1.
Super Mario 3D World
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Super Mario 3D World is a 2013 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. It is the sixth original 3D platform game in the Super Mario series and is the sequel to the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game Super Mario 3D Land. The game follows Mario and friends attempting to rescue fairy-like creatures called Sprixies from Bowser and it received critical acclaim, with its level design, multiplayer, visuals and music all receiving high praise. Four players control every playable characters, including Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, additionally, Rosalina is a hidden, unlockable fifth playable character. Similar to their appearances in Super Mario Bros, Wii and New Super Mario Bros. U, players are able to pick up and carry each other to help them across certain areas, levels are accessed via a map overworld, which players can freely explore to find hidden secrets or access bonus areas to earn more items or coins. Along with several returning items from previous games, such as the Super Leaf, Mega Mushroom, Propeller Box and Boomerang Flower, the Super Bell gives players a Cat Suit, allowing them to run faster, perform unique attacks and climb up walls to reach new areas. A variation of the Super Bell, the Lucky Bell, allows the player to transform their character into a lucky cat statue that awards coins under certain conditions. Double Cherries make a clone of the player, allowing for more effective attacks, the more Double Cherries the player grabs, the more clones that appear. Players can also wear Cannon Boxes, which fire shots at enemies, Light Blocks, which can defeat ghosts and Goomba masks, the game is also compatible with the Wii Remote, Nunchuk, Classic Controller and Wii U Pro Controller. An unlockable Luigi-themed version of Mario Bros. titled Luigi Bros. can be accessed either by clearing the game, Mario, Luigi, Peach and Toad find a tilted glass pipe. After Mario and Luigi fix it, a green Sprixie Princess appears and he arrives and captures her before escaping through the pipe, while Mario and friends enter it and pursue him. They find themselves in a known as The Sprixie Kingdom. After Mario and friends save the one, Bowser re-captures all seven Sprixie Princesses. There after Bowser uses the Super Bell to transform into Meowser, one of hits a giant POW Block that Bowser stands on. With Bowser defeated, Mario and friends say goodbye to the fairies, in a January 2013 Nintendo Direct, Nintendo announced that a new 3D Mario game was being produced by the development team behind Super Mario Galaxy. The games official title was announced during the E32013 Nintendo Direct on June 11,2013, according to Koichi Hayashida, Peach was originally not going to be a playable character. Yoshiaki Koizumi suggested for Peach to be playable, which would then be agreed upon, Koizumi reasoned, I think she adds a lot to the sense of competition when you get in multiplayer
2.
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development
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It was preceded by the Creative Department, a team of designers with backgrounds in art responsible for many different tasks, to which Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka originally belonged. Both served as managers of the EAD studios and were credited in every game developed by the division, with varying degrees of involvement. Nintendo EAD was best known for its work on games in the Donkey Kong, Mario, The Legend of Zelda, F-Zero, Star Fox, Pikmin, and Animal Crossing series. During the 1970s, when Nintendo was still predominantly a toy company, it decided to expand into interactive entertainment, several designers were hired to work under the Creative Department, which, at the time, was the only game development department within Nintendo. Among these new designers were Makoto Kano, who went on to design various Game & Watch games, and Shigeru Miyamoto, in 1972, the department was renamed to Research & Development Department, it had about 20 employees. The department was later consolidated into a division and separated into three groups, Nintendo R&D1, R&D2 and R&D3. In 1983, Nintendo Research & Development 4, was created, appointing Hiroshi Ikeda, former president of Toei Animation. Nintendo also drafted a couple of key graphic designers to the department including Takashi Tezuka and this catapulted the R&D4 department to become the lead software developer for Nintendo home video game consoles, developing a myriad of games for the Family Computer home console. Hiroshi Ikedas creative team had many video game ideas, but was lacking the necessary programming power to make it all happen. One of the first games developed by the R&D4 department was Mario Bros. in 1983, the department was, however, unable to program the game with such an inexperienced team, and so counted with programming assistance from Gunpei Yokoi and the R&D1 department. One of the first completely self-developed games was Super Mario Bros. the sequel to Mario Bros, the game set standards for the platform genre, and went on to be both a critical and commercial success. In 1986, R&D4 developed The Legend of Zelda, for which Miyamoto again served as a director, the phenomenal sales of Super Mario Bros. In 1989, one year before the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was released in Japan, the technology department was born out of several R&D2 engineers that were assisting SRD with software libraries. After that, the same department later collaborated with Argonaut Games to develop the Super FX chip technology for the SNES and this venture allowed the Technology Development Department to become more prominent in the 3D era, where they programmed several of Nintendo EADs 3D games with SRD. In 1997, Miyamoto explained that about twenty to thirty employees were devoted to each Nintendo EAD title during the course of its development, in 2002, Nintendo opened a Nintendo EAD studio in Tokyo, appointing Takao Shimizu as manager of the branch. The studio was created with the goal of bringing in new talent from the capital of Japan who wouldnt be willing or able to travel to Kyoto. Their first project was Donkey Kong Jungle Beat for the GameCube which made use of the DK Bongos, in 2013, Katsuya Eguchi was promoted Department Manager of both Software Development Departments in Kyoto and Tokyo. As such, he left his role as Group Manager of Software Development Group No,2, and was replaced by Hisashi Nogami
3.
Nintendo
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Nintendo Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo is one of the worlds largest video game companies by market capitalization, founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small businesses, such as cab services. The word Nintendo can be translated from Japanese to English as leave luck to heaven. From 1992 until 2016, Nintendo was also the majority shareholder of Major League Baseballs Seattle Mariners, as of 31 March 2014, Nintendo has cumulative sales of over 670.43 million hardware units and 4.23 billion software units. The company has created and released some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, Nintendo was founded as a card company in late 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the produced and marketed a playing card game called Hanafuda. The handmade cards soon became popular, and Yamauchi hired assistants to mass-produce cards to satisfy demand, in 1949, the company adopted the name Nintendo Karuta Co. Ltd. doing business as The Nintendo Playing Card Co. outside Japan. Nintendo continues to manufacture playing cards in Japan and organizes its own contract bridge tournament called the Nintendo Cup. In 1956, Hiroshi Yamauchi, grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi, visited the U. S. to talk with the United States Playing Card Company and he found that the biggest playing card company in the world was using only a small office. Yamauchis realization that the card business had limited potential was a turning point. He then acquired the license to use Disney characters on playing cards to drive sales, in 1963, Yamauchi renamed Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. to Nintendo Co. Ltd. The company then began to experiment in other areas of business using newly injected capital during the period of time between 1963 and 1968, Nintendo set up a taxi company called Daiya. However, Nintendo was forced to sell it because problems with the unions were making it too expensive to run the service. It also set up a hotel chain, a TV network. All of these ventures failed, and after the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, playing card sales dropped. In 1966, Nintendo moved into the Japanese toy industry with the Ultra Hand, Yokoi was moved from maintenance to the new Nintendo Games department as a product developer. Nintendo continued to produce toys, including the Ultra Machine, Love Tester
4.
Takashi Tezuka
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Takashi Tezuka is a video game producer and executive officer working for Nintendo. Tezuka is fond of fantasy such as J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings
5.
