1.
Dinner
–
Dinner usually refers to the most significant and important meal of the day, which can be the noon or the evening meal. However, the term dinner can have different meanings depending on the culture. Historically, it referred to the first meal of the day, eaten around noon, the meaning as the evening meal, generally the largest of the day, is becoming a standard in many parts of the English-speaking world. The word is from the Old French disner, meaning dine, from the stem of Gallo-Romance desjunare, from Latin dis- + Late Latin ieiunare, the Romanian word dejun and the French déjeuner retain this etymology and to some extent the meaning. Eventually, the term shifted to referring to the main meal of the day. In many modern usages, the term refers to the evening meal. When this meaning is used, the meals are usually referred to as breakfast, lunch. The divide between different meanings of dinner is not cut-and-dried based on geography or socioeconomic class. However, the use of the dinner for the midday meal is strongest among working-class people, especially in the English Midlands, North of England. At such a dinner the people who dine together may be formally dressed and these dinners are often divided into three or more courses. Appetizers consisting of such as soup, salad etc. precede the main course. A survey by Jacobs Creek, an Australian winemaker, found the evening meal time in the U. K. to be 7. A dinner party is a gathering at which people congregate to eat dinner. During the times of Ancient Rome, a party was referred to as a convivia. The Romans often ate and were very fond of fish sauce called liquamen during said parties. In greater London, England, dinner parties were sometimes formal occasions that included printed invitations, the food served at these parties ranged from large, extravagant food displays and several meal courses to more simple fare and food service. Activities sometimes included singing and poetry reciting, among others, dinner definition from Cambridge. org Wikibooks Cookbook BBC article on history of dinner
Dinner
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A formal American dinner setting
Dinner
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Oxford College women in formal dress at dinner, date unknown
2.
Supper (album)
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Supper is Bill Callahans tenth album, released in March 2003 on Domino Records in Europe and on Drag City in North America under his then-alias. It was recorded by Jeremy Lemos from August to September 2002, in 2004, the track Vessel in Vain appeared on the soundtrack of Shane Meadows acclaimed British thriller Dead Mans Shoes. Also, in 2005, the track A Guiding Light appeared on the soundtrack of Winter Passing, in 2012, the track Our Anniversary appeared on the soundtrack of Smashed and is played over the films closing credits. All songs written by Bill Callahan
Supper (album)
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Supper
3.
Swiss French
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Swiss French is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of Switzerland known as Romandy. French is one of the four languages of Switzerland, the others being German, Italian. As of 2012, around 1.8 million people in the country spoke French as their primary language, the French language spoken in Switzerland differs very little from that of France or Belgium, with minor and mostly lexical differences. While Standard French is taught in schools and used in government, media and this is exemplified by the usage of borrowed terms from German in regions bordering German-speaking communities to their complete absence by the French border area around Geneva. Many differences between Swiss French and French are due to the different administrative and political systems between Switzerland and France, in France, a post office box is called a boite postale, whereas in Switzerland, it is called a case postale. Swiss German Swiss Italian Linguistic geography of Switzerland
Swiss French
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Map of the
Arpitan language area, historical language spoken in Romandie, with place names in arpitan and historic political divisions.
Swiss French
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The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map.
4.
Belgian French
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Belgian French is the variety of French spoken mainly among the French Community of Belgium, alongside related Oïl languages of the region such as Walloon, Picard, Champenois and Lorrain. The French language spoken in Belgium differs very little from that of France or Switzerland and it is characterized by the use of some terms that are considered archaic in France, as well as loanwords from languages such as Walloon, Picard and Dutch. French is one of the three languages of Belgium alongside Dutch and German. It is spoken natively by around 39% of the population, primarily in the region of Wallonia. While a number of Oïl languages have traditionally spoken in different areas of Wallonia. This was a result of heavy French cultural influence on the region over the past few centuries. Owing to the diversity of languages, the French language in Wallonia was influenced by them, with words from Walloon, Picard, Champenois. Until the 20th century, Walloon was the majority language of Wallonia, while the French spoken in Wallonia was influenced by local languages, the variant spoken in Brussels was influenced by Dutch, specifically the local Brabantian dialect. The city, geographically located within the Flanders region, was originally just a Dutch-speaking city, however, a gradual Frenchification took place beginning in the 19th century and intensifying towards the end of that and continuing throughout the next century. Today, many Dutch idioms or expressions have been translated into French and are used as such in the Brussels area, regional accents however, can vary from city to city, but on the whole they may vary more according to ones social class and education. Within the French community of Belgium, standard French pronunciation is taught to students, the following differences vary among speakers, depending on their level of education, age, and the region they come from. Major phonological differences include, Lack of the approximant /ɥ/, The combination /ɥi/ is replaced by /wi/, thus for most Belgian speakers, the words enfuir and enfouir are homophones. The nasal vowels are pronounced like in French of France, the distinction between the nasal vowels /ɛ̃/ and /œ̃/ is upheld in Belgian French, whereas in many regions of France, these two sounds have merged. Thus, in Parisian French brin and brun are pronounced the same way, the distinction between the vowels /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ is upheld, whereas in France, these two sounds have merged. The words mettre and maître are pronounced differently in Belgian French, a stronger distinction exists between long and short vowels. While long vowels are constrained to closed syllables in French of France, Belgian French also has them in absolute final position, ⟨ée⟩, ⟨aie⟩ #, ⟨ue⟩ #, ⟨ie⟩ #, ⟨oue⟩ # and ⟨eue⟩ #. As a result, almost all feminine adjectives are distinct from their masculine counterparts for Belgians. The marginal phoneme /ɑ/ is most of the time rendered as a version of /a/
Belgian French
–
Linguistic map of Belgium. Officially
Francophone areas in red.
5.
