1.
Gaz Coombes
–
Gareth Gaz Michael Coombes is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the English alternative rock band Supergrass. He first entered the music scene aged sixteen as the singer of the band The Jennifers which featured Supergrass bandmate Danny Goffey. Coombes was noticeable for his large sideburns during the 1990s, Coombes first entered the music world at age sixteen as the lead singer of the band The Jennifers. The band undertook a tour before Coombes was fifteen. When they signed for their first recording contract with Nude Records, Coombes was under 18 at the time, there were a couple of ridiculous, punky, joke songs – Harvey The Accountant and The Girl with the Removable Face. That one went, The girl with the removable face/She didnt have much of a life/All the boys used to pull it off/And use it as a frisbee, most of them were in that vein. Says Coombes about some Jennifers songs, the Jennifers released Just Got Back Today on Nude Records in 1992 before they disbanded. After the mild success experienced by The Jennifers, but still living with his parents, with Danny Goffey they began to practice at Quinns house, and Supergrass was formed shortly thereafter. In 1993 after The Jennifers disbanded, Coombes, Goffey and Quinn formed Supergrass, in 2002 Coombes brother keyboardist Rob Coombes officially joined the band. Before that he was studying for an Astrophysics degree at Cardiff University and they also released a singles compilation Supergrass is 10, commemorating the first decade of the bands life. Coombes however, along with the rest of the band, declined these offers, saying, Yes, I mean, our heads would have returned to our shoulders at some point, but. If you have to do all that to be the biggest band in the world then, then what does that say about your music. Would have just got in the way of the music and it would have taken so long to get to grips with. In 1999, Coombes made an appearance on the Da Ali G Show and played the Supergrass song Sun Hits the Sky, I tried to take the mickey out of his goatee, and he came back with, So, you are looking like a monkey. But if you go on his show, you know what youre letting yourself in for, Coombes appeared on The Annex on 2fm with Jenny Huston alongside Goffey before Supergrass took the stage at Malahide Castle in Dublin, Ireland to support Arctic Monkeys on 16 June 2007. On 12 April 2010 Coombes and the rest of Supergrass announced that the band was to split after seventeen years, musical differences were cited as the reason. They played four farewell concerts before the split and their seventh album Release the Drones remains unfinished and unreleased. He plays most of the instruments on the record, Coombes starred in an advert for the Toyota Yaris where he plays himself and encounters a fan who wants a picture with him
Gaz Coombes
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Gaz Coombes performing with
Supergrass in London, 2008.
2.
Danny Goffey
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Daniel Robert Goffey is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the drummer and backing vocalist for Supergrass. He briefly toured with Babyshambles in 2010, following their drummers departure, Goffey started his music career as a child when he formed his first band, The Jubbly Spufflewubs, which consisted of his brother on guitar and friend David Mackay. He had no drums so had to accompany the others by hitting chopsticks on lunch boxes, at age ten he received a high hat and snare from his parents, prompting him to start his other band, The Fallopian Tubes. They made songs such as My Wife Shut My Gonads In The Door, Goffey saying, at Wheatley Park School, east of Oxford, he became drummer for the four-piece The Jennifers, which featured a sixteen-year-old Gaz Coombes on vocals. The Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, allegedly, before the split, Goffey and Coombes had agreed to continue to work together in the future. In 1993 Coombes introduced Goffey to his co-worker Mick Quinn, who at the time was working at a local Harvester, I imposed on him greatly, said Goffey. He had a house, and I used to people back. Thats how he built his foundation in this band, I shagged too often on his sofa. Weve still never been able to describe it in interviews, when were in that room, were all really similar. We all have the same ideas, the three of them soon started playing together and shortly after Theodore Supergrass, later just Supergrass, were formed. The band enjoyed a good start to their career with the release of their debut album I Should Coco which reached number one in the UK Albums Chart. This good start continued with the release of the single Alright, several albums later and Supergrass were still together, recording their next album, tentatively titled Release the Drones, slated for release in May 2010. It remained unreleased and unfinished as, on 12 April 2010, the group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris on 11 June 2010. Dannys brother, Nic Goffey, who was also a part of The Jennifers, has directed most of Supergrass music videos and they work under the name Dom and Nic. They have joked on the Supergrass Is 10 DVD about nearly killing the band on several occasions while filming music videos, Goffey embarked on a solo project in 2006 using the pseudonym Van Goffey, a name based on the artist Vincent van Gogh. He released tracks via MySpace in August 2006, the first three being Crack House Blues, I Feel so Gaye and Natalie Loves the F. He was also a drummer for the collective of musicians called Twisted X who released a charity song called Born In England which charted at number 8 in the UK Singles Charts in 2004. In 2004 he joined musicians including Paul McCartney to record a Christmas charity single called Do They Know Its Christmas
Danny Goffey
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Danny Goffey performing with Supergrass on London's
South Bank, 2008.
3.