Shigeru Miyamoto
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Shigeru Miyamoto is a Japanese video game designer and producer, currently serving as the co-Representative Director of Nintendo. Miyamoto originally joined Nintendo in 1977, when the company was beginning its foray into video games and his games have been seen on every Nintendo video game console, with his earliest work appearing on arcade machines in the late 1970s. Prior to the promotion, he formerly managed Nintendos Entertainment Analysis & Development software division, Miyamoto was born in the Japanese town of Sonobe, a rural town northwest of Kyoto, on November 16,1952. His parents were of modest means, and his father taught the English language, from an early age, Miyamoto began to explore the natural areas around his home. On one of expeditions, Miyamoto came upon a cave. Miyamotos expeditions into the Kyoto countryside inspired his work, particularly The Legend of Zelda. Miyamoto graduated from Kanazawa Municipal College of Industrial Arts with a degree in industrial design and he also had a love for manga and initially hoped to become a professional manga artist before considering a career in video games. He was influenced by mangas classical kishōtenketsu narrative structure, as well as Western genre television shows, the title that inspired him to enter the video game industry was the 1978 arcade hit Space Invaders. Nintendo, a relatively small Japanese company, had traditionally sold playing cards and other novelties, although it had started to branch out into toys, through a mutual friend, Miyamotos father arranged an interview with Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi. After showing some of his toy creations, Miyamoto was hired in 1977 as an apprentice in the planning department, Miyamoto went on to become the companys first artist. He helped create the art for the companys first original coin-operated arcade video game and he first helped the company develop a game with the 1980 release Radar Scope. In an effort to keep the company afloat, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi decided to convert unsold Radar Scope units into a new arcade game and he tasked Miyamoto with the conversion, about which Miyamoto has said self-deprecatingly said that no one else was available to do the work. Nintendos head engineer, Gunpei Yokoi, supervised the project, Miyamoto imagined many characters and plot concepts, but eventually settled on a love triangle between a gorilla, a carpenter, and a girl. He meant to mirror the rivalry between comic characters Bluto and Popeye for the woman Olive Oyl, although Nintendo could not gain the rights to a Popeye adaptation, Bluto evolved into an ape, a form Miyamoto claimed was nothing too evil or repulsive. This ape would be the pet of the character, a funny. Miyamoto also named Beauty and the Beast and the 1933 film King Kong as influences, Donkey Kong marked the first time that the formulation of a video games storyline preceded the actual programming, rather than simply being appended as an afterthought. Miyamoto had high hopes for his new project, but lacked the skills to program it himself, instead, he conceived the games concepts. He wanted to make the different sizes, move in different manners
6.
Video game programmer
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A game programmer is a software engineer, programmer, or computer scientist who primarily develops codebases for video games or related software, such as game development tools. Game programming has many specialized disciplines, all of which fall under the term of game programmer. A game programmer should not be confused with a game designer, in the early days of video games, a game programmer also took on the job of a designer and artist. This was generally because the abilities of computers were so limited that having specialized personnel for each function was unnecessary. Technology has advanced to such a degree that contemporary games usually boast 3D graphics. Nowadays, the term programmer art has come to imply the kind of bright colors. The desire for adding depth and assets to games necessitated a division of labor. Initially, art production was relegated to full-time artists, next game programming became a separate discipline from game design. Now, only games, such as the puzzle game Bejeweled, are simple enough to require just one full-time programmer. Despite this division, however, most game developers have some say in the design of contemporary games. Each aspect of the game can consume all of one time and, in many cases. Some programmers may specialize in one area of programming. The number of programmers needed for each feature depends somewhat on programmers skills, Game engine programmers create the base engine of the game, including the simulated physics and graphics disciplines. Increasingly, video games use existing game engines, either commercial and they are often customized for a particular game, and these programmers handle these modifications. A games physics programmer is dedicated to developing the physics a game will employ, typically, a game will only simulate a few aspects of real-world physics. For example, a game may need simulated gravity. Since processing cycles are always at a premium, physics programmers may employ shortcuts that are computationally inexpensive, in other cases, unrealistic physics are employed to allow easier gameplay or for dramatic effect. Sometimes, a subset of situations is specified and the physical outcome of such situations are stored in a record of some sort and are never computed at runtime at all
7.
Shigefumi Hino
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Shigefumi Hino is a graphics designer, game director and planner from Nintendo. He is the creator of Yoshi from the Yoshi franchise, Hino later served as the director of the Pikmin series, alongside Masamichi Abe. – Demo scene director Big Brain Academy, Wii Degree – Sub-director New Super Mario Bros, Wii – Planning Pikmin 3 – Director Super Mario Maker – Planning
8.
Video game music
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Video game music is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was limited to simple melodies of early sound synthesizer technology. With advances in technology, video game music has now grown to include the same breadth and complexity associated with television and film scores, while simple synthesizer pieces are still common, game music now includes full orchestral pieces and popular music. Music in video games can be heard over a title screen, options menu. Today’s soundtracks can also change depending on a player’s actions or situation, Video game music can be one of two options, original or licensed. In order to create or collect this music, teams of composers, music directors, today, original composition has included the work of film composers Harry Gregson-Williams, Trent Reznor, Hans Zimmer, Josh Mancell, Steve Jablonsky, and Michael Giacchino. The popularity of game music has expanded education and job opportunities, generated awards. At the time video games had emerged as a form of entertainment in the late 1970s, music was stored on physical medium in analog waveforms such as compact cassettes. Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use making them less ideal for use in an arcade cabinet, though in rare cases. Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion, an early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening chiptune in Tomohiro Nishikados Gun Fight. The first game to use a background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikados Space Invaders. It had four descending chromatic bass notes repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, the first video game to feature continuous, melodic background music was Rally-X, released by Namco in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during gameplay. The decision to any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code by a programmer, whether or not the programmer had musical experience. Some music was original, some was public domain music such as folk songs, Sound capabilities were limited, the popular Atari 2600 home system, for example, was capable of generating only two tones, or notes, at a time. As advances were made in technology and costs fell, a definitively new generation of arcade machines. This was further improved upon by Namcos 1982 arcade game Dig Dug, Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino, who also composed the music for other Namco games such as Xevious and Phozon. Home console systems also had an upgrade in sound ability beginning with the ColecoVision in 1982 capable of four channels. However, more notable was the Japanese release of the Famicom in 1983 which was released in the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985
9.
Koji Kondo
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Koji Kondo is a Japanese music composer, pianist, and sound director who works for the video game development company Nintendo. He is best known for his involvement in numerous titles in the Mario and The Legend of Zelda series of video games, Kondo was originally hired by Nintendo in 1983, becoming the first person hired by the company to specialize in musical composition for games. Kondo was born in Nagoya, Japan, on August 13,1961 and he began taking lessons in the electronic organ from the age of five. He improved his skills in the instrument in a band that played jazz. Kondo studied at the Art Planning Department of Osaka University of Arts, however, he gained some experience in composing and arranging pieces, using both the piano and a computer to assist him. During his senior year, Nintendo sent a recruitment message to his university stating that they were interested in hiring people dedicated to composition, an LCD and arcade gamer, Kondo successfully applied for the job in 1983 without requiring any demo tapes. Kondo was the person hired by Nintendo to create music and sound effects for their games, joining Hirokazu Tanaka. However, he was the first at Nintendo to actually specialize in musical composition, the first game he worked on was the arcade game Punch-Out. Although it was before he had officially joined Nintendo, despite creating mostly jingles and sound effects, he was able to overcome the challenges of early arcade sound hardware. Kondo also wrote a manual on how to program Japanese popular music into the Famicom using the peripheral Family BASIC. To conclude his first year at Nintendo, he created the music to Devil World alongside Akito Nakatsuka, in 1985, Nintendo started marketing the Famicom abroad under the name the Nintendo Entertainment System to capitalize on the 1983 video game crash that devastated Atari, Inc. Super Mario Bros. for many years the video game of all time for a single platform, was Kondos first major score. The games melodies were created with the intention that short segments of music could be repeated during the same gameplay without causing boredom. Kondos soundtrack to Super Mario Bros. gained worldwide recognition, and is to day the most well-known video game score. The main theme is iconic in popular culture and has featured in over 50 concerts, been a best-selling ringtone. Kondos work on The Legend of Zelda scores has also highly recognized. He produced four main pieces of music for the first installment of the series. After the success of The Legend of Zelda, he provided the score for two Japanese-exclusive titles, The Mysterious Murasame Castle and Shin Onigashima
10.
