1.
Radio masts and towers
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Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. There are two types, guyed and self supporting structures. They are among the tallest man-made structures, masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them. In the case of a mast radiator or radiating tower, the whole mast or tower is itself the transmitting antenna, the terms mast and tower are often used interchangeably. However, in engineering terms, a tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure. Broadcast engineers in the UK use the same terminology, in US broadcast engineering, a tower is an antenna structure attached to the ground, whereas a mast is a vertical antenna support mounted on some other structure. Masts tend to be cheaper to build but require an extended area surrounding them to accommodate the guy wires, Towers are more commonly used in cities where land is in short supply. There are a few designs that are partly free-standing and partly guyed, called additionally guyed towers. For example, The Gerbrandy tower consists of a tower with a guyed mast on top. The few remaining Blaw-Knox towers do the opposite, they have a lower section surmounted by a freestanding part. Until August 8,1991, the Warsaw radio mast was the worlds tallest supported structure on land, there are over 50 radio structures in the United States that are 600 m or taller. The steel lattice is the most widespread form of construction and it provides great strength, low weight and wind resistance, and economy in the use of materials. Lattices of triangular cross-section are most common, and square lattices are also widely used, guyed masts are often used, the supporting guy lines carry lateral forces such as wind loads, allowing the mast to be very narrow and simply constructed. When built as a tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height, when constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the Eiffel Tower, the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The Crystal Palace tower in London is an example, guyed masts are sometimes also constructed out of steel tubes. This construction type has the advantage that cables and other components can be protected from weather inside the tube and these masts are mainly used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, but sometimes also as mast radiator. The big mast of Mühlacker transmitting station is an example of this. A disadvantage of this mast type is that it is more affected by winds than masts with open bodies
2.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Truss
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In engineering, a truss is a structure that consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object. A two-force member is a component where force is applied to only two points. In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members. A planar truss is one all members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the beams are called bottom chords. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels, Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200, which means collection of things bound together. The term truss has often used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters. One engineering definition is, A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle to span a large distance, a truss consists of typically straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically composed of triangles because of the stability of that shape. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed, in comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The joint at which a truss is designed to be supported is commonly referred to as the Munter Point, the simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of used to calculate the forces within it. The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss, a planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar trusses are used in parallel to form roofs and bridges. The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form, a solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords, an optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency
6.
Twin Peaks (San Francisco)
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The Twin Peaks are two prominent hills with an elevation of about 925 feet located near the geographic center of San Francisco, California. Only 928 foot Mount Davidson is higher within the city, the North and South Twin Peaks, also known as Eureka and Noe respectively, are about 200 m apart, Twin Peaks Boulevard runs a figure eight around them. The peaks form a divide for the coastal fog pushed in from the Pacific Ocean. Their west-facing slopes often get fog and strong winds, while the east-facing slopes receive more sun, elevation at each summit is just over 900 feet. Thin, sandy soil is commonplace on Twin Peaks, making them susceptible to erosion, before the arrival of the Europeans, the native Ohlone people may have used Twin Peaks as a lookout or hunting ground. The ecological diversity of Twin Peaks provided medicinal or ceremonial plants, grains, when the Spanish conquistadors and settlers arrived at the beginning of the 18th century, they called the area Los Pechos de la Chola or Breasts of the Indian Maiden and devoted the area to ranching. When San Francisco passed under American control during the 19th century, christmas Tree Point lies some 70 ft below the North Peak and offers vistas of San Francisco and San Francisco Bay. To the north is one of the many reservoirs. It is owned by the San Francisco Fire Department, and supplies water to the Fire Departments independent HPFS water system for fighting fires, established after the 1906 earthquake, the top of Twin Peaks is undeveloped. It is part of the 31 acres Twin Peaks Natural Area, managed and owned by the San Francisco Recreation and these preserved areas are home to many natural resources and wildlife. As part of the Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation, Twin Peaks is one of the few remaining habitats for endangered species. Many bird species, insects and vegetation thrive in these areas, the Muni Metro Twin Peaks Tunnel runs beneath Twin Peaks, linking Downtown San Francisco with West Portal and the southwestern part of the city. There is no public transportation all the way to the top of the Peaks, the San Francisco Police Department Academy is at the base of the peaks. The name Twin Peaks is also applied to the surrounding neighborhood, 49-Mile Scenic Drive List of San Francisco, California Hills Twin Peaks. Treasures in the curves and swells of Twin Peaks
7.
Mount Sutro
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Mount Sutro is a hill in central San Francisco, California. It was originally named Mount Parnassus, the low mountain is 909 feet in elevation. Mount Sutro is one of the many named hills within San Francisco, most of Mount Sutro is owned by the University of California, San Francisco. A 61-acre parcel, including the summit, is protected as the Mount Sutro Open Space Reserve by UCSF, Sutro Tower, a large television and radio broadcasting tower for the San Francisco Bay Area and very visible City landmark is not on Mount Sutro. It stands on a hill to the south between it and Twin Peaks. Mount Sutro has been covered by a dense forest, with about 80% being introduced eucalyptus trees, the older trees are now over 100 feet tall. The mountain is within San Franciscos fog belt, receiving fog throughout the summer, the tall trees precipitate the fog, with the moisture being absorbed by the duff and tree roots, and the forest remains damp through the summer months. It receives some 30 to 40% of its moisture from fog drip, there is a dense understory of non-native Himalayan blackberry and several other plants. The forest provides habitat for a number of species, including great horned owls. Over thirty species were recorded in a morning of bird watching. The 19-acre city-owned portion of Mount Sutro and the eucalyptus forest, Rotary Meadow, a garden of California native plants, is at the summit within the Mount Sutro Open Space Reserve. It was funded by a $100,000 grant from the Rotary Club, the garden is maintained by the Sutro Stewards volunteers, and has water supplied by UCSF. It is accessible by paved road from Clarendon Avenue through UCSFs Aldea San Miguel housing complex, most of the gardens plants reach peak bloom in the spring. It is encircled by the Eucalyptus forest, and therefore has no views of the city, as the nearby non-forested Twin Peaks, the hill and forest are accessible by hiking trails, many of which are suitable for mountain bikes. In 2009, UCSF applied for a grant from FEMA to remove a majority of the trees on 23% of its land, for campus. It was supported by native habitat restoration advocates, for the return and expansion of indigenous habitats that support native flora, after over four years, the first step, a preliminary Draft EIR for public review and comments, has yet to be completed by UCSF. Much of 19th century Mount Sutro was within the Rancho San Miguel of Alta California, the ranch property was acquired by Adolph Sutro in 1879, shortly after his Comstock Lode stock was bought out by his partners, the Silver Big 4. That enabled Sutro to invest in San Francisco real estate on a large scale
8.
Salesforce Tower
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Salesforce Tower, formerly known as the Transbay Tower, is a 1, 070-foot supertall office skyscraper under construction in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco. When completed, the tower will be the tallest in San Francisco, with a top roof height of 970 feet and an overall height of 1,070 feet, it will be the second-tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles. Developer Hines, with a proposal by architect César Pelli, was selected as the winner of a competition in 2007 to entitle. In 2012, Boston Properties acquired a 50% stake in the project, the site of the tower was in a dilapidated area, formerly used as a ground-level entrance to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal, which was demolished in 2011. The TJPA sold the parcel to Boston Properties and Hines for US$192 million, actual below-grade construction work started in late 2013. The project is a joint venture between general contractors Clark Construction and Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction, the development was originally contracted on spec, meaning the developer-owner did not have a major tenant lease secured beforehand. On April 11,2014, Salesforce. com announced that it signed a lease for 714,000 square feet on floors 1, 3–30, previously known as the Transbay Tower, the building was renamed Salesforce Tower. The lease was valued at US$560 million over 15 and a half starting in 2017. The tower is expected to be completed in 2018 and will have 61 floors, the original proposal called for a 1, 200-foot tower, but the height was later reduced. It will be the tallest building in San Francisco, surpassing the Transamerica Pyramid by more than 200 feet, the tower is expected to become the second-tallest building in the Western United States. A facebook group critical of the design gained over 700 likes. Despite the tower not being completed, San Francisco Curbed readers rated Salesforce Tower as one of the 20 ugliest buildings in the city. Many also noted their disappointment that the tower, built on formerly state-owned land and claiming the highest elevation point in San Francisco, satirical blogs have also ridiculed the tower for its provocative shape
9.