Scandinavian languages
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The language group is sometimes referred to as the Nordic languages, a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish and Norwegian scholars and laypeople. Approximately 20 million people in the Nordic countries have a Scandinavian language as their native language, languages belonging to the North Germanic language tree are spoken commonly on Greenland and, to a lesser extent, by immigrants in North America. Dialects with the assigned to the northern group formed from the Proto-Germanic language in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe. At last around the year 200 AD, speakers of the North Germanic branch became distinguishable from the other Germanic language speakers, the early development of this language branch is attested through runic inscriptions. The original vowel remained when nasalised *ōn and when before /z/, Proto-Germanic *geƀō ‘gift’ > Northwest Germanic *geƀu >, North Germanic *gjavu > with u-umlaut *gjǫvu > ON gjǫf, and West Germanic *gebu > OE giefu, cf. Goth giba. Proto-Germanic *tungōn ‘tongue’ > late Northwest Germanic *tungā > *tunga > ON tunga, OHG zunga, OE tunge, vs. Goth tuggō. *geƀōz ‘of a gift’ > late Northwest Germanic *geƀāz >, North Germanic *gjavaz > ON gjafar, the rhotacism of /z/ to /r/, with presumably a rhotic fricative of some kind as an earlier stage. This change probably affected West Germanic much earlier and then spread from there to North Germanic and this is confirmed by an intermediate stage ʀ, clearly attested in late runic East Norse at a time when West Germanic had long merged the sound with /r/. The development of the demonstrative pronoun ancestral to English this, Germanic *sa, sō, þat ‘this, that’ + proximal *si ‘here’, Runic Norse, nom. sg. þeim-si, etc. with declension of the 1st part, fixed form with declension on the 2nd part, ON sjá, þessi m. Some innovations are not found in West and East Germanic such as, Sharpening of geminate /jj/ and /ww/ according to Holtzmanns law Occurred also in East Germanic, Proto-Germanic *twajjôN > Old Norse tveggja, Gothic twaddjē, but > Old High German zweiio Word-final devoicing of stop consonants. Proto-Germanic *nahtuN > *nāttu > *nǭttu > Old Norse nótt /ɑi̯/ > /ɑː/ before /r/ Proto-Germanic *sairaz > *sāraz > *sārz > Old Norse sárr, with original /z/ Proto-Germanic *gaizaz > *geizz > Old Norse geirr. General loss of word-final /n/, following the loss of short vowels. Proto-Germanic *bindanaN > *bindan > Old Norse binda, but > Old English bindan and this also affected stressed syllables, Proto-Germanic *in > Old Norse í Vowel breaking of /e/ to /jɑ/ except after w, j or l. The diphthong /eu/ was also affected, shifting to /jɒu/ at an early stage and this diphthong is preserved in Old Gutnish and survives in modern Gutnish. In other Norse dialects, the /j/-onset and length remained, the word *ek, which could occur both stressed and unstressed, appears varyingly as ek and jak throughout Old Norse. Loss of initial /j/, and also of /w/ before a round vowel, Proto-Germanic *wulfaz > North Germanic ulfz > Old Norse ulfr The development of u-umlaut, which rounded stressed vowels when /u/ or /w/ followed in the next syllable. This followed vowel breaking, with ja /jɑ/ being u-umlauted to jǫ /jɒ/, Norwegian settlers brought Old West Norse to Iceland and the Faroe Islands around 800
Scandinavian languages
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Danish
6.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
German language
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Old Frisian (Alt-Friesisch)
German language
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The widespread popularity of the
Bible translated into German by
Martin Luther helped establish modern German
German language
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Examples of German language in
Namibian everyday life
German language
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German-language newspapers in the U.S. in 1922
7.
Oxford English Dictionary
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The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
Oxford English Dictionary
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Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed version of the second edition of the OED
Oxford English Dictionary
–
Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910
Oxford English Dictionary
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James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury Road
Oxford English Dictionary
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The 78 Banbury Road,
Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of
James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary
8.
Martin van Meytens
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His painting style has inspired many other painters to paint in a similar format. Martin van Meytens was born and baptised in Stockholm, Sweden and he began his artistic studies with his father, the painter Martin Meytens the Elder, who had moved from The Hague to Sweden. He went rather early on a study trip and he visited London, Paris and Vienna, then he lived and worked for a long time in Italy. At the beginning he painted little enamel miniature portraits, and he changed to oil painting only around 1730, here he became very popular as a portrait painter in the circles of the court and the aristocracy. In 1732 he became a painter, and in 1759 the director of the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts. Franz Xaver Messerschmidt was his protégé and his personal virtues, varied interests, erudition and pleasant manners were highly appreciated by his contemporaries. The Wedding Supper depicts the wedding of Princess Isabella of Parma and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor,5 October 1760, the moment depicted is when the dessert is served, in the middle of the table is a garden made by sugar crust. Among his pupils was Giovanni Gabriele Cantone,1731, Kneeling Nun, Recto,1741, Kaiser Franz I 1745–1750, Familie der Grafen Pálffy 1750, Archduke Maximilian, 1752–1753, Fam. Grill, 1750–1755, Maria Theresia als Herrscherin,1754, Ksl, Familie,1759, Maria Theresia, Works Biography @ Austria Forum Biography @ the Web Gallery of Art Biography and more paintings @ ArtExperts. Media related to Martin van Meytens at Wikimedia Commons
Martin van Meytens
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Martin van Meytens, Self-Portrait, c. 1740s.
Martin van Meytens
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Wedding Supper by Martin van Meytens
9.
