1.
Trinny Woodall
–
Trinny Woodall is a British fashion and make-over advisor, designer, television presenter and author. After ten years working in marketing – Woodall met Susannah Constantine in 1994 and this led to the launch of their own internet fashion-advice business and the release of their first fashion-advice book. They were commissioned by the BBC to host What Not to Wear in 2001, the following year Woodall and Constantine released their second book, What Not to Wear, which gained them a British Book Award and sold over 670,000 copies. The pair co-wrote 11 fashion advice books, several of which became best-sellers in the United Kingdom and the United States, in 2003 they launched their shapewear range Trinny & Susannahs Original Magic Knickers, which are sold in 30 countries around the world. After becoming the faces of Littlewoods Direct, they released their own Littlewoods clothing range along with their 5th fashion advice book, The Body Shape Bible, in 2009, they launched their International Makeover Mission series. They have filmed over 20 series in nine countries including Norway, Sweden, Israel, Denmark, Australia, India, Netherlands, Poland and they have been viewed by over 30 million women in over 31 countries. In 2016, Woodall began regular appearances on ITVs This Morning show as their fashion style expert, Woodall is the youngest of six children, including three half-siblings from her fathers first marriage. Woodall and Susannah Constantine first collaborated in 1996 on Ready to Wear, the style guide highlighted affordable high-street fashion, with the pair using themselves to demonstrate clothing that suited different figures. Woodall assumed the role of stylist and made the business decisions. She and Constantine later became co-founders of Ready2shop. com, a fashion advice business. The business dissolved in July 2001, Woodalls first chance to work on television came about when Granada Sky Broadcasting signed her and Constantine to host a daytime shopping show, also called Ready to Wear. Soon after their debut, they were given a recurring makeover slot on Richard & Judy. This gained them crucial exposure and attention from Jane Root, controller of BBC Two, Woodall came to prominence as co-host and fashion advisor for five series of the BBC television series What Not to Wear. She and Constantine worked on the show from 2001 to 2005, what Not to Wear made Woodall a household name, and she and Constantine became jointly known as Trinny and Susannah. They became infamous for their straight-talking advice, the New York Times wrote Trinny Woodall, one of the upper-crusty and scathingly blunt hosts of What Not to Wear, a hugely popular fashion makeover show on the BBC, does not mince words. Woodall has been spoofed on many comedy-themed television shows, including Big Impression, on which impressionist Alistair McGowan took to spoofing her presenting techniques on What Not to Wear. In 2002, Woodall and Constantine won a Royal Television Society Award for their work on What Not to Wear, the show itself was nominated for the Features Award at the BAFTAS in both 2002 and 2003. The pair have given makeovers to various celebrities in What Not to Wear specials, including Jeremy Clarkson in 2002, after success with viewing figures on BBC Two, the show was promoted to the more mainstream BBC One in 2004
Trinny Woodall
–
Woodall (left) with
Susannah Constantine
Trinny Woodall
–
Woodall (left) and Constantine on Trinny & Susannah Undress
Trinny Woodall
–
Woodall in the Littlewoods advert
Trinny Woodall
–
Woodall (left) on What Not to Wear book cover (2002)
2.
Hammersmith
–
Hammersmith is a district in west London, located in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. It is bordered by Shepherds Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west and it is linked by Hammersmith Bridge to Barnes in the southwest. The area is one of west Londons key commercial and employment centres and it is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus station at Hammersmith Broadway. In the early 1660s, Hammersmiths first parish church, which later became St Pauls, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith and it contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there, the church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church. The Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, designed by William Tierney Clark, was built across the Thames in 1827, in 1984–1985 the bridge received structural support, and between 1997 and 2000 the bridge underwent major strengthening work. In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants, during the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, during both World Wars, Waring & Gillows furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture. Hammersmith is located at the confluence of a key arterial route out of central London with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the centre located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station. Stretching about 750m westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmiths main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a shopping centre, many small shops, the Town Hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Hammersmiths office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area. There are two NHS hospitals in Hammersmith - Charing Cross Hospital to the south on Fulham Palace Road, Charing Cross Hospital is a large multi-disciplinary hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine. The Ark office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine, Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield. 22 St Peters Square the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ converted to architects studios and it has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque and has been included in tours in Architecture Week. Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe, riverside Studios was formerly BBC studios used for TV productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street, Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre is just south of the gyratory
Hammersmith
–
Lyric Theatre
Hammersmith
–
Panorama of the Thames river at Hammersmith, April 2011.
Hammersmith
–
King Street
Hammersmith
–
The famous Dove public house - entrance in the alley that is the only surviving trace of the old Hammersmith Village. (September 2005)
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
5.
Fashion
–
Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
Fashion
–
In Following the Fashion (1794),
James Gillray caricatured a figure flattered by the short-
bodiced gowns then in fashion, contrasting it with an imitator whose figure is not flattered.
Fashion
–
Albrecht Dürer 's drawing contrasts a well turned out bourgeoise from
Nuremberg (left) with her counterpart from
Venice. The Venetian lady's high
chopines make her look taller.
Fashion
–
Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white
muslin dress called a chemise a la Reine, were highly influential and widely worn.
Fashion
–
For other uses, see
Fashion (disambiguation).
6.
Guru
–
Guru is a Sanskrit term that connotes someone who is a teacher, guide, expert, or master of certain knowledge or field. The term also refers to someone who primarily is ones spiritual guide, the oldest references to the concept of guru are found in the earliest Vedic texts of Hinduism. These gurus led broad ranges of studies including Hindu scriptures, Buddhist texts, grammar, philosophy, martial arts, music, the tradition of guru is also found in Jainism, referring to a spiritual preceptor, a role typically served by a Jain ascetic. In Sikhism, the tradition has played a key role since its founding in the 15th century, its founder is referred to as Guru Nanak. The guru concept has thrived in Vajrayāna Buddhism, where the guru is considered a figure to worship. The word guru, a noun, connotes teacher in Sanskrit, but in Indian traditions it has contextual meanings with significance beyond what teacher means in English. The word has the meaning in other languages derived from or borrowing words from Sanskrit, such as Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Bengali, Gujarati. The Malayalam term Acharyan or Asan are derived from the Sanskrit word Acharya, as a noun the word means the imparter of knowledge. The word has its roots in the Sanskrit gri, and may have a connection to the word gur, meaning to raise, lift up, Sanskrit guru is cognate with Latin gravis heavy, grave, weighty, serious and Greek βαρύς barus heavy. All three derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷerə-, specifically from the zero-grade form *gʷr̥ə-, another etymological theory considers the term guru to be based on the syllables gu and ru, which it claims stands for darkness and light that dispels it, respectively. The guru is seen as the one who dispels the darkness of ignorance, reender Kranenborg disagrees, stating that darkness and light have nothing to do with the word guru. He describes this as a folk etymology, karen Pechelis states that, in the popular parlance, the dispeller of darkness, one who points the way definition for guru is common in the Indian tradition. The Guru is an ancient and central figure in the traditions of Hinduism, at a social and religious level, the Guru helps continue the religion and Hindu way of life. Guru thus has a historic, reverential and an important role in the Hindu culture, the word Guru is mentioned in the earliest layer of Vedic texts. The hymn 4.5.6 of Rigveda, for example, states Joel Mlecko, describes the guru as, the source and inspirer of the knowledge of the Self, the Upanishads, that is the later layers of the Vedic text, mention guru. Chandogya Upanishad, in chapter 4.4 for example, declares that it is only through guru that one attains the knowledge that matters, the Katha Upanisad, in verse 1.2.8 declares the guru as indispensable to the acquisition of knowledge. In the Taittiriya Upanishad, the guru then urges a student, states Mlecko, to struggle, discover and experience the Truth, the 8th century Hindu text Upadesasahasri of the Advaita Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara discusses the role of the guru in assessing and guiding students. In Chapter 1, he states that teacher is the pilot as the student walks in the journey of knowledge and he should also thoroughly impress upon the student qualities like humility, which are the means to knowledge
Guru
–
Adi Shankara with Disciples, by
Raja Ravi Varma (1904)
Guru
–
Kacha meets the
Asura Guru Shukracharya with firewood, to begin his studies, in
Mahabharata.
7.
Television presenter
–
A presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programs. Some presenters may double as an actor, model, singer, others may be subject matter experts, such as scientists or politicians, serving as presenters for a programme about their field of expertise. Some are celebrities who have made their name in one area, another example would be American stand-up comedian Joe Rogan, who is a commentator and post-fight interviewer in UFC. The term is used in other countries including Ireland, Australia. In the US, such a person is called a host
Television presenter
–
Chris Tarrant is a British radio and television presenter.
8.
Author
–
An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
Author
–
J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author
Author
–
A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the
Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
Author
–
Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.
Author
–
Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to
T.S. Eliot 's "
The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.
9.
What Not to Wear (UK)
–
What Not to Wear is a BAFTA Award-nominated makeover reality television show launched by the BBC in 2001. It was presented by Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine for five series, after they left, the BBC produced two more series presented by Lisa Butcher and Mica Paris. What Not to Wear originated on BBC Two in 2001, hosted by fashion gurus Trinny Woodall, the first ever episode was broadcast on 29 November 2001. In 2002 during the second series, Jeremy Clarkson and Lesley Joseph appeared in a special episode. After Clarkson appeared on the show, he commented Id rather eat my own hair than shop with these two again, during the process of choosing which celebrity to give a makeover, Constantine and Woodall compiled a list of who they thought were the worst dressed celebrities. Also in 2002, Constantine and Woodall won a Royal Television Society Award, the show was also nominated for the Features Award at the BAFTAS in both 2002 and 2003 but was beaten both times. By the end of three, viewing figures had reached a respectable 2.8 million on BBC Two. Following a ratings success, What Not to Wear was promoted to BBC One in 2004 to air its fourth series, the format was changed slightly, where a 30-minute show with one makeover was replaced by a 60-minute show featuring two makeovers. The series that aired for the first time on BBC One began on 29 September 2004, for a Christmas special aired on 22 December 2004, Trisha Goddard was madeover by Constantine and Woodall, where the episode generated 7.42 million viewers. Other What Not to Wear specials saw them giving David Baddiel, Tarrant, however, did not wear what Constantine and Woodall had selected, and changed her dress in the back of the taxi whilst driving to the award ceremony. The fifth series began on 19 October 2005, where viewing figures remained strong. On 16 November and 23,2005 ratings reached 4.91 million, in 2005, Britney Spears revealed that she was a fan of the show when she commented The girls are so dramatic in the makeovers, you just get caught up in it. The new series hosted by Butcher and Paris managed to reach viewing figures of 4.26 million on 19 October 2006, the seventh series, which consisted of eight episodes, was aired on BBC One starting in August 2007. The first episode claimed 3.1 million viewers, about 1 million less than the first episode of the last series, the UK version of What Not to Wear has been broadcast around the world on BBC Entertainment. It is also repeated on Really in the United Kingdom, Constantine and Woodall were also frequent guest fashion and makeover experts on The Oprah Winfrey Show in America. An American version aired on TLC from 18 January 2003 to 18 October 2013 that was hosted by Stacy London and Wayne Scot Lukas. The British version of What Not to Wear has been broadcast around the world, hosted by Enzo Miccio and Carla Gozzi, is broadcast on Real Time. There is also local version in Russia which is called Snimite eto nemedlenno that broadcasts on STS, the subject has their current fashion sense evaluated
What Not to Wear (UK)
–
Woodall and Constantine book.
