1.
Suriname
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Suriname, officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, at just under 165,000 square kilometers, it is the smallest country in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 566,000, most of live on the countrys north coast, in and around the capital and largest city. Long inhabited by cultures of indigenous tribes, Suriname was explored and contested by European powers before coming under Dutch rule in the late 17th century. In 1954, the country one of the constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its indigenous peoples have been active in claiming land rights and working to preserve their traditional lands. Suriname is considered to be a culturally Caribbean country, and is a member of the Caribbean Community, while Dutch is the official language of government, business, media, and education, Sranan, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Suriname is the territory outside Europe where Dutch is spoken by a majority of the population. The people of Suriname are among the most diverse in the world, spanning a multitude of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. This area was occupied by cultures of indigenous peoples long before European contact, remnants of which can be found in petroglyph sites at Werehpai. The name Suriname may derive from a Taino indigenous people called Surinen, British settlers, who founded the first European colony at Marshalls Creek along the Suriname River, spelled the name as Surinam. When the territory was taken over by the Dutch, it part of a group of colonies known as Dutch Guiana. The official spelling of the countrys English name was changed from Surinam to Suriname in January 1978, a notable example is Surinames national airline, Surinam Airways. The older English name is reflected in the English pronunciation, /ˈsʊrᵻnæm/ or /ˈsʊrᵻnɑːm/, in Dutch, the official language of Suriname, the pronunciation is, with the main stress on the third syllable and a schwa terminal vowel. Indigenous settlement of Suriname dates back to 3,000 BC, the largest tribes were the Arawak, a nomadic coastal tribe that lived from hunting and fishing. They were the first inhabitants in the area, the Carib also settled in the area and conquered the Arawak by using their superior sailing ships. They settled in Galibi at the mouth of the Marowijne River, while the larger Arawak and Carib tribes lived along the coast and savanna, smaller groups of indigenous peoples lived in the inland rainforest, such as the Akurio, Trió, Warrau, and Wayana. Beginning in the 16th century, French, Spanish, and English explorers visited the area, a century later, Dutch and English settlers established plantation colonies along the many rivers in the fertile Guiana plains
2.
Central bank
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A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a states currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries, Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists, prior to the 17th century most money was commodity money, typically gold or silver. However, promises to pay were widely circulated and accepted as value at least five hundred years earlier in both Europe and Asia. The Song dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, in 1455, in an effort to control inflation, the succeeding Ming Dynasty ended the use of paper money and closed much of Chinese trade. The Bank of Amsterdam, established in the Dutch Republic in 1609, is considered to be the forerunner to modern central banks. The Wisselbanks innovations helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of the banking system that now plays a vital role in the worlds economy. Along with a number of local banks, it performed many functions of a central banking system. Lucien Gillard calls it the European guilder, and Adam Smith devotes many pages to explaining how the bank guilder works, the model of the Wisselbank as a state bank was adapted throughout Europe, including the Bank of Sweden and the Bank of England. Established by Dutch-Latvian Johan Palmstruch in 1668, Sveriges Riksbank is often considered by many as the worlds oldest central bank, the lenders would give the government cash and also issue notes against the government bonds, which could be lent again. A Royal Charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694, the bank was given exclusive possession of the governments balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue banknotes. The £1. 2M was raised in 12 days, half of this was used to rebuild the Navy and these modern central banking functions evolved slowly through the 18th and 19th centuries. The currency crisis of 1797, caused by panicked depositors withdrawing from the Bank led to the government suspending convertibility of notes into specie payment. The bank was accused by the bullionists of causing the exchange rate to fall from over issuing banknotes. Nevertheless, it was clear that the Bank was being treated as an organ of the state, henry Thornton, a merchant banker and monetary theorist has been described as the father of the modern central bank. An opponent of the real bills doctrine, he was a defender of the bullionist position, thorntons process of monetary expansion anticipated the theories of Knut Wicksell regarding the cumulative process which restates the Quantity Theory in a theoretically coherent form. Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, many consider the origins of the central bank to lie with the passage of the Bank Charter Act of 1844. Under this law, authorisation to issue new banknotes was restricted to the Bank of England, at the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt
3.