Princess Isabella of Parma
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Isabella of Parma was the daughter of Infante Felipe of Spain, Duke of Parma and his wife Louise Elisabeth, eldest daughter of Louis XV of France and Maria Leszczyńska. Her paternal grandparents were Philip V of Spain and his second wife and her father was the Spanish Prince Philip, who was Duke of Parma in Italy. Her mother was the 14 year old Elisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of Louis XV of France, Isabellas parents marriage was not happy, and for nearly 10 years Isabella remained an only child. Isabella was very close to her mother and was distraught when she died of smallpox in 1759, henceforth, Isabella was convinced she would die young, too. In 1760 a marriage was arranged between Isabella and Archduke Joseph of Austria, heir to the Habsburg Monarchy, after a marriage by proxy, Isabella was escorted to Austria. On 6 October 1760, at the age of 18, Isabella married Joseph II in a ceremony lasting for days, Joseph was thrilled with his new bride and overwhelmed Isabella with his love. In return, she locked herself away, so much so that shortly after their wedding. The princess spent most of her time in the Viennese court, not with her husband, but with his sister, Archduchess Maria Christina, the two women loved each other deeply. During the few years Isabella and Christina knew each other, they exchanged 200 letters and they spent so much time together that they earned the comparison with Orpheus and Eurydice. Isabel and Maria were united not only by a shared interest in music and art, every day they wrote long letters to each other in which they revealed their feelings of love. In one such letter, Isabella wrote, I am writing you again, cruel sister, I cannot bear waiting to know my fate, and to learn whether you consider me a person worthy of your love, or whether you would like to throw me into the river. I can think of nothing but that I am deeply in love, if I only knew why this is so, for you are so without mercy that one should not love you, but I cannot help myself. In a different letter she wrote, I am told that the day begins with God, I, however, begin the day by thinking of the object of my love, for I think of her incessantly. Only the letters of Isabella have been preserved, those of Maria Christina were destroyed after her death, however, as wife of the heir to the throne, Isabella knew that her duty was to give birth to a healthy heir. Despite this, the princess developed disquieted feelings toward her husband, spurred by anxieties over sexual intimacy, by late 1761, one year into the marriage, Isabella was pregnant. On March 20,1762, after nine months of mental and physical strain, Isabella remained bedridden for 6 weeks after giving birth. In August 1762 and January 1763 Isabella suffered two separate miscarriages that aggravated her mental unrest, causing her to fall into a depression that eroded her will to live, in 1763, Isabella was six months pregnant with a baby girl when she contracted smallpox. On 22 November of the year, this brought on premature labor ending in the death of the child, who was given the name Maria Christina
Princess Isabella of Parma
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Isabella by
Jean-Marc Nattier
Princess Isabella of Parma
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Family of Philip V (detail), painted in 1743 by
Louis Michel van Loo; Isabella is depicted with her cousin, Princess Maria Isabella of Naples and Sicily (1743–1749).
Princess Isabella of Parma
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Isabella and her mother in 1750
Princess Isabella of Parma
–
The arrival of Isabella to Vienna held at the
Schönbrunn Palace
10.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
–
Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I and he was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. He has been ranked, with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia and his policies are now known as Josephinism. He died with no sons and was succeeded by his younger brother, Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. His real education was given to him through the writings of Voltaire and the Encyclopédistes and he married Princess Isabella of Parma in October 1760, a union fashioned to bolster the 1756 defensive pact between France and Austria. Joseph loved his bride, Isabella, finding her both stimulating and charming, and she sought, with care to cultivate his favor. The marriage of Joseph and Isabella resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella was fearful of pregnancy and early death. Her own pregnancy proved difficult as she suffered symptoms of pain, illness. She remained bedridden for six weeks after their daughters birth, almost immediately on the back of their newfound parenthood, the couple then endured two consecutive miscarriages—an ordeal particularly hard on Isabella—followed quickly by another pregnancy. Pregnancy was again provoking melancholy, fears and dread in Isabella, progressively ill with smallpox and strained by sudden childbirth and tragedy, Isabella died the following week. This marriage proved unhappy, albeit brief, as it lasted only two years. Though Maria Josepha loved her husband, she felt timid and inferior in his company, lacking common interests or pleasures, the relationship offered little for Joseph, who confessed he felt no love for her in return. He adapted by distancing himself from his wife to the point of near total avoidance, seeing her only at meals, Maria Josepha, in turn, suffered considerable misery in finding herself locked in a cold, loveless union. Four months after the anniversary of their wedding, Maria Josepha grew ill. Joseph neither visited her during her illness nor attended her funeral, though he expressed regret for not having shown her better kindness. One thing the union did provide him was the possibility of laying claim to a portion of Bavaria. In 1770, at the age of seven, Josephs only surviving child, Maria Theresa, became ill with pleurisy, the loss of his daughter was deeply traumatic for him and left him profoundly grief-stricken and scarred. He was made a member of the council of state
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Joseph II by Joseph Hickel
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Portrait of Joseph II
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
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Fête Organized to Celebrate the Marriage of the Emperor Joseph II to Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria 23/24 January 1765. Painting by Johann Georg Weikert. The central figures are the three youngest siblings of Joseph, from left to right Archduke
Ferdinand as the groom, Archduke
Maximilian Franz as Cupid, and Archduchess
Marie-Antoinette as the bride.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
–
The Arrival of Isabella of Parma on the Occasion of Her Wedding to Joseph II, 1760. Painting by
Martin van Meytens.
11.
Hofburg Palace
–
The Hofburg is the former imperial palace in the centre of Vienna, Austria. It was the principal winter residence, as Schönbrunn Palace was the summer residence. Since 1279 the Hofburg area has been the seat of government. The Hofburg has been expanded over the centuries to various residences, the imperial chapel, the imperial library, the treasury, the Burgtheater, the Spanish Riding School. The palace faces the Heldenplatz ordered under the reign of Emperor Francis Joseph I, as part of what was planned to become the Kaiserforum, the name translates as Royal Castle, which denotes its origins when it was initially constructed during the Medieval Age. Initially constructed as the seat of the Dukes of Austria in the 13th century, from 1438 to 1583 and from 1612 to 1806, it was the seat of the Habsburg kings and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, thereafter the seat of the Emperor of Austria until 1918. It has continued its role as the seat of the head of state and is used by the Austrian Federal President. It is also the permanent conference seat of the Organization for Security, presently the Burghauptmannschaft is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Ministry of Economy. In September 1958 parts of the Hofburg were opened to the public as a convention centre, in the first ten years the Burghauptmannschaft operated the convention centre, since 1969 a private company has been managing the international congress and events center. Every year the centre hosts about 300 to 350 events with around 300,000 to 320,000 guests. Among the events are conventions and meetings as well as banquets, trade fairs, concerts, the oldest sections originate from the 13th century and were primarily constructed by the last of the Babenbergers or by Ottakar II of Bohemia. Previously the castle of the Austrian rulers had been located on the square called Am Hof, the castle had a square-shaped outline with four turrets, surrounded by a moat and a drawbridge that led to the inside. These oldest sections of the castle form the Swiss Court. There situated are a chapel, from the 15th century, and the treasury, which holds, among other objects, the imperial insignia of the Holy Roman Empire. The Court Music Chapel is located in the Court Chapel and this is where the Vienna Boys Choir traditionally sing for Sunday mass. The appearance of the Swiss Court was given during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand I during the Renaissance, the entry Swiss Gate displays the many titles of Emperor Ferdinand I and the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece painted on the ceiling. An adjoining section of the Swiss Wing houses the Radetzky Apartments, next to the Knights Hall is the Guard Room, where the duty officer of the Household Guards kept watch over the emperor. The lower section of this wing once accommodated the imperial kitchen, although not physically connected to the rest of the complex, the imperial mews of the Hofburg were originally built as a residence for the then crown prince Maximilian II
Hofburg Palace
–
Hofburg Neue Burg section, seen from
Heldenplatz. The statue of
Archduke Charles is also pictured.