What Not to Wear (UK)
–
What Not to Wear
10.
Fashion journalism
–
Fashion journalism involves all aspects of published fashion media, including fashion writers, fashion critics, and fashion reporters. This can be fashion features in magazines and newspapers, and may also include books about fashion, fashion related reports on television and online magazines, websites. The work of a fashion journalist can be quite varied, typical work includes writing or editing articles, or helping to formulate and style a fashion shoot. Fashion journalists are either employed full-time by a publication or are employed on a freelance basis, a fashion website named Fashion Net was started in 1995. It was soon followed by American Fashion Mall and French ELLE, Fashion Live produced Internets first live fashion webcast of Yves Saint Laurents runway show in 1996. CNN Style and Hint Magazine arrived in 1998, the following year saw the rise and fall of Boo. com as the company burned through $135 million in 18 months. Style. com, the umbrella for Vogue and W. Style. com is not a journalistic website but a resource to show the collections of selected fashion shows each season. Following a tiff in 2007, W left Style. com making it the home for Vogue alone. In late 2000, Beauty Flow magazine flourished with exclusive content for editorials, portraits, and reports. The work of a fashion journalist has been depicted in such as The Devil Wears Prada, Confessions of a Shopaholic. Fashion journalism is only now becoming a subject of academic interest, with the rise of social media, cross-platform content production, and democratization of fashion around the world - interest in the study of fashion journalism is rising quickly. Robin Givhan is the fashion journalist to win The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. Fashion editor List of fashion magazines
Fashion journalism
–
Journalism
11.
Fashion designer
–
Fashion design is the art of application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has varied over time, Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace. Because of the required to bring a garment onto the market. Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing and they consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a range and combinations of materials to work with. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a range of conventional styles. Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring, today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear are called ready to wear. Fashion designers may work full-time for one house, as in-house designers. They may work alone or as part of a team, freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyers label, some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients, other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-end fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends, most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of mens, womens, and childrens fashions for the mass market. Fashion designers work in different ways, some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. Finally, a garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit. Fashion design is considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, worths success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him, while all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 is considered as fashion design. It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments, the images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom
Fashion designer
–
Models posing during a fashion show in 2009
Fashion designer
–
A
catwalk (or fashion runway) is the popular place for showcasing fashion design, especially at
fashion shows. Catwalk at
Berlin Fashion Week for
Michalsky's StyleNite.
Fashion designer
–
The
Chéruit salon on
Place Vendôme in Paris, 1910
Fashion designer
–
Fashion house poster from Budapest
12.
David, Viscount Linley
–
At the age of five, Snowdon started lessons in the Buckingham Palace schoolroom with his cousin Prince Andrew. From 1980 to 1982 he studied at Parnham House in the town of Beaminster in Dorset. He has written books and lectured around the world. His work is sold in stores in Belgravia, Harrods. On 1 December 2006, Snowdon took up the post of chairman of Christies UK, having joined the board in 2005 as a non-executive director. On 8 April 2002, Snowdon, along with the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York and this was a mark of respect unofficially known as the Vigil of the Princes, which had taken place only once before, during the lying-in-state of King George V in 1936. Snowdon had romances with Susannah Constantine, Kate Menzies and Nicola Formby, on 8 October 1993 he married the Hon. Serena Stanhope, a daughter of Viscount Petersham at St. Margarets Church, Westminster. Lord Snowdon also has a half-brother, Jasper Cable-Alexander, son of his father and Melanie Cable-Alexander, from 2000 until 2002, Snowdon, his wife and son lived at Kensington Palace with his mother, Princess Margaret, in her declining years. In 2011, Snowdons daughter, Margarita Armstrong-Jones, was a bridesmaid at the wedding of the Duke of Cambridge. The Snowdons have three homes, a flat in Chelsea, London, a cottage on the Daylesford estate in Gloucestershire, and the Chateau dAutet in the Luberon, Provence. His father, Anthony Armstrong-Jones, the 1st Earl of Snowdon, died on 13 January 2017 and he assumed the title, thus becoming the 2nd Earl of Snowdon. Snowdon is the son of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, and the 1st Earl of Snowdon, thus he is the nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, and a grandson of George VI
David, Viscount Linley
–
Viscount Linley
13.
Giorgio Armani
–
Giorgio Armani is an Italian fashion designer, particularly noted for his menswear. He is known today for his clean, tailored lines and he is credited with pioneering red-carpet fashion. Whilst at secondary school at the Liceo Scientifico Respighi in Piacenza, Armani aspired to a career in medicine and he enrolled in the Department of Medicine at the University of Milan, but after three years, in 1953, he left and joined the army. Due to his background, he was assigned to the Military Hospital in Verona. He eventually decided to look for a different career path, after his stint in the armed forces, Armani found a job as a window dresser at La Rinascente, a department store in Milan in 1957. He went on to become a seller for the menswear department, in the mid-1960s, Armani moved to the Nino Cerruti company, for which he designed menswear. His skills were in demand, and for the decade, while continuing to work for Cerutti, Armani also freelanced. In the late 1960s, Armani met Sergio Galeotti, an architectural draftsman, in 1973, Galeotti persuaded him to open a design office in Milan, at 37 Corso Venezia. The international press was quick to acknowledge Armanis importance following the shows at the Sala Bianca in the Pitti Palace in Florence. The experience provided Armani with an opportunity to develop his own style in new ways. He was now ready to devote his energy to his own label, in October of that same year, he presented his first collection of mens ready-to-wear for Spring and Summer 1976 under his own name. He also produced a line for the same season. In 1979, after founding the Giorgio Armani Corporation, Armani began producing for the United States, the label became one of the leading names in international fashion with the introduction of several new product lines, including G. A. Le Collezioni, Giorgio Armani Underwear and Swimwear, and Giorgio Armani Accessories, a new store was opened in Milan for the Emporio line, followed by the first Giorgio Armani boutique. Armanis concern for the end user culminated in the development of a more youthful product with the level of stylistic quality as his high-end line. Because of the nature of the Emporio line, Armani felt that he had to make use of new. These included television spots and enormous street ads, together with a magazine that was sent out by mail to consumers. Armani also felt that a relationship with the cinema was essential and he designed the costumes for American Gigolo, the success of which led to a long-term collaboration with the world of film
Giorgio Armani
–
Giorgio Armani at the Red day Party in
GUM,
Moscow
Giorgio Armani
–
This article is about the fashion designer. For his company, see
Armani.
14.
John Galliano
–
John Charles Galliano CBE, RDI is a Gibraltar-born British fashion designer who was the head designer of French fashion companies Givenchy, Christian Dior, and his own label John Galliano. At present, Galliano is the director of Paris-based fashion house Maison Margiela. Galliano has been named British Designer of the Year four times, in a 2004 poll for the BBC, he was named the fifth most influential person in British culture. He was born in Gibraltar to a Gibraltarian father, Juan Galliano, and a Spanish mother, Anita and his family moved to England in pursuit of work when Galliano was six, and settled in Streatham, South London, before moving to Dulwich and later to Brockley. He was raised in a strict Roman Catholic family, Galliano, who was shy and diffident, often spoke of his struggle to fit in. Recalling his early days, he admitted, I dont think people here understood where I was coming from. His mother, a teacher, would dress him in his smartest outfit even for a trip to the local shops. His attire, combined with his creative sensibilities, caused him frequent persecution at the London boys grammar school he attended and his first collection was inspired by the French Revolution and entitled Les Incroyables. The collection received positive reviews and was bought in its entirety for resale in the London fashion boutique Browns, Galliano then started his own fashion label alongside long-term collaborators Amanda Harlech, at that time stylist with Harpers and Queen, and Stephen Jones, a milliner. On the back of this success, Galliano rented studio space in London, moreover, he would take his enjoyment of Londons nightlife to extremes. Galliano secured the backing of Paris-based Moroccan designer Faycal Amor who invited him to set up his base in Paris at the Plein Sud headquarters and his first show was in 1989 as part of Paris Fashion Week. Media fashion celebrity Susannah Constantine has worked for Galliano, and he has aided the future success of other designers including shoe designer Patrick Cox. In 1991, he collaborated with Kylie Minogue, designing the costumes for her Lets Get to It Tour, in 1993, Gallianos financial agreement with Amor ended and he did not have a showing in October, missing the season. It was through this partnership that Galliano received the financial backing and this collection was important in the development of Galliano as a fashion house, and is regarded as a fashion moment in high fashion circles. In July 1995, he was appointed as the designer of Givenchy by Bernard Arnault, owner of luxury goods conglomerate LVMH, on 21 January 1996, Galliano presented his first couture show at the helm of Givenchy at the Stade de France. The collection received high praise within the fashion media, some of Gallianos designs for Givenchy were licensed to Vogue Patterns. He was later replaced by Alexander McQueen, in October 1996, LVMH moved Galliano to Christian Dior, replacing Italian designer Gianfranco Ferré. At Dior, Galliano received critical acclaim for his Haute Couture, in 2010, Galliano identified his love of theatre and femininity as central to his creations, he said my role is to seduce, and credited Standard Oil heiress Millicent Rogers as an influence
John Galliano
–
John Galliano ensemble.
Dress of the Year for 1987
John Galliano
–
Galliano ballgowns designed for Dior as exhibited in Moscow, 2011
John Galliano
–
Galliano dior newspaper dress at the ROM. Donated by Kara Alloway.
15.
BBC Two
–
BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
BBC Two
–
A former ident from the 1991-2001 set. Several idents from the set were reinstated in July 2014.
BBC Two
–
BBC Two logo
BBC Two
–
The figure '2' became a character in 2001
BBC Two
–
The latest idents featuring the '2' to become the 'Window on the World' in 2007. They have since been phased out.
16.
