1.
Surakarta (game)
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Surakarta is a little-known Indonesian strategy board game for two players, named after the ancient city of Surakarta in central Java. The game features a method of capture which is possibly unique. The real name of the game is permainan, in Java, the game is also called dam-daman. It was first published in France in 1970 as Surakarta, the game is called Roundabouts in Sid Sacksons The Book of Classic Board Games. Traditionial Indonesian game pieces are shells versus pebbles or stones, with the grid inscribed in sand or volcanic ash. But any easily distinguished sets of pieces may be used, players begin the game with 12 pieces each. Players decide who moves first, then turns alternate, the object of the game is to capture all 12 of the opponents pieces, or if no further captures are possible, to have more pieces remaining on the board than the opponent. Pieces always rest on the points of intersection of the grid lines. On a turn, a player moves one of his pieces a single step to an unoccupied point in any direction. A capturing move consists of traversing along an inner or outer circuit around at least one of the eight corner loops of the board, followed by landing on an enemy piece, captured pieces are removed from the game. So, corner loop are only used when making a capture, the capturing piece enters the circular loop via a grid line tangent to the circle. Any number of unoccupied points may be traveled over, before or after traversing a corner loop, an unoccupied point may be traveled over more than once during the capturing pieces journey. Only unoccupied points may be traveled over, jumping over pieces is not permitted, a game is won when a player captures all 12 of his opponents pieces. If neither side can make headway, the game is ended by agreement, a match consists of more than one game. Players agree beforehand how the winner will be determined, a couple methods are typically used, Playing a fixed number of games Each game is scored by the number of pieces remaining at the end of the game. The winner is the player with higher total points after all games have finished, Playing to a fixed number of points New games are played until one player reaches or exceeds the winning point total. In general, pieces are more powerful toward the center of the board, pieces on the corner, on the other hand, are easy to trap, as the spaces next to the corner can be attacked in a number of directions. Surakarta is one of the games played regularly at the annual Computer Olympiad, Surakarta variants are also among the traditional board games played in rural China and Korea, with slightly different rules and boards
2.
Javanese script
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The Javanese script is a descendant of the Brahmi script and therefore has many similarities with the modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia. The Javanese script, along with the Balinese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia, the script was widely used by the court scribes of Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Numerous efforts to standardize the script were made in the late 19th to early 20th-century, with the invention of the scripts first metal type, today, everyday use of the Javanese script has been largely supplanted by the Latin alphabet. There are a total of 53 letters in the Javanese script, each letter represents a syllable, with an inherent vowel /a/ or /ɔ/, which changes depending on the diacritics around the letter. Each consonant has a form called pasangan which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous syllable. In the word aksara for example, the inherent vowel of the ka is nullified by the use of pasangan in the following letter. Punctuation includes the comma, period, colon, and quotation marks, as well as several decorative marks indicating poetic chapter, text is written from left to right and without word boundaries. Many of the letters are constructed from visually similar components, most notably n-shaped hills and u-shaped valleys, there are only a few components unique to certain characters and even fewer letters that are truly unique, resulting in a very uniform-looking script. The Javanese and Balinese alphabets are both variants of the Kawi script, a Brahmic script developed in Java around the ninth century. It was widely used in religious literature written in palm-leaf manuscripts called lontar, over the Hindu-Buddhist period the letter forms changed into Javanese, and by the 17th century, the script was identifiable as in its modern form. The Javanese script was employed by court scribes centered in Surakarta and Yogyakarta, but the use was widespread among various courts of Java. They are used to write historical accounts, stories, ancient verses, the first Javanese metal type font was produced in the 1830s by the Dutch. Two other cursive type fonts were also produced in the early 20th-century, in 1926, an academic workshop in Sriwedari, Surakarta issued Wewaton Sriwedari or the Sriwedari Resolve as the first standard for Javanese spelling and orthography. Since then, numerous guidelines on Javanese orthography have been published, however, further development was halted abruptly during the second World War when the use of the Javanese script was prohibited during the Japanese occupation. Currently, there are no newspapers or magazines being printed in the Javanese script, everyday use of the script has been largely replaced by the Latin alphabet. As a preservation effort, the Indonesian government prescribed most elementary and its use is also encouraged by the Central Javanese government in road signs and public signage alongside Indonesian as administered in the 2012 local legislation. A single letter in the Javanese script is called an aksara and it can also depend on the speakers dialect, speakers of Western Javanese dialects tend to pronounce the inherent vowel as /a/, while those of Eastern Javanese prefer /ɔ/. Rules determining the inherent vowel of a letter are described in Wewaton Sriwedari as follows, a letter stands for a syllable with the vowel /a/ if the following character contains diacritics
3.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
4.