Hofburg Palace
Hofburg Palace
–
Leopold Wing
Hofburg Palace
–
Reichskanzleitrakt (Imperial Chancellory Wing)
12.
American South
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
American South
–
Texas Hill Country
American South
–
The Southern United States as defined by the
United States Census Bureau. The "South" and its regions are defined in various ways, however. (See
Geography section.)
American South
–
Bluegrass region in Kentucky
American South
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Glass Mountains at Glass Mountains State Park, Oklahoma
13.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
14.
Saskatchewan
–
Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
Saskatchewan
–
Henry Kelsey sees the
buffalo on the western plains.
Saskatchewan
–
Flag
Saskatchewan
–
Cree Pipe Stem Carrier, a painting of a Plains Cree warrior by
Paul Kane.
Saskatchewan
–
The
Battle of Batoche, 1885
15.
Atlantic Canada
–
The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2016 was about 2,300,000 on half a million km2. The provinces combined had an approximate GDP of $110.308 billion in 2011, the first Premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood, coined the term Atlantic Canada when Newfoundland joined the Dominion of Canada in 1949. Today Atlantic Canada is a distinct region of Canada, with the original founding cultures of Celtic, English and French remaining strong. Although Quebec has physical Atlantic coasts on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Ungava Bay,2016 census figures for Metropolitan Areas and Population Centres in Atlantic Canada. The list includes communities above 15,000, by Metropolitan Area population, or 10,000 by Population Centre population
Atlantic Canada
–
Map of Atlantic Canada
16.
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Churchill Falls in Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
Flag
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
The Beothuk tribe of Newfoundland is extinct. It is represented in museum, historical and archeological records.
Newfoundland and Labrador
–
L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland, site of a
Norse colony
17.
Tea (meal)
–
Tea has long been used as an umbrella term for several different meals. Teatime is the time at which the tea meal is usually eaten, Tea as a meal is associated with Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries. Afternoon tea is a meal typically eaten between 3. 30pm and 6pm. Observance of the custom originated amongst the classes in England in the 1840s. Anna Maria Russell, Duchess of Bedford, is credited as transforming afternoon tea in England into a late-afternoon meal whilst visiting Belvoir Castle. By the end of the century, afternoon tea developed to its current form and was observed by both the upper and middle classes. For the more privileged, afternoon tea was accompanied by delicate savouries, bread and butter, possibly scones, the sandwiches usually have the crusts removed, and are cut into small segments, either as triangles or fingers. Nowadays, an afternoon tea is more of a special occasion. The food is served on a tiered stand, there may be no sandwiches. Afternoon tea as a treat may be supplemented with a glass of Champagne or an alcoholic drink. A less formal establishment is known as a tearoom, similar to a coffee shop and these used to be common in the UK, but these establishments have declined in popularity since World War II. Tea shops and Lyons Corner Houses were successful chains of such establishments, a list of significant tea houses in Britain gives more examples. This snack is associated with the West Country, i. e. Cornwall and it usually consists of scones, clotted cream, strawberry jam, plus of course, tea to drink. Some venues will provide butter instead of clotted cream, Tea is one name for the evening meal. It is associated with the class and is typically eaten between 5 pm and 7 pm. This differentiation in usage is one of the classic social markers of British English, high tea typically consists of a hot dish, followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. Occasionally there would be cold cuts of meat, such as ham salad, the term was first used around 1825, and high is used in the sense of well-advanced to signify that it was taken later in the day than afternoon tea. A stereotypical expression Youll have had your tea is used to people from Edinburgh as being rather shortcoming with hospitality
Tea (meal)
–
Afternoon tea with bread and butter, jam and little cakes at the
Rittenhouse Hotel,
Philadelphia.
Tea (meal)
–
Cornish
cream tea, comprising
tea taken with
scones,
clotted cream and
jam, in
Boscastle.
Tea (meal)
–
American afternoon tea
finger foods.
18.
Milk
–
Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the source of nutrition for infant mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mothers antibodies to its young and it contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose. As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from non-human mammals during or soon after pregnancy, Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011, from 260 million dairy cows. India is the worlds largest producer of milk, and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder, the ever increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future. The United States, India, China and Brazil are the worlds largest exporters of milk and milk products, China and Russia were the worlds largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient, contributing to a worldwide glut of milk. Throughout the world, there are more than six billion consumers of milk and milk products, over 750 million people live in dairy farming households. The term milk comes from Old English meoluc, milc, from Proto-Germanic *meluks milk, there are two distinct types of milk consumption, a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product for humans of all ages that is derived from other animals. In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, the early milk from mammals is called colostrum. Colostrum contains antibodies that provide protection to the baby as well as nutrients. The makeup of the colostrum and the period of secretion varies from species to species, for humans, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for at least two years. In some cultures it is common to breastfeed children for three to five years, and the period may be longer, fresh goats milk is sometimes substituted for breast milk. This introduces the risk of the child developing electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, in many cultures of the world, especially the West, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals as a food product. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase, Milk was therefore converted to curd, cheese and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood and this allowed milk to be used as a new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed. Milk is processed into a variety of products such as cream, butter, yogurt, kefir, ice cream. Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat. The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, the enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the small intestine after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly
Milk
–
A glass of
pasteurized cow's milk
Milk
–
A human baby feeding on its mother's milk
Milk
–
A
goat kid feeding on its mother's milk
Milk
–
Holstein cattle, the dominant breed in industrialized dairying today
19.