The Oprah Winfrey Show
–
The Oprah Winfrey Show, often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8,1986 to May 25,2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Produced and hosted by its namesake, Oprah Winfrey, it remains the highest-rated talk show in American television history, the show has been highly influential, and many of its topics have penetrated into the American pop-cultural consciousness. Winfrey has used the show as a platform, featuring book clubs, interviews, self-improvement segments. Oprah is one of the daytime television tabloid talk shows in history. The show received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000, in 2002, TV Guide ranked it at #49 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, they ranked it as the 19th greatest TV show of all time, the show has its roots in A. M. Chicago, a morning talk show airing on WLS-TV, an ABC owned-and-operated station in Chicago. Winfrey took over as host on January 2,1984 and, within a month, for the premiere, the shows producers tried rigorously to book Miami Vices Don Johnson as the first guest, even trying to bribe him with Dom Pérignon and a pair of rhinestone sunglasses. All attempts to book Johnson failed and Winfrey decided to do what we do best, the topic for the premiere show was How to Marry the Man or Woman of Your Choice. Early in the 12th season of The Oprah Winfrey Show, Winfrey confessed she was exhausted and considered quitting. However, while making the 1998 movie Beloved, Winfrey then admitted that it brought her back to her responsibility as a black woman with a great deal of power. She realized that being in such a position within the media industry, Winfrey was once again inspired to continue to help people take better control of their destinies, hence her slogan, Live Your Best Life. In the midst of doing Beloved, in a 2008 interview with Larry King, Winfrey announced that in 2011, although there would be a full season of her shows in that year, she would not renew her contract, thus ending the show. Winfrey interviewed a plethora of public figures and everyday people during the shows 25-year history, Winfrey claims her worst interviewing experience was with Elizabeth Taylor in the shows second season. Just before the interview, Taylor asked Winfrey not to ask any questions about her relationships, Winfrey found this to be a challenge considering Taylor had been married seven times. Taylor returned to the show in 1992, apologized to Winfrey and told her that she was in excruciating back, on February 10,1993, Winfrey sat down with Michael Jackson for what would become the most-watched interview in television history. Jackson, a private entertainer, had not given an interview in 14 years. The event was broadcast live from Jacksons Neverland Ranch and was watched by 90 million people worldwide, Jackson discussed missing out on a normal childhood and his strained relationship with his father, Joe Jackson
The Oprah Winfrey Show
–
Winfrey on the first national broadcast of The Oprah Winfrey Show
The Oprah Winfrey Show
–
The Oprah Winfrey Show
The Oprah Winfrey Show
–
Tom Cruise jumps on the couch during the taping of an interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show.
The Oprah Winfrey Show
–
Two hundred men who were molested stand together during a 2010 episode
17.
Undress the Nation
–
Trinny & Susannah Undress the Nation is a British reality fashion-themed television documentary series on ITV featuring fashion advisors Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine. The newly formatted series, stemming from Trinny & Susannah Undress. began to air on ITV on 7 November 2007, numerous eye-catching stunts were filmed for the first series of the show in order to emphasise the points raised by Trinny and Susannah. One stunt included Susannah Constantine being transformed into a 70-year-old to look at how people dress for their age, breasts, bras and uniforms were also some of the themes investigated during the first series. The first series of Trinny and Susannah Undress the Nation, which consisted of five episodes, the first episode gained high viewing figures of 5.35 million, becoming the most-watched programme in its timeslot. The first episode, which featured breasts and bras, prompted numerous complaints to ITV when scenes of women were broadcast before the 9pm watershed. An ITV spokesman commented The context of this programme fully justified the use of footage of women topless, the presenters were pursuing a serious subject in an engaging and entertaining way. The new show aims to tackle some of the main problems in Britain. Somerfields bosses later decided not to use the newly styled uniform after it had been deemed too impractical, the themes covered during the first series included breasts and bras, men, shape, age and uniforms. Constantine stated it is putting a microscope on certain areas that affect us all, the scene filmed for Undress The Nation on 2 July 2007 generated some controversy. The culmination of the programme involved Trinny, Susannah and 100 women giving the East Sussex chalk figure, the Long Man of Wilmington, the women created the effect by lying down in white boiler suits to make different shapes. The hillside chalk carving was not permanently changed or affected, however the scene prompted twenty-two Neo-Pagans to protest at the historical site during filming. The Long Man is claimed as sacred by the Council of British Druid Orders, a statement made by ITV stated that they were given permission for the event by Sussex Archaeological Society and that they took the utmost care. The owners, Sussex Archaeological Society, later apologised for any offence caused to any individuals or groups by the filming, an e-petition demanding that the broadcast be stopped attracted 782 signatures. Trinny and Susannah aim to investigate why many British women wear the wrong size bra and aim to promote wearing the correct size bra, and emphasize the benefits. The fashion duo take their pink box around the country in which women reveal their bra fittings for Trinny. They have stated that the box provided an intimate environment in which women could feel safe. In order to investigate how breasts are measured, the two go to three leading high-street stores to have their own breasts measured incognito, so as not to get any special treatment. They both leave each store having been three different breast measurements, implying that women are disillusioned when choosing which size bra
Undress the Nation
–
Trinny & Susannah Undress the Nation
18.
Littlewoods Shop Direct Group
–
Shop Direct Group is a multi-brand online retailer in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is based in the Speke area of the city of Liverpool, in Merseyside and its traditional paper-based and phone-in orders system has been superseded by electronic commerce technology. The group is now amongst the largest online retailers in the UK, with sales of £1. 7bn, of which 81% are online. The groups main brands are Very. co. uk and Littlewoods. com, in 2009, Shop Direct also acquired the brand name of the failed Woolworths and re-established it as an online-only operation. Other businesses from this time now part of Shop Direct include K&Co, the success of the catalogue shopping business led to the opening of a Littlewoods high street department store in Blackpool in 1937. In October 2001, Littlewoods became the owner of Swan electronics, in November 2002, the Moores family sold Littlewoods to the Barclay brothers for £750 million. Littlewoods also owned the Index chain of stores, the home shopping/catalogues business of Argos and Homebase owner, GUS plc, ARG Equation was de-merged and bought by the Barclay brothers in 2003, where it became Shop Direct. In July 2005, Associated British Foods purchased the 120-branch Littlewoods retail chain on behalf of its retail subsidiary Primark for £409 million, some of the stores were converted into branches of Primark, and the remainder were sold on to other retailers. The Littlewoods name disappeared from the British high street in March 2006, the merger was in reality effected in early 2004 when work started on a business optimisation programme, consolidating various business functions. Following the merger, Littlewoods Shop Direct Group moved its headquarters from Manchester city centre to Skyways House in Speke, not just from an operational point of view, but also two different business cultures. In May 2008, Littlewoods Shop Direct Group announced it would change its brand name to Shop Direct Group. In July 2008, Shop Direct completed its purchase of the Empire Stores brand name, the takeover of the Woolworths brand by Shop Direct was announced on 2 February 2009, and the new online retailer began trading on 25 June that year. It was confirmed in late 2009 that it was on track to achieve 70% of its sales via the internet by 2011, by the end of the 2012/13 financial year, this figure had reached 78%. Shop Direct operates a variety of brands, consisting of the former Littlewoods brands. Some of those brands subsequently changed name and now include Very. co. uk, isme, Woolworths. co. uk, KandCo. com have all been merged into very. co. uk. All of the brands retail clothing and footwear, electricals, home and furniture, gifts and beauty, outdoor and seasonal. Musician and presenter Myleene Klass is currently the face of Littlewoods. com and she has designed a range for the brand since July 2012 and has gone on to become the fastest selling celebrity designer that the brand has ever worked with. As well as its celebrity brands, Shop Direct also has a stable of own-brand fashion labels
Littlewoods Shop Direct Group
–
A former Littlewoods branch in
Chesterfield,
Derbyshire
Littlewoods Shop Direct Group
–
Shop Direct Group
Littlewoods Shop Direct Group
–
Shaw National Distribution Centre is Shop Direct Group's premier warehousing and returns centre; the base of mail order logistics.
19.
South Kensington
–
South Kensington is an affluent district of West London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. It is a built-up area 2.4 miles west- south-west of Charing Cross and it is hard to define boundaries for South Kensington, but a common definition is the commercial area around the South Kensington tube station and the adjacent garden squares and streets. Although the postcode SW7 mainly covers South Kensington, some parts of Knightsbridge are also covered, neighbouring the equally affluent centres of Knightsbridge, Chelsea and Kensington, South Kensington covers some of the most exclusive real estate in the world. It is home to numbers of French expatriates, but also Spanish, Italian, American. There are several French bookshops and cafes in the area and is sometimes referred to as Paris’s 21st arrondissement. Two London Underground stations are located in South Kensington, South Kensington, the area was largely undeveloped until the mid-19th century, being an agricultural area supplying London with fruit and vegetables. The area is the subject of Donovans song Sunny South Kensington, Kensington, California was given that name in 1911 by Robert Brousefield, an American surveyor who at an ealier time lived in the British South Kensington. Notable residents have included, Sir Henry Cole, campaigner, educator and first director of the South Kensington Museum, charles Booth, pioneer of social research, lived at 6 Grenville Place. George Wallis, FSA, artist, museum curator and art educator and his children, including Whitworth Wallis and Rosa Wallis. Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, actor-manager, lived at 31 Rosary Gardens. Sir J M Barrie, playwright and novelist, author of Peter Pan, virginia Woolf, writer, and her sister Vanessa Bell, painter and interior designer, lived at 22 Hyde Park Gate until 1904. Francis Bacon, Irish-born British artist, lived at 17 Queensberry Mews and 7 Reese Mews, benny Hill, comedian, lived at 1 &2 Queens Gate. Nicholas Freeman, OBE, controversial Leader of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, lived in Harrington Gardens, dennis Gabor, electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography,1971 Nobel Prize in Physics. Peter Finch, English-born distinguished Australian actor, won 5 BAFTA acting awards and he was the first person to win a posthumous Academy Award in an acting category
South Kensington
–
Imperial College, South Kensington, London
South Kensington
–
The
Natural History Museum
South Kensington
–
The Queen's Tower,
Imperial College
20.