Mick Quinn
–
Michael Mick Quinn is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as founding member of English rock band Supergrass. He formed the DB Band with bassist Paul Wilson, formerly of Shake Appeal in 2010 and he also is a member of 60s garage/beat band the Beat Seeking Missiles. Mick Quinn started playing bass at the age of 14 on an Ibanez Roadster RS-900, a year later, he moved on to guitar to improve his bass style and start to write songs. He played with The Asylum in 1986, a band featuring Kid Wig, guitarist with the Beat Seeking Missiles, in, in the late 80s he became interested in record production, renting and borrowing equipment to experiment with at home. He also travelled to Spain and France to play with local musicians before returning to England in 1992, Mick Quinn formed Supergrass with Gaz Coombes and Danny Goffey in February 1993. In 1995 the band released I Should Coco selling over a million copies worldwide, singles, Caught by the Fuzz and Alright confirmed the bands popularity and they went on to release five further albums, four reaching the top ten in the UK Albums Chart. Children of the Monkey Basket, a website created by Mick under the name Big Arm Technology was awarded best Rock Website at the UK Online Music Awards in both 2000 and 2002, other nominations in the category were Coldplay, Idlewild, Radiohead and U2. In 2008 the band parted ways with Parlophone records, recently acquired by Guy Hands of Terra Firma, following the difficulties of recording Release the Drones, the band announced in April 2010 that they were to split. In May 2010 Mick formed the DB Band with former Shake Appeal bass player Paul Wilson, the band swap instruments during gigs and perform with drummer Nick Aspey. Described as heavier and hairier than the Grass, they released début EP and their second EP, Loosen Up, was released on 1 March 2013. Mick is also a member of garage band The Beat Seeking Missiles with former members of The Wig Outs. Signed to Dirty Water Records, the released their first single. As of late 2014, Mick has been filling in live on bass for Steve George of Swervedriver, hes currently touring round the UK with them using his Gibson Thunderbird and his Ampeg SVT. His parents were born in Australia, his father is the lipid biochemist Professor Peter Quinn, though born in Cambridge, Quinn spent his very early childhood living in America before relocated to Oxford, England in the 1970s. He subsequently made a recovery, returning to perform with the Diamond Hoo Ha Men in January 2008. Quinn lives in Oxfordshire with his wife and daughter, DB Band – Current band website Children of the Monkey Basket – Website created by Mick Quinn – Supergrass official website Mick Quinn at the Internet Movie Database
Mick Quinn
–
Mick Quinn performing with the DB Band in
Montpellier, 2010.
4.
Roundhouse (venue)
–
The Roundhouse is a performing arts and concert venue situated at the Grade II* listed former railway engine shed in Chalk Farm, London, England. It was originally built in 1847 by the London and North Western Railway as a roundhouse, a building containing a railway turntable. After being used as a warehouse for a number of years and it reopened twenty-five years later, in 1964, as a performing arts venue, when the playwright Arnold Wesker established the Centre 42 Theatre Company and adapted the building as a theatre. The Greater London Council ceded control of the building to the Camden London Borough Council in 1983, by that time, Centre 42 had run out of funds and the building remained unused until a local businessman purchased the building in 1996 and performing arts shows returned. It was closed again in 2004 for a multi-million pound redevelopment, on 1 June 2006, the Argentine show Fuerzabruta opened at the new Roundhouse. Since 2006, Roundhouse has hosted the BBC Electric Proms and numerous iTunes Festivals, as well as ceremonies such as the BT Digital Music Awards. In 2009, Bob Dylan performed a concert, and iTunes promoted a music iTunes Festival, in line with the continuing legacy of avant-garde productions, No Fit State Circus performed Tabu during which the audience were encouraged to move around the performance space. The Roundhouse was built in 1846 as an engine shed for the London and Birmingham Railway. The original building was built by Branson & Gwyther, using designs by architects Robert B, within ten years locomotives became too long for the building to accommodate, and the Roundhouse was used for various other purposes. The longest period of use was as a warehouse for Gin distillers W & A Gilbey Ltd. This was estimated to cost between £300,000 and £600,000, and was supported by actors, playwrights, authors, musicians. In 1966 the Roundhouse became a venue, after the freehold was taken up by the then new Greater London Council. On 15 October 1966 Soft Machine and Pink Floyd appeared at the launch of the underground newspaper International Times, during the next decade the building became a significant venue for UK Underground music events Middle Earth and Implosion. Many of these were hosted and promoted by Jeff Dexter, the building was used in 1996 to film the promotional video for the Manic Street Preachers single A Design for Life prior to the start of redevelopment. Promotional videos for the singles Handbags and Gladrags by Stereophonics, the Roundhouse has also been used for theatre, and has had two periods of theatrical glory, with musicals such as Catch My Soul. Under administrator George Hoskins, the first phase also featured experimental theatre productions, such as the Living Theatre production of 1776, the once controversial nude revue Oh. Opened in July 1970, and started a run of four thousand performances in London. The Greater London Council passed the building to the Camden London Borough Council in 1983, the building lay largely empty until it was purchased for £6m in 1996 by the Norman Trust led by the philanthropist Torquil Norman
Roundhouse (venue)
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Roundhouse main entrance
Roundhouse (venue)
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The Great Circular Engine House, or the Luggage Engine House, c.1850.
Roundhouse (venue)
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Patti Smith performing at Roundhouse, 17 May 2007
Roundhouse (venue)
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The Roundhouse during renovation in 2005
5.