Chinese cuisine
–
Chinese cuisine is an important part of Chinese culture, which includes cuisines originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world. The preference for seasoning and cooking techniques of Chinese provinces depend on differences in historical background, imperial, royal and noble preference also plays a role in the change of Chinese cuisines. Because of imperial expansion and trading, ingredients and cooking techniques from other cultures are integrated into Chinese cuisines over time, the most praised Four Major Cuisines are Chuan, Lu, Yue and Huaiyang, represents West, North, South and East China cuisine correspondingly. Modern Eight Cuisines of China are Anhui, Cantonese, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, the color, smell and taste are the three traditional aspects to describe Chinese food, also the meaning, shape and nutrition. While, cooking should be appraised from ingredients, cuttings, cooking time and it is considered inappropriate to use knives on dining table. Chopsticks are the eating utensils for Chinese food, which can be used to cut. Chinese society greatly valued gastronomy and developed a study of the subject based on its traditional medical beliefs. Chinese culture initially centered around the North China Plain, the first domesticated crops seem to have been the foxtail and broomcorn varieties of millet, while rice was cultivated in the south. By 2000 BC, wheat had arrived from western Asia and these grains were typically served as warm noodle soups, however, instead of baked into bread as in Europe. Nobles hunted various wild game and consumed mutton, pork, dog, grain was stored against famine and flood and meat was preserved with salt, vinegar, curing, and fermenting. The flavor of the meat was enhanced by cooking it in animal fats though this practice was restricted to the wealthy. By the time of Confucius in the late Zhou, gastronomy has become a high art and he was recorded discussing about the principles of dining, The rice would never be too white, the meat would never be too finely cut. When it was not cooked right, man would not eat, when it was cooked bad, man would not eat. When the meat was not cut properly, man would not eat, when the food was not prepared with the right sauce, man would not eat. Although there are plenty of meat, they should not be cooked more than staple food, there is no limit for alcohol, before a man get drunk. During Shi Huangdis Qin dynasty, the empire expanded into the south, by the time of the Han Dynasty, the different regions and cuisines of Chinas peoples were linked by major canals and leading to greater complexity in the different regional cuisines. Not only is seen as giving qi, energy, but food is also about maintaining yin. Salt was used as a preservative from early times, but in cooking was added in the form of soy sauce, and not at the table
Chinese cuisine
–
Chao fan or
Chinese fried rice
Chinese cuisine
–
A chef slicing
Peking duck
Chinese cuisine
–
Zhajiangmian is a fried sauce noodles topped with a mixture of ground meat
Chinese cuisine
–
Cooked
Chinese cabbage
20.
Chinese restaurant
–
A Chinese Restaurant is an establishment that serves Chinese cuisine outside China. Some have distinctive styles, as with American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese cuisine, most of them are in the Cantonese restaurant style. Chinese takeouts or Chinese takeaways are also found either as components of eat-in establishments or as separate establishments, Chinese restaurants in the United States began during the California gold rush, which brought twenty to thirty thousand immigrants across from the Canton region of China. By 1850, there were five restaurants in San Francisco, soon after, significant amounts of food were being imported from China to Americas west coast. The trend spread eastward with the growth of the American railways, the Chinese Exclusion Act allowed merchants to enter the country, and in 1915 restaurant owners became eligible for merchant visas. This fueled the opening of Chinese restaurants as an immigration vehicle, as of 2015 the United States had 46,700 Chinese restaurants. Adapting Chinese cooking techniques to produce and tastes has led to the development of American Chinese cuisine. In 1907, the first recorded Chinese restaurant in London, England was opened, the rise in the number of Chinese restaurants in the UK only began after the Second World War, and has been attributed to returning service personnel. The restaurants were operated by Hong Kongers who moved to the UK, in 2003, the first British Chinese restaurant achieved a Michelin star. In the United Kingdom, the business employed a large percentage of Chinese immigrants in the 1980s, opening a restaurant or takeaway gave a relatively low capital cost entry for Chinese families into self-employment. Many takeaways served a pseudo-Chinese cuisine based around western tastes, Chinese takeout container List of Chinese restaurants List of restaurants in China
Chinese restaurant
–
A
buffet -style Chinese restaurant in the
United States
21.
Congee
–
Congee is a type of rice porridge or gruel popular in many Asian countries. When eaten as plain rice congee, it is most often served with side dishes. When additional ingredients, such as meat, fish, and flavorings, are added while preparing the congee, it is most often served as a meal on its own, names for congee are as varied as the style of its preparation. Despite its many variations, it is usually a thick porridge of rice largely disintegrated after prolonged cooking in water, in ancient times, people named the thick congee chan, the watery one chi or mi. The characteristics of congee are that it is easy to digest, Congee is one of the traditional Chinese foods and has thousands of years of history in China. The Zhou Book says Emperor Huang Di was first to cook congee with millet, the word congee comes from Tamil கஞ்சி, a prominent food of ancient Tamil people. The English form may have arrived in the language via Portuguese and it is also called 稀飯 in some Chinese provinces. To prepare the dish, rice is boiled in an amount of water until it softens significantly. Congee can be made in a pot or in a rice cooker, some rice cookers have a congee setting, allowing it to be cooked overnight. The type of rice used can be either short- or long-grain, depending on what is available, culture also often dictates the way congee is cooked and eaten. In some cultures, congee is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper, in others and it is often considered particularly suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food. In Burma, rice congee is called ဆန်ပြုတ် hsan byok, literally boiled rice and it is very thin and plain, often made with just rice and water, but sometimes with chicken or pork stock and served with a simple garnish of chopped spring onions and crispy fried onions. As in other Asian countries, rice congee is considered food for the unwell, Chinese congees vary considerably by region. For example, to make Cantonese congee, white rice is boiled in many times its weight of water for a time until the rice breaks down and becomes a fairly thick. Congees made in other regions may use different types of rice with different quantities of water, producing congees of different consistencies. Congee is often eaten with zhacai, salted duck eggs, lettuce and dace paste, bamboo shoots, youtiao, rousong, pickled tofu, wheat gluten, with other condiments, other seasonings, such as white pepper and soy sauce, may be added. Grilled fish may be mixed in to provide a different texture, Congee is often eaten with fried bread sticks known as youtiao. Congee with youtiao is commonly eaten as breakfast in areas in China
Congee
–
Chinese rice congee with
rousong and
zha cai (
coriander in side bowl)
Congee
–
Bubur ayam, Indonesian chicken congee
Congee
–
Nanakusa-gayu (七草粥), seven-herb porridge
Congee
–
Rice porridge breakfast in Kyoto
22.