Wantage
–
Wantage is a market town and civil parish in the Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England. The town is on Letcombe Brook, about 8 miles south-west of Abingdon,10 miles west of Didcot,15 miles south-west of Oxford and 14 miles north north-west of Newbury, historically part of Berkshire, it is notable as the birthplace of King Alfred the Great in 849. Wantage was a small Roman settlement but the origin of the toponym is somewhat uncertain and it is generally thought to be from an Old English phrase meaning decreasing river. King Alfred the Great was born at the palace there in the 9th century. Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 and its value was £61 and it was in the kings ownership until Richard I passed it to the Earl of Albemarle in 1190. Weekly trading rights were first granted to the town by Henry III in 1246 Markets are now held twice weekly on Wednesdays and Saturdays, royalist troops were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War. In the 19th century, Lord Wantage became a local and national benefactor. He was very involved in founding the British Red Cross Society, in 1877 he paid for a marble statue of King Alfred by Count Gleichen to be erected in Wantage market place, where it still stands today. He also donated the Victoria Cross Gallery to the town and this contained paintings by Louis William Desanges depicting deeds which led to the award of a number of VCs, including his own gained during the Crimean War. It is now a shopping arcade, since 1848, Wantage has been home to the Community of Saint Mary the Virgin, one of the largest communities of Anglican nuns in the world. Wantage once had two breweries which were taken over by Morlands of Abingdon, in 1988 the town was thrust into the headlines after a Brass Tacks programme entitled Shire Wars exposed the drunken violence that plagued the town and surrounding villages at that time. Wantage has a council consisting of 16 councillors,11 of whom are Conservatives with the remaining five councillors being made up of four Liberal Democrats. It is also part of the district of the Vale of White Horse, until 1974, Wantage had two local government councils, Wantage Rural District, which had its headquarters in Belmont, Wantage and Wantage Urban District, which had its headquarters in Portway. These bodies were abolished as part of the Local Government Act 1972 and became part of the Vale of White Horse District Council. The Wantage constituency is represented by Conservative MP Ed Vaizey. Vaizey was first elected in the 2005 general election and was re-elected again in 2010 and 2015, the nearby towns of Didcot, Faringdon and Wallingford are also part of the Wantage constituency. At the time of the 2010 general election, the Wantage constituency had an electorate of 80,456. Wantage is at the foot of the Berkshire Downs escarpment in the Vale of the White Horse, there are gallops at Black Bushes and nearby villages with racing stables at East Hendred, Letcombe Bassett, Lockinge and Uffington
Wantage
–
Wantage Market Place and
statue of King Alfred the Great
Wantage
–
Saints Peter and Paul parish church
Wantage
–
Former head office of Wantage Urban District Council in Portway
Wantage
–
The former head office of the Wantage Tramway Company
21.
Oxfordshire
–
Oxfordshire is a county in South East England bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. The county has major education and tourist industries and is noted for the concentration of performance companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms, the main centre of population is the city of Oxford. The highest point is White Horse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, oxfordshires county flower is the Snakes-head Fritillary. Historically the area has always had some importance, since it contains valuable agricultural land in the centre of the county, largely ignored by the Romans, it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the eighth century that the area grew in importance. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, Vale of White Horse, the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, though its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford grew in importance during the Middle Ages, the area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The importance of agriculture as an employer has declined rapidly in the 20th century though, nonetheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller. The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was part of Oxfordshire as was the parish of Stokenchurch. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Oxfordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a form, these are mostly in South Oxfordshire. The county has two universities, the ancient University of Oxford and the modern Oxford Brookes University, both located in Oxford, in addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey. The dreaming spires of the buildings of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for Oxford being the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom for international visitors. Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, Blenheim Palace close to Woodstock was built by the great architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener Capability Brown, in the palace, which can also be visited by the public, Sir Winston Churchill was born in 1874
Oxfordshire
–
Oxfordshire County Council http://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk
Oxfordshire
–
Flag
Oxfordshire
–
Brasenose Lane in Oxford city centre, a street onto which three colleges back.
Oxfordshire
–
The University of Oxford's Chemistry Research Laboratory.
22.
Montessori
–
Montessori education is an educational approach developed by Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori. Montessori developed many of her ideas while working with mentally challenged children and her first school, La casa dei bambini, was opened to working class children in the slum neighborhood of San Lorenzo in Rome. Her approach was characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a natural psychological, physical. In 1907, she opened her first classroom, the Casa dei Bambini, or Childrens House, from the beginning, Montessori based her work on her observations of children and experimentation with the environment, materials, and lessons available to them. She frequently referred to her work as scientific pedagogy, in 1901, Maria Montessori met Alice and Leopold Franchetti of Città di Castello. They found many matching points between their work, Maria Montessori was invited to hold her first course for teachers and to set up a Casa dei Bambini at Villa Montesca, the home of the Franchettis in Città di Castello. Maria Montessori decided to move to Città di Castello where she lived for 2 years, in that period, she published her book in Città di Castello, as mentioned before. Alice Franchetti died in 1911 at 37, Montessori education spread to the United States in 1931 and became widely known in educational and popular publications. Montessori education returned to the United States in 1960 and has spread to thousands of schools there. She wrote and lectured about ages 12 to 18 and beyond, Montessori education also spread to India when Maria Montessori spent time there during World War II. Montessori education is fundamentally a model of development, and an educational approach based on that model. The model has two basic principles, first, children and developing adults engage in psychological self-construction by means of interaction with their environments. Second, children, especially under the age of six, have a path of psychological development. Montessori saw universal, innate characteristics in human psychology which her son, the function of the environment is to help and allow the child to develop independence in all areas according to his or her inner psychological directives. She saw different characteristics, learning modes, and developmental imperatives active in each of these planes, the first plane extends from birth to around six years of age. During this period, Montessori observed that the child undergoes striking physical and psychological development, the first-plane child is seen as a concrete, sensorial explorer and learner engaged in the developmental work of psychological self-construction and building functional independence. Montessori introduced several concepts to explain this work, including the absorbent mind, sensitive periods and she believed that this is a power unique to the first plane, and that it fades as the child approached age six. Montessori also observed and discovered periods of special sensitivity to particular stimuli during this time which she called the sensitive periods, in Montessori education, the classroom environment responds to these periods by making appropriate materials and activities available while the periods are active in each individual young child
Montessori
–
Children working on the phonogram moveable alphabet
Montessori
–
The
Edward Harden Mansion in
Sleepy Hollow, NY, listed on the
National Register of Historic Places as the site of the first American Montessori school in 1911
Montessori
–
A Montessori classroom in
Indiana.
Montessori
–
White Pine Montessori School in
Moscow, Idaho, US
23.
Brussels
–
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
Brussels
–
A
collage with several views of Brussels, Top: View of the
Northern Quarter business district, 2nd left: Floral carpet event in the
Grand Place, 2nd right:
Brussels City Hall and
Mont des Arts area, 3rd:
Cinquantenaire Park, 4th left:
Manneken Pis, 4th middle:
St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, 4th right:
Congress Column, Bottom:
Royal Palace of Brussels
Brussels
–
Charles of Lorraine founded what would become Brussels c. 979
Brussels
–
Grand Place after
the 1695 bombardment by the French army
Brussels
–
Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830,
Wappers (1834)
24.
Harrods
–
Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar, the store occupies a 5-acre site and has 330 departments covering one million square feet of retail space. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for all things for all people, several of its departments, including the seasonal Christmas department and the food halls, are well known. In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark and he ran this business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until 1831 at least. During 1825, the business was listed as Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail and his first grocery business appears to be as ‘Harrod & Co. Grocers’ at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E. C.1. in 1832. In 1834 in Londons East End, he established a grocery in Stepney, at 4, Cable Street. Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1880. However, the stores booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, remarkably, in view of this calamity, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family, a chance meeting in London with businessman, Edgar Cohen, eventually led to Charles Harrod selling his interest in the store for £120,000 via a stock market floatation in 1889. The new company was called Harrod’s Stores Limited, sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891 and he raised funding for many of the expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeed in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their ordeal. The department store was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985, following denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, but I put two fingers up to them. This is not Marks and Spencer or Sainsburys and it is a special place that gives people pleasure. A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said in reaching the decision to retire, wished to ensure that the legacy, Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion, half of the sale will be used to pay bank debts of £625 million. Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said Im here every day, I cant take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right, I run a business and I need to take the trustees permission to take my profit
Harrods
–
Fashion plate of 1909 shows wealthy Londoners walking in front of Harrods
Harrods
–
Harrods Ltd.
Harrods
–
The Harrods building frontage
Harrods
–
The Harrods building frontage at night
25.
Shoplifting
–
Shoplifting is a popular term used for the unnoticed theft of goods from an open retail establishment. Shoplifting typically involves a person concealing a store item on their person, in pockets or under clothes, with clothing, shoplifters may put on items from the store and leave the store wearing the clothes. The terms shoplifting and shoplifter are not usually defined in law, the crime of shoplifting generally falls under the legal classification of larceny. Shoplifting is distinct from burglary, robbery or armed robbery, shoplifters range from amateurs acting on impulse to career criminals who habitually engage in shoplifting as a form of income. Career criminals may use several individuals to shoplift, with some participants distracting store employees while another participant steals items, amateurs typically steal products for personal use, while career criminals generally steal items to resell them in the underground economy. Other forms of shoplifting include swapping price labels of different items, commonly shoplifted items are those with a high price in proportion to their size, such as disposable razor blades, vitamins, alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. Retailers have reported that 0. 6% of their inventory is lost to shoplifting, some stores have security guards at the exit, who search backpacks and bags and check receipts. Stores also combat shoplifting by training employees how to detect potential shoplifters, Shoplifting is the act of knowingly taking goods from an establishment in which they are displayed for sale, without paying for them. Shoplifting usually involves concealing items on the person or an accomplice, however, shoplifting can also include price switching, refund fraud, wardrobing and grazing. Price switching is now an almost extinct form of shoplifting for two reasons, the labels will split apart if you try to remove them, and virtually all retail cashiers now scan items at the register, rather than relying on price stickers. Retailers report that shoplifting has a significant effect on their bottom line, in several countries, criminal flash mobs primarily of teenagers and young adults enter stores with the intention of stealing merchandise by distracting staff. However, there are people and groups who make their living from shoplifting, generally, criminal theft involves taking possession of property illegally. In self-service shops, customers are allowed by the property owner to take possession of the property by holding or moving it. This leaves areas of ambiguity that could criminalize some people for simple mistakes, for this reason penalties for shoplifting are often lower than those for general theft. Few jurisdictions have specific shoplifting legislation with which to differentiate it from other forms of theft, most retailers are aware of the serious consequences of making a false arrest, and will only attempt to apprehend a person if their guilt is beyond a reasonable doubt. Depending on local laws, arrests made by other than law enforcement officers may also be illegal. The first documented shoplifting started to place in 16th-century London. By the early 19th century, shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity, in the 1960s, shoplifting began to be redefined again, this time as a political act
Shoplifting
–
Notice warning shoplifters of prosecution in
Subang Parade, Malaysia.
26.