Adolph Sutro
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Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro was a German-American engineer, politician and philanthropist who served as the 24th mayor of San Francisco from 1895 until 1897. Born a German Jew, he moved to Virginia City, Nevada and he is today perhaps best remembered for the various San Francisco lands and landmarks that still bear his name. Born to a Jewish family in Aachen, Rhine Province, Prussia, Sutro, educated as an engineer, Sutro incorporated the Sutro Tunnel company and raised US$3 million, a considerable fortune through this work in Nevada. He included the miners in his scheme, and planned to sail to Europe to negotiate with the Parisian Bank, but the Franco-Prussian War commenced in the middle of July 1870. Sutro was stymied, but out of the blue came an offer from a London bank led by a banker named McClamont, Sutro set off blasts of dynamite. Leading the way for tunnel diggers and he fought avalanches, mud slides and poisonous gases. He dug air shafts to relieve the danger, the shafts filled with water and he fought cave-ins and solid rock. His wealth was increased by large real estate investments in San Francisco and these land investments included Mount Sutro, Lands End, and Mount Davidson, which was called Blue Mountain at the time. In 1896, Adolph Sutro built a new Cliff House, a seven story Victorian Chateau, called by some the Gingerbread Palace, great throngs of San Franciscans arrived on steam trains, bicycles, carts and horse wagons on Sunday excursions. The baths became popular despite their remote location, across the open dunes to the west of the populated areas of the city. This popularity was due to the low entry fee for visiting the Baths. The railroad grade still exists as a trail along the Lands End cliffs. Sutro managed a great increase in the value of his land investments as a direct result of the development burst that his vacationers railroad spawned. He also increased the value of his lands by planting his property at Mount Sutro with saplings of fast-growing eucalyptus and this occurred at the same time as city Supervisors granted tax-free status to forested lands within city limits. Small fragments of the forest still exist, the largest is at Mount Sutro, where 61 acres are the property of the University of California, San Francisco, and another 19 are property of the City of San Francisco. Sutros reputation as a provider of diversions and culture for the average person led the politically weak and he won on an anti-big business platform, inveighing against the tight grip that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over local businesses. Nevertheless, he was considered a failed mayor, ill suited for political work. At the time of his death, in 1898, his fortune was extensive, as a result, his heirs fought bitterly over his holdings
10.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
11.
KGO-TV
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KGO-TV, channel 7, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, kGO-TVs studios are located at the ABC Broadcast Center in downtown San Francisco north of the citys Financial District, and its transmitter is based at Sutro Tower. KGO-TV first signed on the air on May 5,1949 as the San Francisco Bay Areas second-oldest television station, in fact, KPIX had a hand in getting KGO-TV on the air, as the CBS-affiliated station produced informational programming on how to receive and view ABCs channel 7. KGO-TVs original studios were located in the renovated Sutro Mansion near Mount Sutro in San Francisco, Channel 7 was the fourth of ABCs five original owned-and-operated stations to sign-on, after outlets in New York City, Chicago and Detroit, and before Los Angeles. In addition, it is the only ABC station to keep its original call letters, Channel 7 had a limited broadcasting schedule during its first year on the air. It was not until September 1950 that the announced, in the San Francisco Chronicle. For much of the 1950s, the station signed on late in the morning or early afternoon, especially on the weekends, because the ABC network didnt offer many daytime programs. For many years, Saturday programming began with King Normans Kingdom of Toys, in 1954, KGO-TV moved to one of the most modern broadcasting facilities on the West Coast at the time at 277 Golden Gate Avenue, formerly known as the Eagle Building. The building was demolished between 2010 and 2011, as an ABC-owned station, KGO-TV originated a few network daytime shows, including programs hosted by fitness expert Jack La Lanne, singer Tennessee Ernie Ford, and entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee. Syndicated game shows Oh My Word and The Anniversary Game were produced at KGO-TV by Circle Seven Productions, in September 1962, KGO began carrying ABCs first color program, the animated series The Jetsons, followed by The Flintstones. In the mid 1960s, KGO became the first Bay Area station to broadcast local programs in color, in 1985, KGO-TV began broadcasting from its current studios at 900 Front Street, sharing the facility with radio stations KGO, KSFO and KMKY. By 2012 the radio stations had vacated 900 Front street, KRON-TV also uses one of the two studios on the first floor for production of its news programming. This resulted in the Salinas–Santa Cruz–Monterey Bay market losing over-the-air reception of ABC programs since KNTV had also served those communities. On December 20,2010, Hearst Television, owners of NBC affiliate KSBW, the new subchannel debuted on April 18,2011, effectively displacing KGO from cable providers in Californias Central Coast, which replaced the station with KSBWs ABC-affiliated subchannel. KGO-TV was one of the earliest ABC stations to use the original Circle 7 logo, according to Broadcasting magazine, KGO unveiled this logo, created by San Francisco design consultant G. Dean Smith, on August 27,1962. Some programs seen on channel 7.2, such as the Commonwealth Club Speakers Luncheon, KGO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12,2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 24 to VHF channel 7 for post-transition operations. As a result, KGO-TV is the only Bay Area television station to retain the same channel allocation post-transition, KGO-TV has a construction permit for a fill-in translator on UHF Channel 35, serving the southern portion of the viewing area, including San Jose
12.
San Bruno Mountain
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San Bruno Mountain is located in northern San Mateo County, California, with some slopes of the mountain crossing over into southern San Francisco. Most of the lies within the 2, 326-acre San Bruno Mountain State Park. Next to the park is the 83-acre state San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve on the north slope. It is near the boundary of San Francisco, surrounded by the cities of South San Francisco, Daly City, Colma. San Bruno Mountain is topped by a four mile long ridge, trails to the summit afford expansive views of the San Francisco Bay Area. The mountain provides habitat for species of rare and endangered plants. The endangered San Bruno elfin butterfly inhabits this mountain and a few other locations, the distinct Franciscan fog zone plants of San Bruno Mountain set it apart from other California coastal areas. The Portola expedition visited San Francisco Bay in 1769, the expedition is usually considered the first European presence in the area. Five years later Fernando Rivera and four soldiers climbed the mountain, the mountain was named by Bruno de Heceta for his patron saint. San Bruno Mountain consists of portions of five Mexican land grants, jose Antonio Sanchez, who rode by mule as a child from Sonora, Mexico was given Rancho Buri Buri in 1827, with confirmation in 1835. Rancho Buri Buri extended from the bay salt flats to San Andreas Valley, in 1835 this rancho was granted to Jacob P. Leese. Three other ranchos held minor portions of the flank of San Bruno Mountain. The cities that have grown up around the mountain are San Francisco to the north, Brisbane to the east, thornton pioneered the Habitat Conservation Plan concept creating the first such plan for the area around San Bruno Mountain. KRON was the first television station to place a transmitter tower on Radio Peak, in 1949, followed by KQED and KTVU, though these tenants moved their transmitters to Sutro Tower in the 1970s. A number of FM stations built transmitter towers on the mountain, KTSF occupies the former KRON site. In 1965, Westbay Community Associates announced a plan to level a portion of the mountain to fill 27 square miles of San Francisco Bay north of Sierra Point with landfill. The proposal intended to create housing developments in the Saddle just north of Guadalupe Canyon Road, the Terra Bay project was approved in the mid-1980s for development at the south and southeast base of San Bruno Mountain. Dean & Associates, was unable to complete the project, and SunChase Holdings acquired the project in 1992, SunChase agreed to fund ecological restoration to mitigate the impact of Terra Bay during the development of Phase I under the terms of the San Bruno HCP
13.
Mount Allison
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Mount Allison is a peak of the Diablo Range, located in the East Bay southeast of Fremont, California. Mount Allison is part of a ridge that also includes Mission Peak, unlike those other two peaks, Mount Allison is located on unincorporated private property owned by a broadcasting company. Owned by Communication and Control, Inc. a large free-standing broadcasting antenna on Mount Allison broadcasts two Spanish channels, channel 14 and channel 48, erected on February 25,1998, the antenna is 443 feet high and has three prongs at the top. Several smaller towers and dishes are also present
14.
Monument Peak (Milpitas, California)
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Monument Peak is a mountain peak located southeast of Fremont and northeast of Milpitas, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California. The mountain is part of a ridge in the Diablo Range that includes Mount Allison and Mission Peak and it can be reached via a gated road, or via trails from Ed R. Levin County Park in Santa Clara County, or Mission Peak Park in Alameda County. Built on July 1,1988, an antenna on Monument Peak broadcasts channels 36 and 54 and it is a free-standing structure 605.2 feet above ground level. In the image above, the Monument Peak antenna is the tallest one seen, the peak is the point directly right of the antenna. The antenna to the far left is on Mount Allison, there are other Monument Peaks in California, Monument Peak in Riverside County, in the Temescal Mountains. Monument Peak in San Diego County,6,200 ft. in elevation, Monument Peak in San Bernardino County, a distinctive spire 2379 ft. in elevation, the northernmost point on the Colorado River Indian Reservation
15.