Dollar
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Dollar is the name of more than twenty currencies, including those of the United States, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Liberia, Jamaica and Namibia. Generally, one dollar is divided into one hundred cents, on 15 January 1520, the Czech Kingdom of Bohemia began minting coins from silver mined locally in Joachimsthal and marked on reverse with the Czech lion. The coins were called joachimsthaler, which became shortened in common usage to thaler or taler, the German name Joachimsthal literally means Joachims valley or Joachims dale. A later Dutch coin also depicting a lion was called the leeuwendaler or leeuwendaalder, the Dutch Republic produced these coins to accommodate its booming international trade. The leeuwendaler circulated throughout the Middle East and was imitated in several German and Italian cities and this coin was also popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony. It was in throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th. The currencies of Romania and Bulgaria are, to this day, the modern American-English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th century Dutch pronunciation of daler. Some well-worn examples circulating in the Colonies were known as dog dollars, Spanish pesos – having the same weight and shape – came to be known as Spanish dollars. By the time of the American Revolution, Spanish dollars gained significance because they backed paper money authorized by the individual colonies, common in the Thirteen Colonies, Spanish dollars were even legal tender in one colony, Virginia. On April 2,1792, U. S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton reported to Congress the precise amount of found in Spanish dollar coins in common use in the states. As a result, the United States dollar was defined as a unit of silver weighing 371 4/16th grains. It was specified that the money of account of the United States should be expressed in those same dollars or parts thereof, in an act passed in January 1837, the dollars alloy was set at 15%. Subsequent coins would contain the amount of pure silver as previously. On February 21,1853, the quantity of silver in the coins was reduced. However, the dollars constitutional meaning has remained unchanged through the years, silver was mostly removed from U. S. coinage by 1965 and the dollar became a free-floating fiat currency without a commodity backing defined in terms of real gold or silver. The US Mint continues to make silver $1-denomination coins, but these are not intended for general circulation, there are many quotes in the plays of William Shakespeare referring to dollars as money. This might be supported by a reference to the sum of ten dollars in Macbeth. In 1804, a British five-shilling piece, or crown, was sometimes called dollar and it was an overstruck Spanish eight real coin, the original of which was known as a Spanish dollar
4.
Surinamese guilder
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The guilder was the currency of Suriname until 2004, when it was replaced by the Surinamese dollar. It was divided into 100 cents, until the 1940s, the plural in Dutch was cents, with centen appearing on some early paper money, but after the 1940s the Dutch plural became cent. The Surinamese guilder was initially at par with the Dutch guilder, in 1940, following the occupation of the Netherlands, the currency was tied to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 1.88585 guilders =1 dollar. The Surinamese guilder suffered from inflation in the beginning of the 1990s. It was replaced by the Surinamese dollar on 1 January 2004 at a rate of 1 dollar =1000 guilders, to save cost of manufacturing, coins of less than 5 guilders were made legal for their face value in the new currency. Thus, these coins increased their power by 1000 fold overnight. Until 1942, Dutch coins circulated in Suriname, starting that year, coins were minted in the United States for use in Netherlands Guiana, some of which also circulated in the Netherlands Antilles. These coins were in denominations of 1,5,10 and 25 cents, in 1962, coins were introduced bearing the name Suriname for the first time. These were in denominations of 1,5,10 and 25 cents and 1 guilder, the 1 cent was bronze, the 5 cent nickel-brass, the 10 and 25 cents were cupro-nickel and the 1 guilder was silver. Aluminium 1 and 5 cent coins were introduced in 1974 and 1976, in 1987, copper-plated steel replaced aluminium in the 1 and 5 cent coins and cupro-nickel 100 and 250 cent coins were introduced. In 1826, the Algemene Nederlandsche Maatschappij issued ½ and 3 guilder notes and these were followed in 1829 by notes of the West Indies Bank in denominations of 1⁄2,1,2,3,5,10 and 50 guilders. The Bank introduced 10,15 and 25 centen and 25 guilder notes in 1837, the government issued silver certificates between 1918 and 1920 for 1⁄2,1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. Further issues for 50 cent and 1 guilder were introduced in 1940, the 50 cent coin was issued until 1942, with 2 1⁄2 guilders introduced in 1950. The silver certificates were superseded in 1960 by muntbiljet for 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders, in 1957, the Central Bank of Suriname took over paper money production, issuing notes for 5,10,25,100 and 1000 guilders. 500 guilder notes were introduced in 1982, followed by 250 guilders in 1988,2000 guilder notes were introduced in 1995, followed by 5000 and 10,000 guilders in 1997 and 25,000 guilders in 2000. The last series of banknotes was introduced in 2000 in denominations of 5,10,25,100,500,1000,5000,10,000 and 25,000 guilders and this colorful issue has native birds on the fronts and native flowers on the backs. Economy of Suriname Media related to Surinamese guilder at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Canadian Bank Note Company
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The Canadian Bank Note Company is a Canadian security printing company. It is best known for holding the contract with the Bank of Canada to supply it with Canadas banknotes, the companys other clients include private businesses, national and sub-national governments, central banks, and postal services from around the world. In addition to notes, the company produces passports, drivers licences, birth certificates, postage stamps, coupons. It also prints and provides document reading systems for identification cards, lottery tickets, stamps, from 1897 until 1923, CBN was a unit of the New York-based American Bank Note Company. It has since been based in Ottawa, Ontario, in October 2006, RR Donnelley completed acquisition of Canadian Bank Notes financial printing business, consisting of documentation for initial public offerings. Since 2014, the Canadian Bank Note Company has been the chief-provider for machine readable passports used within the Caribbean Community bloc of countries. The majority of the new CARICOM passports as they are called serve the union as a centre-piece of promoting easy travel within the Caribbean Single Market, samples of items printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Canadian dollar Bank of Canada Royal Canadian Mint Canadian Bank Note Company
6.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
7.