Wheatley, Oxfordshire
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Wheatley is a relatively large town and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 5 miles east of Oxford. There was a Roman villa on Castle Hill, about 1 mile southeast of the parish church and it was excavated in 1845, when Roman coins dating from AD260 to 378 and fragments of Roman pottery and Roman tiles were found. The village had its beginnings in the Anglo-Saxon era and it is in a valley running eastwards, the stream of which flows through the centre of the village to join the River Thame. The stream used to be in the open, with stepping stones for people to cross it, however, it is now in a culvert that runs along under the High Street. In 1883 a Saxon cemetery was excavated, and artefacts removed from it are housed in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, in the 13th century Wheatley was part of the property of the Abbey of Abingdon and in 1279 was described as a hamlet of Cuddesdon. Wheatley manor house was enlarged and improved in 1601, and bears an inscription on the front stating T. A.1601, which stands for Thomas Archdale and it still retains its original appearance whereas most of the other old cottages and buildings have been restored. The Church of England parish church of St. Mary the Virgin was built in the 18th century, samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, disliked the building and had it rebuilt in 1855-1857 by the Oxford Diocesan architect, G. E. Street. Its tower has a peal of six bells, four of which came from the former 18th century church, there is also a Russian bell from Troitsa, thought to have been claimed as a spoil of war and given to the church early in the 20th century. The Congregational church was built in 1842–1843 on the site of the old tannery and it is now a United Reformed Church. Wheatleys Roman Catholic church is Our Lady of Lourdes in Crown Road and it is part of the parish of Corpus Christi, Headington. Wheatley Community Church is a new church which formed in 2015. There was once also an independent church in the old Granary building at 30 Church Road, many Wheatley residents talk of having attended Sunday School at the mission, which is how a generation usually identify the church. All the churches in Wheatley are now in a Local Ecumenical Partnership which also includes the church of Saint Bartholomew in Holton. Other occupations included faggot cutting and ochre cutting, the ochre being crushed at the windmill which stands today. There were two windmills on the hill southwest of the village, one was a post mill which burnt down in 1875. The other, Littleworth Mill, is a mill that dates from before 1671. It has been rebuilt and re-equipped a number of times, including in 1784 when the Eagle Ironworks, the tower mill had fallen out of use by 1915, but since 1977 the Wheatley Mill Restoration Society has been restoring it. Wheatley once had ten public houses, a plaque on a gable of the Kings Arms in Church Street says that it was built in 1756
Wheatley, Oxfordshire
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Candles lit in St. Mary's parish church, Memorial Day, Wheatley
Wheatley, Oxfordshire
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Wheatley viewed from Windmill Lane
Wheatley, Oxfordshire
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The Kings Arms pub in Wheatley
6.
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
Oxfordshire
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Oxfordshire County Council http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk
Oxfordshire
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Flag
Oxfordshire
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Brasenose Lane in Oxford city centre, a street onto which three colleges back.
Oxfordshire
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The University of Oxford's Chemistry Research Laboratory.
7.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
Alternative rock
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One of the first popular alternative rock bands,
R.E.M. relied on
college-radio airplay, constant touring, and a grassroots fanbase to break into the musical mainstream.
Alternative rock
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Kim Gordon and
Thurston Moore of
Sonic Youth
Alternative rock
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Robert Smith of
The Cure rejects the genre labels like alternative,
gothic rock, and
college rock applied to his band. He has said, "Every time we went to America we had a different tag... I can't remember when we officially became 'alt-rock'".
Alternative rock
–
Kurt Cobain (foreground) and
Krist Novoselic with
Nirvana live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
8.
Britpop
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The most successful bands associated with the movement are Oasis, Blur, Suede and Pulp, those groups would come to be known as its big four. The timespan of Britpop is generally considered to be 1993-1997, with 1994-1995, an influence they shared in particular was the Smiths. These bands were joined by others including Oasis, Pulp, The Verve, Supergrass, Cast, Placebo, Space, Sleeper. Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia, the Battle of Britpop brought Britpop to the forefront of the British press in 1995. By 1997, however, the movement began to slow down, many began to falter. The popularity of the pop group the Spice Girls snatched the spirit of the age from those responsible for Britpop. Although its more popular bands were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement largely fell apart by the end of the decade. Britpop bands show elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music, attitude, and clothing. Specific influences vary, Blur and Oasis drew from the Kinks, regardless, Britpop artists project a sense of reverence for British pop sounds of the past. Alternative rock acts from the scene of the Eighties and early Nineties were the direct ancestors of the Britpop movement. The influence of the Smiths is common to the majority of Britpop artists, local identity and regional British accents are common to Britpop groups, as well as references to British places and culture in lyrics and image. Stylistically, Britpop bands use catchy hooks and lyrics that were relevant to young British people of their own generation, Britpop bands conversely denounced grunge as irrelevant and having nothing to say about their lives. Damon Albarn of Blur summed up the attitude in 1993 when after being asked if Blur were a band he said, Well. If punk was about getting rid of hippies, then Im getting rid of grunge, in spite of the professed disdain for the genres, some elements of both crept into the more enduring facets of Britpop. The imagery associated with Britpop was equally British and working class, a rise in unabashed maleness, exemplified by Loaded magazine and lad culture in general, would be very much part of the Britpop era. The emphasis on British reference points made it difficult for the genre to achieve success in the US, journalist John Harris has suggested that Britpop began when Blurs single Popscene and Suedes The Drowners were released around the same time in the spring of 1992. He stated, f Britpop started anywhere, it was the deluge of acclaim that greeted Suedes first records, all of them audacious, successful and very, very British. Suede were the first of the new crop of guitar-orientated bands to be embraced by the UK music media as Britains answer to Seattles grunge sound and their debut album Suede became the fastest-selling debut album in the history of the UK
Britpop
–
The Stone Roses playing live.
Britpop
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Cover of the 12 August 1995 issue of NME advertising the "British Heavyweight Championship" battle between Oasis and Blur
Britpop
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Oasis playing live.
9.