Chinese noodles
–
Noodles are an essential ingredient and staple in Chinese cuisine. Chinese noodles vary widely according to the region of production, ingredients, shape or width and they are an important part of most regional cuisines within China, as well as in Singapore, and other Southeast Asian nations with sizable overseas Chinese populations. Nomenclature of Chinese noodles can be due to the vast spectrum available in China. In Chinese, miàn refers to noodles made from wheat, while fěn or fun refers to noodles made from flour, mung bean starch. Each noodle type can be rendered in pinyin for Mandarin, taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and many other Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia may use Hokkien instead. The earliest written record of noodles is from a book dated to the Han dynasty, noodles, often made from wheat dough, became a prominent staple of food during the Han dynasty. During the Song dynasty noodle shops were very popular in the cities, in 2002, archaeologists found an earthenware bowl containing worlds oldest known noodles, about 4000 years old, at the Lajia archaeological site of the Qijia culture along the Yellow River in China. After analysing the noodle remains in 2004, it was determined that the noodles were made from foxtail millet, egg, lye, and cereal may also be added to noodles made from wheat flour in order to give the noodles a different color or flavor. Egg whites, arrowroot or tapioca starch are sometimes added to the mixture in low quantities to change the texture. Although illegal, the practice of adding the chemical cross-linker borax to whiten noodles and improve their texture is also quite common in East Asia. The dough for noodles made from wheat flour is made from wheat flour, salt. Rice- or other starch-based noodles are made with only the starch or rice flour. Noodles may be cooked from either their fresh or dry forms and they are generally boiled, although they may also be deep-fried in oil until crispy. Boiled noodles may then be fried, served with sauce or other accompaniments, or served in soup, often with meat. Certain rice-noodles are made directly from steaming the raw rice slurry and are consumed fresh. Chinese noodles made from rice or mung bean starch do not generally contain salt and these noodles are made only with wheat flour and water. If the intended product are dried noodles, salt is almost always added to the recipe and these wheat flour noodles are more chewy in texture and yellow in colour either due to the addition of lye and/or egg. This class of lye water noodles has a subtle but distinctive smell and taste, although unorthodox, some producers may choose to add other plant starches to modify the texture of the noodles
Chinese noodles
–
Making
Misua noodles in
Lukang,
Taiwan
Chinese noodles
Chinese noodles
Chinese noodles
–
A bowl of mala beef daoxiaomein (刀削面)
23.
Night market
–
Night markets or night bazaars are street markets which operate at night and are generally dedicated to more leisurely strolling, shopping, and eating than more businesslike day markets. Nevertheless, night markets are more prominent within ethnic Chinese economic, some well-known night markets exist in Taipei, Kaohsiung, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Bangkok, but they also exist in Chinatowns worldwide. Taiwan hosts numerous night markets in each of its major cities, the larger and more formal of these markets might take place in purpose-built marketplaces while smaller or more informal ones tend to occupy streets or roads that are normal thoroughfares by day. The temporal night markets are actually consistent in their location, in most large cities, they are on a street parallel. Though the temporal night market stalls appear at night and then vanish by day, Night markets do not close, but the individual stalls may randomly take days off due to holidays, family illness, etc. Most temporal stalls within a market have white canvas tops. This gives the temporary night markets a fantastical, carnival-like atmosphere, as the night market becomes more well known, however, often it is looked upon more positively and the daytime stores adjust. The daytime stores then stay open later, because there are now customers at night when previously there wouldnt be, Night markets can increase profitability and often bring secondary type of consumers that are different from the daytime consumers. For example, a store may normally sell herbs. Although some of these markets are specialized, most have a mixture of individual stalls hawking clothing, consumer goods, xiaochi, the atmosphere is usually crowded and noisy with hawkers shouting and fast-paced music playing over loudspeakers. Some individual vendors may take advantage of the informality of the market to offer counterfeit, the night markets usually open around 6pm, and are busy until past midnight. Major night markets often have agreements and contracts where the pitch in for utilities such as electricity. A few actually include the cost of basic cleaning in this price, there is also a greater police presence at major night markets, compared to the temporary night markets. A pasar malam is a market in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore that opens in the evening. It brings together a collection of stalls that sell goods such as fruit, vegetables, snacks, toys, clothes, movie discs. A pasar malam often takes place one to a few days of the week. Haggling over prices is a practice at such markets. Today, several kecamatan in Jakarta and also other provinces in Indonesia, hold weekly pasar malam, usually held every Saturday night in nearby alun-alun square, in Indonesia, pasar malam has become a weekly recreational place for local families
Night market
–
Ba-wan, a type of
Taiwanese snack food
Night market
Night market
–
Shilin's Night Market; now indoors. This is the food-court area. Some vendors do not fit in the indoor section and still have stalls outdoors (see photo below). Some vendors move outdoors in nice weather in Spring and Fall, to attract more customers.
Night market
–
The
Shilin Night Market in
Taipei,
Taiwan
24.