Central Java
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Central Java is a province of Indonesia. This province is located in the middle of Java, the province is 32,800.69 km2 in area, approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 33,753,023 at the 2015 Census, Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta as well as the Province of Central Java. However, administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a special region since Indonesian independence. Located in the middle of the island of Java, the Central Java province is bordered by West Java, a small portion of its south region is the Yogyakarta Special Region province, fully enclosed on the landward side by the Central Java province. To the north and the south, the Central Java province faces the Java Sea, Central Java includes offshore islands such as Karimun Jawa Islands in the north, and Nusakambangan in the southwest. Yogyakarta is historically and culturally part of the Central Java region, the average temperature in Central Java is between 18–28 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity varies between 73–94 percent. While a high level of humidity exists in most low-lying parts of the province, the highest average annual rainfall of 3,990 mm with 195 rainy days was recorded in Salatiga. The geography of Central Java is regular with small strips of lowlands near the northern and southern coast with mountain ranges in the centre of the region, to the west lies an active stratovolcano Mount Slamet, and further east is the Dieng Volcanic Complex on Dieng Plateau. Southeast of Dieng lies the Kedu Plain, which is bordered to the east side by the volcanoes of Mount Merapi. South of Semarang, lies Mount Ungaran, and to the north-east of the city lies Mount Muria on the most northern tip of Java, to the east near the border with East Java lies Mount Lawu, where its eastern slopes are in the East Java province. Due to its volcanic history, volcanic ash makes Central Java highly fertile agriculture land. Paddy fields are extensive, except in the southeastern Gunung Kidul region partly due to the concentration of limestone. The largest rivers are the Serayu in the west, which empties into the Indian Ocean, on the eve of the World War II in 1942, Central Java was subdivided into 7 residencies which corresponded more or less with the main regions of this area. These residencies were Banjoemas, Kedoe, Pekalongan, Semarang, and Djapara-Rembang plus the so-called Gouvernement Soerakarta, however, after the local elections in 1957 the role of these residencies were reduced until they finally disappeared. Nowadays Central Java is divided into 29 regencies and 6 cities and these contemporary regencies and cities can further be subdivided into 565 districts. These districts are subdivided into 7,804 rural communes or villages and 764 urban communes. Java has been inhabited by humans or their ancestors since prehistoric times, in Central Java and the adjacent territories in East Java remains known as Java Man were discovered in the 1890s by the Dutch anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois
5.
Java
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Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of over 141 million or 145 million as of 2015 Census released in December 2015, the Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java and it was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s, Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Formed mostly as the result of eruptions, Java is the 13th largest island in the world. A chain of mountains forms an east–west spine along the island. Three main languages are spoken on the island, Javanese, Sundanese, of these, Javanese is the dominant, it is the native language of about 60 million people in Indonesia, most of whom live on Java. Furthermore, most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian as their first or second language, while the majority of the people of Java are Muslim, Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures. Java is divided into four provinces, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Banten, the origins of the name Java are not clear. One possibility is that the island was named after the plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time. There are other sources, the word jaú and its variations mean beyond or distant. And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous, Yawadvipa is mentioned in Indias earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Ramas army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa and it was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name yāvaka dvīpa. Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar that states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram, another source states that the Java word is derived from a Proto-Austronesian root word, Iawa that meaning home. The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia composed around 150 CE Roman Empire, Iabadiu is said to mean barley island, to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicate Java, and seems to be derived from Hindu name Java-dvipa, Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island is to the south and it is the worlds 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the north, Sunda Strait to the west, Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin, it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes
6.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces
9.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
10.
Time in Indonesia
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The Indonesian archipelago geographically stretches across four time zones from UTC+6 in Aceh to UTC+9 in Western Papua. The border between central and eastern time zones runs north from the tip of Timor to the eastern tip of Sulawesi. Daylight saving time is not currently observed in almost all of Indonesia due to its tropical location, the only unofficial exception of this is Muara Teweh and Maurainu, which unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time. All provinces in the island of Java including major cities such as, Bandung, Surabaya, Jakarta, Semarang, two provinces in Kalimantan island, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Including major cities such as, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, and Sampit, Muara Teweh and Maurainu unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time, which has the same time as Central Indonesian Time. All provinces in the Lesser Sunda Islands including major cities such as, Denpasar, Mataram, three provinces in Kalimantan island, North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, including major cities such as, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Samarinda, and Tarakan. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Makassar Indonesia Eastern Standard Time is observed in, Maluku Islands including major cities such as, Ambon City, Ternate City. All provinces in West Papua including major cities such as, Jayapura, Biak, all provinces in Papua including all major islands in the province. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Jayapura It observed since January 1,1988. Central and Southern Sumatra Time, was observed in Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Java, Bali, and Borneo Time, was observed in Java, Bali, Madura and Kalimantan. Celebes Time, was observed in Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, moluccan Time, was observed in Ternate, Namlea, Ambon, Sofifi and Banda. West Irian Time was observed in West Irian and it observed during November 1,1932 to August 31,1944. Dutch New Guinea Time, was observed in West Irian during named Dutch New Guinea because Netherlands still hold West Irian. It observed from September 1,1944 to December 31,1963, Daylight saving time was observed in Jakarta from May 1,1948 to May 1,1950. Its UTC offset during daylight saving time is UTC+08,00. tab, asia/Jakarta Asia/Pontianak Asia/Makassar Asia/Jayapura ASEAN Common Time Time in Malaysia Time in the Philippines Time in Singapore UTC+8 Indonesian Standard Time
11.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
12.