Mount Diablo
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Mount Diablo is a mountain of the Diablo Range, in Contra Costa County of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. It is south of Clayton and northeast of Danville and it is an isolated upthrust peak of 3,849 feet, visible from most of the San Francisco Bay Area. The summit is accessible by foot, bicycle, or motor vehicle, Road access is via North Gate Road or South Gate Road. The peak is in Mount Diablo State Park, a park of about 20,000 acres. Preserved lands on and around Mount Diablo total more than 90,000 acres. The day use fee per vehicle for the park is by entrance way, $6 via Macedo Ranch or Mitchell Canyon, on a clear day the Sierra Nevada is plainly visible. The best views are after a storm, a snowy Sierra shows up better. Lassen Peak,181 miles away, is occasionally just visible over the curve of the earth, sentinel Dome in Yosemite National Park is visible, but Half Dome is hidden by the 8000-foot ridge at 37. 755N119. 6657W. Eight bridges are visible, from west to east, San Mateo, Bay, Golden Gate, San Rafael, Carquinez, Benicia, Antioch, claims that the mountains viewshed is the largest in the world—or second largest after Mount Kilimanjaro—are ill founded. It does boast one of the largest viewsheds in the Western United States, countless peaks in the state are taller, but Mount Diablo has a remarkable visual prominence for a mountain of such low elevation. The summit is used as the datum for land surveying in much of northern California. Mount Diablo is sacred to many California Native American peoples, according to Miwok mythology and Ohlone mythology, prior to European entry, the creation narrative varied among surrounding local groups. In one surviving fragment, Mount Diablo and Reeds Peak were surrounded by water. In another, Molok the Condor brought forth his grandson Wek-Wek the Falcon Hero, about 25 independent tribal groups with well-defined territories lived in the East Bay countryside surrounding the mountain. Their members spoke dialects of three languages, Ohlone, Bay Miwok, and Northern Valley Yokuts. The Chochenyo-speaking Ohlone from Mission San Jose and the East Bay area, called the mountain Tuyshtak, the Nisenan of the Sacramento Valley called it Sukkú Jaman, or as Nisenan elder Dalbert Castro once explained, the place where dogs came from in trade. A Southern Miwok name was Supemenenu and it has also been suggested that an early Indian name for the mountain is Kawukum or Kahwookum, but there is no evidence to confirm the assertion. It resurfaced as a real estate gimmick in 1916 with a new translation, Laughing Mountain
16.
Herb Caen
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A special Pulitzer Prize called him the voice and conscience of San Francisco. After high school he covered sports for The Sacramento Union, in 1936 Caen began writing a radio programming column for the San Francisco Chronicle. When that column was discontinued in 1938, Caen proposed a column on the city itself. An astounding and unduplicated feat, by far the longest-running newspaper column in the country. ,9 What makes him unique, readers who turned to Herb on Feb.14,1966, learned that Willie Mays home was on the market for $110,000. The Bank of America now owned the block where it wanted to build its headquarters, dr. Zhivago director David Lean was in town. Meanwhile, Mike Connolly is ready to concede that the situation in Vietnam is complex, Caen had considerable influence on popular culture, particularly its language. He coined the term beatnik in 1958 and popularized hippie during San Franciscos 1967 Summer of Love and he popularized obscure—often playful—terms such as Frisbeetarianism, and ribbed nearby Berkeley as Berserkeley for its often-radical politics. Waiter Edsel Ford Fung, who became famous for berating and insulting the customers, all with tongue in cheek, died Tuesday at age 55, and the skinny old eating place is in mourning. Edsel, always a fellow with a flair, added the Ford and hinted broadly that he was related to the auto family, by the way, there is no Sam Wo at Sam Wo. The name means something analogous to Three Happiness, but there is only sadness there this week, though Caen relied on an army of reliable tipsters all items were fact-checked. Now and then an item was credited to a mysterious Strange de Jim, sometimes suspected to be a Caen alter ego, de Jim was revealed after Caens death to be a Castro District writer who, despite several coy interviews with the press, remains publicly anonymous. Caen took special pleasure in seeing what he could sneak by his editors—his naughties, such as this item about a shopper looking for a Barbie doll,15 On Sundays, current items were set aside in favor of Mr. For an eternity, the victim twitched in spasm after spasm, doesnt hurt a bit, the warden had said. And from that day on, having been made aware of the States awful vengeance. You bet.94 On December 12,1960 Caen wrote, While youre making out your Christmas cards, you remember to send one to Francis Gary Powers, c/o American Embassy, Moscow. Let him know that U-2 havent forgotten, Powers received almost a hundred cards, most from the San Francisco Bay Area. A collection of essays, Baghdad-by-the-Bay was published in 1949, the Cable Car and the Dragon, a childrens picture book, was published in 1972. In April 1996 Caen received a special Pulitzer Prize for extraordinary, the following month doctors treating him for pneumonia discovered he had inoperable lung cancer
17.
Information Society (band)
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The groups breakout hit was 1988s Whats on Your Mind, a synthpop/freestyle hit, which spent 39 weeks on the dance chart, going straight to No. 1, and would peak at No.3 on the Hot 100 pop chart. The track included a sample of Mr. Spock from Star Trek. The group is known for its fan base in Brazil, Japan, Spain. The name was chosen partly after Ingsoc, the term for English socialism in the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 1983 they independently released two albums, The InSoc EP and Creatures Of Influence, two years later it released Running, the groups first single, which became a hit popular in New York City Latin dance clubs and put them on the map. The song, a 7-minute excursion into electro-freestyle, was written and sung by Murat Konar and it was released on the Minneapolis-based label Twin-Tone Records, which was known for rock music rather than dance music. Kramer left the band shortly after the second single Walking Away was released, Records, had that option available to it throughout its years as a Warner subsidiary. In this case, Warner sub-label Reprise Records was the distributor, the groups 12-inch vinyl singles, however, were distributed through independent channels. A third single, the ballad Repetition managed to reach No.76 on the hot 100 also. The fourth single from the album was a cover of ABBAs Lay All Your Love on Me which hit No.23 on the dance chart and No.83 on the Hot 100. The audio samples from Star Trek were authorized for use on the album partially thanks to the efforts of Adam Nimoy, fan of the band, the album sold out its initial pressing in the United States in two weeks. Information Society reached gold status after 5 months of its release and would eventually turn platinum in the U. S, the album also went platinum in Brazil. The disc was one of the few to use CD+G, which included digital graphics on the disc version in addition to the music. The graphics for the CD+G portion can be seen on the Information Society Web site along with computer-based information which has been included on other releases. The songs Whats On Your Mind and Walking Away were used in a sampler disc bundled with the Sega CD to showcase the consoles CD+G capability, during this time the band released an anonymous single under the name Think Tank. Years later, Robb would release tracks under the name Think Tank through the record label Hakatak. They also had a song – the instrumental track Hit Me – placed on the soundtrack to the movie Earth Girls Are Easy, by 1989 Information Society joined the Club MTV Tour which also included Paula Abdul, Milli Vanilli, Tone Loc, Was Not Was and Lisa Lisa
18.
Art game
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An art game is a work of interactive new media digital software art as well as a member of the art game subgenre of the serious video game. Art games are interactive and the result of artistic intent by the party offering the piece for consideration and they also typically go out of their way to have a unique, unconventional look, often standing out for aesthetic beauty or complexity in design. Modified games created for artistic purposes are referred to as video game art. Art games are considered a means of demonstrating video games as works of art. A definition of the art game was first proposed by Professor Tiffany Holmes in her 2003 paper for the Melbourne DAC Conference, current Trends in the Art Game Genre. Art games are always interactive—and that interactivity is based on the needs of competing Art games explore the game format primarily as a new mode for structuring narrative, cultural critique. In an 2015 article, Columbian video game theorist Carlos Díaz placed importance on the experience as an integral aspect of the art game. This experience can pertain to a variety of avenues, but it transcends the medium. Within the topic of the art game, further subdivisions have been proposed, in her 2003 paper, Holmes identified two common art game types as the feminist art game, and the retro-styled art game. She proposed two different categorical schemes to further subdivide the genre by theme and by type, subdividing by type, Stalker identified the art mod, the physical manifestation art game, machinima, and 3D real-time game. Distinctions are drawn in describing the art game as a genre compared to video game genres. Rather than describing the game on a level, descriptions focus on the artistic intent. There are several recent instances of video games that involve the characteristics of art games, such as Braid. Games like these arent necessarily created or marketed under the classification of art game, the potentials and limitations of the medium are increasingly discovered as the video game industry develops, therefore resulting in the recent popularity of art game elements. If nothing else, the genre can be seen as a means to push the medium to its conceptual limit, at the core of the matter lies an intersection between art and the video game. This has led to the drawing of a number of distinctions between the art game and the various kinds of game art. This difference has been described by Justin McElroy of Joystiq as the same between a sculpture and a building, though a building/game can be aesthetically pleasing, an art game/sculpture is using its very structure to produce some kind of reaction. This same comparison has been used by Jenova Chen in an interview discussing art games, thus the game portion of game art is merely the means to an artistic end
19.
