stores, convenience stores, and street boxes. OC Weekly prints art and entertainment listings for both Orange and Los Angeles counties, as of 2016, it had a total circulation of 45,000 papers with an estimated readership of 225,000. The weekly highlights content that critiques local politics, personalities and culture and has described as what some people might politely call an edgy brand of journalism. Popular features include, the syndicated column ¡Ask a Mexican, scott Moxley, Nick Schou and Matt Coker. Irvine, California, owns the publication along with Sea Magazine, BoatingWorld, The Log, the previous owner was Voice Media Group and was a sister publication of the LA Weekly and The Village Voice. In January 2015, Voice Media Group offered the OC Weekly for sale, duncan McIntosh purchased the paper in 2016. The OC Weeklys articles frequently target conservative politicians and hypocrisies within the local establishment, exposes have led to felony indictments against two consecutive Huntington Beach mayors, helped free innocent men and a woman from prison. And exposed the relationship between the sheriff and an organized crime associate. In early 2009, that sheriff was sentenced to 66 months in federal prison, other noteworthy coverage has included the Catholic Church sex-abuse scandal, and Orange Countys controversial toll road, a multibillion-dollar subsidy to the richest man in OC. Its articles get cited frequently by the Southern Poverty Law Centers Intelligence Report, OC Weekly. com Navel Gazing, OC Weeklys nigh-world-famous staff blog Stick A Fork In It, The Weeklys food blog Heard Mentality, The Weeklys music blog
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Anaheim, California
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
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Terry Hall (singer)
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Terence Edward Terry Hall is an English musician and the lead singer of The Specials, and formerly of Fun Boy Three, The Colourfield, Terry, Blair & Anouchka and Vegas. Born and raised in Coventry, England, Hall left school before his birthday, taking various short-term jobs – bricklayer, quantity surveyor. He became a member of the burgeoning Coventry music scene of the late 1970s, playing in a local punk band called Squad. Hall has stated one of his grandfathers was a Jewish watchmaker from Germany. The band then went on to release their album, The Specials, which also contained the hits A Message to You, Rudy. In October 1980, The Specials released their album, More Specials. The single Ghost Town, released in June 1981, spent three weeks at one and ten weeks in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. The double a-side song, Friday Night Saturday Morning, penned by Terry Hall, described a night out at the Coventry Locarno. After The Specials last single, Ghost Town, was released, the Fun Boy Threes first hit single, The Lunatics, was released in 1981 and was followed-up in 1982 with It Aint What You Do, a duet with Bananarama. Fun Boy Three then provided guest vocals for Bananaramas single, Really Saying Something. That same year, Hall and his bandmates appeared in the video for Driving in My Car by Madness and released their debut album, Fun Boy Three. In February 1983, Fun Boy Three released their album, Waiting. The latter was a song Hall had written with Jane Wiedlin, in 1984, Hall formed The Colourfield, releasing the album Virgins & Philistines in 1985, which included the hit single Thinking of You. The album spent seven weeks in the UK chart, peaking at No.12 and this new musical direction would culminate in collaborations with Ian Broudie and Hall contributing a number of songs to Broudies albums as The Lightning Seeds. Hall also co-wrote the song Smoke Ring for Broudies debut solo album Tales Told, a second Colourfield album, Deception, was released in 1987, reaching No.95 in the UK Albums Chart. In 1989, Hall teamed up with American actress Blair Booth and jeweller Anouchka Groce and began recording under the moniker of Terry, Blair & Anouchka. After two singles which both scraped into the Top 80 of the UK Singles Chart, the released the Ultra Modern Nursery Rhymes album. In 1992, Terry joined forces with Dave Stewart, most famous for his role as one half of Eurythmics, the duo took on the name Vegas and released Vegas, a slick electronic pop album that was heavily promoted by their label BMG
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Tomato sauce
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Tomato sauce, refers to any of a very large number of sauces made primarily from tomatoes, usually to be served as part of a dish. Tomato sauces are common for meat and vegetables, but they are perhaps best known as sauces for pasta dishes. Tomatoes have a flavor, high liquid content, very soft flesh which breaks down easily. All of these make them ideal for simple and appealing sauces. The simplest tomato sauces consist just of chopped tomato flesh cooked in an olive oil and simmered until it loses its raw flavor. Optionally tomato skins may be scalded and peeled according to texture, water is sometimes added to keep it from drying out too much. Onion and garlic are almost always sweated or sautéed at the beginning before the tomato is added, other seasonings typically include basil, oregano, parsley, and possibly some spicy red pepper or black pepper. Ground or chopped meat is also common, in some of these countries, both terms are used for the condiment. The use of tomato sauce with pasta appears for the first time in the Italian cookbook LApicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, tomato sauce was an ancient condiment in Aztec food. The first western person to write of what may have been a tomato sauce was Bernardino de Sahagún, spaniards later brought the use of tomatoes to Europe. Basic Mexican tomato sauces are tomato sauce and green sauce, where a molcajete was usually employed to puree the tomatoes, food that is cooked in tomato sauce is known as entomatada. The tomato sauce is stock for spicy sauces and moles, sauce tomate is one of the five mother sauces of classical French cooking, as codified by Auguste Escoffier in the early 20th century. It consists of salt belly of pork, onions, bay leaves, thyme, tomato purée or fresh tomatoes, roux, garlic, salt, sugar, many times, butter and flour will be listed in the ingredients, but those are only used to make the roux. Roux is made of parts by weight of flour and butter cooked. Any extra flour or butter that is called for in the recipe is typically an error, the misconception that the tomato has been central to Italian cuisine since its introduction from the Americas is often repeated. Latini was chef to the Spanish viceroy of Naples, and one of his tomato recipes is for sauce alla spagnuola, the first known use of tomato sauce with pasta appears in the Italian cookbook LApicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, edited in 1790. Italian varieties of tomato sauce range from the very simple pasta al pomodoro to the piquant puttanesca and arrabbiata sauces. Tomato sauce with pasta can stand on its own or it can also be paired with such as Italian sausage, shrimp, meatballs or vegetables