Javanese language
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Javanese /dʒɑːvəˈniːz/ is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of western Java and it is the native language of more than 98 million people. Javanese is one of the Austronesian languages, but it is not particularly close to other languages and is difficult to classify and its closest relatives are the neighbouring languages such as Sundanese, Madurese and Balinese. There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia and Singapore, some people of Javanese descent in Suriname speak a creole descendant of the language. The language is spoken in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java, in Suriname, creolized Javanese is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java and it was the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra, until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. Javanese is written with the Latin script, Javanese script, Javanese is the tenth largest language by native speakers and the largest language without official status. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people, at least 45% of the total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent and it is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia. There are three dialects of the modern language, Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form a continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible, the phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below. In closed syllables the vowels /i u e o/ are pronounced respectively, in open syllables, /e o/ are also when the following vowel is /i u/ in an open syllable, otherwise they are /ə/, or identical. In the standard dialect of Surakarta, /a/ is pronounced in open syllables. The Javanese voiced phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, the relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice. A Javanese syllable can have the form, CSVC, where C = consonant, S = sonorant. As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables, words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a root is of the following type
13.
Karanganyar Regency
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Karanganyar Regency is a regency in the Indonesian province of Central Java. Karanganyar Regency is located in the south east of Central Java and it is near Magetan Regency, Sragen Regency in the north, Wonogiri Regency and Sukoharjo Regency in the south, and Surakarta and Boyolali Regency in the west. Karanganyar is located between 110°40′E and 110°70′E and between 7°28′S and 7°46′S, the height is 511 meters above sea level. Karanganyar Regency covers 77,378.6374 Ha, which consists of, rice fields, the rice field consists of irrigated area, divided into technical irrigation system area, and simple irrigation area, and rain fall rice field. Meanwhile, areas provided for buildings are 20,732.4406 hectares, areas for gardening is 17,937.0211 hectares, plantation is 3,251.5006 hectares. The Regency had a population on 813,159 at the 2010 Census, the number of students of primary schools were 81,057 students with 4,483 teachers, which made the student-teacher ratio 1,18.08. The numbers of junior high-schools were 37,558 students with 2,818 teachers, there were 20,507 high-school students, with 1,639 teachers, which made the student-teacher ratio 1,12.51. Figures for health-workers, there were 80 physicians,24 dentists,275 midwives, there are 1821 Mosques,679 small mosques,127 Churches,12 Temples and 1 Vihara. Karanganyar is also home of the Mangadeg hill Mangkunegaran royal burial complex built upon a small mountain, in the immediate vicinity are the Pablengan ruins of ritual bathing pools, fed by seven natural springs. Karanganyar also have one of great waterfall call Grojogan Sewu Grojogan Sewu waterfall, statistics for Kranganyar Regency, various Indonesian governmental Departments including Departemen Budaya dan Edukasi and Departamen Pertanian,2005 figures. Rough Guides, 2nd edition,2003, pp251
14.
Boyolali Regency
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Boyolali is a regency in the eastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. The capital city, also named Boyolali, lies 27 km to the west of Solo. The regency covers an area with approximately 1,015.10 km² Highest point, Mount Merbabu -3,141 m Beside Mount Merbabu, Mount Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonesia. Can be reach through Selo district, Umbul Tlatar, natural spring pool located 7 km to the north of Boyolali city. Umbul Pengging, natural spring pool at Banyudono district, kedung Ombo Dam, mainly used for irrigations purpose. Woodball Course Tlatar, mainly Woodball Arena insede Umbul Tlatar area
15.
Solo River
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Solo River is the longest river in the Indonesian island of Java, it is approximately 600 km in length. Apart from its importance as a watercourse to the inhabitants and farmlands of the eastern and northern parts of the island, Bengawan Solo was the crash site of Garuda Indonesia Flight 421. Solo River has two sources, from the volcano of Mount Lawu, on the border between Central Java and East Java and from Kidul Mountain, in ancient time, the rise of Indo-Australian Plate redirected its stream northward. Sadeng Beach, located in Special Region of Yogyakarta, has known as mouth of ancient Solo River. It passes through the city of Surakarta. An important early tributary to the Solo river is the Dengkeng River, after passing through Solo, the river flows northward around Mount Lawu, and then turn eastward into East Java in the Ngawi regency. After Ngawi the river turns again, forming the boundary between Blora Regency of Central Java and Bojonegoro regency of East Java. From the town of Cepu in Blora, the river turns eastward, from there, it continues eastward through the Lamongan and Gresik Regencies. The last part of the basin is mostly flat land. Bengawan Solos delta is located near the town of Sidayu in Gresik regency, the present delta is redirected by a human made canal. The original delta flowed into the Madura Strait, but in 1890 a 12 km canal was made by the Dutch East Indies authority to redirect the Solo River into Java Sea. This was done to prevent sedimentation of mud from filling the Madura Strait, the Solo river delta has a huge mud sedimentation flow that deposited 17 million tonnes of mud per year. This sedimentation in the form a cape, which has average longitudinal growth of 70 m per year. This delta is known as Ujung Pangkah, Solo river was part of massive river system that once existed in Sundaland. This drainage of the system consisted of major river in present-day Sumatra and Borneo, such as Asahan river, Musi river. The river system disappeared when Sundaland was submerged after sea level rise following the last Ice Age, the river played important part in Javanese history. Its drainage basin is an important agricultural area, dominated by rice farming, the river transported fertile volcanic soil downstream, replenishing the soil. It also provided link between Javanese port cities in the northern coast and the hinterlands, with shallow vessels transporting rice to the ports to be sold
16.