SFZero
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SFZero or SF0 is a web-based community game invented in San Francisco. It is a type of reality game. SFZero players earn points by completing a variety of different tasks, often with a focus on creativity, exploration, community. Although the game was intended for San Francisco residents, its player base has expanded to include many other locales both in and outside of America. In the early game, players were required to align with a group upon starting the game, however, beginning in the era of Insatiability, the restrictive rule of choosing a group before play has been eliminated. Currently, players can complete tasks from any group, and can choose to be listed as a member of any group from which they have completed tasks, each group has its own goals, interests, and an archive of group tasks. Although SFZero encourages collaboration amongst all players, and many tasks require it as such, it allows for competition amongst individuals, locales, teams. It is possible to other players both as friend and as foe. BART Psychogeographical Association - The BART Psychogeographical Association explores the myriad transportation systems of San Francisco and its members are concerned with freedom of movement and the structure of the city. New members of the BARTPA should express an interest in space, walking, neighborhoods. Biome - The Biome Group observes and explores interactions between the environment and the Out Of Doors - the living structure of the City. Although they hesitate to use words like natural or wilderness their activities concern what most would refer to as nature, EquivalenZ - The EquivalenZ project seeks to fulfill the originating fantasies of Virtual Reality. Developed by Paragoogle Integrated Technologies, LLC, EquivalenZ is a structure which frees the user from gender, race. Humanitarian Crisis - The Humanitarian Crisis Group believes that the residents of San Francisco are victims of a humanitarian crisis, the group seeks to bring aid and relief in any way it can, often relying on charitable acts and public services. Members of this group are expected to navigate public spaces and identify those in need of help, the University of Aesthematics - Aesthematicians devote themselves to the trinity of Technique, Appearance and Product. Art informs and is informed by technique, specifically, techniques of producing meaning, each Aesthematician is a brilliant manager in the factory of creation, responsible for communicating meaning through production with maximum efficiency. Chrononautic Extropology - Chrononautic Extropologists decline the habit of past and future, chrononauts and chronambulists travel through and across time, seeking splinters and twists in the flight of its arrow. We shape the present with relativity, simultaneity, paradox, immortality, members of this group should play to help the timebound reevaluate their living present
20.
Columbia, South Carolina
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Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
21.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
22.
Consortium
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Consortium is a Latin word, meaning partnership, association or society and derives from consors partner, itself from con- together and sors fate, meaning owner of means or comrade. The Big Ten Academic Alliance and Five Colleges, Inc. along with the Claremont Consortium are among the oldest and most successful higher education consortia in the United States. The Big Ten Academic Alliance, formerly known as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, the participants in Five Colleges, Inc. are, Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Another example of a successful consortium is the Five Colleges of Ohio of Ohio, Oberlin College, Ohio Wesleyan University, Kenyon College, College of Wooster and Denison University. These consortia have pooled the resources of their colleges and the universities to share human and material assets as well as to link academic. An example of a non-profit consortium is the Appalachian College Association located in Richmond, the association consists of 35 private liberal arts colleges and universities spread across the central Appalachian mountains in Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Collectively these higher education institutions serve approximately 42,500 students, six research universities in the region are affiliated with the ACA. These institutions assist the ACA in reviewing grant and fellowship applications, conducting workshops, the ACA works to serve higher education in the rural regions of these five states. An example of a for-profit consortium is a group of banks that collaborate to make a loan—also known as a syndicate and this type of loan is more commonly known as a syndicated loan. In England it is common for a consortium to buy out financially struggling football clubs in order to them out of liquidation. Hulu, the American video streaming service, is owned by a consortium of media conglomerates including Time Warner, 21st Century Fox, Comcast. Airbus Industries was formed in 1970 as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers, the retention of production and engineering assets by the partner companies in effect made Airbus Industries a sales and marketing company. This arrangement led to inefficiencies due to the inherent conflicts of interest that the four partner companies faced, the companies collaborated on development of the Airbus range, but guarded the financial details of their own production activities and sought to maximize the transfer prices of their sub-assemblies. In 2001, EADS and BAE Systems transferred their Airbus production assets to a new company, in return, they got 80% and 20% shares respectively. BAE would later sell its share to EADS, coopetition is a word coined from cooperation and competition. It is used when companies otherwise competitors collaborate in a consortium to cooperate on areas non-strategic for their core businesses and they prefer to reduce their costs on these non-strategic areas and compete on other areas where they can differentiate better. For example, the GENIVI Alliance is a consortium between different car makers in order to ease building an in-vehicle infotainment system. Another example is the World Wide Web Consortium, which is a consortium that standardizes web technologies like HTML, XML, joint venture This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. passim
23.
KTVU
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KTVU, channel 2, is an owned-and-operated television station of the Fox Broadcasting Company, licensed to Oakland, California, USA and serving the San Francisco Bay Area. KTVU is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of 21st Century Fox, the two stations share studio facilities at Jack London Square in downtown Oakland, KTVU maintains transmitter facilities at Sutro Tower in San Francisco. The station first signed on the air on March 3,1958, KTVUs operations were inaugurated with a special live telecast from its temporary studio facility at the former Paris Theatre in downtown Oakland. Channel 2 was the commercial television station to sign on in the Bay Area. During its first 15 years on the air, KTVUs transmitter facilities were based from a tower on San Bruno Mountain in northern San Mateo County. KTVU moved its facilities to the Sutro Tower, after the structure was completed in 1973. The Ingrim–Pabst–Pauley group attempted to sell KTVU to NBC in 1960, under Coxs stewardship, channel 2 became the leading independent station in the San Francisco–Oakland market and one of the top-rated independents in the Western United States. KTVU retained this status even as competing independents on the UHF band signed on during the late 1960s, in the early 1960s, KTVU obtained the local broadcast rights to the Warner Bros. Pictures library, the films it broadcast from the studio consisted of those released during the 1950s, most being presented in color. Channel 2 was the first television station in the Bay Area to air such films as A Star Is Born, East of Eden, the station even televised the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film Hollywood Revue of 1929 with some of the original two-strip Technicolor sequences. Continuing into its early years as a Fox affiliate, KTVU frequently aired classic movies in the 8,00 p. m. time slot as well as on Sunday afternoons. Many of the films presented were prints restored by the editing department to eliminate color and splicing errors. It also occasionally aired movies originally assigned an R rating for their release without editing for strong profanity, nudity or violence. In 1992, KTVU ran a version of the 1984 science fiction film Dune. In 1977, KTVU was uplinked to satellite as a superstation, being carried primarily on systems operated by cable television provider and corporate cousin. KTVU also carried programming from the Operation Prime Time programming service in 1978, the company formally announced the launch of the new network, the Fox Broadcasting Company, on May 7,1986. S. It was also one of the few independents to affiliate with the network which broadcast on the VHF band and had a local news identity. KTVU officially joined Fox seven months later on October 9,1986, in addition, Channel 2 began to air an afternoon cartoon block supplied by the network, Fox Kids, when the Monday through Saturday childrens lineup debuted in September 1990. m
24.
Cox Enterprises
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Cox Enterprises, Inc. is a privately held American conglomerate based in Atlanta. Cox is also a communications and automotive services company. Cox Enterprises is currently headed by the daughter of founder James M. Cox, Anne Cox Chambers, and its chairman is Barbara Coxs son, James C. Kennedy. The company owns newspapers, television stations, radio stations, Cox Communications, Manheim Auctions, AutoTrader. com, Kelley Blue Book, Savings. com, Cox is bringing Techstars, a startup accelerator, to Atlanta to boost startups and entrepreneurs. The company gave more than $92 million in community support in 2014 through cash, the company was founded in Dayton, Ohio by James M. Cox, who purchased the Dayton Daily News in 1898. Cox Communications is a communications and entertainment company. The company also provides security and automation, commercial telecommunications. Cox Communications formed an alliance with the Cleveland Clinic to take Healthcare to the home in February 2015, the company has also been deploying residential gigabit internet service. Cox Media Group operates broadcast television and radio stations, runs metro newspapers and more than a dozen non-daily publications, Cox Media Group owns and operates Savings. com and Valpak. Cox Media Group is also involved in automated and programmatic sales through Videa, Cox Automotive is a provider of vehicle remarketing services and digital marketing and software solutions for automotive dealers and consumers. In June 2015, Cox Automotive announced the biggest vendor acquisition in the history of auto retailing by agreeing to pay $4 billion in cash for dealer software giant Dealertrack Technologies Inc, the acquisition closed in October 2015. Official website Media related to Cox Enterprises at Wikimedia Commons
25.