Australian dollar
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Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign, with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents, in 2011, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world, accounting for 7. 6% of the worlds daily share. It trades in the foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar, the euro, the yen. The currency is referred to by foreign-exchange traders as the Aussie dollar. With pounds, shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966, in 1963, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included more exotic suggestions such as the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the quid, the dinkum and the ming. Menzies influence resulted in the selection of the royal, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Treasurer, Harold Holt, announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963. The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents, but the existing names shilling, florin, the name royal for the currency proved very unpopular, with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats. On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a terrible mistake, on 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar, of 100 cents. The Australian pound, introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931, was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966. The rate of conversion for the new currency was two dollars per Australian pound, or ten Australian shillings per dollar. The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 =8 shillings, in 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area, when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow. It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A$1 = US$1.12, on 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that they had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes will incorporate a number of new features so that they remain secure into the future, the first new banknotes were issued from the 1st of September 2016, with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,2,5,10,20 and 50 cents. The initial 50-cent coins contained high silver content and were withdrawn after a year after the value of the silver content was found to exceed the face value of the coins. One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by two-dollar coins in 1988, the one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation. In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one-, in early 2013, Australias first triangular coin was introduced, to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House
8.
Bahamian dollar
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The dollar has been the currency of The Bahamas since 1966. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. The Bahamian dollar is pegged to the U. S. dollar on a one-to-one basis, the dollar replaced the pound at a rate of 1 dollar =7 shillings in 1966. This rate allowed the establishment of parity with the U. S. dollar, to aid in decimalization, three-dollar bills and fifteen-cent coins were created, as three dollars was roughly equivalent to one pound, and fifteen cents to a shilling, at the time of transition. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1,5,10,15,25,50 cents,1 and 2 dollars. The 1 cent was struck in nickel-brass, the 5,10, and 15 cent in cupronickel, the 25 cent in nickel, the 10 cent was scallop shaped, whilst the 15 cent was square. Silver coins were not issued for circulation after 1966, bronze replaced nickel-brass in the 1 cent in 1970, followed by brass in 1974 and copper-plated zinc in 1985. In 1989, cupro-nickel 50 cent and 1 dollar coins were issued for circulation, although they did not replace the corresponding banknotes. The current 1 cent coin is about the size of a U. S. dime, the 15 cent coins are still produced by the Central Bank but are not commonly used. All coins now bear the Bahamian Coat of Arms on one side with the words Commonwealth of The Bahamas, the reverses of the coins show objects from Bahamian culture with the value of the coins in words. The 1 cent has three starfish, the 5 cent a pineapple, the 10 cent two bonefish, the 15 cent a hibiscus, and the 25 cent a native sloop. In 1966, the government introduced notes in denominations of ½,1,3,5,10,20,50 and 100 dollars, the Bahamas Monetary Authority took over the issuance of paper money in 1968, issuing the same denominations. The Central Bank of The Bahamas was established on 1 June 1974 and its first issue of notes did not include the ½ and 3 dollar denominations but these were reintroduced in 1984. All banknotes have been undergoing changes to foil forgery in recent years. All banknotes are the physical size, like the U. S. dollar. The latest counterfeit-proof formula is the Counterfeit Resistant Integrated Security Product, the new $10 banknote was released on August 5,2005, while the $20 banknote was released on September 6,2006. In October 2005, someone counterfeited one of the new CRISP $10 bills, Bahamian authorities warned merchants to look for banknotes that lacked the distinctive watermark. Until a few years ago all notes displayed a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and this policy is now being reversed, with the return of the Queens portrait to the $10 note
9.