Indie rock
–
Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Originally used to independent record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. In the mid-1980s, the term began to be used to describe the music produced on punk and post-punk labels. Some prominent indie rock record labels were founded during the 1980s, during the 1990s, Grunge bands broke into the mainstream, and the term alternative lost its original counter-cultural meaning. The term indie rock became associated with the bands and genres that remained dedicated to their independent status, by the end of the 1990s indie rock developed subgenres and related styles including lo-fi, noise pop, emo, slowcore, post-rock and math rock. In the 2000s, changes in the industry and in music technology enabled a new wave of indie rock bands to achieve mainstream success. In the early 2000s, a new group of bands played a stripped-down. The commercial breakthrough from these scenes was led by four bands, The Strokes, The White Stripes, The Hives, emo also broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s. By the end of the 2000s the proliferation of bands was being referred to as indie landfill. The term indie rock, which comes from independent, describes the small and relatively low-budget labels on which it is released, the influences and styles of the artists have been extremely diverse, including punk, psychedelia, post-punk and country. Allmusic identifies indie rock as including a number of varying musical approaches compatible with mainstream tastes, in fact, there is an everlasting list of genres and subgenres of indie rock. Many countries have developed a local indie scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country. However, there are still indie bands that start off locally, Indie rock has been identified as a reaction against the macho culture that developed in alternative rock in the aftermath of Nirvanas success. However, Cortney Harding pointed out that this sense of equality is not reflected in the number of women running indie labels. The BBC documentary Music for Misfits, The Story of Indie pinpoints the birth of indie as the 1977 self-publication of the Spiral Scratch EP by Manchester band Buzzcocks, Indie pop and indie were originally synonymous. In the mid-1980s, indie began to be used to describe the music produced on post-punk labels rather than the labels themselves. The indie rock scene in the US was prefigured by the rock that dominated college radio playlists. In the United States, the term was associated with the abrasive, distortion-heavy sounds of the Pixies, Hüsker Dü, Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Dinosaur Jr
Indie rock
–
The Jesus and Mary Chain performing in California in 2007
Indie rock
–
Pavement singer/guitarist
Stephen Malkmus
Indie rock
–
The Strokes on stage in 2005
10.
Parlophone
–
Parlophone Limited is a German-British record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch of the company was formed in 8 August 1923 as The Parlophone Co. Ltd. which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a jazz record label. In 5 October 1926, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired Parlophones business, name, Columbia Graphophone later merged with the Gramophone Company in 31 March 1931 to become Electric & Musical Industries Limited. George Martin joined EMI in 1950 as assistant label manager, taking over as manager in 1955, Martin produced and released a mix of product including comedy recordings of the Goons, the pianist Mrs Mills, and teen idol Adam Faith. For a long time Parlophone claimed the best-selling UK single She Loves You, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, both by The Beatles. The label also achieved placement of seven singles at No.1 during 1964, Parlophone continued as a division of EMI until it was merged into the Gramophone Co. Ltd. on 1 July 1965. On 1 July 1973, the Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Limited, on 28 September 2012, regulators officially approved Universal Music Group s planned acquisition of EMI, on condition that its EMI Records Ltd. group would be divested from the combined group. EMI Records Ltd. included Parlophone and other labels to be divested and were for a time operated in a single entity known as the Parlophone Label Group. Warner Music Group later acquired Parlophone and PLG in 7 February 2013, making Parlophone their new third flagship label, alongside Warner Bros. Records, PLG was renamed as the Parlophone Records Limited group in May 2013. Parlophone is now the oldest of WMGs three flagship record labels, Parlophone was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The name Parlophon had been used for gramophones before the company began making records of their own. The labels ₤ trademark is a German L that stands for its original founder Lindström and it has coincidentally been said to resemble the British pound sign, which itself is derived from the letter L for the Ancient Roman unit of measurement Libra, which means pound in Latin. During World War I, the Transoceanic Trading Company was set up in the Netherlands to look after its overseas assets, on 8 August 1923, the British branch of Parlophone was established, led by artists and repertoire manager Oscar Preuss. Parlophone established a leasing arrangement with the co-owned United States-based record label Okeh Records. The CLPGS has published a list of Parlophone titles issued between the years of 1923 and 1956, in 1927, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired a controlling interest in the Carl Lindström Company and in Parlophone. In 31 March 1931, Columbia Graphophone merged with the Gramophone Company to form Electric & Musical Industries Ltd, under EMI, Parlophone initially maintained its status as a jazz label. In about 1929 or 1930, the Rhythm Style Series started, besides the Okeh recordings, Parlophone also issued recordings from Columbia Records and Brunswick Records, as well as a few sessions produced at Decca Records. As time went on, the label also released speciality recordings of word and comedy recordings, including the comedy recordings of the Goons and Flanders
Parlophone
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"Parlophon" ad from 1927, Berlin
Parlophone
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Parlophone Records
Parlophone
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Early 20th century Parlophone record label of the 78rpm acoustic era
Parlophone
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Please Please Me by
the Beatles (side 1) – 1963. Parlophone gold and black label
11.