Super Mario
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Super Mario is a series of platform video games created by Nintendo featuring their mascot, Mario. Alternatively called the Super Mario Bros. series or simply the Mario series, at least one Super Mario game has been released for every major Nintendo video game console and handheld. The Super Mario games follow Marios adventures in the fictional Mushroom Kingdom and he is usually joined by his brother, Luigi, and occasionally by other members of the Mario cast. As in platform games, the player runs and jumps across platforms. The games have simple plots, typically with Mario rescuing the kidnapped Princess Peach from the primary antagonist, Bowser. The first title in the series, Super Mario Bros. released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985 and these include a multitude of power-ups and items that give Mario special magic powers such as fireball-throwing and size-changing into giant and miniature sizes. The Super Mario series is part of the greater Mario franchise and this includes other video game genres as well as media such as film, television, printed media and merchandise. Over 310 million copies of games in the Super Mario series have sold worldwide, as of September 2015. The game was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and is the first side-scrolling 2D platform game to feature Mario and it established many core Mario gameplay concepts. The brothers Mario and Luigi live in the Mushroom Kingdom, where they must rescue Princess Toadstool from Bowser, the game consists of eight worlds, each with four sub-levels. Though the worlds differ in themes, the fourth sub-level is always a fortress or castle that ends with a fight against Bowser, the games immense success made it the second best-selling video game of all time after Wii Sports as of May 2013. The Lost Levels The sequel to the original Super Mario Bros. was released as Super Mario Bros.2 in Japan. It uses the original Super Mario Bros. engine with such as weather, new character movements. The main game follows the style of level progression as Super Mario Bros. with eight initial worlds each with four levels. The last levels of the eight worlds is a castle that culminates in a battle against Bowser. 2 could be delivered to America. The game later debuted outside Japan in 1993, as Super Mario Bros, the Lost Levels in the compilation titled Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The original Famicom version was released for the Wiis Virtual Console service in September 2007 in all regions, Super Mario Bros.2 The game was known in Japan as Super Mario Bros
11.
Computing platform
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Computing platform means in general sense, where any piece of software is executed. It may be the hardware or the system, even a web browser or other application. The term computing platform can refer to different abstraction levels, including a hardware architecture, an operating system. In total it can be said to be the stage on which programs can run. For example, an OS may be a platform that abstracts the underlying differences in hardware, platforms may also include, Hardware alone, in the case of small embedded systems. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS, this is referred to as running on bare metal, a browser in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser. An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in a scripting language. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the Microsoft Office suite as a platform, software frameworks that provide ready-made functionality. Cloud computing and Platform as a Service, the social networking sites Twitter and facebook are also considered development platforms. A virtual machine such as the Java virtual machine, applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as bytecode, which is then executed by the VM. A virtualized version of a system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac, some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform to the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it, however, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS
12.
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
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In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom, or SFC for short. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics, although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another. It was released in Brazil on September 2,1992, by Playtronic, the SNES is Nintendos second home console, following the Nintendo Entertainment System. The console introduced advanced graphics and sound compared with other systems at the time. The development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges helped to keep it competitive in the marketplace. The SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, and continues to be popular among fans, collectors, retro gamers, and emulation enthusiasts, some of whom still make homebrew ROM images. To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, the two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics, however, it took several years for Segas system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21,1990 for 25,000 yen. The systems release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery, with the Super Famicom quickly outselling its chief rivals, Nintendo reasserted itself as the leader of the Japanese console market. Nintendos success was due to its retention of most of its key third-party developers from its earlier system, including Capcom, Konami, Tecmo, Square, Koei. Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a version of the Super Famicom. It began shipping in limited quantities on August 23,1991, the SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for £150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions of the use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL, uses the North American design, both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente. The SNES and Super Famicom launched with few games, but these games were received in the marketplace. In Japan, only two games were available, Super Mario World and F-Zero. In North America, Super Mario World launched as a bundle with the console, and other titles include F-Zero, Pilotwings, SimCity
13.
Game Boy Advance
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The Game Boy Advance is a 32-bit handheld video game console developed, manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on March 21,2001, in North America on June 11,2001, in Australia and Europe on June 22,2001, and in the Peoples Republic of China on June 8,2004. Nintendos competitors in the market at the time were the Neo Geo Pocket Color, WonderSwan, GP32, Tapwave Zodiac. Despite the competitors best efforts, Nintendo maintained a majority market share with the Game Boy Advance, as of June 30,2010, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide. Its successor, the Nintendo DS, was released in November 2004 and is compatible with Game Boy Advance software. The Game Boy Advance was designed by the French designer Gwénaël Nicolas, in 1996, magazines including Electronic Gaming Monthly, issues 53 and 54 of Total. and the July 1996 issue of Game Informer featured reports of a new Game Boy, codenamed Project Atlantis. It also may have referred to the unnamed, unreleased Game Boy Color successor prototype that was revealed at 2009s Game Developers Conference and it was announced that Nintendo Co. Ltd. was working on a game for the system called Marios Castle. When playing Game Boy or Game Boy Color games on the Game Boy Advance, Game Boy games can be played using the same selectable color palettes as on the Game Boy Color. Every Nintendo handheld system following the release of the Game Boy Advance SP has included a built-in light and rechargeable battery. The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS 2D graphics hardware have scaling and rotation for traditional tiled backgrounds in its modes 1 and 2 and scaling, more complex effects such as fuzz are possible by using other equations for the position, scaling, and rotation of each line. The character mode supports up to 4 tile map background layers per frame, with each tile being 8x8 pixels in size and having 16 or 256 colors. The character mode supports up to 128 hardware sprites per frame, with any sprite size from 8x8 to 64x64 pixels. With hardware comparable to the Super NES, the Game Boy Advance represents progress for sprite-based technology, the Game Boy Advance has platformers, SNES-style role-playing video games, and classic games ported from various 8-bit and 16-bit systems of the previous generations. This includes the Super Mario Advance series, as well as the backward compatibility with all earlier Game Boy titles. Final Fantasy VI Advance was the final licensed Japanese GBA game release, Released November 2006, it was the final Nintendo-published game for the system. The Legend of Spyro, The Eternal Night was the final European GBA game, samurai Deeper Kyo was the final North American GBA game, released in February 2008. The last Nintendo-developed game released for the system was the Japan-only rhythm game Rhythm Tengoku, an accessory for the GameCube, known as the Game Boy Player, was released in 2003 as the successor to the Super Game Boy peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The accessory allows Game Boy Advance games, as well as Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, however, some games may have compatibility issues due to certain features
14.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
15.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
16.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
17.
PAL region
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The PAL region is a television publication territory that covers most of Asia, Africa, Europe, South America and Oceania. It is so named because of the PAL television standard used in those regions, as opposed to the NTSC standard traditionally used in Japan. Most video games designated as part of the region will not play on NTSC-U/C or NTSC-J region consoles because of regional lockout, while this is the most common occurrence, some Xbox and Xbox 360 games are region-free encoded, since Microsofts policy is for publishers to decide. Sony has a policy for the PlayStation Portable, but most publishers choose not to encode a region on their UMD games. With the exception of Persona 4 Arena, PlayStation 3 Blu-ray Disc games are region-free, all Nintendo home consoles except for the Nintendo Switch have region locking either by software encoding or physical differences in media and consoles. Australia uses PAL version games only for the Wii, PlayStation 3, as most hand-held consoles use their own proprietary display system, incompatibilities of differing TV systems are not relevant. However, the regions often exist for localisation and distribution purposes. The scope of the PAL region varies with systems and publishers, the following countries and areas are normally included in a PAL region release, Along with other Middle Eastern, African, and European countries. Beginning with the Dreamcast and continuing through the generation of consoles. Games ported to PAL have historically been known for having game speed and this was especially prevalent during previous generations when 2D graphics were used almost exclusively. The gameplay of many games with an emphasis on speed, such as the original Sonic The Hedgehog for the Mega Drive, suffered in their PAL incarnations. Despite the possibility and popularity of 60 Hz PAL games, many games, particularly for the PS. Square Enix have long been criticised by PAL gamers for their poor PAL conversions, final Fantasy X runs in 50 Hz mode only, and 16. 7% slower and bordered that while prevalent in previous generations was considered inexcusable at the time of release. In stark contrast, the Dreamcast was the first system to feature PAL60, the Xbox too featured a system-wide PAL60 option in the Dashboard, with almost every game supporting PAL60. Seventh generation PAL consoles such as the Xbox 360 and Wii also feature system-wide 60 Hz support, nintendos Virtual Console service has been criticized due to PAL games running in 50 Hz only, despite the ability to run in 60 Hz mode. In recent years, few PAL releases have lacked the standard PAL mode and offered 60 Hz only, notably Metroid Prime 2, Echoes and Geist for the Nintendo GameCube, PAL NTSC Advanced Television Systems Committee standards SECAM Regional lockout
18.