Horse
–
H. O. R. S. E. is a form of poker commonly played at the high-stakes tables of casinos. It consists of rounds of cycling among, Texas Hold em, Omaha hi-low split-eight or better, Razz, Seven card Stud. H. O. R. S. E. is a limit game, however, in some tournament situations, the final table is no-limit hold em. C. H. O. R. S. E adds Chowaha or Crazy Pineapple to the mix and this is convenient at such team events as BARGE, when it helps to have as many flop games as stud games. T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. is another 8-Game Mix which includes more games than most other mixed poker games, pokerStars started offering this game in 2008. It consists of limit 2-7 Triple Draw, limit Texas hold em, limit Omaha Hi-Lo, limit Razz, limit Seven-card Stud, limit Seven card Stud Hi-Lo, no limit Texas hold em and pot limit Omaha. 10-Game, the latest variation on the poker games, overtook T. H. O. R. S. E. H. A. in the extent of its game inclusion. Full Tilt Poker also offers the 9-Game, which includes all poker variants from the 10-Game with the exception of Badugi, a 12 Game Mix has also been proposed as a variation and as an extension to the 10-Game mix. A13 Game Mix can also be constructed by adding No Limit Holdem to the games of the 12 Game Mix, made its debut at the World Series of Poker in 2002 with a $2,000 buy-in. John Hennigan won the event, earning $117,320, tournament made its debut at the 2006 World Series of Poker. Chip Reese won the event, earning $1,716,000 for first place, after Reese died at the end of 2007, the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy was created in his honor. The trophy is awarded to the winner of the $50,000 championship event since the 2008 World Series of Poker. The $50,000 buy-in tournament returned for the 2007 WSOP, the $50,000 event, which awarded $2,276,832 to first place, was won by professional player Freddy Deeb. Events with $2,500 and $5,000 buy-ins were also on the 2007 WSOP program, the 2008 $50,000 H. O. R. S. E event was won by Scotty Nguyen, who received $1,989,120 for his victory. This was also the first time that the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy had been awarded to the winner of the competition, event was won by David Bach, for $1,276,802. World Championship event was replaced by The Poker Players Championship, with an identical buy-in, event, the final table was no-limit hold em. Michael Mizrachi won the first Players Championship and with it the Chip Reese Memorial Trophy, the 2010 WSOP also featured a new $10,000 H. O. R. S. E. Championship, joining already-existing events with $1,500 and $3,000 buy-ins
Horse
27.
Mounted police
–
Mounted police are police who patrol on horseback or camelback. Some mounted police units are trained in search and rescue due to the ability to travel where vehicles cannot. Poor roads and extensive rural areas made horse-mounted police a necessity in European states until the early 20th century, notable examples included the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Mexican Rurales, the British South African Police, the Turkish/Cypriot Zapiteh and the caballeria of the Spanish Civil Guard. Tack used by mounted police is similar to standard riding tack, high-traction horseshoes made of speciality metals or fitted with rubber soles are typically used in urban areas in place of standard steel horseshoes, which are prone to slip on pavement. Rubber soled shoes also produce less noise than steel shoes and jar the hoof less, horses working in riot control wear facial armor, made of perspex so that the animals can still see. The New South Wales Mounted Police is a section of the New South Wales Police Force. Currently they have a strength of 36 officers and around 38 mounts and their duties include traffic and crowd management, patrols, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is a well-known mounted police force, although horses are no longer in use operationally. However, horses are used in the Musical Ride as well as by several provincial and municipal police detachments. The Royal Oman Police have both horse and camel mounted troopers, the United States Border Patrol had 200 horses in 2005. Most of these are employed along the U. S. -Mexico border, in Arizona, these animals are fed special processed feed pellets so that their wastes do not spread non-native plants in the national parks and wildlife areas they patrol. Philadelphias mounted police unit was disbanded in 2004, but reinstated in 2011 with four horses from the unit of Newark. List of mounted police forces Mounted search and rescue Police dog Police paddock Informational site for mounted police officers List of mounted search and rescue units Mounted Police in France
Mounted police
–
A mounted police officer passes Buckingham Palace, London.
Mounted police
–
German
riot police during a demonstration against storing of nuclear waste
Mounted police
–
Mounted police in
Brazil,
Parana.
Mounted police
–
Mounted police near
Moscow Kremlin
28.
The Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
–
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new
Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the
Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
–
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
29.
Patrick Cox
–
Patrick Cox is a Canadian-British fashion designer and an eponymous fashion label specializing in the creation of shoes, leather goods and accessories. Cox is most noted for the use of materials and a mixture of avant-garde. Cox eventually graduated school in Edmonton Canada and moved to Toronto on his own when he was 17. At the age of 19, Cox produced his first pair of shoes, for the Toronto-based designer Loucas Kleanthous, an interest in British fashion led Cox to study at Cordwainers Technical College, London, a design school that was absorbed into the London College of Fashion in 2000. Cox studied at Cordwainers from 1983 to 1985 and he graduated with merit in July 1985. During his time as a student in London, Cox probably spent as much time in nightclubs as he did studying, through his partying Cox became friends with several well-known designers, such as the legendary Vivienne Westwood. As a result, in 1984, Westwood asked Cox to design shoes for her Clint Eastwood collection, in his second year of college Cox designed and handmade fluorescent fringed moccasins for the celebrated Body Map brand of David Holah and Stevie Stewart. Cox used to date Canadian journalist, entrepreneur, and magazine publisher Tyler Brûlé, Cox funded the launch of Brules Wallpaper magazine that was subsequently sold to Time Warner in 1997. Cox set up his own company designing shoes in 1985, subsequently, Cox launched his own Patrick Cox label, adopting the fleur-de-lys logo. Cox continued to work with Galliano for a further six seasons and he also produced the shoes for numerous designers fashion shows including Anna Sui, John Flett, Alistair Blair and Lanvin Haute Couture to name but a few. In 1991 Cox opened his first shop opposite the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square, Chelsea, in 1993, Cox marketed his first collection designed for the mass market. This diffusion range called Wannabe increased the companys annual sales from 2000 to 200,000 pairs. Cox has credited his initial interest in moccasins to fellow designer Richard James whom had asked Cox to design him a modern loafer to accessorise one of his early 1990s fashion shows, during this time, Cox was twice awarded Accessory Designer of the Year at the British Fashion Awards. 1998 saw Cox move his office and production from the UK to Civitanova, in the Italian Marche. This deal saw the opening of more than 40 shop in shops across Japan, Cox was approached by the French fashion footwear house Charles Jourdan, and in January 2003 he was appointed Creative Director, his brief being to rejuvenate the brand. After 3 years of collaboration, Cox decided to move on to concentrate on the development of his own label. The Hong Kong duty free company King Power Group took a controlling interest in the Patrick Cox company in 2006, Cox left his eponymous the following year and the entire business, except for a few continuing Japanese licenses was closed in 2008. In September 2010, Cox opened Cox Cookies & Cake, a pâtisserie in Londons Soho district, in keeping with the areas history of seedy business, the décor was black and neon while the staff wore studded leather aprons
Patrick Cox
–
Patrick Cox
Patrick Cox
–
Shoes
30.
GMTV
–
GMTV is the name of the national Channel 3 breakfast television contractor/licensee, broadcasting in the United Kingdom from 1 January 1993 to 3 September 2010. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of ITV plc in November 2009, shortly after, ITV plc announced the programme would end. The final edition of GMTV was broadcast on 3 September 2010, GMTV transmitted daily from 6 am with GMTVs weekday breakfast magazine programme GMTV broadcasting until 8,25, followed by GMTV with Lorraine, until the regional ITV franchises took over at 9.25 am. In later years, the switchover was practically seamless and the station was surrounded in the most part by ITV Network continuity on either side of transmission. GMTV also broadcast its own programmes, independent from CITV until the programme Boohbah was cross-promoted on both sides, with different credits for each. GMTV won the licence for the breakfast Channel 3 franchise from 1993, outbidding the previous holder, TV-am. The station was backed by LWT, Scottish Television, The Walt Disney Company, GMTV promised a cheerful morning and with more information - termed the F-factor. A new childrens news bulletin was to be broadcast at 7,20 am every morning, while at 8,50 am during the week, Carlton Communications bought a 20% stake in the consortium in November 1991. GMTV was first intended to be called Sunrise Television, but as Sky News breakfast programming also went by name, Sky protested. In May 1992, GMTV was criticised after unveiling its plans for a family orientated format with business. Director of Programmes Lis Howell stated, The structure of the programme will be different from TV-am. It will be a programme, with two presenters in which the news will be long or as short as the news dictates. Its in a sense a news programme but its a very soft news agenda, although if there is a big story we will ditch everything, the first edition of GMTV was broadcast on 1 January 1993, presented by Eamonn Holmes and Anne Davies. Its main weekday presenters at launch were Fiona Armstrong and Michael Wilson, within six weeks of broadcasting, the station had lost 2 million viewers. Mark Lawson of The Independent dubbed the new franchise Grinning Morons Television, Greg Dyke was appointed chairman of the GMTV board and tasked with overhauling the station format, which included more popular journalism. His role was primarily to bring new and imaginative ideas to the station taking on full day-to-day running. Within three days, programme Director Lis Howell resigned, Greg Dyke had refused to endorse any of her strategy for GMTV. On 8 February 1993, following continued poor ratings, Wilson had moved to present a new news focused slot from 6 to 7am, on Monday 19 April 1993 GMTV was revamped, including a new set that mimicked that of TV-am
GMTV
–
GMTV (Good Morning Television)
31.
Cricket
–
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
Cricket
–
A
bowler bowling to a
batsman. The paler strip is the
cricket pitch. The two sets of three wooden stumps on the pitch are the
wickets. The two white lines are the
creases.
Cricket
–
Francis Cotes, The Young Cricketer, 1768
Cricket
–
The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859
Cricket
–
Don Bradman of
Australia had a Test average of 99.94 and an overall first-class average of 95.14, records unmatched by any other player.
32.
ITV Digital Channels Ltd
–
ITV Digital Channels Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of British television broadcaster ITV plc. ITV Digital Channels Ltd now solely under control of ITV plc is today a business which runs all ITV plcs television channels with the exception of ITV. On 2 February 2004, Granada merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc, on 1 November 2004, ITV plc agreed to purchase BSkyBs stake in GSB for £10 million. The deal included the slot that Plus was broadcast on, which ITV used on the Sky platform to broadcast its new ITV3 channel, a week later, on the 8 November 2004, Granada Sky Broadcasting was renamed ITV Digital Channels Limited. The closure of Granada Plus left Men & Motors the sole survivor of the four channels. As part of ITVs buy-out of Skys shareholding Sky will receive 49. 5% of any proceeds from any sale of Men & Motors. On 2 May 2005, Men & Motors launched as free-to-air channel on the Freeview digital terrestrial television service. It was rumoured that ITV plc would replace Men & Motors with ITV4, another mens channel, the News Channel closed in December 2005, with its remaining bandwidth used for CITV. Although ITV4 started broadcasting from the Astra satellite on 1 November, because of this, some ITV4 sporting programming was simulcast on Men & Motors in a ITV4 on m&m strand. In April 2006 Men & Motors left Freeview to make way for the launch of ITV Play and it closed on Virgin Media on 25 March 2010, and finally closed on Sky and Freesat on 1 April, to make way for a permanent EPG position for ITV HD. Currently, ITV2 and ITV3 are the highest rating digital TV channels in the United Kingdom, ITV4 is benefiting from extra investment and is also improving its share of the viewing. The CITV channel is the number one commercial kids TV channel having a share of viewers compared to Cartoon Network. In 2014, the portfolio of ITVs channels was expanded with the launch of ITV Encore, a channel, and ITVBe. The launch of the lead to ITV2s repositioning as a youth focused entertainment channel. Replaced by ITV3 on 1 November 2004, relaunched as Granada Breeze in May 1998 in order to improve ratings but closed on 30 April 2002. Men & Motors – launched as Granada Men & Motors on 1 October 1996, last of the original Granada Sky Broadcasting channels to close on 1 April 2010. Granada Talk TV – a debate channel launched on 1 October 1996, ITV Digital ITV plc EMC Bitstream, ITV3, reaching for the Sky — discusses the negotiations that led to the sale of Skys stake and closure of Granada Plus Guide to channels on Astra satellites
ITV Digital Channels Ltd
–
ITV Digital Channels Ltd
33.