Joko Widodo
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Joko Widodo is the seventh President of Indonesia, in office since 2014. Previously he was the Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012 and he is the first Indonesian president without a high-ranking political or military background. Jokowi was nominated by his party, the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, Jokowi was elected as Governor of Jakarta on 20 September 2012 after a second round runoff election in which he defeated the incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. Jokowis win was seen as reflecting popular voter support for new or clean leaders rather than the old style of politics in Indonesia. His nomination as PDI-P candidate for the 2014 presidential election was announced on 14 March 2014, the presidential election was held on 9 July 2014. After some controversy about the result of the election, Jokowi was named as president-elect on 22 July, Joko Widodo is of Javanese descent. Before changing his name, Jokowi was called Mulyono and his father came from Karanganyar, his grandparents came from a village in Boyolali. His education began in State Primary School 111, Tirtoyoso, known for being a school for the wealthy citizens. At the age of twelve, he started working in his fathers furniture workshop, the evictions he experienced three times in his childhood affected his way of thinking and his leadership later on as the mayor of Surakarta as he organised housing in the city. After primary school, he continued his studies in SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta and he had wanted to continue his education in SMA Negeri 1 Surakarta, but he failed the entrance exam and went to SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta instead. Joko Widodo graduated from Faculty of Forestry at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta in 1985 to study, Jokowi began his tenure at a state-owned enterprise company called PT Kertas Kraft Aceh, but went home not long after due to his disinterest. He then began working for his grandfathers furniture factory, before establishing his own company called Rakabu, the companys fine product has its fame heard internationally, as they are also exported to the Western World. It was in France where his furniture product first start penertrating European market and this brought Widodo to a customer named Bernard, who gave him the nickname he is famous for, Jokowi. Ultimately he was inspired to become a politician so that he can transform his hometown, Surakarta, Jokowi ran for mayoral race in 2005 together with his running mate, F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo, winning 36. 62% of the vote against the incumbent Slamet Suryanto and 2 other candidates, when he first ran for the office of mayor of Surakarta, his background as a property and furniture businessman was questioned. He adopted the development framework of European cities into his own city of Surakarta, in 2007, Surakarta had also hosted the World Music Festival which was held at the complex of Fort Vastenburg. The FMD in 2008 was held in the Mangkunegaran Palace Complex, part of Jokowis personal style was his populist can-do elements designed to build bonds with the broad electorate. Following the electric company policy to pursue a more disciplined approach to collecting overdue bills, the city government quickly authorized payment but in settling the bill protested that it should consider the public interest before taking this type of action
17.
Klaten Regency
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Klaten is a regency in Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the city of the same name, Klaten borders on Boyolali Regency in the North, Sukoharjo Regency and Wonogiri Regency in the East, and Special Region of Yogyakarta to the South and West. Candi Prambanan, one of the biggest Hindu structures in Indonesia, is in the regency, the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake damaged the area, located near to the active Mount Merapi volcano in central Java. The 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi had a impact on Klaten. A few of the victims who were affected by the eruption came from the district of Klaten, the volcanic eruptions were so loud they caused panic and a rush for residents to seek refuge. The landscape is covered with rainfed croplands, residential areas. The climate is classified as a Tropical Monsoon, with a tropical moist forest biozone, the soil in the area is high in nitosols, andosols, soil with deep, clay-enriched lower horizon with shiny ped surfaces. Average temperature varies little from month to month, October is warmest with an average temperature of 31.3 °C at noon. August is coldest with a temperature of 20.2 °C at night. The wet season has a peak around January. The dry season centers around the month of July, which has the most sunshine, the regional government of Klaten was established on 28 October 1950. It is divided into 26 Kecamatan,391 Villages, and 10 Kelurahan, the area includes tourist sites, places of interest, traditional arts, traditional events and handicraft centers. Deles Indah Nature, is located in the slope of Mount Merapi, jombor swamp, is located in Krakitan Village of Bayat Subdistrict. Nilo and Ponggok Water source, is located in a area of Janti, Janti Village, Polanharjo subdistrict. Ki Ageng Pandanaran Graveyard in Paseban Village, Bayat Subdistrict, official website twitter account for information and community in Klaten Photos around Klaten Forum Komunitas dan Komunikasi Warga Klaten
18.
Tropical monsoon climate
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Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C in every month of the year and feature wet and dry seasons, as Tropical savanna climates do. Tropical monsoon climates however features its driest month seeing on average less than 60 mm and this latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than 100 – of precipitation. In essence, a monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. Additionally, a monsoon climate tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate. This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice for that side of the equator, there are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate, Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season. However, unlike most tropical climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season. In essence, this version of the monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates. Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons and this variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. However, this is followed by a period of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months, Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall. Tropical monsoon climates are most commonly found in South and Central America, however, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and North America that also feature this climate. The major controlling factor over a tropical climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer there is a flow of air. In the “winter” an offshore air flow is prevalent, the change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat. October is the hottest month no matter whether is it in the southern or northern hemisphere and this is because October is the shoulder season of the year as if it is the end of the wet season and no winter winds blowing. Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation occur in Africa though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia
19.