Platform game
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A platform game is a video game which involves guiding an avatar to jump between suspended platforms and/or over obstacles to advance the game. The player controls the jumps to avoid letting the avatar fall from platforms or miss necessary jumps, the most common unifying element of games of this genre is the jump button, but now there are other alternative like swiping in touchscreen. Jumping, in genre, may include swinging from extendable arms, as in Ristar or Bionic Commando, or bouncing from springboards or trampolines. These mechanics, even in the context of genres, are commonly called platforming. Games where jumping is automated completely, such as 3D games in The Legend of Zelda series, Platform games originated in the early 1980s, with 3D successors popularized in the mid-1990s. The term itself describes games where jumping on platforms is an part of the gameplay and came into use after the genre had been established. While commonly associated with gaming, there have been many important platform games released to video arcades, as well as for handheld game consoles. North America, Europe and Japan have played major parts in the genres evolution, Platform themes range from cartoon-like games to science fiction and fantasy epics. At one point, platform games were the most popular genre of video game, at the peak of their popularity, it is estimated that between one-quarter and one-third of console games were platformers. No genre either before or since has been able to achieve a market share. Since 2010, a variety of endless running platformers for mobile devices have brought renewed popularity to the genre, Platform games originated in the early 1980s. Because of the limitations of the day, early examples were confined to a static playing field. Space Panic, a 1980 arcade release by Universal, is credited as being the first platform game. While the player had the ability to fall, there was no ability to jump, swing, or bounce, however, it clearly influenced the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. Another precursor to the genre released that year was Nichibutsus Crazy Climber. Donkey Kong, a game created by Nintendo and released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps. Donkey Kong had an amount of platforming in its first two screens, but its last two screens had a more pronounced platform jumping component. This game also introduced Mario, an icon of the genre
19.
Mario
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Mario is a fictional character in the Mario video game franchise, owned by Nintendo and created by video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Serving as the mascot and the eponymous protagonist of the series. Depicted as a short, pudgy, Italian plumber who resides in the Mushroom Kingdom and his younger brother and sidekick is Luigi. The Mario franchise is the video game franchise of all time. Over 210 million units of the overall Mario series of games have been sold, Marios Time Machine and Mario Teaches Typing. The franchise has branched into several mediums, including television shows, film, comics, since 1995, Mario has been voiced by Charles Martinet. Originally, Miyamoto wanted to create a game that used the characters Popeye, Bluto. At the time, however, Miyamoto was unable to acquire a license to use the characters, so he ended up making a player character, Donkey Kong. In the early stages of Donkey Kong, Mario was unable to jump, however, Miyamoto enabled Mario to jump, saying If you had a barrel rolling towards you, what would you do. While the protagonist was unnamed in the Japanese release, he would be named Jumpman in the games English instructions, Miyamoto originally named the character Mr. Video, and he was to be used in every video game Miyamoto developed. Following a heated argument in which the Nintendo employees eventually convinced Segale he would be paid, Miyamoto commented that if he had named Mario Mr. Video, Mario likely would have disappeared off the face of the Earth. By Miyamotos own account, Marios profession was chosen to fit with the game design, since Donkey Kong was set on a construction site, Mario was made into a carpenter. When he appeared again in Mario Bros. it was decided he should be a plumber, other sources have Marios profession chosen to be carpenter in an effort to depict the character as an ordinary hard worker, and make it easier for players to identify with him. Due to the limitations of arcade hardware at the time, Miyamoto clothed the character in red overalls and a blue shirt to contrast against each other. A red cap was added to let Miyamoto avoid drawing the characters hairstyle, forehead, to this end, he originally called the character Mr. Video, comparing his intent to have Mario appear in later games to the cameos done by Alfred Hitchcock within Hitchcocks films. Over time, Marios appearance has become more defined, blue eyes, white gloves, brown shoes, the colors of his shirt and overalls were also reversed from a blue shirt with red overalls to a red shirt with blue overalls. Miyamoto attributed this process to the different development teams and artists for each game as well as advances in technology as time has gone on, Nintendo did not initially reveal Marios full name. In a 1989 interview it was stated not to be Mario Mario despite the implication of the Mario Bros. series title, the first notable use of Mario Mario was in the 1993 live-action film adaptation
20.
Princess Peach
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Princess Peach is a character in Nintendos Mario franchise. Originally created by Shigeru Miyamoto, Peach is the princess of the fictional Mushroom Kingdom and she often plays the damsel in distress role within the series and is the lead female. She is often portrayed as Marios love interest and has appeared in Super Princess Peach, Princess Peachs initial appearance was drawn by Shigeru Miyamoto. Miyamoto later asked Yōichi Kotabe to redraw Peach with his instructions and he had asked Kotabe to draw her eyes to be a little cat-like. With Kotabes influence, Princess Peach changed considerably throughout her gaming system, Peach was not a playable character in New Super Mario Bros. Princess Peach has long, yellow hair, blue eyes, tall frame, a figure. She generally wears an evening gown. It has frilly trimmings, short sleeves, and a pannier-style overskirt. Her accessories are red high heels that grow when they are seen, white evening gloves, a brooch, cyan earrings. Peach also sometimes pulls her back into a ponytail considering its long length. It was first introduced in Super Mario Sunshine and would later be seen in the Mario Kart and Mario Sports games from Mario Golf, Toadstool Tour and Mario Kart, Double Dash. respectively. In sports games, she wears pink clothing, ranging from shorts. She also wears a different version of her gown in Super Mario Sunshine. In Japan, the Princesss name has always been Peach since her debut in the original Super Mario Bros. but she would go on to be renamed Toadstool in the English language manual. The English version of Yoshis Safari marked the first usage of the name Peach in the Western world, although she would go back to being named Toadstool in Wario Land, Super Mario Land 3. In Super Mario 64, she uses both names in a letter addressed to Mario, with Peach being used for her signature, Peachs personality is generally sweet and well mannered. In most games she is portrayed as selfless, perky and generous, typically, she does not show an aggressive nature even when she is fighting or confronting her enemies. This, however, varies slightly from game to game, one of Peachs most common traits during her playable appearances is her ability to temporarily float in the air with her large skirt, and later on, with her parasol
21.
Bowser (character)
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Bowser or King Koopa is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Nintendos Mario franchise. In Japan, the bears the title of Daimaō. In the United States, the character was first referred to as Bowser, King of the Koopa and The sorcerer king in the instruction manual. Bowser is the leader and likely the most powerful of the turtle-like Koopa race and his ultimate goals are to kidnap Princess Peach, defeat Mario, and conquer the fictional Mushroom Kingdom. Since his debut, he has appeared in almost every Mario franchise game, Bowser has been called the most successful video game character. Currently, Bowser is voiced by Kenny James, in addition to his usual animated and video game appearances, he also appears in the 1993 highly criticized live-action film, where he is portrayed by Dennis Hopper. Bowser was the creation of Nintendo designer and producer Shigeru Miyamoto Miyamoto had first envisioned Bowser as an ox, however, Nintendo designer Takashi Tezuka pointed out that the character looked a lot more like a turtle than an ox. Miyamoto and Tezuka then began to work together to define Bowsers appearance, since the character was the leader of the turtle-like Koopa Troopas the two began to base his new appearance on them, creating a new illustration. In his final design, Miyamoto commented that he could make Bowser look cool now, Miyamoto named him 大魔王 クッパ Daimaō Kuppa. Kuppa came from the Japanese name for 국밥, gukbap, a Korean dish, Miyamoto had also considered the names ユッケ Yukke and ビビンバ Bibinba, also Japanese names of Korean dishes. The Korean name for the character Bowser/Kuppa is not Gukbap, but 쿠파 Kupa, the name was anglicized Kuppa rather than Koopa in the Japanese versions up until the release of Super Mario World. In the Super Mario Bros. film, Bowser is called President Koopa and is portrayed by Dennis Hopper and he is also briefly referred to as King Koopa. In the film, he is almost entirely human in appearance, with blonde hair he gels in the shape of a crown, however, after being briefly exposed to his own Devo machine by the Mario Bros. he starts occasionally possessing some reptilian traits. The final climax of the film sees Koopa devolve into an enormous Green Tyrannosaurus Rex to battle the Mario Bros, Bowser is portrayed as the King of the Koopas, anthropomorphic turtles that inhabit the world of the Mushroom Kingdom. Bowser differs greatly from the rest of the Koopa clan, which consists mainly of bipedal tortoises. His is characterized by a large, spiked turtle shell, horns and he is physically powerful, nearly indestructible and can breathe fire. He can also jump surprisingly high for his size, although his speed. Bowsers physical size tends to vary from game to game, in most games, he towers over the majority of characters, but there are exceptions
22.