Breast
–
The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of female primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk, both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development, the breasts of females are typically far more prominent than those of males. Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, at the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals. Upon childbirth, the alveoli are stimulated to produce and secrete milk for infants, along with their function in feeding infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art. Female breasts can figure prominently in a perception of her body image. A number of Western cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent, Breasts and especially the nipples are an erogenous zone on women. The English word breast derives from the Old English word brēost from Proto-Germanic breustam, the breast spelling conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that Middle English brest, from Old English brēost, Old Irish brú, Russian bryukho, the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century. A large number of terms for breasts are used in English. Some vulgar slang expressions may be considered to be derogatory or sexist to women, at the front of the chest, the breast tissue can extend from the clavicle to the middle of the sternum. At the sides of the chest, the breast tissue can extend into the axilla, as a mammary gland, the breast is composed of differing layers of tissue, predominantly two types, adipose tissue, and glandular tissue, which affects the lactation functions of the breasts. Morphologically the breast is a cone, with the base at the chest wall and the apex at the nipple, the superficial tissue layer is separated from the skin by 0. 5–2.5 cm of subcutaneous fat. The suspensory Coopers ligaments are fibrous-tissue prolongations that radiate from the superficial fascia to the skin envelope, the female adult breast contains 14–18 irregular lactiferous lobes that converge at the nipple. Milk exits the breast through the nipple, which is surrounded by an area of skin called the areola. The size of the areola can vary widely among women, the areola contains modified sweat glands known as Montgomerys glands. These glands secrete oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding, volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborns appetite
Breast
–
Morphology of breasts with the
areola,
nipple, and
inframammary fold.
Breast
–
A
pregnant woman's breasts
Breast
–
On the skin envelope of the breast, stretch marks may indicate the relative-size increments and decrements occurred during the life of the woman.
Breast
–
The functional breast nourishing an infant girl.
34.
Vogue (magazine)
–
Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
Vogue (magazine)
–
The January 2010 issue of Vogue USA, featuring
Rachel McAdams.
Vogue (magazine)
–
Cover of the May 1917 issue. (American Vogue)
Vogue (magazine)
–
Models
Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing
Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in
Ransom Canyon, Texas (25 June 2013).
Vogue (magazine)
–
Vogue Brasil/Brazil cover with
Madonna photographed by
Steven Klein; Vogue France/Paris cover with
Penélope Cruz,
Meryl Streep,
Julianne Moore,
Gwyneth Paltrow,
Kate Winslet and
Naomi Watts in a special edition by Penélope Cruz.
35.
Trinny and Susannah
–
Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine are two British fashion advisors, presenters and authors. They have written several fashion books which have become bestsellers in Britain and America. Trinny and Susannah have also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show as makeover experts and they are estimated to be jointly worth £10 million. Over the course of their career, Woodall and Constantine have dressed over 5,000 women, Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine teamed up in 1994 to write Ready to Wear, a weekly style guide for the Daily Telegraph which ran for seven years. They had previously met at a party hosted by David, Viscount Linley. They both perceived each other in ways, Woodall looked upon Constantine as if she was a stuck-up English aristocrat. They later became the co-founders of Ready2shop. com, a fashion advice business which ceased trading after running out of funding in November 2000. During this period, their friendship was almost ended after a heated argument and they later gained their first chance at working on television when Granada Sky Broadcasting signed them up to host a daytime shopping show, also called Ready to Wear. They published their first fashion advice book called Ready 2 Dress but it was an unsuccessful venture and ended in 13,000 copies of the book being destroyed. After a makeover slot on Richard & Judy, Jane Root, the duo became instantly renowned for their poking and prodding of the contestants, their straight-talking advice, and frequently referring to breasts as tits. The editor of ELLE, Sarah Bailey, has stated You just dont expect posh girls to grab your tits, call your trousers too clitty and use words like pussy pelmet but they do. You are so shocked by what they are saying that by the time you have recovered and thought of something to say they have whipped you out of your jeans and eased you into a Lycra cat suit. They have stated that their relationship is more like a marriage and they cannot imagine working without each other and have even considered taking insurance out on their television partnership should something unforeseen happen. Woodall and Constantine have been accused of being patronising, but reject these claims and they gained recognition for their work on the show and won a Royal Television Society Award in 2002 in the category of best factual presenter. They have also given different celebrities makeovers which include Jeremy Clarkson, Lesley Joseph, Jo Brand, Sophie Raworth, Woodall and Constantine became the faces of Nescafé in 2003. After success with the ratings on BBC Two, their programme was promoted to the more mainstream BBC One in 2004, together, they have written several successful fashion books, starting with the book What Not to Wear in 2001, which made sales worth £8.7 million. The book sold 300,000 copies in just fifteen weeks and was also selling 45,000 copies a week at one point. They then secured a £1 million book deal to produce three more of their books, compared to the £10,000 advance they received for What Not to Wear
Trinny and Susannah
–
Trinny Woodall (left) and
Susannah Constantine (right)
Trinny and Susannah
–
Woodall (left) and Constantine on book cover.
36.
Jeremy Clarkson
–
Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson is an English broadcaster, journalist and writer who specialises in motoring. He is best known for co-presenting the BBC TV show Top Gear with Richard Hammond and he also writes weekly columns for The Sunday Times and The Sun. From a career as a local journalist in northern England, Clarkson rose to prominence as a presenter of the original format of Top Gear in 1988. Since the mid-1990s, he has become a public personality, regularly appearing on British television presenting his own shows. As well as motoring, Clarkson has produced programmes and books on such as history. From 1998 to 2000, he hosted his own chat show. His opinionated but humorous tongue-in-cheek writing and presenting style has often provoked public reaction and his actions both privately and as a Top Gear presenter have also sometimes resulted in criticism from the media, politicians, pressure groups and the public. He also has a significant public following, being credited as a factor in the resurgence of Top Gear as one of the most popular shows on the BBC. On 25 March 2015, the BBC announced it would not renew Clarksons contract after he verbally and physically attacked a Top Gear producer over a dispute at a hotel while filming on location. In mid-2015 Clarkson, Hammond, May and producer Andy Wilman formed production company W. Chump & Sons to produce The Grand Tour for Amazon Video. Clarkson was born in Doncaster, the son of Shirley Gabrielle Clarkson, a teacher, and Edward Grenville Clarkson, according to his own account, he was expelled from Repton School for drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself. Clarkson attended Repton alongside Formula One engineer Adrian Newey and Top Gear Executive Producer, Clarkson played the role of a public schoolboy, Atkinson, in a BBC radio Childrens Hour serial adaptation of Anthony Buckeridges Jennings novels until his voice broke. Clarkson married Alexandra James in 1989, but she left him for one of his friends after six months, in May 1993 he married his manager, Frances Cain, daughter of VC recipient Robert Henry Cain, in Fulham. The couple lived in Chipping Norton, in the Cotswolds, with their three children, Clarkson has been described as a member of the Chipping Norton set. Known for buying him car-related gifts, for Christmas 2007 Clarksons second wife bought him a Mercedes-Benz 600 and she was reported to have filed divorce proceedings in April 2014. In September 2010 Clarkson was granted an injunction against his first wife to prevent her from publishing claims that their sexual relationship continued after his second marriage. He voluntarily lifted the injunction in October 2011, commenting that, Clarkson is a fan of the rock band Genesis and attended the bands reunion concert at Twickenham Stadium in 2007. He also provided notes for the reissue of the album Selling England by the Pound as part of the Genesis 1970–1975 box set
Jeremy Clarkson
–
Clarkson in 2006
Jeremy Clarkson
–
Clarkson (right) with his fellow Top Gear presenters,
Richard Hammond and
James May
Jeremy Clarkson
–
Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder once owned by Clarkson
Jeremy Clarkson
–
The
Lexus LFA, considered by Clarkson to be the best car he has ever driven
37.
BAFTA Television Award
–
The British Academy Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. They have been awarded annually since 1955 and it is the British equivalent to the Emmy Awards in the United States. The first ever Awards, given in 1955, consisted of six categories, until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors. From 1958 onwards, after the Guild had merged with the British Film Academy, in 1976, this became the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Television Awards are usually presented in April, with a ceremony for the Television Craft Awards on a different date. The Craft Awards are presented for more technical areas of the industry, such as effects, production design. Individual performances, such as actors, can either be entered by the performers themselves or by the broadcasters. The programmes being entered must have been broadcast on or between March and February of the year to be eligible for the years awards. Entry is free, and entry forms are available between November and January each year. After all the entries have been received, they are voted for online by all members of the Academy. The programmes and performances attracting the most votes, usually four in each category, are shortlisted as the nominees for each award. The winner is chosen from the four nominees by a jury of nine academy members for each award. These Awards are suggested by the Television Committee and awarded by the Academys Council and they are not necessarily always given every year, but as and when appropriate. The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television, usually the day after it has taken place, between 1998 and 2006, it was alternated between ITV and BBC One. But since 2007, it has been broadcast by BBC One, in 1991, a controversial selection was made in the Best Drama Serial category, when Prime Suspect beat G. B. H. to win the award. Following the ceremony, four of the seven voting members of the signed a public statement declaring that they had voted for G. B. H. to win. B. H. Price claimed that the papers could not be recounted as they had subsequently been destroyed. No blame was attached to Shubik by the four judges
BAFTA Television Award
–
Richard Armitage attending the British Academy Television Awards in 2007.
BAFTA Television Award
–
British Academy Television Awards logo
38.