Wet season
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The rainy season, or monsoon season, is the time of year when most of a regions average annual rainfall occurs. It usually lasts one or more months, the term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics, under the Köppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres or more. In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes, Mediterranean climates have wet winters, some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during a season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon. In the wet season, air quality improves, fresh water quality improves, rivers overflow their banks, and some animals retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases, the incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures, particularly in tropical areas. Some animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wet season, often, the previous dry season leads to food shortages in the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. In areas where the rainfall is associated with a wind shift. Further, much of the total each day occurs in the first minutes of the downpour. However, since rain forests have rainfall spread evenly through the year and it is different for places with a Mediterranean climate. This shift in the jet stream brings much of the precipitation to the region. The peninsula of Italy has weather very similar to the western United States in this regard, areas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso, Darfur, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Botswana have a distinct rainy season. Also within the climate regime, Florida and South Texas have a rainy season. Northern Guyana has two wet seasons, one in spring and the other in early winter. In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north. Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States and the Mediterranean coastline of Italy, Greece, similarly, the wet season in the Negev desert of Israel extends from October through May. At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran desert, which receives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime, the wet season is known by many different local names throughout the world
20.
Precipitation
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In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
21.
Wonogiri Regency
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Wonogiri is a regency in the southeastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,822.37 km2, generally, all areas of the regency produce much agriculture and plantation output. Casava, cacao, kacang mede are examples of the output that are relatively good. Wonogiri also has many special foods and they include nasi tiwul, emping, bakso, mie ayam, gudangan, etc. Most of Wonogiris area is rocky and hilly due to its location on the Sewu highlands
22.
Surakarta
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Surakarta is a city in Central Java. The 46 km2 city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and west, on the eastern side of Solo lies Solo River. Its built-up area made of Surakarta Municipality and 59 districts spread on 7 regencies was home to 3,649,254 inhabitants as of 2010 census, Surakarta is the birthplace of the current President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. He served as Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, the water sources for Surakarta are in the valley of Merapi, a total of 19 locations, with a capacity of 3,404 l/second. The average source water height is 800–1,200 m above sea level, in 1890–1927 there were only 12 wells in Surakarta. Today, underground wells in 23 locations produce about 45 l/second. The total reservoir capacity is 9,140 m3 and can serve 55, under the Köppen climate classification, Surakarta features a tropical monsoon climate. The city has a wet season spanning from October through June. On average Surakarta receives just under 2200 mm of rainfall annually, with its wettest months being December, January, as is common in areas featuring a tropical monsoon climate, temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year. Surakartas average temperature is roughly 30 degrees Celsius every month, Surakarta City and its surrounding regencies, Karanganyar, Sragen, Wonogiri, Sukoharjo, Klaten, and Boyolali, are collectively called the ex-Surakarta Residency. After Surakarta became a city, it was divided into five districts, each led by a camat, furthermore, the government of Indonesia officially defines a broader region as Surakartas extended metropolitan zone, with the acronym Subosukawonosraten as the city and 6 surrounding regencies. Though obviously not a metropolitan area as some of its regencies are not particularly suburbanized. Both the metropolitan area and extended areas border Yogyakartas metropolitan area, one of the earliest censuses held in Surakarta Residency was in 1885. At that time, with an area of about 5,677 km², there were 1,053,985 people in Surakarta Residency, the area,130 times the current area of Surakarta, had a population density of 186 people/km². The capital of the residency itself in 1880 had 124,041 people living in it, according to the 2009 census, there were 245,043 males and 283,159 females in Surakarta. 119,951 of the population were 14 years or younger,376,180 were between 15 and 64, and 32,071 were above 65, the number of households was 142,627 and the average number of household members was 3.7. The population growth in the last 10 years was about 0. 565% per year, the labor force of Solo in 2009 was 275,546, of whom 246,768 were working, while 28,778 were seeking work. Another 148,254 people aged 15 and above were not in the labor force, the mean working week in Solo was 47.04 hours, and 212,262 people worked more than 35 hours per week compared to 34,506 who worked less than that
23.
Semarang
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Semarang, is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Central Java, the built-up area had 3,183,516 inhabitants at the 2010 census spread on 2 cities and 26 districts. Greater Semarang has a population of close to 6 million, and is located at 6°58′S 110°25′E, a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and still an important regional center and port today, the city has a dominant Javanese population. In 1678, Sunan Amangkurat II promised to control of Semarang to the Dutch East India Company as a part of a debt payment. In 1682, the Semarang state was founded by the Dutch colonial power, the VOC, and later, the Dutch East Indies government, established tobacco plantations in the region and built roads and railroads, making Semarang an important colonial trading centre. The historic presence of a large Indo community in the area of Semarang is also reflected by the fact a creole mix language called Javindo existed there, Semarang was handed by the Sultan of Mataram to the Dutch East Indies in 1678. The city was pictured as a settlement with a pious Muslim area called Kauman, a Chinese quarter. In fact, the city of Semarang was only referred to the Dutch quarter while the ethnic settlement were considered as villages outside the city boundary. The city, known as de Europeesche Buurt, was built in classical European style with church located in the centre, wide boulevards and streets skirted by beautiful villas. According to Purwanto, the urban and architectural form of settlement is very similar to the design principles applied in many Dutch cities. Due to the long and costly Java War, there were not much of funding from the Dutch East Indies government, the majority of land was used for rice fields and the only small improvement was the development of surrounding fortress. The existence of the market, in the years, become a primary element. The project was followed by the development of the Netherlands Indies railway. Colombijn marked the development as the shift of urban functions, from the former river orientation to all facing the roads. Improved communication, as the result of the Mail and Railway projects, had brought an economic booming for the city in the 1870s, urban growth had made acutely dense the urban kampong, reaching the number of 1000 inhabitants per hectare and degrading the quality of living condition. In this early 20th century, mortality rate was high due to the overcrowding and lack of hygiene that triggered the invasion of cholera. In 1917, a housing project was implemented in the Southern part of Semarang called Candi Baru. Thomas Karsten, the advisor for city planning, transformed the concept of ethnic segregation that divided previous urban settlements into a new housing district plan based on economic classes
24.