Sub Pop
–
Sub Pop is a record label founded in 1986 by Bruce Pavitt. In 1988, Sub Pop Records LLC was formed by Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Sub Pop achieved fame in the late 1980s for first signing Nirvana, Soundgarden, Mudhoney and many other bands from the Seattle alternative rock scene. In 1995 the owners of Sub Pop sold a 49% stake of the label to the Warner Music Group, the origins of Sub Pop can be traced back to the early 1980s when Bruce Pavitt started a fanzine called Subterranean Pop that focused exclusively on American independent record labels. Pavitt undertook the project in order to earn course credit while attending Evergreen State College in Olympia, by the fourth issue, Pavitt had shortened the name to Sub Pop and began alternating issues with compilation tapes of underground rock bands. The Sub Pop #5 cassette, released in 1982, sold two thousand copies, in 1983, Pavitt moved to Seattle, Washington and released the ninth and final issue of Sub Pop. While in Seattle, he wrote a column for local newspaper The Rocket titled Sub Pop U. S. A, a column he ended in 1988. In 1986, Pavitt released the first Sub Pop LP, the compilation Sub Pop 100, which featured material by artists including Sonic Youth, Naked Raygun, Wipers, and Scratch Acid. Seattle group Green River chose to record their Dry as a Bone EP for Pavitts new label in June 1986, when finally released, Dry as a Bone was promoted by Sub Pop as ultra-loose grunge that destroyed the morals of a generation. Poneman soon became a partner in the label. Pavitt focused on the artists and repertoire aspects, while Poneman dealt with the business. Both men decided they wanted the label to focus on this primal rock stuff that was coming out, in early 1988 Pavitt and Poneman quit their jobs to devote their full attention to Sub Pop. Raising $43,000, they incorporated that April, of course that was spent in, like, thirty days, Pavitt recalled. We almost went bankrupt after a month and that August Sub Pop released the first single by Mudhoney, a band featuring former members of Green River. Sub Pop released the Mudhoney single Touch Me Im Sick in a limited first pressing of 800 copies to create demand. The strategy was adopted by other independent labels. Pavitt and Poneman studied earlier independent labels ranging from Motown to SST Records, the pair sought to create a cohesive brand identity for Sub Pop. The labels ads promoted the label more than any particular band. The label also sought to market a Seattle sound, which was accomplished with the help of producer Jack Endino, who produced 75 singles, albums, and EPs for Sub Pop between 1987 and 1989
Sub Pop
–
Sub Pop Records
12.
Island Def Jam
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The Island Def Jam Music Group was an American record label group formed in 1998 by combining the operations of 14+ record labels including Island Records, Def Jam Recordings, and Mercury Records. In 2011, Motown Records was split from The Universal/Motown Records Group, on April 1,2014, Universal Music announced that Island Def Jams operations would be split between three entities, Island Records, Motown Records, and Def Jam Recordings. Despite being a new organization, Island Def Jam quickly made a name for itself in the music industry, the label gained notoriety for its untraditional and innovative approach when it came to breaking new artists, creating joint ventures, acquisitions, internet marketing, etc. IDJ had a great A&R team that oversaw chart-topping talent such as Jay-Z, Bon Jovi, DMX, Elton John and these savvy business moves are the reason IDJ prospered. In 2000, IDJMG announced that they would be launching Def Jam Germany and this move expanded urban music into a global phenomenon. In 2001, Island Def Jam created a label, Lost Highway Records. The label operated as an imprint of IDJs Mercury Records division, in Summer 2001, Island Def Jam acquired a controlling interest in the legendary rock label, Roadrunner Records. In December 2004, Island Def Jam acquired the remaining 50% interest in Roc-A-Fella Records, in 2011, Motown Records became an imprint of The Island Def Jam Music Group. In April 2014, UMG announced that Island Def Jam would cease to exist, IDJs operations were split up/separated between its flagship labels, Island Records, Def Jam Recordings, and Motown Records. Today, The Island Def Jam Music Group continues to one of the most impressive music catalogues in history. Chocolate City Records Artium Recordings Desert Storm Records Disturbing Tha Peace GOOD Music Radio Killa Records The Inc
Island Def Jam
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The Island Def Jam Music Group
13.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
Capitol Records
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Center of image: 1950s LP on Capitol
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records
Capitol Records
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45rpm Beatles single on Capitol
Capitol Records
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Capitol logo from 1969 to 1977
14.
Cooking Vinyl
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Cooking Vinyl is a UK-based independent record company, founded in 1986 by former manager and booking agent Martin Goldschmidt and business partner Pete Lawrence. Goldschmidt remains the current owner and managing director, the company is based in Acton, London. Established in 1986, Cooking Vinyl has developed a reputation as one of Europes most innovative independent labels, key to the companys longevity is its emphasis on artist-driven deals with its pioneering introduction of bespoke services-only contracts that claim no stake in artists copyrights. The first such deal drawn up in 1993 with Billy Bragg who has since re-signed to the label a total of seven times, as for recent years,2015 and 2016 were remarkable for the label, described by Uncut magazine “a template for modern independent record companies”. After topping the charts in 2015 with The Prodigy’s “The Day is My Enemy”, both records qualified for a silver disc in the UK. This same year, Richard Ashcroft reached the UK top 3 with “These People”, in these years, Cooking Vinyl Australia notched up a number 1 album with Parkway Drive, and top 5 entries with City and Colour and Kate Miller-Heidke. In 1986 Cooking Vinyl famously recorded a live performance around a campfire at a folk festival by the singer Michelle Shocked. One of its first releases, Cooking Vinyl released the recording as The Campfire Tapes, as well as its more traditional royalty agreements, Cooking Vinyl is widely regarded as a pioneer of ‘artist services’ deals where the artist retains ownership of the copyrights. The company’s first such deal came in 1993 with a reissue of Billy Braggs Back To Basics compilation, since then, Bragg has re-signed to Cooking Vinyl a total of six times, most recently in 2013 for the release of studio album Tooth And Nail. Cooking Vinyl has consistently been in the forefront of the digital revolution and it was the first European label to do a deal with the MP3 download site eMusic and the first to enter negotiations with the peer to peer file-sharing company Kazaa. In 2005 Cooking Vinyl set up its own distribution company, Uploader. Who were in turn bought by The Orchard, Cooking Vinyl has had international success from the start with Michelle Shocked The Texas Campfire Tapes selling 250,000 worldwide. Other notable releases include the Cowboy Junkies Trinity Sessions and Ryan Adams debut solo studio album Heartbreaker in 2000, the album was funded through a high-profile Kickstarter campaign that raised over $1.2 million in 30 days. Another notable campaign from that year was the release of Marilyn Manson’s Born Villain under a partnership between Mansons own label Hell, etc. and Cooking Vinyl. The album was a success charting at #5 in Germany, #10 in the US. Across the rest of Europe the album peaked at #4 in Austria, #6 in France, in the UK Manson reached #14 in the Official Albums Chart and #1 in the UK Rock Albums Chart. Cooking Vinyl is noted for its long relationships with many of its artists, the Pixies Charles Thompson was signed in 2000 and has had 17 releases to date with the label as Frank Black and Black Francis. Since 1994, former Doll By Doll man Jackie Leven has had 23 releases, RED, the Sony Music UK artist and label services division, announced the acquisition of Essential Music and Marketing in March 2016
Cooking Vinyl
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Cooking Vinyl
15.