Xiaochi
–
Xiaochi are an important category of Chinese food, commonly found in ethnically Chinese areas in China, Taiwan, and around the world. Xiaochi are substantial snacks, which could be together or with more substantial dishes like the Spanish tapas or Levantine meze. Xiaochi are not typically cooked in homes nor are they featured prominently on the menus of more formal restaurants, instead, they are street food sold in markets at special stalls or small restaurants that specialize in a few or even just one xiaochi. Night markets are known for their specialty xiaochi food items. Here, xiaochi are either served as carry-out or sometimes at small tables with stools for seating. Taiwanese food critic Shu Kuo-chih describes xiaochi as food from a stall, shop or even a restaurant that comes in small portions. In New York, he says, hot dogs or nachos could be xiaochi, xiaochi are highly local and, in some cases, one citys markets, or even one particular market or restaurant, can become famous for a particular type of food. The city will become known for that food and the city name be used as an identifier or an attribution of quality. Specific types of xiaochi will often change from year to year with passing fads, xiaochi can often form part of the fourth meal of the day, the xiaoye, a small late evening meal. Even smaller pre-made side dishes are known as xiaocai, xiaochi occur in large and eclectic varieties throughout ethnically Chinese areas throughout the world. Traditionally, xiaochi is consumed as a meal or snack between meals when visiting temples and markets. As a result, they are often self-contained and easily portable, in more modern times, markets have been built where the xiaochi is the main attraction. Fengs boiled beef stomach, and Chens boiled porks small intestines, many larger towns and cities feature a great variety of xiaochi, and many xiaochi are found uniquely in only one or a few cities. Xiaochi are on the edge of imbuing Taiwanese cuisine with foreign influences. Portuguese-style egg tarts, Middle-Eastern-derived shawarma, American steaks, Japanese udon noodles, as Taiwan has become increasingly affluent, xiaochi have become an important part of the culinary culture. Taiwanese xiaochi can be divided into categories including poultry, meat, fish and seafood, rice and noodle dishes, tofu and vegetarian dishes, pastries, sauces and pickles. Although often associated with food and night markets, Taiwan also has award-winning restaurants based on xiaochi such as the Din Tai Fung chain. Stinky tofu, fermented tofu shuangbaotai, sweet fried dough in the shape of a horse trough, pork ball soup, pork meatballs in a light soup
Xiaochi
–
A hawker making
oyster omelets, a popular xiaochi, in
Shilin Night Market,
Shilin,
Taipei, Taiwan
Xiaochi
–
Keelung Miaokou Night Market-style Taiwanese tempura
Xiaochi
–
Dishes and meals
25.
Concert
–
A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
Concert
–
A
classical music concert in the
Rod Laver Arena,
Melbourne,
Australia, 2005
Concert
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Concert of Joler Gan Band, Bangabndhu International Conference Centre (BICC)
Concert
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Concert, by Italian
baroque artist
Bernardo Strozzi
Concert
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A
Girl Scout passing out printed programs at a Municipal Band concert in
Eau Claire, Wisconsin
26.
Meal
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A meal is an eating occasion that takes place at a certain time and includes specific, prepared food, or the food eaten on that occasion. The names used for meals in English vary greatly, depending on the speakers culture. Meals occur primarily at homes, restaurants, and cafeterias, regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. Special meals are held in conjunction with such occasions as birthdays, weddings, anniversaries. A meal is different from a snack in that meals are generally larger, more varied, the type of meal served or eaten at any given time varies by custom and location. In most modern cultures, three meals are eaten, in the morning, early afternoon, and evening. Further, the names of meals are often interchangeable by custom as well, some serve dinner as the main meal at midday, with supper as the late afternoon/early evening meal, while others may call their midday meal lunch and their early evening meal supper. Except for breakfast, these names can vary from region to region or even family to family. A study in 2016 by Toluna found that 47% of parents share fewer meals with their families than when growing up, breakfast is the first meal of a day, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the days work. Some believe it to be the most important meal of the day, among English speakers, breakfast can be used to refer to this meal or to refer to a meal composed of traditional breakfast foods served at any time of day. The word literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night, a full breakfast is a breakfast meal, usually including bacon, sausages, eggs, and a variety of other cooked foods, with a beverage such as coffee or tea. It is especially popular in the UK and Ireland, to the extent that many cafés and it is also popular in other English-speaking countries. In England it is referred to as a full English breakfast or fry-up. Other regional names and variants include the full Scottish, full Welsh, full Irish, the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised British dishes, along with such staples as bangers & mash, shepherds pie, fish and chips and the Christmas dinner. A full breakfast is often contrasted with the alternative of a Continental breakfast, traditionally consisting of tea, milk or coffee and fruit juices with bread, croissants. Instant breakfast typically refers to breakfast food products that are manufactured in a powdered form, some instant breakfasts are produced and marketed in liquid form, being pre-mixed. The target market for instant breakfast products includes consumers who tend to be busy, a champagne breakfast is a breakfast served with champagne or sparkling wine. It is a new concept in some countries and is not typical of the role of a breakfast and it may be part of any day or outing considered particularly luxurious or indulgent
Meal
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Meals have been traditionally prepared by women in a home kitchen (Painting from the circle of Jean-Baptiste de Saive, 1563)
Meal
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A Swedish
smörgåsbord buffet
Meal
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A
dabbawala in
Mumbai with meals packed in
tiffin carriers
27.
Breakfast
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Breakfast is the first meal of a day, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the days work. Among English speakers, breakfast can be used to refer to meal or to refer to a meal composed of traditional breakfast foods served at any time of day. The word literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night, the meal has managed to generate a vast variety of popular restaurant chains dedicated to serving breakfast, namely, IHOP and Dennys. While current professional opinions are largely in favor of eating breakfast, the influence of breakfast on managing body weight is unclear. The Old English word for dinner, disner, means to break a fast, in Burma the traditional breakfast is htamin jaw, fried rice with boiled peas, and yei nway jan, especially among the poor. Glutinous rice or kao hnyin is steamed and wrapped in banana leaf often served with peas as kao hnyin baung with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the variety of rice known as nga cheik which is cooked the same way. Si damin is sticky rice cooked with turmeric and onions in oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame. Assorted fritters such as baya jaw are often served as a complement, nan bya or naan again with pè byouk or simply buttered, is served with Indian tea or coffee. Fried chapati, blistered like nan bya but crispy, with pè byouk, a hundred layers, is flaky multi-layered fried paratha served with either pè byouk or a sprinkle of sugar. Eeja gway with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite, add fritters such as split chickpea, urad dal or gourd, boiled egg and fried fish cake. As China is made up of many distinct provinces each with their own unique cuisine, in general, basic choices include sweet or salty pancakes, soup, deep fried bread sticks or doughnuts, buns, porridge, and fried or soup-based noodles. These options are accompanied by tea or sweetened soy bean milk. However, condiments for porridge and the soup base tend to vary between provinces and regions, the types of teas that are served and spices that are used can also differ significantly between the provinces. Cha Chaan Teng breakfasts often include Hong Kong style milk tea, pan fried egg, bread, each dish is designed to be sampled and diners can go through a large selection of dim sum quickly accompanied by a generous amount of good tea. Iron Buddha tea is the most common accompaniment, but other such as puer. Fried and rice-based noodles and cakes are also popular, in modern times, dim sum is commonly prepared and served in Yum Cha restaurants rather than home because of the skill and efforts involved in the preparation. Breakfast in modern Japanese households comes in two variations, Japanese style and Western style
Breakfast
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A traditional Japanese breakfast for a tourist at Buddhist temple
Chion-in. Rice, Japanese pickles (
umeboshi and
takuan), a slice of grilled salmon, egg,
nori, some vegetable; perhaps a kind of いんげん (
Phaseolus vulgaris) with sesame powder
Breakfast
–
A
full English breakfast with scrambled eggs,
sausage,
black pudding, bacon, mushrooms, baked beans,
hash browns, and half a tomato
Breakfast
–
A bowl of
Rice Krispies breakfast cereal served with milk
28.