Sebelas Maret University
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Sebelas Maret University is an Indonesian public university in the suburban area of Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. It is colloquially known as UNS or UNS Solo, officially founded on March 11,1976. Sebelas Maret University was established on March 11,1976 and it was named Universitas Negeri Surakarta, hence was abbreviated UNS. Sebelas Maret University is the result of the unification of the five universities in Surakarta, academy of Business Administration of Surakarta. Combined University of Surakarta, which comprised several universities in Surakarta, Faculty of Medicine of the Department of Defense and Securitys National Higher Education Development of Surakarta. Prakosa, the campus located in several places were united in the same area. The new area was in Kentingan, on the riverside of Bengawan Solo River, in this Kentingan area, the first phase of campus construction ended in 1985. In 1986, Prof. Dr. Koento Wibisono became rector, Prof. Haris Mudjiman, Ph. D became the next rector. A skin surgeon with a reputation, the discovery of starbio. The one petal under consists of five units that symbolize the principles of Pancasila. The four petals form a line in sequence to depict the academic unity of UNS. Overall the symbol of UNS visualize ideals to build a nation, Candra Sangkala it as a shining Praba, Praba in the history of religion and puppet used by the man whos wise. The central of symbol is Wiku brain is described as a flame, suggests light that illuminates the eternity of science, navy blues color is a pledge of allegiance and devotion to nation, state, homeland, and science. The increasing quality of the graduates has been marked by the improvement of the Grade Point Average, Education Efficiency Figure, cumlaude graduates, and the reduction of study periods. To conduct an educational program, UNS is supported by more than 1,600 lecturers, 4% of them are professors. UNS is supported by 900 administrative staff, up to now, UNS has nine faculties and one graduate program. UNS offers 151 courses ranging from diploma, undergraduate, graduate, the total number of students has reached 27,500 people. The total number of UNS alumni has so far reached more than 85,000, apart from increasing the education quality as the implementation of the second and third dharma of Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi UNS also aims to improve research product and service for the society. The effort has shown results, UNS has won 40% of 209 submitted competitive research proposals
25.
Football team
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A football team is the collective name given to a group of players selected together in the various team sports known as football. There are several varieties of football, notably Association football, Gridiron football, Australian rules football, Gaelic football, rugby league, the number of players selected for each team within these varieties and their associated codes can vary substantially. Sometimes, the team is limited to those who play on the field in a match. Football squad may be used to be inclusive of these support, the oldest football clubs date back to the early 19th century. The words team and club are sometimes used interchangeably by supporters, although they typically refer to the team within the club playing in the highest division or competition
26.
Persis Solo
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Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Surakarta, commonly known as Persis, is a football club based in Surakarta, Central Java in Indonesia. Persis Solo was a club that was founded 8 November 1923 in Surakarta, Central Java. Inception indirectly using the name Persis Solo, but still named Vorstenlandschen Voetbal Bond, and in 1928, Vorstenlandsche Voetbal Bond officially renamed Persis Solo. In the season 2006/2007 to be the pinnacle of achievement for Just because its in season Exactly escaped promotion to the highest caste league level i. e. Indonesian First Division. The achievement was not accompanied by a Division 1 League title since losing to Persebaya Exactly in the match held at Brawijaya Stadium. Inception was named Vorstenlandsche Voetbal Bond, which is a kind of football in the city of Solo. VVB is a pioneer in Indonesian football. World pioneers called football because VVB founded before football clubs in Indonesia, VVB was founded on 8 November 1923 by Sastrosaksono from Mars FC and R. Ng. Reksodiprojo and Sutarman from Romeo FC, by Soemokartiko, in 1928 the name of Persis Solo or Solo Indonesian Football Association official used to replace the name Vorstenlandsche Voetbal Bond. Just re-present in Indonesian football scene since 2006, after many years became fossilized Exactly tub for too long to settle in this country amateur competition. In the season 2006/2007 to be the pinnacle of achievement for Just because its in season Exactly escaped promotion to the highest caste league level i. e. Indonesian First Division. The achievement was not accompanied by a Division 1 League title since losing to Persebaya Exactly in the match held at Brawijaya Stadium. Persis Solo PasoepatiNet SambernyawaCom Template, Liga Divisi Utama
27.