Fox Television Stations
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Until it moved to Spike in the 2013-14 season, FTS produced the first 25 seasons of Foxs program COPS, and also oversees the MyNetworkTV service and a half-interest in the Movies. Digital subchannel network, which is shared with Weigel Broadcasting and these stations would later become the basis of the Fox Broadcasting Company, which launched in October 1986. Not long after the Metromedia deal was made, Murdoch purchased Daviss shares, initially, FTS was a semi-autonomous unit in which News Corporation owned over 99 percent of the equity but only 24 percent of the voting power, the balance was held personally by Murdoch. Federal Communications Commission regulations of that era prohibited foreign interests or non-American citizens from controlling more than 25 percent of an FCC-licensed broadcast station, the quirk was removed permanently when News Corporation reincorporated in the U. S. in 2004. The Fox Broadcasting Company itself and affiliated cable channels were not affected by these regulations, the Fox-owned UPN affiliates were not included in the UPN/WB merger, which was announced on January 23,2006. Soon after, these stations removed references to UPN from their on-air branding, MyNetworkTV remains on WPWR as a secondary affiliation. On December 21,2007, FTS announced that it would sell nine of its stations to Local TV, LLC, six of the stations that were sold are ex-New World stations. The transaction was completed in 2008, in January 2009, NBC Owned Television Stations and FTS set up the first Local News Service with their Philadelphia stations after testing since the summer 2008. Fox and NBC then added other markets where they both own stations, on January 28,2013, FTS announced that 17 of their stations would be affiliating with new subchannel network, Movies. Which is a joint venture between FTS and Weigel Broadcasting, on their subchannels and that same day, the company announced it would be acquiring the Charlotte duopoly of CW affiliate WJZY and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYT-TV from Capitol Broadcasting Company. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 11 and completed on April 17, as part of the deal, WJZY became a Fox owned-and-operated station on July 1. The station sale/trade was completed on October 8,2014, Foxs motivation for acquiring KTVU was that it was another NFL market with an NFC team. Foxs application to acquire KBCB was dismissed by the FCC on November 20,2014, on January 20,2015, Deadline. com announced that FTSs stations will carry the new digital multicast network Buzzr TV, a joint venture of FremantleMedia and Debmar-Mercury. Buzzr TV will carry classic game show content and will debut on Monday, Fox TV Stations in expanding its relationship with Weigel Broadcasting beyond Movies. by adding the Heroes & Icons network to 11 major market stations in the fourth quarter 2015. 28 stations Fox Television Stations Productions MyNetworkTV Movies, Stations are arranged alphabetically by state and city of license. Notes, – Indicates an original Fox-owned station from the inception in 1986. – Indicates a station owned by New World Communications prior to its acquisition by News Corporation in 1997, – Indicates a station owned by Chris-Craft Industries/BHC prior to its acquisition by News Corporation in 2001
26.
KRON-TV
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KRON-TV, virtual channel 4, is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, KRON maintains studios in the same building as KGO-TV in the Financial District, and its transmitting antenna is located atop Sutro Tower. KRON-TV is the largest MyNetworkTV affiliate by market size that is not owned and operated by the network, NBC wanted an owned-and-operated station in the Bay Area alongside its West Coast flagship radio station, KNBC. However, in an upset, the won the license. They brought KRON-TV on the air on November 15,1949 as a full-time NBC affiliate, the stations call letters come from a modification of the Chronicles nickname, The Chron. For most of its run as an NBC station, KRON-TV was that networks second-largest affiliate, KRON-TV originally broadcast from studios located in the basement of the Chronicle building at Fifth and Mission streets. It originally maintained transmitter facilities, master control and a small studio on San Bruno Mountain. In August 1959, the Chronicle reported that the tower was damaged by an unusually strong thunderstorm. Newscasts benefited from the resources of the Chronicle and there was cooperation between KRON and the newspaper, Bay Area kids, known as the City Council, joined Mayor Art in the studio each day. The show featured Popeye cartoons mixed with science demonstrations, a feature entitled Mayor Arts Almanac, games, prizes. Assignment Four was a series that generally aired Monday evenings at 7,00 p. m. through much of the 1960s. Subjects ranged from Skid Row to The Single Girl, the Green Intricate Country of Napa Valley to No Deposit, the documentary Not to Have Lived about mechanized society featured no dialogue or narration. In 1967, KRON-FM-TV moved to a new studio at 1001 Van Ness Avenue in the Western Addition neighborhood, the television transmitter was moved to Sutro Tower on July 4,1973, while the FM transmitter remained on San Bruno Mountain. Since the 1970s, KRONs logo has incorporated a stylized number 4 design that is based on the Golden Gate Bridge, the vertical component is a bridge tower, the horizontal component is a portion of the bridge deck, and the curve is a portion of a suspension cable. By about 1990-1991, this evolved into the circle 4 logo in use to this day, realizing this and refocusing on the entire market enabled KRON-TV to become the dominant station in the Bay Area. During the 1980s, KRON continued its dominance by airing top-rated syndicated programs, including the Merv Griffin-produced game shows Jeopardy. and Wheel of Fortune, as well as Entertainment Tonight. In 1982, the deYoung familys Chronicle Publishing Company unit discussed a trade of KRON-TV to the Gannett Company. The proposal ultimately fell apart by September 1983, during that timeframe, KRON also produced a Saturday morning childrens program called Buster and Me
27.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
28.
Nexstar Media Group
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Nexstar Media Group is a publicly traded American telecommunications company headquartered in Irving, Texas. The companys portfolio consists of 171 television stations across the U. S. most of whom are affiliates with the four major U. S. television networks located in small to medium-sized markets. It also operates all of the owned by an affiliated company, Mission Broadcasting. Nexstar Media Group was founded as the Nexstar Broadcasting Group on June 17,1996, the first television station bought by Nexstar was WYOU in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Nexstar bought WYOU from Diversified Communications, the sale was completed on September 28 of that year. Nexstar promptly fired two beloved anchors and laid-off several long-term staff-members, Perry Sook promised that WYOU would be Nexstars flagship station and he kept an office right off the newsroom for many years. In one memorable moment in Sooks time there, the version of the Robert Mitchum movie The Big Sleep aired on a Sunday afternoon. The production staff was amused to see Sook running down the hallway from his office to the Master Control suite when full frontal nudity appeared on screen during the movie, in 1998, Nexstar purchased WBRE-TV in Wilkes-Barre, PA. Because this was in the market as WYOU, WYOU was sold to Mission Broadcasting. This began the first ever Shared-services agreement between stations, wYOUs sales staff was kept in Scranton while the production and news operations were moved to WBREs offices in Wilkes-Barre. WYOUs staff who were not laid-off were fired by Nexstar, hired by Mission, Mission Broadcasting then paid Nexstar to operate and control the production and news gathering operations while Mission kept the sales and management team. In 2003, Nexstar acquired Quorum Broadcasting, on March 20,2009, Nexstar operated television stations that were owned by Four Points Media Group, through and outsourcing agreement. In July 2012, Nexstar agreed to purchase 11 stations and Inergize Digital Media from Newport Television with two going to affiliate Mission Broadcasting. On September 16,2013, Nexstar announced that it would acquire WOI-DT, KCAU-TV, Nexstar immediately took over the stations operations through a time brokerage agreement. On March 5,2014, the Federal Communications Commission approved the sale of these stations to Nexstar outright, KCAU continues to use Citadels standardized news sets, graphics and logos. On November 6,2013, Nexstar announced that it would purchase the Grant stations for $87.5 million. Due to Federal Communications Commission ownership regulations, one of the stations, KLJB, was spun off to Marshall Broadcasting, the sale was completed on December 1,2014. On March 13,2014, Nexstar announced that it would purchase Internet Broadcasting, the providers were merged to form Lakana, led by former ETG CEO Phillip Hyun
29.
KPIX-TV
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KPIX-TV, channel 5, is a CBS owned-and-operated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, the stations studios are located just north of San Franciscos Financial District, and its transmitter is located on Sutro Tower. In addition to KBCW, KPIX shares its studios with its CBS Radio partners, KCBS, KFRC-FM, KITS, KLLC, KMVQ-FM and KZDG, although they use a different address number for Battery Street. KPIX-TV signed on the air on December 22,1948 as the first television station in northern California and it was originally owned by Associated Broadcasters, owners of KSFO. Initially, channel 5s signal was transmitted from a tower on top of the Mark Hopkins Hotel on Nob Hill and it later moved to a shared transmitter tower with KGO-TV at the Sutro Mansion, and then to the Sutro Tower in 1973. KPIXs first studio was in the attic of the Mark Hopkins Hotel, the station immediately joined CBS due to a deal KSFOs owners had worked out with the television network one year earlier. KSFO was CBS radios Bay Area affiliate from 1937 to 1941, after lengthy Federal Communications Commission hearings, KSFO won the 740 frequency, but later decided to stay at 560 and concentrate its efforts on building a television station. It traded the 740 frequency to CBS in return for getting the CBS television affiliation for the Bay Area, KQW remained at 740 and CBS changed its call sign to KCBS. The station also carried programming from DuMont until that network folded in 1956, when KPIXs first competitor, KGO-TV, signed on in May 1949, KPIX produced programs to welcome it into the Bay Area. The studio on Van Ness Avenue was the first building in San Francisco specifically built for television, Westinghouse Electric Corporation bought KPIX in 1954 and ran it as part of the companys Group W broadcasting unit. During Westinghouses ownership, KPIX was the only television station on the West Coast. In early 1996, Westinghouse merged with CBS, making KPIX a CBS-owned station, prior to this, KPIX had been CBSs longest-tenured affiliate. KPIX was also one of two longtime CBS affiliates owned by Group W that became a CBS O&O, the other being KDKA-TV, since May 2003, KPIX-TV and WJZ-TV are the only former Group W TV stations that still utilize the classic Group W font. KPIXs distinctive 5 logo dates back from the stations days under Westinghouse ownership, when Westinghouse merged with CBS, most of the former Group W stations eventually retired the font. KPIX, along with its Baltimore sister station WJZ-TV would become the only two CBS-owned television stations to continue using this logo font. KPIX was the only CBS-owned station on the West Coast not to follow the CBS Mandate for years after the merger, simply referencing itself as KPIX-TV Channel 5. Between 1993 and 1996, it was branded simply as KPIX5, even dropping the Eyewitness News title for its newscasts and branding them as KPIX5 News at the same time, before reverting. In 2005, KPIX fell in line with the mandate and rebranded as CBS5, on February 3,2013, KPIX dropped the CBS5 branding and reverted to being branded as KPIX5
30.