Brunch
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Brunch is a combination of breakfast and lunch eaten usually during the late morning to early afternoon, generally served from 9 am up to 11 am. The word is a portmanteau of breakfast and lunch, Brunch originated in England in the late 19th century and became popular in the United States in the 1930s. Some colleges and hostels serve brunch, such brunches are often serve-yourself buffets, but menu-ordered meals may be available instead of, or with, the buffet. The meal usually involves standard breakfast foods such as eggs, sausages, bacon, ham, fruits, pastries, pancakes, scones, the United States military often serves weekend brunch in the dining facilities. They offer both breakfast and lunch options and are open from about 09, 00-13,00, the dim sum brunch is popular in Chinese restaurants worldwide. It consists of a variety of stuffed buns, dumplings, and other savory or sweet food items that have been steamed, deep-fried, customers pick small portions from passing carts, as the kitchen continuously produces and sends out more freshly prepared dishes. Dim sum is usually eaten at a mid-morning, midday, or mid-afternoon teatime, Brunch is prepared by restaurants and hotels for special occasions, such as weddings, Valentines Day, Mothers Day, or Easter Sunday. The Office québécois de la langue française accepts brunch as a valid word, note that, however, in Quebec, déjeuner alone means breakfast. In Quebec, the word—when Francized—is pronounced, german-speaking countries readily adopt Anglicisms, and brunch is no exception, defining it as a combination of breakfast and lunch. Chinese word “早午饭” is defined as brunch, “早饭” means breakfast, the combination of “早饭” and “午饭” is “早午饭”, as known as brunch. Friday Brunch is considered something of an institution in Dubai, in many regions of Canada, in particular in Southern Ontario, brunch is popular on Sundays when families will often host relatives or friends in their dining room. The typical brunch can last a few hours and go late into the afternoon, montreal-style bagels may be served alongside egg dishes, waffles or crepes, smoked meat or fish, fruit, salads, cheese, and dessert. Often, champagne or wine will be served and following the meal tea or coffee is usually consumed, in Canada, brunch is served in private homes using homemade foods and in restaurants. Brunches may also include foods not typically associated with breakfast, such as roasted meats, quiche, soup, smoked salmon, restaurant brunches may also be served from a menu, in which guests select specific items which are served to them by waitstaff. Restaurant brunch meals range from relatively inexpensive brunches available at diners and family restaurants to expensive brunches served at high-end restaurants, in South Africa, brunch is a favourite activity of many families. It is globally-distinctive in that only pancakes and fruit are consumed, the Birth of Brunch, Where Did This Meal Come From Anyway
Brunch
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Brunch items
Brunch
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Brunch items from Kalaset restaurant in
Copenhagen,
Denmark
Brunch
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A brunch service
29.
Lunch
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Lunch, the abbreviation for luncheon, is a light meal typically eaten at midday. The origin of the lunch and luncheon relate to a small snack originally eaten at any time of the day or night. During the 20th century the meaning gradually narrowed to a small or mid-sized meal eaten at midday, lunch is commonly the second meal of the day, after breakfast. The meal varies in size depending on the culture, and significant variations exist in different areas of the world, the abbreviation lunch is taken from the more formal Northern English word luncheon, which is derived from the word nuncheon, meaning light snack. The term has been in use since 1823, the Oxford English Dictionary reports usage of the words beginning in 1580 to describe a meal that was eaten between more substantial meals. It may also mean a piece of cheese or bread, meals have become ingrained in each society as being natural and logical. What one society eats may seem extraordinary to another, the same is true of what was eaten long ago in history as food tastes, menu items and meal periods have changed greatly over time. The word supper means bread and soup, dinner comes from the French word disner which originates from the Latin word disjejeunare which meant to break fast and was a meal eaten in the morning, not the end of the day. In general, during the Middle Ages the main meal for almost everyone took place at midday when there was no need for artificial lighting, a formal evening meal, artificially lit by candles, sometimes with entertainment, was a supper party as late as the Regency era. Up until the early 19th century, luncheon was generally reserved for the ladies, lunch was a ladies light meal, when the Prince of Wales stopped to eat a dainty luncheon with lady friends, he was laughed at for this effeminacy. Beginning in the 1840s, afternoon tea supplemented this luncheon at four oclock, if a substantial meal is desired, rump-steaks or mutton chops may be served, as also veal cutlets, kidneys. In families where there is a nursery, the mistress of the house often partakes of the meal with the children, and makes it her luncheon. In the summer, a few dishes of fresh fruit should be added to the luncheon, or, instead of this, a compote of fruit or fruit tart, or pudding. With the onset of industrialization in the 19th century, male workers began to long shifts at the factory. Stalls and later chop houses near the factories began to provide mass-produced food for the class. In many countries and regions lunch is the dinner or main meal, prescribed lunchtimes allow workers to return to their homes to eat with their families. Consequently, where lunch is the main meal of the day. Among Christians, the meal on Sunday, whether at a restaurant or at home, is called Sunday dinner
Lunch
–
Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, a guide to all aspects of running a household in Victorian Britain
Lunch
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Typical South Indian lunch served in a plate
Lunch
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Typical Swedish school lunch