Indonesian Premier Division
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Liga Indonesia Premier Division was the regionalised second level of football competition system in Indonesia, organized by the PT Liga Prima Indonesia Sportindo and Football Association of Indonesia. The competition is divided geographically into two or three groups. Prior to the formation of Indonesia Super League in 2008, the Premier Division was the Indonesian top-flight football league, along with Premier League/Super League, Premier Division was a competition for professional football clubs. Liga Indonesia has been sponsored since its inception in 1994, in many cases, the main sponsor determines the competitions name. No Broadcasting Official website of Liga Divisi Utama Indonesia Official website of PSSI
28.
Arseto Solo
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Arseto Football Club, which is commonly referred to simply as Arseto, is an Indonesian football club based in Solo, Province of Central Java, Indonesia. They are now playing in Galatama Arseto FC was a Galatama association football club from Solo, Central Java, the club was established in 1978, founded by Sigid Harjoyudanto, who was the son of former President Suharto. Managed by owner of Universitas Surakarta Law Professor Brodjo Sudjono, at first, the club was based in Jakarta. However, since 1983, after Suharto declared 9 September as National Sports Day during the inauguration of Sriwedari Stadium, Solo, the team home costumes are blue, so they dubbed as Sky Blue Team and The White Buffalo. Arseto declared the dissolution of its team in 1998, after the riots that year. Some public figures, namely, Ricky Yakobi Eddy Harto, goalkeeper Nasrul Koto Edward Tjong Tonggo Tambunan Edu Hombert Yunus Mukhtar Benny VB Rocky Putiray
29.
Madura United F.C.
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Madura United Football Club is an Indonesian professional football club. The club is based in Pamekasan, Madura, East Java and they currently play in the Liga 1. So the name changed to Madura United, after the purchase, Madura United replaced PBR to perform in the 2016 Indonesia Soccer Championship A. Their supporter is called K-conk Mania, note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. C
30.
Sriwijaya F.C.
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Sriwijaya Football Club is an Indonesian football club based in Palembang, South Sumatra. In 2002, the club moved their base to Solo, Central Java. But in Solo, the crisis was still haunting them. Luckily, in 2004, the Government of South Sumatra wanted a Palembang-based team to compete in the top division of Indonesian football and they also did not want the Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium to be abandoned, after the 2004 National Games just ended. The club then changed names to Sriwijaya FC and moved their base to Palembang. The name Sriwijaya is thought to come from the ancient Srivijaya Empire, the club is owned by PT Sriwijaya Optimis Mandiri. They are the first team that have done a double in Indonesia by winning both 2007–08 Liga Indonesia Premier Division and 2008 Piala Indonesia in the same season and this double winner achievement was also their first titles since the foundation of the club. The years that followed saw Sriwijaya again winning the Piala Indonesia in 2009 and 2010 and they also managed to win the 2011-12 Indonesia Super League, as well as the 2010 and 2012 Indonesian Inter Island Cup. They play their matches in Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium. The meaning of the team crest is breakdowned by several part of the crest, the first circle describes the clubs strength with unity and peace. The words Sumatera Selatan shows that its owned by South Sumatra government, bersatu Teguh is a representation of the supporters and the clubs wholeness. The Garuda image shows power and thoughness, behind the main logo, Mount Dempo and Ampera Bridge can be seen, both seen as South Sumatras pride and determination. Sriwijaya has 3 Supporters Club, Their called Singa Mania, Sriwijaya Mania, specs Reebok SPECS Joma Calci As of Februari 2017. Note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality
31.
Manahan Stadium
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Manahan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Manahan is the first stadium in Indonesia which hosts the biggest difabel sporting event in Southeast Asia 2011 ASEAN ParaGames, the stadium was inaugurated on February 21,1998 by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Suharto. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is used as the venue for Persis Solo. This stadium now holds 35,000 spectators, judging from the geographical location, the location of Manahan Stadium in Solo is fairly strategic. The stadium is located in the center of the city of Solo, precisely at Jalan Adi Sucipto, Manahan, Banjarsari and it is 9 Kilometers away from the Adisumarmo International Airport. Manahan Stadium Surakarta is the offering of Ibu Tien Soeharto. Its construction started in 1989 using land area of 170,000 m2 and it took 9 years to transform an empty lot into a sturdy building Manahan Stadium. And right on Saturday February 21,1998, the stadium Manahan finally inaugurated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Suharto
32.