Koopalings
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The Koopalings or 7 Bowser Team in Japan) are a group of seven fictional, childlike characters in the Mario video game franchise by Nintendo. Their individual names are Iggy, Larry, Lemmy, Ludwig, Morton, Roy, originally depicted as the children of the series antagonist Bowser, they first appeared as boss characters in the 1988 game Super Mario Bros.3. They have since appeared in subsequent Super Mario games and spin-off Mario titles and they have made several appearances in other media, most notably in the cartoon The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, which featured entirely different names for the Koopalings due to not having official names at the time of its production phase. The Koopalings were conceived by game designers who were challenged to come up with new bosses for Super Mario Bros. 3, the favorite drawings loosely based on members of the team were chosen for the seven Koopalings. Most of the Koopalings are distinguished by their wild punk hairstyles, the first names of the Koopalings would later be adapted for the Japanese version of Super Mario World, which was released a few months after the North American release of Super Mario Bros.3. However, the Koopalings received a set of different names in the DiC-produced The Adventures of Super Mario Bros.3 animated series, as they were still unnamed when the show was in production. The Koopalings were originally created to be Bowsers children, as it was mentioned in Japanese Super Mario Bros.3 instruction books as well as early materials, subsequent official sources also confirmed that they were his offspring. This portrayal was generally accepted by both Japanese and western gamers and media for a long time, since Bowser Jr. Bowsers only child is Bowser Jr. and we do not know who the mother is. According to the North American website for New Super Mario Bros, U, the Koopalings are also siblings. The Koopalings appear in five games in the Super Mario series, in each game, the Koopalings each serve as the main boss character fought by the player at the end of each individual region in the games setting. Their first appearance was Super Mario Bros, the Koopalings then appeared in the 1990 Super NES game Super Mario World, which immediately follows the events of Super Mario Bros. 3, holding Yoshis captive in eggs at each of their castles in Dinosaur Land. The Koopalings were absent from subsequent Super Mario games until the release of New Super Mario Bros, Wii for the Wii in 2009, which marks their 3D debut, and most of them having slight design changes from their original appearances. They then appeared in New Super Mario Bros.2 for the Nintendo 3DS, U for the Wii U along with its DLC New Super Luigi U, both released in 2012. The Koopalings have appeared as characters in the spin-off Mario games Yoshis Safari, Mario is Missing. and Hotel Mario. They then appeared in the 2003 Game Boy Advance video game Mario & Luigi, Superstar Saga, where served as bosses in Bowsers Castle
23.
Luigi
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Luigi is a fictional character featured in video games and related media released by Nintendo. Luigi first appeared in the 1983 arcade game Mario Bros. as the controlled by the second player. 3, Super Mario World, and other titles, the first game where he was available as a primary character was Super Mario Bros.2. in Luigis Mansion for the Nintendo GameCube in 2001, and in Luigis Mansion, Dark Moon for the 3DS. In all three of these games, he is called upon to act as the hero because Mario, Luigi has also appeared in every episode of the three DiC TV series based on the NES and Super NES games. Originally developed as a swap of Mario with a green color scheme instead of red, Luigi has since developed a personality. As his role in the Mario series progressed, Luigi evolved into a distinct character, taller and thinner than his brother. Nintendo called the period of March 2013 to March 2014 The Year of Luigi to commemorate the anniversary of the characters existence. Correspondingly, games released in 2013 emphasised Luigi, such as Luigis Mansion, Dark Moon, Mario & Luigi, Dream Team, Dr. Luigi, an unlockable Luigi-themed version of Mario Bros. titled Luigi Bros. was also included with Super Mario 3D World. Luigis name is said to have inspired by a pizza parlor near Nintendo of Americas headquarters in Redmond, Washington. Miyamoto observed that the word ruiji means similar in the Japanese language, while Mario was originally portrayed as a carpenter in Donkey Kong, the duo of Mario and Luigi in Mario Bros. were styled as Italian plumbers by Miyamoto, on the suggestion of a colleague. After the success of Mario Bros, Luigi was introduced to a wider audience in 1985 with the release of the console game Super Mario Bros. Once again his role was restricted to a swap of Mario. The later Japan-only version of Super Mario Bros.2 in 1986 marked the beginning of Luigis development toward becoming a distinguished character. As with his previous appearances, Luigi remained a palette swap of Mario, however, Luigi could now jump higher and farther than his brother, at the expense of movement response and precision. While this version of Super Mario Bros.2 was released in Japan, in 1988, consequently, an alternative release was developed to serve as Super Mario Bros.2 for western players, this version would play a key role in shaping Luigis current appearance. The game was a conversion of Yume Kōjō, Doki Doki Panic, with the graphics altered to represent characters and scenes from the Mario franchise. There were earlier appearances of Luigi being taller than Mario, in the 1988 Famicom Disk System game Famicom Grand Prix II, 3D Hot Rally and earlier, in a very rare 1986 anime Super Mario Bros. Luigis distinctive appearance from the Yume Kōjō, Doki Doki Panic-inspired version of Super Mario Bros.2 has been used ever since, much like his appearance, Luigis vocal portrayal has fluctuated over the years
24.
Flagpole
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A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or as decoration. National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original, flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, due to the use of flags by military units, flag is also used as the name of some military units. A flag is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, in antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like. During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a device in battle. Already during the medieval period, and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early Modern period, flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals, see, International maritime signal flags. One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country, some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include, The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478, the flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colours of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagnes time, the 9th century, the coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colours. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colours next to this region, a century before that, during the 15th century, the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572 as the Princes Flag in orange–white–blue, soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a comeback during the war of the late 18th century. During World War II the pro-Nazi NSB used it, any symbolism has been added later to the three colours, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, however, the usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue. It is said that the Dutch Tricolour has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, the national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, Frances tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations, examples, Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania and Mexico. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used, british colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history
25.
Yoshi
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T. Yoshisaur Munchikoopas, commonly known as Yoshi, once romanized as Yossy, is a fictional anthropomorphic dinosaur who appears in video games published by Nintendo. Yoshi debuted in Super Mario World on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System as Mario, Yoshi later starred in platform and puzzle games, including Super Mario World 2, Yoshis Island, Yoshis Story, and Yoshis Woolly World. Yoshi also appears in many of the Mario spin-off games, including Mario Party and Mario Kart, various Mario sports games, Yoshi belongs to the species of the same name, which is characterized by their variety of colors. The inspiration for Yoshi can be traced back further, to the green dragon Tamagon in the 1984 video game Devil World, coincidentally, both are green lizards that hatch from eggs and can eat enemies with their large mouth, and also emit the same noise when they hatch. During the development of Super Mario Bros,3, Miyamoto had a number of sketches around his desk, including an image of Mario riding a dinosaur. Takashi Tezuka, a Mario series developer, speculated that Miyamotos love of riding as well as country. The concept of Mario riding a dinosaur also came from the NES video game Excitebike and he again wanted to feature Yoshi in Super Mario Bros. 3, but was unable to. Tezuka designed two power-ups to make up for this limitation, once the more powerful Super NES was released, Miyamoto was finally able to implement Yoshi into the series, putting Yoshi into the video game Super Mario World. Yoshi proved to be popular in this debut, which caused the game in the series, Super Mario World 2, Yoshis Island. The version of Yoshi seen in the Super Mario Bros. film was using a 3-foot-tall animatronic dinosaur. Yoshi was designed in the film by Dave Nelson, the animatronic had nearly 200 feet of cable and hundreds of moving parts inside of it, and was controlled by nine puppeteers. The body was cable-controlled, while the head was radio-controlled, Nelson described the overall process as being difficult. The creation of Yoshi was handled by an independent from the filmmakers. Yoshi has a variety of abilities that stand out relative to other characters in the Mario series, Yoshis prehensile tongue can extend a considerable distance to grab distant objects or access otherwise out-of-reach areas. After grabbing objects, Yoshi may swallow the object to produce a spotted egg. Another signature technique is the Flutter Jump which extends the duration of a jump, like Mario, Luigi and a few other characters, Yoshi is also a noted user of the Ground Pound, which involves dropping bottom-first after a jump in order to destroy blocks or damage opponents. Yoshis large nose unsurprisingly allows for the detection of hidden collectibles as well as flowers by smell and, as demonstrated in the Super Smash Bros. series, the Yoshi species appear in a variety of colors
26.