Bermudian dollar
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The Bermudian dollar is the official currency of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is subdivided into 100 cents, the Bermudian dollar is not normally traded outside of Bermuda, and is pegged to the United States dollar at a one-to-one ratio. Both currencies circulate in Bermuda on an equal basis, for nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars, known as pieces of eight were in widespread use on the worlds trading routes, including the Caribbean region. However, following the wars in Latin America, the source of these silver trade coins. The United Kingdom had adopted a successful gold standard in 1821. Because of this, the conversion had the effect in many colonies. Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d. Contrary to expectations, and unlike in the Bahamas where US dollars circulated concurrently with sterling, the Spanish dollars fell away in the 1850s but returned again in the 1870s following the international silver crisis of 1873. In 1874, the Bermuda merchants agreed unanimously to decline to accept the heavy imports of U. S. currency except at a heavy discount, and in 1876, legislation was passed to demonetise the silver dollars for fear of them returning. In 1882, the legal tender act demonetised the gold doubloon, which had in effect been the real standard in Bermuda, and this left pounds, shillings. The pound sterling remained the currency of Bermuda until 1970. With U. S. and Canadian coins regularly appearing in circulation in Bermuda, on 6 February 1970, Bermuda introduced a new decimal currency in the form of a dollar. The nascent Bermuda dollars circulated in conjunction with the new British decimal coinage a year before it was introduced in the United Kingdom, by adopting decimalisation early, Bermuda was also able place orders for the coinage from the Royal Mint before other Commonwealth countries seeking to decimalise could. The link between the Bermudian dollar and the sterling was not broken until 31 July 1972, which allowed Bermuda to align to a one-to-one exchange rate with that of the United States. The decision for Bermuda to peg its dollar to the U. S. dollar added convenience for the multitude of American tourists and businesses with whom Bermuda largely relied on. Since 1972, Bermuda law has required that local businesses charge prices in Bermudian dollars which, if paid in US dollars, only banks are legally allowed to exchange Bermudian dollars into U. S. dollars or other currencies, subject to a 1% Foreign Currency Purchase Tax. Prior to decimalisation and conversion to the dollar, the Government of Bermuda did not issue its own coins, other than the commemorative Bermuda crowns, in 1970, the Bermuda Monetary Authority introduced coinage with denominations of 1,5,10,25, and 50 cents. From its inception, the 1-cent coin was out of bronze until 1988
10.
Brunei dollar
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The Bruneian dollar, has been the currency of the Sultanate of Brunei since 1967. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively B$ to distinguish it from other dollar-dominated currencies and it is divided into 100 sen or cents. The Bruneian dollar is managed together with the Singapore dollar at a 1,1 ratio by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, early currency in Brunei included cowrie shells. Brunei is also famous for its bronze teapots, which were used as currency in trade along the coast of northern Borneo. Brunei issued tin coins denominated in pitis in AH1285 and these were followed by a one cent coin in AH1304. This cent was one hundredth of a Straits dollar, the Bruneian dollar replaced the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1967 after the formation of Malaysia and the independence of Singapore. Until 23 June 1973, the Malaysian ringgit was exchangeable at par with the Singapore dollar, the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Brunei Currency and Monetary Board (now the Authoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam still maintain the exchangeability of their two currencies. The dollar is accepted as customary tender in Singapore according to the Currency Interchangeability Agreement, coins were used in Brunei from the 10th century. The Straits dollar was used in Brunei from 1906. Due to the ties between China and Brunei, the first type of coins used in Brunei were Chinese coins. They were later known as ‘Kue’ when local ‘Pitis’ were introduced, the local ‘Pitis’ coins had ‘Sultanate of Brunei’ stamped in front of the coin and the royal umbrella was imprinted at the back. These were issued from the 16th to the 19th century, previous Islamic coins were also called the ‘Pitis’. Another type of coin that was used in Brunei were ‘Duit besi’, iron was considered valuable those days that it was used as money. 100 one-square inch pieces were valued at 1 dollar, the last coin to be issued before the introduction of the Straits Settlements currency was the ‘Duit Bintang’, otherwise known as the ‘Star coin’ or the Star Cent. It is called the Star coin because of the star imprinted on the obverse of the coin and it was minted in Birmingham, England, in 1887. With the introduction of the Straits Settlements currency, the previously used coins were taken out of circulation and they were, however still used with certain exchange rates. The Straits dollar was introduced in Brunei in 1906 and it was later replaced by the Malayan dollar which was introduced to British colonies and Brunei in 1939. It replaced the Straits dollar at par with a 1,1 exchange rate, the Malayan dollar was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency in Malaya
11.