Westinghouse Broadcasting
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The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States, Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. It was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20,1963 and it kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles. Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos, similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface is closely, but not accurately, the font is also used in the video game Damnation. Westinghouse Broadcasting was also known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine. The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2,1920 sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh, WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZs frequency and simulcasted WBZs programming, signed on in November 1924. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as an all of Westinghouses stations became affiliates of NBCs Blue Network when it was launched on January 1,1927. Most of the Blue Networks programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, in 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment, Westinghouses next station was its first purchase, WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana joined the group in August 1936. The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouses original stations move to their current dial positions, with WOWOs power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. Among them, the four stations nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1, the Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBCs radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA and KYW became affiliates of NBCs Red Network while WOWO, Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5, 000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon, a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEXs power to 50,000 watts in 1948, later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX and WOWO, FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM and the second WBZ-FM facility proved to be worth keeping, moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND
31.
CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season
32.
Public Broadcasting Service
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule
33.
KQED (TV)
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KQED, virtual channel 9, is a PBS member television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting, through subsidiary KQED, Inc. alongside fellow PBS station KQEH, KQED maintains studios located on Mariposa Street in San Franciscos Mission District, and its transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower. KQEDs signal is relayed on satellite station KQET in Watsonville, which serves the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market, the stations call letters, Q. E. D. are taken from the Latin phrase, quod erat demonstrandum, commonly used in mathematics. One of KQEDs early local programs was World Press, a weekly roundup of international news stories analyzed by a panel of political analysts. Panel members, who were political science analysts specializing in each specific global area and it was developed by San Francisco Supervisor Roger Boas, who brought his long-term interest in government, politics, television and business to the show. The program summed up the reaction to such events as the Kennedy assassinations. What started as a public access program with no financial support became the longest continuously running discussion program televised on approximately 185 stations. In its early days following the stations sign-on, KQED broadcast only twice a week for one each day. Despite the very limited schedule, the station was losing money. While the station came a little short, it did show that the general public cared to keep KQED on the air. KQED was best known in the late 60s and throughout the 1970s, as one of the few public stations in the country to have its own nightly news show. For many years, the show was anchored by Belva Davis, Newsroom grew out of a 1968 newspaper strike in San Francisco. Journalists from the newspapers began reporting their stories on KQED. The staff also produced feature news stories for the MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour. In 1970, KQED inherited KNEW-TV from Metromedia, but found they could not operate it without losing money, various PBS and locally produced programs from KQED would air erratically and at different times of the day on KQEC. The alleged dishonesty was in reference to KQEDs claim of financial woes for keeping KQEC off the air for most of 1972 through 1977, after being revoked from KQEDs hands, the reassigned license was granted to the Minority Television Project, one of the challengers of the KQED/KQEC filing. The KQEC call letters were changed to KMTP-TV under the new license, the decision to pursue the videotaping of executions was controversial amongst those on both sides of the capital punishment debate. KQED was co-producer of the adaptation of Armistead Maupins novel, Tales of the City
34.
KOFY-TV
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KOFY-TV, virtual channel 20, is an independent television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Granite Broadcasting, KOFY maintains studios located on Marin Street in the Bernal Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, and its transmitter is located atop the Sutro Tower. The stations signal is relayed on translator station, K29DF. Originally designated as KBAY-TV, the permit for the station went through many owners from the 1950s onward. The KEMO call letters were assigned to U. S. Communications. It was seemingly off the air more than it was on, KEMO offered Japanese live-action and cartoons dubbed into English including Speed Racer, Ultraman,8 Man, Prince Planet, Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero and The King Kong Show. Leon Crosbys KEMO signed off on September 30,1980, most memorable were the station identification breaks featuring pets, usually dogs, of Bay Area viewers that would look on cue at a television screen showing the stations logo. These IDs were retired in 1998, having aired alongside official WB-issued KOFY IDs for the first three years of the networks existence, other popular programming during the early and mid-1980s included the TV-20 Dance Party, and a Sunday late-night movie program. The Sunday program included studio segments at the beginning and commercial breaks of the movie, hosted by Gabbert, viewers were invited to join Gabbert on the set and for a time, enjoy a sponsors product. On March 1,1986, the changed its call letters to KOFY-TV. Gabbert sold KOFY radio in 1997 to Susquehanna Radio Corporation which changed the format from Spanish music to a talk format complementing its existing sports station. At one point, Gabbert made Bay Area broadcasting history by televising a 3D movie that required special glasses, KOFY-TV continued to run a general entertainment format, and added more cartoons in the late 1980s. Beginning in September 1987, the station filled the 7 to 11 p. m. timeslot with drama series such as Perry Mason, Cannon, Lou Grant, from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, KOFY also featured an in-studio, live kids cartoon show called Cartoon Classics. Hosted by Maestro Dick Bright, the show offered such cartoons as Mighty Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Tom and Jerry, the show frequently featured local magician Magic Mike performing for the studio children. Finally the live-action in-studio segment was scrapped and the show just showed the cartoons straight, afternoon cartoon shows such as these eventually became a thing of the past as cable television was able to feature round-the-clock cartoons aimed at younger viewers. KOFY added more sitcoms in the early 1990s, the CBS game show Tattletales was picked up for the KEMO schedule during the mid-1970s among its foreign language-heavy programming when KPIX did not carry its CBS feed. On Christmas Eve, Gabbert would preempt normal programming during the evening and broadcast its own version of the Yule Log. In the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, the station ran a dance party hosted by James Gabbert
35.
KBCW (TV)
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KBCW, channel 44, is a CW owned-and-operated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States which serves as the West Coast flagship of the network. The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of CBS Corporation, the two stations share studios located on Battery Street in San Francisco, KBCWs transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower. The station is available on channel 12 on most cable providers in the Bay Area, kBHK-TV was the third independent station in the San Francisco Bay area behind San Jose-based KGSC-TV and KTVU, licensed to Oakland. The station was based in studios located at 650 California Street. Several key scenes from the Robert Redford-starring political election intrigue movie The Candidate were filmed in KBHKs studio at 420 Taylor Street, many of KBHKs technicians appeared in the movie as themselves. Kaiser Broadcasting later merged with Chicago-based Field Communications (Marshall Field, in 1973 as part of a joint venture between the companies, in 1977, Kaiser sold its interest in the stations to Field, making Field the sole owner of KBHK. Field later put its stations up for sale in 1982, KBHK maintained a general entertainment program schedule that included morning and afternoon childrens blocks, off-network sitcoms, feature films, and public affairs programming. At one point, KBHK advertised itself as the Bay Areas Movie Station, several local programs produced at KBHK were syndicated nationally including Leonard Nimoys Star Trek Memories and The Twilight Zone Special. In 1993, the station began carrying programs from the Prime Time Entertainment Network programming service which it carried until January 1995, in 1994, Chris-Craft/United Television partnered with Paramount Television to launch the United Paramount Network. As a result of Chris-Craft/Uniteds interest in the network, UPN signed affiliation deals with both the independent stations to become charter owned-and-operated stations of the network. KBHK joined UPN when it launched on January 16,1995, the station continued with its programming format, essentially continuing to program similarly to an independent as UPN would not expand to five nights a week of programming until 1998. The older sitcoms and cartoons were replaced during the late 1990s and early 2000s with more recent sitcoms, talk shows, game shows, court shows. In 2000, Viacom bought Chris-Crafts 50% ownership interest in UPN, on August 12 of that year, Chris-Craft sold its UPN stations to the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of News Corporation for $5.5 billion, the deal that was finalized on July 31,2001. Since News Corporation also owned the Fox network at the time, the Viacom purchase also reunited KBHK with Detroits WKBD, which had been purchased by Paramount Stations Group in 1993. On the day of the announcement, the signed a ten-year affiliation deal with 11 of CBS Corporations 13 UPN stations. However, it is likely that KBHK would have been chosen even without the affiliation deal. A. s CW affiliate KTLA serves as its largest station in the West Coast. With the launch of The CW, KBCW became the Bay Areas only major English-language network station on the UHF dial, to reflect the new affiliation, KBHK officially changed its call letters to KBCW on July 1,2006. In June 2013, the changed its logo from the generic design used since The CWs launch to a version utilizing the stations call letters
36.