Koopa Troopa
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Koopa Troopas, or just simply Koopas, known in Japan as Nokonoko, are a fictional race of turtle or tortoise-like creatures from the Mario series, as well as its sister Yoshi series. When defeated, Koopas may flee from or retreat inside their shells, despite making up the bulk of Bowsers army, known as the Koopa Troop, Koopas as a species are often shown to be peaceful, some even teaming up with Mario. An undead Koopa Troopa becomes a Dry Bones, a tortoise-like enemy first appeared in the 1983 arcade game, Mario Bros. called Shellcreepers. Series creator Shigeru Miyamoto had a fellow designer draw the enemy, while the design had quite a large head, Miyamoto validated it by suggesting it looked like a tortoise. Shellcreepers could only be defeated by hitting the platform on which they were stood from underneath, in Mario Bros. the color of a Shellcreepers shell indicated how fast it was - green being the slowest, purple being faster, and red being the fastest. In Super Mario Bros. green-shelled Koopas wander aimlessly along platforms and even fall into pits, whereas those with red shells patrol their platforms, turning around when they reach the edge of it. Super Mario Bros. also introduced the Koopa Paratroopa, a Koopa Troopa with wings which jumps up and down or flies, thus making it harder to dodge and defeat. The design of the Paratroopa came from Mario developer Takashi Tezuka in an attempt to add a character to Super Mario Bros. Tezuka suggested that they put wings on the Koopa Troopa and call it Koopa Paratroopa, however, once it was finished, Miyamoto felt that it looked cute. Jumping on a Paratroopa causes it to lose its wings and become a normal Koopa Troopa, the shell can then be kicked, causing it to slide quickly along a platform, defeating any enemy in its path. These attributes have endured throughout the entire series, Super Mario World also introduced the concept of knocking a Koopa out of its shell by jumping on it, causing it to go in search of a new shell. Super Mario Kart for the Super NES marked the Koopa Troopas first appearance as a playable character, Koopa Troopas also have appeared in the Mario Golf series and the Paper Mario series. Koopa Troopas have also made appearances in the cartoons and comics based on the Mario series. Although Koopas didnt appear in the 1993 Super Mario Bros. film, gameDaily listed Koopa Troopa as the eighth best Mario enemy, calling them the most common enemies in the series next to the Goomba. IGNs Audrey Drake listed Koopa Troopa as one of the best Mario enemies, in fact, theyre pretty much synonymous with the franchise. A variety of Mario-related merchandise depicting Koopa Troopas have been produced over the years by Nintendo, the various merchandise given out on King Koopas Kool Kartoons was often adorned with the name Koopa Troopa as well. Their signature shell was included as a piece in the Nintendo version of the Monopoly board game
27.
Nintendo Entertainment System
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The Nintendo Entertainment System is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The best-selling gaming console of its time, the NES helped revitalize the US video game following the video game crash of 1983. With the NES, Nintendo introduced a business model of licensing third-party developers, authorizing them to produce. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer on July 15,1983, and was released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics and it was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In 2009, the Nintendo Entertainment System was named the single greatest video game console in history by IGN and it was judged the second greatest console behind the Sega Dreamcast in PC Magazines Top 10 Video Game Consoles of All Time. Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a console called the Famicom. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Perhaps we could say it is a family computer, meanwhile, Hiroshi Yamauchi decided that the console should use a red and white theme after seeing a billboard for DX Antenna which used those colors. Original plans called for the Famicoms cartridges to be the size of a cassette tape, careful design attention was paid to the cartridge connectors since loose and faulty connections often plagued arcade machines. As it necessitated taking 60 connection lines for the memory and expansion, the controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons. There were concerns regarding the durability of the design and that children might step on joysticks left on the floor. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use, ultimately though, they installed a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an optional arcade-style joystick could be used. Uemura added an eject lever to the slot which was not really necessary. He also added a microphone to the controller with the idea that it could be used to make players voices sound through the TV speaker. The console was released on July 15,1983 as the Family Computer for ¥14,800 alongside three ports of Nintendos successful arcade games Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr. and Popeye. The Famicom was slow to gather momentum, a bad chip set caused the release of the system to crash. Following a product recall and a reissue with a new motherboard, the deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983
28.
Computer hardware
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Computer hardware is the collection of physical components that constitute a computer system. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware, hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, the template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and this is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system. For the third year, U. S. business-to-business channel sales increased. The impressive growth was the fastest sales increase since the end of the recession, sales growth accelerated in the second half of the year peaking in fourth quarter with a 6.9 percent increase over the fourth quarter of 2012. There are a number of different types of system in use today. The personal computer, also known as the PC, is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility, laptops are generally very similar, although they may use lower-power or reduced size components, thus lower performance. The computer case is a plastic or metal enclosure that houses most of the components, a case can be either big or small, but the form factor of motherboard for which it is designed matters more. A power supply unit converts alternating current electric power to low-voltage DC power for the components of the computer. Laptops are capable of running from a battery, normally for a period of hours. The motherboard is the component of a computer. It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan, or water-cooling system, most newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit. The clock speed of CPUs governs how fast it executes instructions, many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling. The chipset, which includes the bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory. Random-Access Memory, which stores the code and data that are being accessed by the CPU. For example, when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory, RAM usually comes on DIMMs in the sizes 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can be much larger. Read-Only Memory, which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, the BIOS includes boot firmware and power management firmware
29.