The Jennifers
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The Jennifers were a short-lived British rock group formed at Wheatley Park School and featuring vocalist Gaz Coombes, guitarist Nic Goffey, drummer Danny Goffey and bassist Andy Davies. Danny and Nic Goffey are the sons of former BBC Top Gear presenter, the Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, influenced by Ride, The Charlatans, Inspiral Carpets, The Kinks, the Who, and including traits of the Shoegazing era. Live performances included the Jericho Tavern where they sold a tape recorded and produced by Nick Langston at Stargoat Studios near Banbury. The band enjoyed enough success to release one single in 1992, Just Got Back Today, on Nude Records, second single, Tightrope was never released due to disagreements with Nude Records, the band split up soon after this in the fall of 1992. Andy Davies went off to university and Nic Goffey went on to form a partnership with friend Dom Hawley. Gaz was forced to find a job to make ends meet where he befriended Mick Quinn, Just Got Back Today The Jennifers on Myspace
The Jennifers
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(L-R) Andy, Danny, Gaz and Nic
16.
Rob Coombes
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Rob Coombes is an English musician and former keyboard player for Supergrass. He is the brother of Gaz Coombes and was the newest member of Supergrass, officially joining in 2002. He played keyboards on all of the albums and tours. He favoured the Hammond organ, where his playing was described as the foil to Gazs guitar bombast. He lives in Oxford with his three children, Lila, Louis, Ailla and he has a second younger brother, Charly, who was keyboard player in 22-20s
Rob Coombes
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Rob Coombes performing with Supergrass in London, 2008.
17.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
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Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
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Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
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The Beach Boys performing in 1964
18.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
Oxford
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From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum.
Oxford
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The
Radcliffe Camera, completed in 1748
Oxford
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Royal proclamation granting Lord Mayoralty to Oxford.
Oxford
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Photochrom of the High Street, 1890–1900
19.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
Guitar
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Illustration in a
Carolingian psalter from the 9th century showing an instrument of the
chordophone family, most probably a
lute
Guitar
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A
classical guitar with nylon
strings
Guitar
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A guitarra latina (left) and a guitarra morisca (right), Spain, 13th century
Guitar
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Guitar collection in
Museu de la Música de Barcelona
20.
Lead vocals
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The lead vocalist, lead vocals or lead singer in popular music is typically the member of a group or band whose voice is the most prominent in a performance where multiple voices may be heard. The lead singer either leads the ensemble, or sets against the ensemble as the dominant sound. In vocal group performances, notably in soul and gospel music, and early rock and roll, as an example in rock music, Mick Jagger is the lead singer of The Rolling Stones. Similarly in soul music, Smokey Robinson was the singer of The Miracles. The practice of using a lead singer in vocal groups, however, has a longer history, songs of the late nineteenth century frequently used a leading solo voice, followed by a choral response by other singers. From these various points - including Motown - it went on to become a device in much rock. In some bands - most famously, The Beatles - the role of lead singer alternated, while in others - for example, there are as many types and styles of lead singer as there are styles and genres of music. However, the singer of a group or band is usually the main focus of audiences attention. The lead vocalist of a band is called the front man or front woman. Pink Floyd also can be considered a band with two front men, as both the guitarist David Gilmour and the bassist Roger Waters sang and wrote most of the songs. In the beginning of the career, however, Pink Floyds lead singer and guitarist was Syd Barrett. Particularly before the 1970s, many bands were named for the leader or founder, rather than the lead singer, examples include the Dave Clark Five and Harold Melvin. In modern rock music, the singer is often, but not always, also the bands leader. While lead singers or spokespersons for any musical ensembles can be called a front man, since the position commonly has an expanded role from simple lead vocalists, there have been cases in which the front man for a band is someone other than the lead vocalist. In many bands, such as The Who, Fall Out Boy, Led Zeppelin, Living Colour, Queen and Oasis, usually, this is derived from that guitarists specific role as a co-songwriter, co-founder and/or co-vocalist. Also in some cases, there are two frontmen, such as Underoath, with singers Spencer Chamberlain and Aaron Gillespie sharing vocal duties, another example is Blink-182, in which vocal duties are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge. Hoppus usually carries out most media either by himself or together with DeLonge, linkin Park has two vocalists as well, Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda, both considered as frontmen. Another example is the metal band Metallica, in which James Hetfield
Lead vocals
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Queen illustrating a typical rock band layout during a 1984 concert. Lead vocalist (frontman)
Freddie Mercury stands centre-stage in front of drummer
Roger Taylor and positioned between bassist
John Deacon and guitarist
Brian May.
21.
Keyboard instrument
–
A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
Keyboard instrument
–
The
piano, a common keyboard instrument
Keyboard instrument
–
Bandoneon
Keyboard instrument
–
Most common
22.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
Bass guitar
–
A
Music Man StingRay bass
Bass guitar
–
(a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar)
Bass guitar
–
Musical instrument inventor Paul Tutmarc outside his music store in Seattle, Washington
Bass guitar
–
Design patent issued to Leo Fender for the second-generation
Precision Bass
23.