AFC Champions League
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The AFC Champions League, commonly known as the Asian Champions League, is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Asian Football Confederation. Introduced in 2002, the replaced the Asian Club Championship which had run since 1985. It is the premier tournament in Asia, equivalent to the CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores. A total of 32 clubs compete in the round robin stage of the competition. Since 2009, the champions do not qualify automatically for the year competition. The winner of the AFC Champions League qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup, the most successful club in the competition is the Pohang Steelers with a total of three titles. The reigning champions of the competition are the Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, the competition started as the Asian Champion Club Tournament, the competition had a variety of different formats with the inaugural tournament staged as a straightforward knockout format. The two most successful clubs of this era were Maccabi Tel Aviv and Hapoel Tel Aviv from Israel, the tournament was not held after the 1971 edition for fourteen years due to a lack of professionalism and interest. In 1985/86 competition marked the return of the premier club tournament rebranded the Asian Club Championship, the format would again change for time to time with a few withdrawals also seen. In 1990, the Asian Football Confederation introduced the Asian Cup Winners Cup, the 2002/03 season saw the Asian Club Championship, Asian Cup Winners Cup and Asian Super Cup combine to become the AFC Champions League. League and Cup Winners would qualify for the playoffs with the best eight clubs from east and west Asia progressing to the Group Stage. The first winners under the AFC Champions League name was Al Ain defeating BEC Tero 2–1 on aggregate, the competition would be postponed for one year due to the SARI Virus. The tournament was re-launched in 2004 with 29 clubs from fourteen countries, unlike the previous year, the tournament schedule was changed to March to November. Then, the seven group winners along with the champions qualified to the quarterfinals. The quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals were played as a format, with away goals, extra time. Owing to the lack of professionalism in Asian football, many problems existed in the tournament, such as on field violence. Many blamed the lack of money and expensive travel cost as some of the reasons. The Champions League expanded to 32 clubs in 2009 with direct entry to the top ten Asian leagues, the assessment criteria and ranking for participating associations would be revised by AFC every two years, with the most recent ones being approved for the 2011–2012 seasons
33.
2007 AFC Champions League
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The 2007 AFC Champions League was the 26th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament and the 5th edition under the current AFC Champions League title. Along with the champion, Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors,28 other clubs from fourteen countries qualified based on performance in domestic league. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors entered the competition at the quarter-finals, the draw took place in Kuala Lumpur on 22 December, allocating teams into seven groups. In February, the AFC disqualified Esteghlal Tehran from Group B for failing to register their players in time and this reduced the number of competing teams to 28. Group Stage A total of 28 clubs were divided into 7 groups of four, east Asian and Southeast Asian clubs were drawn in groups E to G, while the rest were grouped in groups A to D. Each club played double round-robin against fellow three group members, a total of 6 matches each, clubs received 3pts for a win, 1pt for a tie, 0pts for a loss. Knockout Round All eight clubs were matched, however, the only restriction was that the clubs from the same country could not face each other in the quarter-finals. The games were conducted in 2 legs, home and away, if the aggregate score couldnt produce a winner, away goals rule was used. If still tied, clubs played extra time, where away goals rule still applied, if still tied, the game went to penalties. Group matches were scheduled to be played over match days on 7 March 21 March 11 April 25 April 9 and 23 May 2007, Esteghlal was disqualified for failing to submit their players list in time. Champions League 2007, Knockout Stage Draw from official site
34.
Adisumarmo International Airport
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Adi Sumarmo International Airport is an airport in Solo/Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. It is located 14 km north of the city and it was the sole international level airport in Southern Central Java, until the upgrading of the Adisucipto International Airport in Yogyakarta and the Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang. On 2 March 2009, operations moved to the new terminal, the new passenger terminal is opened on 2 March 2009. The terminal has three aerobridges with four gates, the airport is able to serve wide body jet like Airbus A330 or Boeing 777. The Airbus A330 is usually operated for Hajj flights in Hajj season or for some extra flight in Ramadan season, the airport terminal has a minimarket, food counters, shopping area and some food counters near the boarding lounge. The old passenger terminal is now used for VVIP flights, shuttle airport bus are serving several destination from Adisumarmo International Airport, currently it serves by a bus operator, Damri. Various taxi and shuttle services are provided by service providers. On 30 November 2004, Lion Air Flight 538 overran the runway after landing in bad weather,25 people on board were killed. Airport information for WARQ at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
35.
International Air Transport Association
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The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world’s airlines. Consisting of 268 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, at its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, the benchmark standard for the early bilaterals was the 1946 United States-United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition, the first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions. Aviation grew rapidly over the decades and IATA’s work duly expanded. Safety is the number one priority for IATA, the main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit. IOSA has also been mandated at the level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever, the global Western-built jet accident rate was 0.20, the equivalent of one accident every 5 million flights. Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources, in June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014, security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint of the Future, simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, an innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability. This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard that is still the basis of the distribution system /travel agent channel. This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites, a filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments. At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation
36.
Kuala Lumpur
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Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, or more commonly called KL is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city. Being rated as an Alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the global city in Malaysia which covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017. It is among the fastest growing regions in South-East Asia, in terms of population. Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, the city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remain in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is situated in Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia, enclaved within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Since the 1990s, the city has played host to international sporting, political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and it is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers, which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysias futuristic development. Kuala Lumpur means muddy confluence, kuala is the point where two rivers join together or an estuary, and lumpur means mud. One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur, it was recorded in 1824 that Sungei Lumpoor was the most important tin-producing settlement up the Klang River. It has also proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu. Another suggestion is that it was initially a Cantonese word lam-pa meaning flooded jungle or decayed jungle, there is however no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes. It is also possible that the name is a form of an earlier. It is unknown who founded or named the settlement called Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur was originally a small hamlet of just a few houses and shops at the confluence of Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang before it grew into a town. The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened
Indonesia
Central Java
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Pictures of Surakarta on Flickr
Video about Solo and surrounding from archive.org
Solo travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Surakarta". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