Super Mario World (TV series)
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Super Mario World is an American animated musical comedy television series loosely based on the Super NES video game of the same name. It is the animated series based on the Mario video game series. Super Show. and The Adventures of Super Mario Bros.3, unlike its two predecessors, this series does not feature Toad and takes place in Dinosaur World. Thirteen episodes of the show were aired, as part of a block with Captain N, just like The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3, the show is produced by DIC Entertainment and the Italian studio Reteitalia, S. p. A. in association with Nintendo of America, Inc. who licensed the characters and power-ups from the game to DiC. King Koopa and the Koopalings were also around, having followed the Super Mario Bros. unlike in the game, Dinosaur Land was depicted as being populated with cavepeople, including a pre-adolescent caveboy named Oogtar, who replaced the role of Toad. Some episodes revolved around Mario trying to introduce a modern invention to the cavepeople in an attempt to make their lives easier and it is unclear whether the characters had traveled back in time, or if Dinosaur Land was simply a lost valley-esque island that the characters had come to. The show was aired on Saturday mornings on NBC in the 1991-92 season. It was featured in a time slot with a shortened version of Captain N, The Game Master. Episodes of Super Mario World were later shown as part of the syndication package Captain N, afterwards, the series was split up from Captain N altogether and shown in time-compressed reruns on as part of Mario All-Stars on Family Channel, and later USA Network. In the United Kingdom, however, the show was still broadcast as Captain N & The New Super Mario World, meanwhile, two PAL tapes were released in the United Kingdom. More recently, the series was released on DVD in Australia and this series is the most short-lived of the three American Mario animated series. The series takes place in Dinosaur World, rather than in Dinosaur Land, in addition, Yoshis Island is populated predominantly with cavemen instead of Yoshis. Several names were changed from the game as well, the Forest of Illusion was called the Enchanted Forest, furthermore, enemies featured in the game were rarely called by their in-game names on the show, Bowser was called King Koopa. Furthermore, his castle says KOOPA instead of BOWSER, also, Koopas are called Troopas, and Chargin Chucks are called Football players. As in The Adventures of Super Mario Bros,3, the Koopalings were still referred to by their nicknames. King Koopa still had his appearance from the previous two cartoons. Mario, Luigi and Princess Toadstool kept their NES designs, another notable fact was that when Yoshi hatched, the dinosaur was not born with his red shell, as revealed when Luigi told the story of Yoshis birth in the final episode, Mama Luigi
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Yoshi's Island
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Super Mario World 2, Yoshis Island is a 1995 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Yoshi runs and jumps to reach the end of the level while solving puzzles, in a style new to the series, the game has a hand-drawn aesthetic and is the first to have Yoshi as its main character. The game introduces his signature abilities to jump, produce eggs from swallowed enemies. It also features 2D graphics with Linear transformations, Yoshis Island was released in Japan in August 5,1995, and worldwide two months later. Some of its effects were powered by a new Super FX2 microchip. The game was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance with few changes in 2002 under the title Yoshis Island, Nintendo later released this version via the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Virtual Console. Yoshis Island received instant and universal acclaim, according to IGN and review aggregator Metacritic, the game brought newfound renown to both Yoshi as a character and Miyamotos artistic and directorial career. Yoshis Island was the last 2D Super Mario game released for consoles until the release of New Super Mario Bros. Each level casts players as a different colored Yoshi, who must escort Baby Mario on his back and reach the end of the level, similar to Super Mario World, Yoshi can use his tongue to ensnare enemies and put them into his mouth. When something is in his mouth, Yoshi can either spit it out as an attack and these eggs can then be thrown at an angle, even bouncing off walls, to attack enemies or reach far away or hard to reach items. Yoshi can carry up to six eggs at a time, with some colored eggs spawning items once they hit something, Yoshi can also eat watermelons that let him spit out seeds, or flaming enemies that let him spit out fire. The goal of each level is to protect Baby Mario, who rides on Yoshis back, if Yoshi is hit by an enemy or obstacle, Baby Mario will float off into a bubble and a timer will start counting down. If the player fails to recover Baby Mario before the counter reaches zero, Baby Mario will be taken away by Koopas, the timer can recover up to ten seconds, and Yoshi can collect stars to increase the amount of time on the counter. However, if Yoshi falls into a pit, gets crushed, or comes into contact with spikes or lava. In some areas, players can collect a Starman that transforms Baby Mario into Super Baby Mario, during these areas, players take control of Baby Mario who, for a short period, is invincible, can run on walls and ceilings, and can float using his cape. Additionally, some areas transform Yoshi into various vehicles, such as a helicopter or digger, each of the games worlds feature eight main levels, with a boss appearing at the end of every fourth and eighth level. Hidden throughout each of these levels are five Flowers and twenty Red Coins, collecting Flowers adds flowers to the gate at the end of each level. Completing all levels in a world with a score of 100 unlocks two additional levels for that world, when he first brought the game to Nintendo marketing, they declined the game for having Mario-style graphics rather than the vogue, computer pre-rendered graphics of Donkey Kong Country
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Super Mario All-Stars
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The game contains enhanced remakes of Super Mario Bros. The Lost Levels, the latter of which was the original Japanese version of Super Mario Bros.2 which was never released outside Japan prior to this compilation. The games are all developed to take advantage of the Super NES hardware, featuring updated graphics and sounds, a second version of the compilation, which includes Super Mario World as a playable title, was released outside Japan in December 1994. The original 1993 version of Super Mario All-Stars was ported as a Wii disc game in 2010 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Super Mario Bros. In 2016, Nintendo of America issued a re-print of the same Wii disc game release, sans bundle bonuses, the Lost Levels, Super Mario Bros. 2, and Super Mario Bros.3. are fixed, the four games each feature enhanced 16-bit graphics and updated soundtracks to take advantage of the Super NES hardware, including parallax scrolling. All four games offer a feature, which the original games lacked, allowing the player to save progress. Up to four individual save files can be stored for each game, the games also allow the player to customize control configuration, allowing the jump and dash actions to be mapped to different buttons on the Super NES controller. This version features Super Mario World as a playable game. Super Mario World is nearly identical to the version, however. In 2010, Super Mario All-Stars was ported to the Wii and it was released in Japan on October 21,2010 and in all other regions in December 2010 on Wii optical disc. The game disc contains an emulation of the original SNES ROM image, with support for the Wii Remote, Classic Controller, a 32-page booklet detailing the history of the Super Mario franchise and an audio CD containing music from each Super Mario game are bundled with the game disc. Nintendo sold 307,755 copies in the games first week, the 25th Anniversary Edition has since seen 2.24 million units sold worldwide. The game was successful and well-received upon release and eventually became a Players Choice Million Seller. Prior to May 31,1994, Super Mario All-Stars was available as a promotion by Nintendo, the proof of purchase and $3.50 USD—to cover postage and handling—was required to be mailed into Nintendo and Super Mario All-Stars was sent out to the buyer. The Wii version received mixed reviews, critics such as IGN criticized it for being a straight port from the original SNES version but praised it for being The same classic games we remember. Club gave the Wii version an F, saying that the materials included with the game were disappointing. Official website Super Mario All-Stars at MobyGames
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Virtual Console
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The Virtual Console lineup consists of titles originally released on past home and handheld consoles. Virtual Console titles have been downloaded over ten million times, the distribution of past games through the Virtual Console is one of Nintendos attempts at preventing software piracy. There were 38 titles of Famicom, Super Famicom, N64, Mega Drive, the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console launched with 7 titles of Game Boy and Game Boy Color. New Virtual Console software is added on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 2, 00PM JST, there were 12 titles total of NES, SNES, N64, and Genesis games available at launch on the Wii Virtual Console for the North American region. Two TurboGrafx-16 titles were added two days later on November 21,2006, the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console launched with 4 titles of Game Boy and Game Boy Color. New releases are added to the Wii Shop Channel and/or Nintendo eShop for Nintendo 3DS at around 12,00 PM EST/9,00 AM PST currently on Thursdays. North America saw its first release of Commodore 64 games on the service on February 23,2009, as of January 26,2017, there are 398 titles for Wii,172 titles for Nintendo 3DS and 267 titles for Wii U available. This later came to reality, and former Japan-only games have appeared on the North American Virtual Console, the first game to be added with such localization was Sin and Punishment from the Nintendo 64. Despite the fact others fit the category, there are currently 25 titles listed under the Import genre with 1 removed, Sin and Punishment, Super Mario Bros. TwinBee, Wonder Boy III, Monster Lair, Pulseman, Secret Command, Street Fighter II, Champion Edition, Castlevania, Rondo of Blood, Ironclad, Ufouria, The Saga and Monster World IV. Furthermore, at least two titles were released without any English translation, and thus only Japanese text is available in these games while Monster World IV was fully translated to English. A total of 17 NES, SNES, N64, Mega Drive, the store updates every Thursday at 12, 00AM CET, in Australia at 9, 00AM and in New Zealand at 11, 00AM AEST. The number of games per update has varied, but is usually 1 or 2. As of December 8,2016, there are 385 titles in Europe and 384 titles in Australia, in March 2007, Hudson released three TurboGrafx games which were not originally released in Europe, Double Dungeons, Dragons Curse, and Battle Lode Runner. Five Hanabi Festivals have been held since, releasing former Japanese and/or North American exclusive titles, there are currently 43 titles listed under the Import genre, in which most of them were released during the campaigns. While the gameplay remains unchanged for all of the classic titles offered for the Virtual Console, as with disc-based games, the Virtual Console service is region-locked—that is, different versions of games are provided to different regions, and game availability may vary from region to region. Nintendo had stated that the Wii Shop Channel would not be used exclusively for retro games and these original games are made available through the WiiWare part of the Wii Shop Channel, as opposed to through the Virtual Console. Satoru Iwata stated in a speech on March 23,2006, that Nintendo, Sega, at E32006, Hudson also declared it would bring upwards of 100 titles to the Wiis Virtual Console