Drum kit
–
A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
Drum kit
Drum kit
–
South-African jazz drummer
Louis Moholo playing a four-piece kit
Drum kit
–
Dance band drummer Stan Farmer at Mark Foy's Empress Ballroom, Sydney, New South Wales, using a kit with bass drum pedal and low sock. Tom Lennon, 23 October 1935
Drum kit
–
Drummer in a Memphis "juke joint" orchestra playing a kit with four non-tunable
toms. Marion Post Wolcott, October 1939
24.
Backing vocals
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Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalists entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a range of popular music, traditional music. Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts, in many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums, or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing, in some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song, in pop and country songs, backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus section of the songs. While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as In My Room. All five members would sing lead, although most often Brian Wilson or Mike Love would sing lead with guitarists Carl Wilson and Al Jardine, examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include Nowhere Man, Because, Day Tripper, and This Boy. Former guitarist John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers sang nearly all backing vocals often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist Anthony Kiedis, the bands bassist Flea occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts, another example is No Frontiers by The Corrs, which is sung by Sharon and Caroline. In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing, one famous example is Freddie Mercury of Queen singing the first part of Bohemian Rhapsody himself by overdubbing. With the exception of a few songs on album, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie. Some bands, such as Hawthorne Heights and Finch have the backup singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics. Pop and R&B vocalists such as Diana Ross, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé Knowles, Brandy, Faith Evans, DAngelo, when they perform live, they may have backing vocalists that impersonate their voices. Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. In rap music, a rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as hype man
Backing vocals
–
One of The Wives, the backing vocalists for English singer
Ebony Bones
25.
I Should Coco
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I Should Coco is the debut studio album by English alternative rock band Supergrass, released through Parlophone in May 1995. The title of the album is cockney rhyming slang for I should think so, I Should Coco was recorded in Cornwall and produced by Sam Williams, who had been impressed by the band while scouting in Oxford. The most successful single released from I Should Coco is Alright, it peaked at number-two in the UK Singles Chart, Supergrass formed in 1993 after the break-up of The Jennifers and consists of Gaz Coombes, Danny Goffey, Mick Quinn, and Rob Coombes. Gaz Coombes, Goffey, and Quinn had been playing gigs around Oxford when they were spotted by producer Sam Williams, the demo had also quickly reached EMI, however, and that led to the group being signed by the Parlophone label, which would re-release the two songs. Quinn said it took three and a half months total recording time and cost less to make than the video for Alright. A recording made at Carfax Tower in Oxford provided the bell chimes heard at the end of Strange Ones, Strange Ones was written about Cowley Road, Oxford, a place where the band once lived. It was originally intended to be the song on the B-side to Caught by the Fuzz. Another song on the album with the theme, Id Like To Know, was inspired by listening to Strange Ones played backwards on tape cassette. Supergrass took this sound, wrote new lyrics for it, and had another song for their album, Gaz Coombes says, One of the highlights of this album was recording Sofa. I remember everybody got in the room and had an instrument, including Sam on bass. We made I Should Coco so fast because we wanted to catch the energy and excitement of the songs on tape, the album title is Cockney rhyming slang for I should think so. The front cover of the album is a based on three separate photos of Coombes, Goffey, and Quinn. The portraits of Coombes and Goffey were taken by Quinn in the summer of 1994 when he was experimenting with a macro lens, the photo of Quinn was taken that same year by a friend, while they were on tour in Wolverhampton. The painting was created by the Moody Painters who were based on Oxfords Cowley Road. The white band at the top was inspired by an old Donovan record that Quinn owned and is an homage to old 1950s and 1960s records, the photo on the back of the album was taken at a club in London about five minutes after they came off stage. The photo consists of two separate shots grafted together because Quinn was pulling a disgusting face in the original, all of these elements were then put together by Nick Bax of The Designers Republic to create the finished sleeve. The Bonus 7 featured a more kaleidoscope-style front cover, the groups primary musical influences came from bands such as Buzzcocks, The Jam, Madness and The Kinks. We played really hard and just made loads of noise, most of our early songs were just three chord grooves and stuff that was fun to play
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I Should Coco
I Should Coco
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The back cover. (L-R) Quinn, Goffey, G. Coombes
26.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
27.
Please Please Me
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Please Please Me is the debut studio album by English rock band the Beatles. Parlophone rush-released the album on 22 March 1963 in the United Kingdom to capitalise on the success of the single Please Please Me, in 2012, Please Please Me was voted 39th on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. He had at first contemplated recording the live at the Cavern Club in front of the groups home audience. But when time constraints intervened, he decided to book them at EMI Studios in Abbey Road, Martin said, It was a straightforward performance of their stage repertoire—a broadcast, more or less. Initially only a morning and afternoon session were booked, the session was added later. This performance, caught on the first take, prompted Martin to say, weve been recording all day but the longer we go on the better they get. Martin overdubbed piano on Misery and celesta on Baby Its You on 20 February, the song Hold Me Tight was recorded during these sessions, but was surplus to requirements and not included on the album. Hold Me Tight was recorded again on 12 September 1963 for With the Beatles, the whole days session cost around £400. Martin said, There wasnt a lot of money at Parlophone, I was working to an annual budget of £55,000. This budget had to all of the artists on Martins roster. Individually, under a contract with the Musicians Union, each Beatle collected a £7 10s session fee for each three-hour session. Before deciding on the title Please Please Me, Martin considered calling the album Off the Beatle Track, a title he would later use for his own orchestral album of Beatles songs. The album was recorded on a two-track BTR tape machine with most of the instruments on one track and the vocals on the other, allowing Martin to better balance the two in the final mono mix. A stereo mix was made with one track on the left channel. Two tracks, Love Me Do and P. S, however, when Capitol Records issued the second volume of American Beatles albums on compact disc in 2006, the same mock stereo versions that appeared on The Early Beatles were included. Please Please Me was released as a mono LP album on the Parlophone label in the UK on 22 March 1963, the stereo version was released on 26 April, over a month after the mono version. The Beatles in 1964, and subsequently on Capitol Records The Early Beatles in 1965, Please Please Me was not released in the US until the Beatles catalogue was standardised for CD. In New Zealand, the album first appeared only in mono on the black Parlophone label, the following year EMI changed from black to a blue Parlophone label and the album was again available only in mono
Please Please Me
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Please Please Me
Please Please Me
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Please Please Me, side 1, with original
Parlophone gold and black label
28.