KQEH
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KQEH, virtual channel 54, is a PBS member station serving the San Francisco Bay Area that is licensed to San Jose, California, United States. The station is owned by KQED, Inc. alongside sister station KQED in San Francisco, its satellite KQET in Watsonville, the three stations share studios and offices located on Mariposa Street in San Franciscos Mission District, The KQEH transmitter is located on Monument Peak. The station first signed on the air on October 19,1964, in the late 1990s, KTEH bought KCAH in Watsonville, which was founded in 1989 to serve as the PBS station for the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market. These volunteers made up the crews for all of their pledge drives and auction programming. In 2006, KQED and the KTEH Foundation agreed to merge to form Northern California Public Broadcasting, as a result of the merger, KCAH changed its call letters to KQET on August 12,2007. Subsequently on October 1,2007, KQET, which became a satellite of KTEH following its acquisition of the station, kQEHs programming is carried on the second digital subchannel of KQET. In December 2010, the Board of Directors of Northern California Public Broadcasting changed the name to KQED Inc. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, KQEH shut down its signal, over UHF channel 54, on June 12,2009. The stations daytime hours on weekdays are dominated by childrens programming, including Dinosaur Train, Sesame Street, weeknights begin with news programming – the Nightly Business Report and BBC World News – followed by mostly United Kingdom-originating dramas and comedies. Weeknight prime-time contains mainly documentaries and drama, the current slogan for British programming on KQEH reflects this. Starting in April 1981, KTEH started showing the British science-fantasy show Doctor Who, on April 10,2007, Doctor Who returned to the station with the airing of the programmes 2005 revival. KTEH has also aired another British sci-fi show, Red Dwarf, in 1998, KTEH aired the entire eighth series of Red Dwarf in one night. In doing so, many episodes were shown on KTEH before their broadcast on British television, KTEH was also the first to air Neon Genesis Evangelion in America, as well as dubbed) Tenchi Muyo. Ryo-Ohki and Tenchi Universe TV series and these shows were later shown on Cartoon Networks Toonami programming block. Magic Knight Rayearth, Martian Successor Nadesico, Betterman, Robotech, Mobile Suit Gundam, Cardcaptor Sakura, Astro Boy, Gatchaman, KTEH has produced many television programs over the years, some of which have been nationally broadcast. Its current production schedule includes, This is Us – an Emmy Award-winning show featuring profiles of remarkable people, saving the Bay – the Emmy Award-winning documentary about San Francisco Bay went on to a national release in 2011. Video i – an award-winning showcase of documentaries, dramas and experimental films KTEH Cooks with Garlic – local viewers preparing their favorite garlic recipes
37.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
38.
KNTV
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KNTV, channel 11, is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Jose, California, USA and serving the San Francisco Bay Area region. The stations transmitter is located on San Bruno Mountain, just south of San Francisco, on cable, KNTV is available on Comcast cable systems in the Bay Area on channel 3. KNTV signed on the air on September 12,1955, originally operating as an independent station covering the entire north-central California coast from Monterey to San Francisco. It was the first television station in San Jose, and was operated by Standard Radio and Television Corporation. Channel 11 often aired shows from CBS, DuMont and NBC that were turned down by San Franciscos KPIX and KRON-TV. The station was not viable as an independent, and the going got even more difficult when Oakland-based KTVU signed on in 1958, however, due to its antenna location, its signal could be received fairly well in the nearby areas of Monterey and Salinas. Previously, all three networks had been shoehorned onto Salinas-based KSBW-TV, KNTV, therefore, became one of the few stations located outside the market it served. Following the death of Allen T. Gilliland in 1960, ownership of KNTV was held by the executors of his estate, the younger Gilliland acquired majority ownership in August 1966 and later operated it as part of Gill Industries, which also controlled San Joses cable television system. Even as an ABC affiliate, KNTV occasionally preempted a few ABC programs, KGO-TV, meanwhile, aired ABCs entire programming schedule, so this often gave San Jose and Silicon Valley Area residents a second choice for viewing preempted ABC programming. Gill Industries sold KNTV to Norfolk-based Landmark Communications in 1978, twelve years later, Landmark sold the station to a minority-owned firm, Granite Broadcasting. In 1999, KGO-TV agreed to pay Granite a substantial fee to stop channel 11 from running ABC programming once the stations affiliation contract expired. ABCs corporate parent, the Walt Disney Company, saw the need to expand KGO-TVs exclusive advertising market share into San Jose for this reason, and it felt that KNTV was taking away from the share. That same year, the family, owners of KRON-TV. NBC was thought to be the favorite to buy KRON-TV, the network also made the unprecedented demand that Young pay NBC $10 million annually to carry the networks programming – a form of reverse compensation. Young refused, and announced that it would end KRON-TVs 52-year relationship with NBC once its contract ended in December 2001. In February 2000, Granite contacted NBC to negotiate an affiliation deal, NBC accepted the deal, which was due to take effect in January 2002. In preparation for this switch, KNTV boosted its signal to reach the entire San Francisco Bay Area,7 million viewers now had access to KNTV, including 90% of the San Francisco Metropolitan area. The move cost the Monterey Bay area an over-the-air ABC affiliate, in order to compensate for the loss, KGO-TV was then added on cable providers in that market, with certain syndicated programs carried by the station replaced due to syndication exclusivity rules
39.
KSTS
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KSTS, virtual channel 48, is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station serving the San Francisco Bay Area that is licensed to San Jose, California, United States. The station is owned by the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal, the two stations share studios and offices located on North 1st Street in San Jose. KSTSs transmitter is located atop Mount Allison, the station first signed on the air on May 31,1981 as an independent station. It was owned by National Group Television, which was headed by N. J. Douglas, the station initially offered programming weekdays from 5 a. m. to 3 p. m. from the Financial News Network. The station branded under the slogan Your Computer Connection, KSTS was also the only station to broadcast the introduction of Apples Macintosh personal computer at the companys 1984 Annual Shareholders Meeting. Beginning in the fall of 1981, KSTS carried the television service Star TV, featuring recent movies. By 1983, they were carrying subscription TV after 12 noon on weekends, by 1983, the off network shows were dropped for more brokered programming. That year, the station ran various brokered programming weekends from 5 a. m. to noon, Financial News remained weekdays till 3 p. m. NightMusic premiered in August 1984, a three-hour weekly live show that featured music videos and comedy. Hosted by John Ward with co-host Brian Leonard NightMusic aired from 9PM to 12M every Saturday for a year, chris Isaak was a frequent guest and Translator once served as the house band. Jay Peterson was a staff announcer, in 1984, Star TV began winding down operations due to the fact cable penetration eliminated the need for Subscription TV over the air. By 1986, KSTS was running Spanish programming for half of its broadcast day on weekdays. Later that year the Financial News Network programming ended and the became the entire broadcast day. NetSpan was relaunched as Telemundo in mid-1987, by then, the station was running the networks programming about 16 hours a day. Telemundo bought the station later that year, at which time KSTS began carrying Telemundo programming full-time. Initially, KSTS was targeted at the San Jose/Silicon Valley region, the station moved into all-digital broadcast center housed alongside KNTV in 2004. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, KSTS also has a Mobile DTV feed of subchannel 48.1, KSTS shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 48, on June 12,2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 49, KSTS presently broadcasts five hours of locally produced newscasts each week. In 1988, KSTS launched its news department with the debut of a half-hour 6pm newscast, the program proved successful, which resulted in the station later adding a half-hour 11pm newscast
40.