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Food fight
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A food fight is a form of chaotic collective behavior, in which food is thrown at others in the manner of projectiles. These projectiles are not made to harm or damage others, food fights may be impromptu examples of rebellion or violence, however, they can also be planned events. For example, La Tomatina is a regularly held, organized Spanish food fight in which participants pelt each other with tomatoes, in organized food fights, the food weapons are usually all of one kind, or of a limited variety. An impromptu food fight will use whatever food is on hand, food fights are a common element in slapstick comedy, with the pie in the face gag being especially prominent. Food fights are featured in childrens television and books, usually as an example of destructive or reckless behavior. One famous food fight scene in a movie took place in National Lampoons Animal House, the Jerry Springer Show is well known for using food fights in certain episodes that involve a guest wanting to confront their friend or relative on a holiday special or trying to stop a wedding
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Gabrial McNair
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Gabrial Gabe McNair is a multi-instrumentalist and composer, most famous for his work in No Doubt since 1993 as a trombonist, keyboardist, and backing vocalist. He recorded and toured with Green Day during the Nimrod and Warning tours, playing trombone, in 2003, he joined the California-based rock band Oslo where he plays the guitar. McNair attended Glendora High School in Glendora, California and he played trombone in the marching band and snare drum in the Scottish Pipe Band. During the hiatus of No Doubt, he writes and records with bandmate/producer, Tony Kanal, in the studio on various recordings for Elan Atias, Gwen Stefani. McNair also works with Toby Record and his company All Ears Music, scoring films, documentaries, commercials, Oslo released their second full-length album, called The Rise and Fall of Love and Hate, in 2007. In the late 2005, McNair went on tour with band member Gwen Stefani on her solo Harajuku Lovers Tour. He joined Gwen once again on The Sweet Escape Tour in 2007 and he joined the Smashing Pumpkins on their 20th Anniversary Tour in 2008, playing the trombone, backing vocals, and percussion. He also joined Lenny Kravitz on his Black and White America World Tour in 2011 &2012, playing the trombone, in 2013, he lent his vocals to the track Desert Lullaby on the original soundtrack of Lightning Returns, Final Fantasy XIII, composed by Naoshi Mizuta. The soundtrack was released on November 21st, the day as the release of the game in Japan. In 2016, he began touring and playing keyboards for the band Tegan and he will be joining them on their 2016 world tour in support of their new record Love You To Death
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Don't Speak
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Dont Speak is a song by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released in 1996 as the single from the bands third studio album. Vocalist Gwen Stefani wrote the song with her brother Eric Stefani about her bandmate, despite the songs popularity, Dont Speak did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but it did reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay for 16 weeks. The single also reached number one in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Dont Speak was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1998 Grammy Awards. The song was ranked at number 495 on Blender magazines The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born, the song was written by Eric Stefani and Gwen Stefani and produced by Matthew Wilder. Dont Speak went through several rewrites, a live version that exists from April 1994 shows off a bouncy tune that has the same skeleton as the released version, but not the same urgency. It is composed in the key of F minor, a demo version also appeared on a demo CD, which was presented to Interscope Records prior to the release of the Tragic Kingdom album. Part of the song was performed on VH1 Storytellers on August 10,2000, the song was written via multiple rewrites about the ending of the relationship between bassist Kanal and lead vocal Gwen Stefani. Upon release, the song began to receive extensive airplay. Not surprisingly, the reached number one on Billboards Hot 100 Airplay, and maintained that position for 16 non-consecutive weeks. Although the record would be broken in 1998 by the Goo Goo Dolls Iris with 18 weeks at number one, the song remains in second place of songs with the most weeks at number one on the Hot 100 Airplay. For all its airplay though, the song was not allowed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 as no single was released for it in the U. S. It was ultimately placed at one on the Hot 100 Airplay year-end chart of 1997. Internationally, the song was very successful. In February 1997, it peaked at one in both the United Kingdom and Ireland for three weeks. Australia was another major music market where the song received airplay, debuting at number one. Before the music starts, at the beginning of the music video, the majority of the music video for Dont Speak takes place on Stage 2 at Mack Sennett Studios in Silver Lake as the band plays. Other scenes tell the story of how the media focused on Stefani while the band was always in the background
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Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
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Audio engineer
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An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