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Wii
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The Wii is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19,2006. As a seventh-generation console, the Wii competed with Microsofts Xbox 360, Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others. The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller, which can be used as a pointing device. Another notable feature of the console is the now defunct WiiConnect24, like other seventh-generation consoles, it features a game download service, called Virtual Console, which features emulated games from past systems. It succeeded the GameCube, and early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games, Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E32004 press conference and later unveiled it at E32005. Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata revealed a prototype of the controller at the September 2005 Tokyo Game Show, at E32006, the console won the first of several awards. By December 8,2006, it had completed its launch in the four key markets, in late 2011, Nintendo released a reconfigured model, the Wii Family Edition, which lacks Nintendo GameCube compatibility, this model was not released in Japan. The Wii Mini, Nintendos first major redesign since the compact SNES. The Wii Mini can only play Wii optical discs, as it omits GameCube compatibility and all networking capabilities, the Wiis successor, the Wii U, was released on November 18,2012. On October 20,2013, Nintendo confirmed it had discontinued production of the Wii in Japan and Europe, although the Wii Mini is still in production, the console was conceived in 2001, as the Nintendo GameCube was first released. According to an interview with Nintendo game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, the concept involved focusing on a new form of player interaction, the consensus was that power isnt everything for a console. Too many powerful consoles cant coexist and its like having only ferocious dinosaurs. They might fight and hasten their own extinction, in 2003, game engineers and designers were brought together to develop the concept further. By 2005 the controller interface had taken form, but a showing at that years Electronic Entertainment Expo was canceled. Miyamoto stated that the company had some troubleshooting to do, so we decided not to reveal the controller and instead we displayed just the console. Nintendo president Satoru Iwata later unveiled and demonstrated the Wii Remote at the September Tokyo Game Show, the Nintendo DS is said to have influenced the Wiis design. Designer Kenichiro Ashida noted, We had the DS on our minds as we worked on the Wii and we thought about copying the DSs touch-panel interface and even came up with a prototype. The idea was rejected because of the notion that the two gaming systems would be identical
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Wii U
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The Wii U is a home video game console developed by Nintendo, and the successor to the Wii. The console was released in November 2012 and was the first eighth-generation video game console, as it competes with Sonys PlayStation 4, the Wii U is the first Nintendo console to support HD graphics. The systems primary controller is the Wii U GamePad, which features a touchscreen, and combines directional buttons, analog sticks. The screen can be used either as a supplement to the display, or in supported games. Online functionality centers around the Nintendo Network platform and Miiverse, a social networking service which allows users to share content in game-specific communities. The Wii U was met with slow consumer adoption, with low sales primarily credited to a lineup of launch titles, third-party support. Wii U production officially ended in January 2017, on March 3,2017, Nintendo released a new flagship home console, the Nintendo Switch. With Wii U, Nintendo wished to bring back core gamers and it was decided that a new console would have to be developed to accommodate significant structural changes. Ideas on which direction to take for the new led to a lot of debate within the company. The concept of a touchscreen embedded within the controller was originally inspired by the light on the Wii disc tray that illuminates to indicate new messages. Miyamoto and his team wanted to include a screen to provide game feedback. However, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata later stated that he saw no significant reason to include HD into the Wii, miyamoto also expressed Nintendos interest in working with HD graphics, but clarified that the company is primarily focused on gameplay. Iwata also mentioned that the Wiis successor might be 3D-compatible but concluded that the rates of 3D televisions should increase to at least 30% first. Fils-Aimé also stated that Nintendos next home console would likely not feature stereoscopic 3D, in April 2011, an uncredited source indicated that Nintendo was planning to unveil a successor to the Wii known as Project Café at its E32011 presentation. Café was claimed to be a high definition console, also would have backward compatibility with Wii software. On April 25,2011, Nintendo released a statement announcing a system to succeed the Wii to be released during 2012. Speaking at a conference, Iwata stated the Wii successor would offer something new for home game systems. He also confirmed that the device would not launch in fiscal year 2012, Game was teased, and Electronic Arts then-CEO John Riccitiello appeared on-stage to discuss the companys prospective plans for products on Wii U
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New Nintendo 3DS
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The New Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo in Japan. It is the fourth and latest system in the Nintendo 3DS family of consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo 3DS XL. Like the original 3DS, the New Nintendo 3DS also has a larger variant, the New Nintendo 3DS family features various changes from prior models. The systems feature a refined design, featuring colored face buttons resembling the Super Famicoms. The New Nintendo 3DSs screen is 1.2 times the size of the original Nintendo 3DS, some models are produced with an IPS screen for the upper display, but some still retain the old TN screen for upper display. There is no correlation between model number or production date and display type. Nintendo has also not publicly addressed the discrepancies in production, the sensor is also used as an ambient light sensor for automatic brightness adjustment. Both systems bodies are larger than their previous iterations, with the XL variant weighing slightly less than the previous 3DS XL. The systems game card slot, stylus holder, and power button were re-located to the base, the hardware wireless switch was also replaced by a software toggle. The standard New Nintendo 3DS features interchangeable front and back plates,38 different designs were available at launch in Japan, the XL variant does not allow use of these plates, instead having a couple of fixed metallic designs. These additional buttons are backwards-compatible with games programmed for use with Circle Pad Pro, unlike previous models, which used standard SD cards, the New Nintendo 3DS line uses Micro-SD cards for data storage, which are stored alongside the battery behind the devices rear cover. Data can also be transferred to and from the SD card wirelessly using any system with SMB client access, the web browser was updated to include HTML5-based video playback support. On Japanese models, a content filter is active by default which can be disabled with the registration of a credit card, as with prior models, the New Nintendo 3DS family remains compatible with all games released for the 3DS and DS. Some 3DS games have improved performance and/or graphics on the new systems due to their upgraded hardware, the C-Stick and ZL/ZR controls are backwards compatible with games that support the Circle Pad Pro add-on. Some games, such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D, are optimized for the upgraded hardware. In March 2016, Nintendo began to release SNES titles on Virtual Console for New 3DS, they support a Perfect Pixel mode, like previous models, all 3DS games and downloaded software are region-locked. Due to its difference in size, peripherals designed to fit the shape of the original Nintendo 3DS cannot be used with the new system. Game data can be transferred from a previous 3DS system to a new system, either manually or wireless, on April 13,2015, Unity Technologies announced that the Unity engine would support New Nintendo 3DS
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Life (gaming)
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In video gaming, a life is a play-turn that a player-character has, defined as the period between start and end of play. It is sometimes called a chance, particularly in all-ages games, generally, if the player loses all their health points, they lose a life. Losing all lives usually grants the player-character game over, forcing them to restart or stop playing. The number of lives a player is granted varies per game type, lives give novice players more chances to learn the mechanics of a video game, while allowing more advanced players to take more risks. Lives may have originated from the mechanic of having a limited amount of balls. A finite number of lives became a feature in arcade games. Much like in games, the players goal was usually to score as many points as possible with their limited number of lives. Later, checkpoints and saving allowed players that lost a life to continue the game at a specific point and it is common in action games for the player to have multiple lives and chances to earn more in-game. This way, a player can recover from making a disastrous mistake, role-playing games and adventure games usually grant only one, but allow player-characters to reload a saved game. Lives set up the situation where dying is not necessarily the end of the game, multiple lives also allow novice players a chance to learn a games mechanics before the game is over. Another reason to implement lives is that the ability to earn extra lives provide an additional incentive for the player. The problem that may arise when a player loses their lives frequently is that it discourages the player from continuing the game fairly. If losing a life causes a loss of equipment, skills or points, a player may feel inclined to reset a game to its previous save point whenever they are losing a life
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