KICU-TV
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KICU-TV, virtual and UHF digital channel 36, is an independent television station serving the San Francisco Bay Area that is licensed to San Jose, California, United States. It is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of 21st Century Fox, the two stations share studio facilities located at Jack London Square on Washington Street in West Oakland, KICU maintains transmitter facilities located on Monument Peak in Milpitas. The Federal Communications Commission originally assigned the UHF channel 36 allocation in Northern California to Stockton and it was occupied by KTVU, a short-lived independent station that signed on the air on December 18,1953. At the time, most television sets did not have built-in UHF tuners, consequently, as it was hampered by low viewership, the KTVU ultimately ceased operations on April 30,1955. Shortly afterward, Capital City TV Corp. entered into negotiations to purchase KTVU, Channel 36 never returned to the air and its construction permit was deleted by the Commission less than a year later. KICU-TV first signed on the air on October 9,1967 and it is currently the longest continuously operating commercial UHF television station in the Bay Area, as well as the longest continuously operating independent station in the market. The two characters often made jokes about the movies being showcased, as well as engaged in banter with guests promoting local businesses. The format would eventually be revised, with the interstitial segments conducted by Moore, in the winter of early 1981, the station was sold to Ralph Wilson Enterprises, operated by Detroit businessman Ralph Wilson, owner of the Buffalo Bills NFL franchise. The on-air identifications used by the following the callsign change featured a breathy, husky voiceover by Doda reading, I see you. In addition to breathing the station IDs, Doda would also perform the stations editorial segments, the first take of the editorials was always broadcast, with any mistakes made by Doda when they were recorded left in the aired segments. Over the years, the station ran a number of series and older movies, it also added more classic sitcoms. However, the station gradually decreased the amount of programs it carried on its schedule between 1998 and 2002, outside of those it aired on Saturday mornings. On August 28,1999, after having rejected unsolicited bids to sell the station for the several years, NBC would ultimately reach an affiliation deal with San Jose-based WB affiliate KNTV, after then-owner Granite Broadcasting Corporation on February 18,2000. On November 29,1999, Wilson sold the station to the Cox Broadcasting subsidiary of Cox Enterprises. The trade, which was part of Foxs pursuit of station acquisitions in the markets of NFL teams that are part of the National Football Conference, was completed on October 8,2014. On April 25,2016, KICU adopted the KTVU Plus brand, after the move, KICU began to broadcast its own programming over the feed. KICU-TV shut down its signal, over UHF channel 36, on February 17,2009. Syndicated programs broadcast by KICU-TV include Maury, Everybody Loves Raymond, Cops Reloaded, Elementary, KICU previously aired select NBC programs pre-empted by the networks designated Bay Area affiliates at three separate times throughout its history
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Loma Prieta
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Loma Prieta is a 3,790 feet Northern California mountain in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The peak is on private property about 11 miles west of Morgan Hill in Santa Clara County, the dirt road to the summit is gated, but the tower maintainers generally do not mind hikers. A rural area south and east of the summit is referred to as Casa Loma. The name is unofficial, but its use is supported by the existence of a Casa Loma Volunteer Fire Department in the area, Loma Chiquita Road also serves this general area near the Santa Cruz County line. From 1976 through 1990 amateur astronomer Donald Machholz set up his telescope an average of 120 times a year on the slope of this mountain to search for comets. From this site he discovered three new comets that bear his name, including Periodic Comet Machholz 1 96P/Machholz on May 12,1986, the first official West Coast Messier marathon was conducted from this site in March 1979. The epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was near the mountain, the mountain was the longtime site for the transmitter tower of San Jose television station KNTV. It moved its transmitter 83 kilometres northwest to San Bruno Mountain in September 2005, Loma Prieta is the tallest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains and thus it is common to see snow on the mountain during the winter. List of summits of the San Francisco Bay Area Loma Prieta
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Fremont, California
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Fremont is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It was incorporated on January 23,1956, from the merger of five communities, Centerville, Niles, Irvington, Mission San Jose. The city is named after American explorer John Charles Frémont, located in the southeast section of the San Francisco Bay Area in the East Bay region primarily, Fremont has a population of around 230,000. It is the fourth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and it is the closest East Bay city to Silicon Valley, and is thus sometimes associated with it. The area consisting of Fremont, Newark, and Union City, is now known as the Tri-City Area, Fremont is home to the largest population of Afghan Americans in the United States. The recorded history of the Fremont area began on June 6,1795, the Mission was established at the site of the Ohlone village of Oroysom. On their second day in the area, the Mission party killed a bear in Niles Canyon. The first English-speaking visitor to Fremont was the renowned trapper and explorer Jedediah Smith in 1827, the Mission prospered, eventually reaching a population of 1,887 inhabitants in 1831. The influence of the missionaries declined after 1834, when the Mexican government enacted secularization, José de Jesus Vallejo, brother of Mariano Vallejo, was the grantee of the Rancho Arroyo de la Alameda Mexican land grant. His family was influential in the Fremont area in the colonial era. In 1846 they were visited by the towns namesake John C, Frémont, who mapped a trail through Mission Pass to provide access for American settlers into the southeastern San Francisco Bay Area. The Fremont area grew rapidly at the time of the California Gold Rush, a town called Mission San Jose grew up around the old mission, with its own post office from 1850. Agriculture dominated the economy with grapes, nursery plants and olives as leading crops, in 1868 the 6. 8-magnitude Hayward earthquake on the Hayward Fault collapsed buildings throughout the Fremont area, ruining Mission San José and its outbuildings. Until the 1906 San Francisco earthquake caused its destruction, the Fremont areas Palmdale Winery was the largest in California, the ruins of the Palmdale Winery are still visible near the Five Corners in Irvington. From 1912 to 1915 the Niles section of the Fremont area was the earliest home of Californias motion picture industry, Charlie Chaplin filmed several movies in the Fremont area, most notably The Tramp. Fremont was incorporated under the leadership of Wally Pond in 1956, when the Glenmoor Gardens Homeowners Association was incorporated, in March 1953, there were no more than 75 houses in the subdivision. It was probably the first such organization in the Fremont area, in its scope, the five-member board of directors was set up to oversee a full range of services, from police and fire protection to street maintenance. Fremont became more industrialized between 1953 and 1962, a boom in high-tech employment in the 1980s to the late 1990s, especially in the Warm Springs District, caused rapid development in the city and linked the city with the Silicon Valley
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San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
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East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
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The eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area, commonly referred to as the East Bay, includes cities along the eastern shores of the San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. The region has grown to include inland communities in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, with a population of roughly 2.5 million in 2010, it is the most populous subregion in the Bay Area. Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay and the third largest in the Bay Area, the city serves as a major transportation hub for the U. S. West Coast, and its port is the largest in Northern California, increased population has led to the growth of such large edge cities as Berkeley, Hayward, Concord and Fremont. The Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 with its terminus at the newly constructed Oakland Long Wharf. Today the Port of Oakland is the Bay Areas largest port, in 1868, the University of California was formed from the private College of California and a new campus was built in what would become Berkeley. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake saw a number of refugees flee to the relatively undamaged East Bay. As the East Bay grew, the push to connect it with a permanent link than ferry service resulted in the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in 1936. The Bay Area saw further growth in the decades following World War II, the 1937 completion of the Caldecott Tunnel through the Berkeley Hills fueled growth further east, where there was undeveloped land. Cities in the Diablo Valley, including Concord and Walnut Creek, the addition of the BART commuter rail system in 1972 further encouraged development in increasingly far-flung regions of the East Bay. Today, the valleys east of the Berkeley Hills contain large affluent suburban communities such as Walnut Creek, San Ramon, the East Bay is not a formally defined region, aside from its being described as a region inclusive of Alameda and Contra Costa counties. As development moves generally eastward, new areas are described as being part of the East Bay, beyond the borders of Alameda County, the large population of Tracy is connected as a bedroom community housing commuters traveling to or through the East Bay. Except for some hills and ridges which exist as parklands or undeveloped land, and some farmland in eastern Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, the East Bay is highly urbanized. The East Bay shoreline is a corridor with several cities exceeding 100,000 residents, including Oakland, Hayward, Fremont, Richmond. In the inland valleys on the east side of the Berkeley Hills, the land is developed, particularly on the eastern fringe of Contra Costa county. In the inland valleys, the density is less and the cities smaller. The only cities exceeding 100,000 residents in the valleys are Antioch. The free East Bay Monthly has been published since 1970, in the early years of the evolution of USA Today, during the early 1980s, they operated regional newspapers, with the regions paper entitled East Bay Today
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Fog
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Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earths surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, the term fog is typically distinguished from the more generic term cloud in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally. By definition, fog reduces visibility to less than 1 kilometre, for aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than 5 kilometres but greater than 999 metres is considered to be mist if the relative humidity is 70% or greater, below 70%, haze is reported. Fog forms when the difference between air temperature and dew point is less than 2.5 °C or 4 °F, Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water droplets suspended in the air. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, Fog, like its elevated cousin stratus, is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. Fog normally occurs at a relative humidity near 100% and this occurs from either added moisture in the air, or falling ambient air temperature. However, fog can form at lower humidities, and can fail to form with relative humidity at 100%. At 100% relative humidity, the air cannot hold additional moisture, thus, Fog can form suddenly and can dissipate just as rapidly. The sudden formation of fog is known as flash fog, Fog commonly produces precipitation in the form of drizzle or very light snow. Drizzle occurs when the humidity of fog attains 100% and the cloud droplets begin to coalesce into larger droplets. This can occur when the fog layer is lifted and cooled sufficiently, drizzle becomes freezing drizzle when the temperature at the surface drops below the freezing point. The inversion boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the weight of the air above it, the marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be squashed when the pressure is high, and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure above it is lowering. Fog can form in a number of ways, depending on how the cooling that caused the condensation occurred, radiation fog is formed by the cooling of land after sunset by thermal radiation in calm conditions with clear sky. The warm ground produces condensation in the air by heat conduction. In perfect calm the fog layer can be less than a meter deep, radiation fogs occur at night, and usually do not last long after sunrise, but they can persist all day in the winter months especially in areas bounded by high ground. Radiation fog is most common in autumn and early winter, examples of this phenomenon include the Tule fog. Ground fog is fog that obscures less than 60% of the sky, advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cool surface by advection and is cooled