Cook Islands dollar
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The dollar is the currency of the Cook Islands. The dollar is subdivided into 100 cents, although some 50 cent coins carry the denomination as 50 tene, until 1967, the New Zealand pound was used on the Cook Islands, when it was replaced by the New Zealand dollar. In 1972, coins were issued specifically for the Cook Islands, the Cook Islands dollar is pegged at par to the New Zealand dollar. The currency of New Zealand and the Cook Islands circulate concurrently within the country, coins have been struck on different occasions mainly by the Royal Australian Mint, the Franklin Mint, and the Perth Mint with the paper currency being printed by De La Rue. In 1972, bronze 1 and 2 cents, and cupro-nickel 5,10,20 and 50 cents, and 1-dollar coins were introduced. All were the size, weight, and composition as the corresponding New Zealand coins, however. Each coin depicted plants, animals, and items unique to the Cook Islands, in 1983, production of the 1 and 2-cent coins was ceased and the two coins were later demonetized. In 1987, a smaller, lighter scallop-edged $1 coin with a similar size and this coin was issued to replace its bulky predecessor. 2003 saw the reintroduction of a 1-cent coin, this time composed of aluminium rather than bronze and these were issued with five different reverses, each commemorating a few of the nations historical themes. A large, stainless steel 5 cent coin was issued in 2000 centred on FAO, the Cook Islands has a long reputation for frequent monetary oddities. It was one of the last countries to hold on to large crown-sized coins while elsewhere,1988 brought the redesign of the 50-cent piece, quite unique in becoming the first coin in the country to bear a denomination name. Although widely recognized as cents this coin depicts tene, the language equivalent to the English word cent. It also abandoned its 1 and 2-cent pieces almost 10 years before both New Zealand and Australia, only to bring the 1 cent back 20 years later. It also replaced $1 and $2 notes for two years before New Zealand did, even though the Cook Islands dollar is pegged to the NZD at par. Amidst minting $2 and $5 coins, it issued an oddball $3 note in between the dollar coins as part of the same series. With the reduction in size of the New Zealand 10,20 and 50-cent coins in 2006, however, $1, $2, and $5 pieces remained in use. As part of a reform, new coins were minted in 2015 by the Royal Australian Mint. The new coins carry similar designs to the ones with the 10,20, and 50 cents struck in nickel-plated steel, while the 1,2
12.
Fijian dollar
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The Fijian dollar has been the currency of Fiji since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Fiji followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account. The choice of the dollar was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit corresponded more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling. The dollar was reintroduced on 15 January 1969, replacing the Fijian pound at a rate of 1 pound =2 dollars, or 10 shillings = FJ$1. Despite Fiji having been a republic since 1987, coins and banknotes continued to feature Queen Elizabeth II until 2013, in 1969, coins were introduced in denominations of 1¢, 2¢, 5¢, 10¢ & 20¢, with a 50¢ coin issued in 1975. The coins had the same sizes and compositions as the corresponding Australian coins, in 1990, new compositions were introduced, with copper-plated zinc used for the 1¢ and 2¢ coins, and nickel-plated steel for the 5¢, 10¢, 20¢ & 50¢. An aluminium-bronze $1 coin was introduced in 1995, replacing the $1 note,2009 saw the introduction of a new smaller coinage from 5 to 50 cents. These were struck by the Royal Canadian Mint and are made with the three ply electroplate method, the 1 and 2 cents were also discontinued and withdrawn the same year. A thinner brass plated steel $1 dollar coin was introduced in 2010. In 2013 Fiji released a family of new coins, with fauna themes. This new series saw the introduction of a $2 coin, replacing the corresponding note just as the $1 coin had done before and this coin faced controversy due to being too easily mistaken as a $1, as it was only slightly larger of the same color. It was replaced by a larger and thicker Spanish flower shaped $2 coin in 2014, the metallic content of both the $1 and $2 was also changed in 2014 for better durability and resistance to wear after widespread complaints of the coins corroding and turning black. In 1867, the government treasury issued 1 dollar notes and these were followed by notes for $1, $5, $10, $25 and $50 issued between 1871 and 1873. Also between 1871 and 1873, King Seru Epenisa Cakobau issued notes in denominations of 12½¢, 25¢, 50¢, 100¢, levuka issued $1 and $5 notes during the 1870s. On 15 January 1969, the government introduced notes in denominations of 50 cents, $1, $2, $10, and $20, the $5 note was not issued until 1970. The Central Monetary Authority took over the issuance of money in 1974, issuing the same denominations. In 1986, the Reserve Bank of Fiji began issuing notes, the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1995
Suriname