Alright (Supergrass song)
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Alright is a song by British alternative rock band Supergrass. It was released with Time as a double A-side single, from their début album I Should Coco on 3 July 1995, Alright received a great deal of airplay in the United Kingdom. The bona fide teen anthem, with its lyrics and cheerful piano tune, seemed to epitomise British youth culture at the time. The bands youthful appearance added weight to the lyrics, however, Coombes himself argued in an interview around October 1995, it wasnt written as an anthem. It isnt supposed to be a cry for our generation. The stuff about We are young/We run green, isnt about being 19, but really 13 or 14. and just discovering girls and drinking. Its meant to be light hearted and a bit of a laugh, with Danny Goffey also saying, It certainly wasnt written in a very summery vibe. It was written in a cottage where the heating had packed up, the second A-side Time is a slower, more blues-driven track, with the song even incorporating a harmonica solo. The B-side, Condition, is a cover of Just Dropped In by Mickey Newbury, je Suis Votre Papa Sucre is a short instrumental. Alright was the single to be released from I Should Coco. Alright/Time reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart, making it Supergrass highest charting single to date and it remained in the Top 3 for one month. The song became a hit with school leavers within the United Kingdom that summer. Alright peaked at #96 on the Australian ARIA singles chart in October 1995, in 1999, in an interview, Coombes joked We dont play Alright anymore. We should play it in a key, and in the past tense. The success of the record was helped by a promotional video directed by Dom and Nic, featuring the band joyfully messing around on bicycles. Having seen the video, Steven Spielberg approached the band and proposed that work together on a television series in the style of The Monkees. The group turned him down, preferring to work on their second album In It for the Money, in 2006, a parody music video was created for an episode of Spitting Image, featuring the puppets of The Labour Party, playing the members as young and fun loving. In 2007, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song with a few changes, for their video game Alvin
Alright (Supergrass song)
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"Alright"
29.
In It for the Money
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In It for the Money is the second album by English alternative rock band Supergrass, released in 1997. NME called it more fun than watching a wombat in a washing machine, in 1998, Q readers voted it the 68th greatest album of all time, while in 2000 the same magazine placed it at number 57 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. Its sound is more focused and ambitious than their debut, I Should Coco, only two songs were written before entering Sawmills Studio, so most of the tracks were penned during recording itself. Recording was often disrupted by the drummer Danny Goffey impromptly going back to London, to record with his and he was told by management that this was unacceptable behaviour. This, along with Gaz Coombes and Goffeys bickering in the press about the underlying meaning of lyrics to Going Out, put strain on the recording process. It is speculated that Parlophone, the record label Supergrass were on, offered the band a sum of money to decide on a name for the album. However, the band claim that they never received any of this money in return. Other suggestions considered for the title of the album included Hold on to the Handrail, richard III and Sun Hits the Sky appear to end with snippets of other, unreleased songs, that play until fade out. The album peaked at No.2 in the UK Albums Chart, having sold 300,000 copies in the UK, the fact that it has sold more worldwide than I Should Coco, said Gaz Coombes, means we can sleep at night. The album is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, the only use of percussion in the song is a cymbal, the drum noises were instead simulated by members of the band making grunting noises. These were then put on a loop, wait for the Sun –4,11 Nothing Mores Gonna Get in My Way –4,05 Sex. –2,38 20ft Halo –3,21 Je Suis Votre Papa Sucre –1,45 The album cover is a photograph of the band busking during the filming of the video for their single Cheapskate. The Japanese edition has, instead, an oil painting by Maff Burley, in it, the band is curled up in a circular window at a local Harvester in Oxford that the band frequented, surrounded by small insects. In It for the Money at YouTube In It for the Money at MusicBrainz
In It for the Money
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In It for the Money
In It for the Money
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Japanese edition cover
30.
Supergrass (album)
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Supergrass is the third album by the English alternative rock band Supergrass. It was released in the UK on 20 September 1999 and reached #3 and it is often referred to as the X-ray album, due to the picture on the sleeve. In Australia a free CD was included with some live tracks, CD5220562 / TC5220564 /125220561 / MD5220569 Moving Your Love This features a harpsichord in the outro. What Went Wrong Beautiful People Shotover Hill Eon Mary Jesus Came from Outta Space Pumping on Your Stereo Born Again Faraway Mama & Papa LTD, CD5220560 This was free with a limited number of CD releases of Supergrass Exclusive Band Photographs Full Discography Caught by the Fuzz Time LTD. Mary Live Bonus CD The Australian release of the album in 1999 came with a bonus live EP to coincide with the Australian leg of Supergrass tour
Supergrass (album)
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Supergrass