Big Impression
–
The Big Impression, known as Alistair McGowans Big Impression for the first three series, is a British comedy sketch show. It features Alistair McGowan and Ronni Ancona impersonating personalities from entertainment, Four series and a number of specials were made by Vera Productions and it was first broadcast on BBC One between 2000 and 2004. The series has won five awards, including the 2003 BAFTA comedy programme prize, McGowan and Ancona first met at a comedy club, and later started dating. They worked together on a number of projects, with their first television series being The Staggering Stories of Ferdinand de Bargos in 1989. After performing in his own show in Edinburgh in 1998, McGowan was approached by a BBC executive about working on a series, Alistair McGowans Big Impression first aired on BBC One in 2000, with the couple splitting up just before filming began. Speaking with The Independent, Ancona said working on the series was exciting but it was tricky, but, if anything, the tension added a little frisson to some of the sketches and it made the show better. For the fourth series in 2003, McGowans name was dropped from the shows title. Speaking to the Daily Mail about the ending of the series, McGowan said, We were just getting into our stride when suddenly it felt there were five other shows all saying. It felt like there were lots of people fishing in a small pool, the BBC wanted the series to continue, but he found his enthusiasm had gone and without that, the show wouldnt have happened. There have been many characters that Alistair McGowan and Ronni Ancona have impersonated, Some celebrities that McGowan has done impressions of include, Some celebrities that Ancona has done impressions of include, Four series of the programme were made between 2000 and 2003. Alistair McGowans Big Impression at BBC Online Comedy Guide Alistair McGowans Big Impression at BBC Programmes The Big Impression at BBC Programmes The Big Impression at the Internet Movie Database
Big Impression
–
Title card from series 1
39.
Children in Need
–
BBC Children in Need is the BBCs UK charity. Since 1980 it has raised over £600 million for disabled children, One of the highlights is an annual telethon, held in November and televised on BBC One, BBC One HD, BBC Two, and BBC Two HD from 7,30 pm until 2 am. Pudsey Bear is BBC Children in Needs mascot, whilst Terry Wogan was a long-standing host, following the temporary closure of Television Centre, the telethon broadcasts now take place at the BBC Elstree Centre. BBC Children in Need will move back to its home of BBC Television Centre in 2017. The BBCs first broadcast charity appeal took place in 1927, in the form of a radio broadcast on Christmas Day. It raised about £1,143, which equates to about £27,150 by todays standards, the first televised appeal took place in 1955 and was called the Childrens Hour Christmas Appeal, with the yellow glove puppet Sooty Bear and Harry Corbett fronting it. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio until 1979, during that time a total of £625,836 was raised. Terry Wogan first appeared during this five-minute appeal in 1978, sometimes cartoon characters such as Peter Pan and Tom and Jerry were used. In 1980, the first Children in Need telethon was broadcast and it was devoted to raising money exclusively destined for charities working with children in the United Kingdom. The new format, presented by Terry Wogan, Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen, saw an increase in public donations. This format has grown in scope to incorporate further events broadcast on radio, as a regular presenter, Wogan has become firmly associated with the annual event, continuing to front the event until 2014 stepping down due to ill health. In 1988, BBC Children in Need became a charity in England and Wales. An award called the Sir Terry Wogan Fundraiser of the Year has been presented since 2016 to someone who has gone above and beyond to help raise money for Children in Need. The award was set up by Terrys family and was presented by Terrys son, Mark, featured celebrities often include those from programmes on rival network ITV, including some appearing in-character, and/or from the sets of their own programmes. A performance by BBC newsreaders became an annual fixture, stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after curtain call in their respective theatres. Unlike the other BBC charity telethon Comic Relief, Children in Need relies a lot on the BBC regions for input into the telethon night, the BBC English regions all have around 5–8-minute round-ups every hour during the telethon. This does not interrupt the schedule of items shown from BBC Television Centre as presenter Terry Wogan usually hands over to the regions, giving those in the main network studio a short break. However BBC Scotland, BBC Wales and BBC Northern Ireland opted out of the schedule with a lot of local fundraising news
Children in Need
–
BBC Television Centre on the night of the 2008 telethon.
Children in Need
–
Pudsey Bear raising funds for BBC Children in Need 2009.
Children in Need
–
The original logo, used from 1980 to 1984
40.
Vogue (Madonna song)
–
Vogue is a song by American singer Madonna from her second soundtrack album Im Breathless. It was released as the first single from the album on March 27,1990, Vogue later appeared on her greatest hits compilation albums, The Immaculate Collection and Celebration. Vogue is an upbeat dance-pop and house song and set the trends of dance music in the 1990s, however, it has strong influences of 1970s disco within its composition. The song also contains a section, in which the singer name-checks various golden-era Hollywood celebrities. Lyrically, the song is about enjoying oneself on the floor no matter who one is. Critically, Vogue has been met with appreciation ever since its release, reviewers have praised its anthemic nature and listed it as one of the singers career highlights. Commercially, the song one of Madonnas biggest international hits, topping the charts in over 30 countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom. It became the worlds best-selling single of 1990, selling six million copies. The music video for Vogue, directed by David Fincher, was shot in black-and-white, Madonna and her dancers can be seen voguing to different choreographed moves. The video has been ranked as one of the greatest of all times in different critic lists and polls, Madonna has performed the song on six of her tours, at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards, and at her performance during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLVI. After presenting the song to Warner Bros. executives, all parties involved decided that the song was too good to be wasted on a B-side and that it should be released as a single. Although the song itself had nothing to do with Madonnas then-upcoming Disney movie Dick Tracy, it was included on the album Im Breathless, Madonna altered some of the suggestive lyrics because the song was connected to the Disney film via soundtrack. Vogue is a dance-pop and house song with disco influence. The song has been noted by Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine to have a deep house groove, J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book Madonna, An Intimate Biography, wrote that the song was a pulsating dance track. Lyrically, the song has a theme of escapism, and talks about how any person can enjoy themself, in the bridge, the song has a spoken rap section, in which Madonna references numerous golden era Hollywood celebrities. The lyrics of the rap section feature the names of 16 stars from the 1920s to the 1950s. At the time, Bacall was the one still alive. She died at the age of 89 in 2014, Vogue contains samples of some songs from the 1970s disco era
Vogue (Madonna song)
–
Madonna performing "Vogue" on the
Sticky & Sweet Tour.
Vogue (Madonna song)
–
"Vogue"
Vogue (Madonna song)
–
Madonna wearing the controversial sheer
lace blouse in the black and white "Vogue" music video.
Vogue (Madonna song)
–
Madonna performing "Vogue" on the
Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in 2012
41.
BBC One
–
BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
BBC One
–
Replica of an Emitron camera used to make the earliest 405-line programmes broadcast on the channel
BBC One
–
Logo of BBC1 from 16 February 1991 to 4 October 1997
BBC One
–
The BBC One 'Hippos' ident
42.
Americas
–
The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of the land in Earths western hemisphere, along with their associated islands, they cover 8% of Earths total surface area and 28. 4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin, Mississippi. Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 42,000 and 17,000 years ago, a second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia. The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic around 3500 BCE completed what is regarded as the settlement by the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Ericson, however, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European powers, diseases introduced from Europe and Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe, including numbers of indentured servants. Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution in 1776, the population is over 1 billion, with over 65% of them living in one of the three most populous countries. As of the beginning of the 2010s, the most populous urban agglomerations are Mexico City, New York, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro, all of them megacities. The name America was first recorded in 1507 in the Cosmographiae Introductio, apparently written by Matthias Ringmann and it first applied to both North and South America by Gerardus Mercator in 1538. Amerigen means land of Amerigo and derives from Amerigo and gen, America accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. When conceived as a continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America. In some countries of the world, America is considered a continent encompassing the North America and South America subcontinents, the first inhabitants migrated into the Americas from Asia. Habitation sites are known in Alaska and the Yukon from at least 20,000 years ago, beyond that, the specifics of the Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. Widespread habitation of the Americas occurred during the glacial maximum
Americas
–
CIA political map of the Americas in
Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection
Americas
–
The Americas
Americas
–
Parkin Site, a Mississippian site in Arkansas, circa 1539.
Americas
–
World map of
Waldseemüller (Germany, 1507), which first used the name America (in the lower-left section, over South America)
43.
EastEnders
–
EastEnders is a long running British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in the East End of London in the fictional Bough of Walford the programme follows the stories of local residents, the series was initially screened as two 30-minute episodes per week however since 2001, episodes have been broadcast every day apart from Wednesdays and weekends. Same-day repeats and omnibus editions of the series were previously shown on BBC Three however as of 2016 these are broadcast on UK-based TV channel W. They gave the job of creating this new soap to script writer Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith and they created twenty-four original characters for the show, based upon Hollands own family, and people they remembered from their own experiences in the East End. Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to the Coronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense how a continuing drama was produced and they cast actors for their characters, and began to film the show at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Julia Smith thought Eastenders looked ugly written down, and capitalised the second e, the central focus of EastEnders is the fictional Victorian square Albert Square in the fictional London Borough of Walford. In the shows narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named after Prince Albert, thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoria Public House. Fans have tried to establish the location Walford would have within London if it were real, Walford has the postal district of E20. The postcode district was selected as if it were part of the actual E postcode area covers much of east London although the next unused postcode district in the area was. In 1917 the current postal districts in London were assigned according to the name of the main sorting office for each district. If Walford had been assigned in this scheme it would have been given E17, in March 2011, Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the 2012 Olympic Park. The postal district in EastEnders was entirely fictional up to that point, the shows creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better. In September 2011 the postal code for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ, there is also a market close to Fassett Square at Ridley Road. The postcode for the area, E8, was one of the titles for the series. The name Walford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and a blend of Walthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born, other parts of the Square and set interiors are based on other locations. The fictional local newspaper, the Walford Gazette, in local news events such as the arrests or murders of characters appear. EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families and this theme encompasses the whole Square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creator Tony Holland was from a large East End family, Pauline and Petes mother was the domineering Lou Beale, who lived with Pauline and her family
EastEnders
–
The Queen Victoria Public House (as it looked from November 1992 to September 2010) is the main focus point of Albert Square (pictured).
EastEnders
–
EastEnders
EastEnders
–
The cast of 1985
EastEnders
–
Dot Cotton,
Ethel Skinner and
Lou Beale were Walford's original pensioners.
44.
Little Mo Mitchell
–
Maureen Little Mo Mitchell is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Kacey Ainsworth from 18 September 2000 to 26 May 2006. The first love of Little Mos life is Trevor Morgan, but his mood swings and physical and emotional violence ruin their marriage, whenever she tries to leave. He also isolates her from her family, who despise him and she always forgives him and even agrees to start a family. She finally leaves Trevor when she discovers he had deleted a message from Zoe Slater, on New Years Eve 2001, timid doormat Little Mo attacks Trevor, hitting him repeatedly with an iron when he attacks her. She goes home thinking he is dead, but when she and her sisters return to the scene, he is gone. After Little Mo moves out and threatens to divorce Trevor, he terrorizes her and takes her and Sean, his son with Donna Andrews, hostage in the Slater home, fireman Tom Banks saves Little Mo and Sean. He goes back for Trevor but the fire explodes a can of petrol Trevor had brought into the house, Tom and Trevor die in the explosion. Billy Mitchell and Little Mo bond over their respective abusive pasts and they become friends while Little Mo is married to Trevor and start dating after she is released from prison. Billy reveals his feelings during Trevors trial when Mo admits that part of her reason for staying with Trevor was that he was the man who ever noticed her that way. Trevor does his best to wreck things but Billy proposes by spelling out MARRY ME in alphabet macaroni, after Trevors demise, the pair marry on Christmas Day 2002. Late one night shortly before their first wedding anniversary, Little Mo is raped by her crossword buddy, Graham Foster, when she tells her family, Charlie attacks Graham. Little Mo is tested for STIs after reporting him to the police, all the tests come back negative except one, she is pregnant. The Slaters and Billy are shocked and disgusted when she refuses to have a termination, claiming the baby is innocent of its fathers crimes, so she and she leaves the Square, returning for Grahams trial. She tells Billy she named her son Frederick William, wanting to name him after good men and she and Billy reconcile after Grahams conviction, but Billy struggles to bond with Freddie as he always sees Graham when he looks at Freddie. Little Mo and Freddie move back in with her family and she and brother-in-law Alfie Moon become much closer following their respective separations but they end things when Mo learns Alfie is dating Kat behind her back. Alfie and Kat reconcile and leave the Square, around February 2006, Little Mo is seen struggling to cope with Freddies constant crying but refuses to medicate him for his teething, so she has trouble getting him to sleep. Freddie gets an injury in a fight with Bobby Beale so a health visitor visits the Slaters. Little Mo is extremely hostile, seeing this as a questioning of her parenting ability and she constantly takes Freddie to see general practitioner Oliver Cousins, who moves her to another GPs patient list because he is interested in her romantically
Little Mo Mitchell
–
Little Mo Mitchell
Little Mo Mitchell
–
Little Mo fights back (2001)
Little Mo Mitchell
–
Kacey Ainsworth (pictured in 2011) played Little Mo from 2000–06.
45.
Mo Harris
–
Maureen Big Mo Harris is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, who has been in the series since 18 September 2000, played by Laila Morse. Mo is also played by Lorraine Stanley in a soap bubble Pat and Mo, delving into her past with Pat Evans, Mo provides a background of light entertainment. Morses contract was not renewed in July 2012, but she was not immediately out of the series. Mo, who lived in Walford, returns there after almost forty years away, with her son-in-law, Charlie Slater and granddaughters, Lynne Hobbs, Kat Slater, Little Mo Morgan. Mos rivalry with her former best friend Pat Butcher arises, but they reconcile at Mos former husband and Pats brother, much of Mos time is spent selling poor quality stolen goods and she trades with Fat Elvis. She is assisted by Mickey and Darren Miller and for a while sets up a sex chatline and she also works with Charlies great-niece, Stacey, on her market stall, selling clothes. She has a relationship with Bert Atkinson, but ends it because Bert is also seeing her friend. They reconcile, but break up again when Berts ex-wife, Evie, arrives in Walford, Mo begins selling cigarettes that she bought in Spain and two of her customers turn out to be Revenue and Customs officers. She is sentenced to 100 hours of community service, for tax evasion, after Stacey marries Bradley Branning, Mo tries to sell their wedding gifts. Mo sees Charlies partner, Brenda Boyle, embracing another man at the tube station, Brenda reveals to Mo that she is moving to Madeira with her family and Mo convinces Charlie not to let her go. However, Brenda and Charlie leave together, leaving Mo devastated and she begins drinking heavily and protests against the sale of Charlies taxi. Charlie returns to Walford with a woman called Orlenda, but Mo does not trust her, Orlenda leaves, after admitting she was scamming Charlie, but returns his money. Mo takes charge of a nativity play, but fails to keep the children under control. In a raffle, she wins Max Brannings car, but sells it, when Archie Mitchell is murdered, Mo starts a betting circle on who killed him. She runs when she sees a police officer, but later, another officer appears behind her and she goes on holiday to Spain with Fat Elvis and when she returns, she is surprised to discover that Bradley is dead. Mo attempts to sell Lucas Johnsons bibles to the public, as souvenirs of the killer. Her insensitivity gets her out of The Queen Victoria public house. Mo receives a call from Kat, who wants Zoes birth certificate
Mo Harris
–
Mo Harris
Mo Harris
–
Mo as she appeared in EastEnders: Pat and Mo, played by Lorraine Stanley.
46.
Science fiction
–
Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
Science fiction
–
A futuristic setting is a common but not a necessary hallmark of science fiction. A common thread in science fiction is exploring the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations on people's lives.
Science fiction
–
H. G. Wells
Science fiction
–
Jules Verne
Science fiction
–
Arthur C. Clarke
47.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series
Doctor Who
–
The Present
TARDIS prop used from 2010 till the present day.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who title card since 2014
Doctor Who
–
The Doctor portrayed by series leads in chronological order. Left to right from top row;
William Hartnell,
Patrick Troughton,
Jon Pertwee,
Tom Baker,
Peter Davison,
Colin Baker,
Sylvester McCoy,
Paul McGann,
Christopher Eccleston,
David Tennant,
Matt Smith and
Peter Capaldi.
Doctor Who
–
1963–67 (
First Doctor and
Second Doctor)
48.
Bad Wolf
–
Bad Wolf is the twelfth episode of the revived first series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on 11 June 2005. The TARDIS crew find themselves trapped in the Gamestation, also known as Satellite 5, however, when Rose is taken away, the Doctor realises his deadliest enemies have returned en masse. It is the first of a two-part story, the concluding episode, The Parting of the Ways, was first broadcast on 18 June 2005. The Doctor, Rose, and Jack Harkness find themselves separated, all three find out that the shows are more fatal than their twenty-first century counterparts. On The Weakest Link and Big Brother, losing contestants are disintegrated, on What Not to Wear, participants undergo brutal cosmetic surgery. The Doctor escapes from his show by overriding the termination chamber and they discover that they are on Satellite Five, which the Doctor previously visited in The Long Game. It has been renamed the Game Station and is now under the control of the Badwolf Corporation, Lynda explains that 100 years ago, Satellite Five stopped broadcasting and humanity became confused and lost. The Doctor, Jack, and Lynda search for Rose and they find her just as she loses the final round of The Weakest Link and is promptly disintegrated. They are arrested, but escape their capture and travel to the room on Floor 500. There they meet the Controller, a cybernetic human, the Controller uses the cover of a solar flare to speak directly to the Doctor, telling him that her masters cannot hear her during the flare. The Controller used a transmat to hide the Doctor and his companions in the games as her masters do not watch them, the solar flare ends before she can tell the Doctor who is controlling her. Jack finds the TARDIS hidden in an area, which he uses to figure out that contest losers are not actually disintegrated but transmatted off of the station. The Controller begins giving the Doctor the coordinates that the leads to. The Controller disappears in a beam and wakes up on a spaceship. Rose wakes up on the floor of a spaceship and is horrified to see a Dalek approaching her, the Doctor and Jack discover a signal coming from the station that is hiding something at the edge of the solar system. They cancel the signal and reveal a fleet of Dalek spaceships, the Daleks open a communication channel to the Doctor, threatening to kill Rose if he interferes. The Doctor refuses to back down and vows to rescue Rose, the episode ends with the Daleks about to invade Satellite Five. In one of The Weakest Link sequences, one of the answers is revealed to be Torchwood
Bad Wolf
–
The Anne Droid "disintegrates" a contestant.
49.
Jack Harkness
–
Captain Jack Harkness is a fictional character played by John Barrowman in Doctor Who and its spin-off series, Torchwood. The character first appears in the 2005 Doctor Who episode The Empty Child and subsequently features in the episodes of the 2005 series as a companion to the series protagonist. Subsequent to this, Jack became the character in the adult-themed Torchwood. Barrowman also reprised the role for guest appearances in Doctor Who in its 2007 series and 2008 series, as well as the two part special The End of Time. In contrast to the Doctor, Jack is more of an action hero, as well as outwardly flirtatious. In the programmes narrative, Jack begins as a traveller and former con man from the 51st century. As a consequence of his death and resurrection in the 2005 Doctor Who finale, there he becomes a member of Torchwood, a British organization dedicated to combating alien threats. He spends over a century waiting to reunite with the Doctor, eventually, he reunites with the Tenth Doctor for several appearances in Doctor Who. Jack is the first openly non-heterosexual character in the history of televised Doctor Who, the popularity of the character amongst multiple audiences directly influenced the development of the spin-off series Torchwood. The character became a figure of the British public consciousness, rapidly gaining fame for portrayer John Barrowman, as an ongoing depiction of bisexuality in mainstream British television, the character became a role model for young gay and bisexual people in the UK. Jack is featured in various Doctor Who and Torchwood books and has action figures created in his likeness. Jack Harkness first appeared in the 2005 Doctor Who episode The Empty Child and its continuation The Doctor Dances, when Rose, a companion of the Ninth Doctor, meets him during the Blitz. Although posing as an American volunteering in the Royal Air Force, now working as a con man, Jack is responsible for unwittingly releasing a plague in London in 1941. After the Doctor cures the plague, Jack redeems himself by taking a bomb into his ship. He subsequently travels with the Doctor and Rose in the Doctors time traveling spacecraft, during his time with the Doctor, Jack matures into a hero, and in his final 2005 appearance, he sacrifices himself fighting the evil alien Daleks. Rose brings him back to life while suffused with the power of the time vortex and she and the Doctor subsequently leave Jack behind on Satellite 5. Jack is re-introduced as a man, reluctantly immortal, having spent years on Earth waiting to reunite with the Doctor. Despite having worked with him for time, his present-day colleagues know very little about him
Jack Harkness
–
Captain Jack Harkness
Jack Harkness
–
Jack as he appears in the first Torchwood comic book, art by SL Gallant; the character is featured in a number of different media.
Jack Harkness
–
John Barrowman in Captain Jack's distinctive World War Two greatcoat during Torchwood filming.
Jack Harkness
–
Portraying Harkness has raised actor John Barrowman's profile.
50.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
ITV (TV network)
–
The London Studios near Waterloo was originally the base for the ITV London weekend contractor
LWT but is now ITV's main London headquarters.
ITV (TV network)
–
ITV
ITV (TV network)
–
Granada Studios was the oldest TV studios in the UK, having been built in 1954 to house the broadcaster of the
same name. The studios were closed in June 2013. Granada is the only franchise to remain an ITV contractor since creation in 1954.
ITV (TV network)
–
The Leeds Studios, used by
ITV Yorkshire. Each ITV region originally had its own studios, however the rise of publisher-broadcasters like
Carlton Television and the takeover of regions caused several studios to be closed.
