1.
Principality of Volhynia
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The Principality of Volhynia was a western Kievan Rus principality founded by the Rurik dynasty in 987 centered in the region of Volhynia in modern-day Ukraine. From 1069 to 1118 it belong to Izyaslavychi who primarily ruled from Turov, after losing Turov to Monomakhovychi in 1105, the descendents of Izyaslav Yaroslavovych for few years continued to rule in Volhynia. From 1154 to 1199 the principality was named Principality of Volodymyr when the Principality of Lutsk was separated, the principality held the lands of the historic region of Volhynia from where it acquired its name. The capital of the principality as well as the largest and most important city of the region was Volodymyr, other notable cities in the principality include Kremenets, Lutsk, Busk, Dorogobuzh, Brest, Belz and Shumsk. The Principality of Volhynia along with her state, the Principality of Halych were formed by lesser sons of the ruling Rurik dynasty in Kiev. Following the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus, the principality achieved autonomy in 1154
2.
Principality of Chernigov
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The Principality of Chernigov was one of the largest states within Kievan Rus. For a time the principality was the second most important after Kiev, most of the Principality of Chernigov was located on the left bank of the river Dnieper, within the basins of the Desna and Seim rivers. The principality was supposedly populated by mostly Slavic tribes of Siverians, later the territory of the principality extended to the lands of Radimichs and partially the Vyatichs and Drehovichs. The capital of the principality was the city of Chernihiv, other important cities were Novhorod-Siversky, Starodub, Bryansk, Putyvl, Kursk, Lubech, Hlukhiv, Chechersk, Homel, Bilhorod, Vyr, and others. Ownership and influence of the Chernigov Principality reached far to the North, in the years 1024–1036 the principality of Chernigov was passed under the administration of son of the Vladimir the Great, Mstislav of Chernigov, who came there from Tmutorokan. Together with Yaroslav the Wise, Mstislav ruled the Kievan Rus establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administration centers in Rus, upon the death of Mstislav, Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev. After Yaroslav the Wise the principality of Chernigov was passed to one of his sons, Grand Prince Sviatoslav, during the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between sons of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. By the decision of the Liubech Congress in 1097, the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg, Davyd, after that the principality obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured after the Olegs descendants. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov, nonetheless the influence of Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Kiev Grand Prince for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centers of Kievan Rus
3.
Grand Prince of Kiev
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Grand Prince of Kyiv was the title of the Kievan prince and the ruler of Kievan Rus from the 10th to 13th centuries. In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the Grand Prince of Volodymyr and the Golden Horde governors, according to some Ukrainian historians, Ptolemys mention of Metropolis, a Sarmatian town on the Dnieper River, shows the ancient existence of Kiev. The name Dnieper is derived from Sarmatian Dānu apara the river far away, according to Slavophiles, Kyi ruled since 430, one of the dates attributed to the legendary founding of Kiev in 482, although that date relates to Kovin on the Danube in Serbia. Some historians speculate that Kyi was a Slavic prince of eastern Polans in the 6th century, kyis legacy along with Shcheks is mentioned in the Book of Veles, the authenticity of which, however, is disputed. Oleg, an apocryphal Kiev voivode, probably of Danish or Swedish origin, bravlin was a Varangian prince or chieftain, who led a Rus military expedition to devastate the Crimea, from Kerch to Sugdaea, in the last years of the 8th century. According to some Russian historians, Dir was a chacanus of Rhos, thomas Noonan asserts that one of the Rus sea-kings, the High king, adopted the title khagan in the early 9th century. Peter Benjamin Golden maintained that the Rus became a part of the Khazar federation, some western historians suppose that Kiev was founded by Khazars or Magyars. Kiev is a Turkic place name, at least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. According to Omeljan Pritsak, Constantine Zuckerman and other scholars, Khazars lost Kiev at the beginning of the 10th century, due to Mongol invasion in 1240 Michael of Chernigov left Kiev to seek military assistance from the Kingdom of Hungary. During that time Prince of Smolensk Rostislav occupied Kiev, but was captured the year by Daniel of Galicia who placed his voivode Dmytro to guard Kiev while the Grand Prince was away. Being unsuccessful in Hungary, Michael visited Konrad I in Masovia, receiving no results in Poland, he eventually asked Daniel of Galicia for a sanctuary due to the invasion of Mongols. Since the 14th century the principality of Kiev started to fall under the influence of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1299 Metropolitan of Kiev Maximus moved his metropolitan see from Kiev to Vladimir-on-Klyazma. In 1331 Kiev once again was taken by members of Rurik dynasty, after the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Kiev and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
4.
Iziaslav I of Kiev
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Iziaslav Yaroslavich Kniaz of Turov, Veliki Kniaz of Kiev. Izyaslavs children Yaropolk and Sviatopolk would rule the Turov Principality authority of which was challenged by Rostilavichi of Rostislav Vsevolodovich. Iziaslav was the oldest son of Yaroslav I the Wise by his second wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir, Iziaslav succeeded his father, after Yaroslavs oldest child, Vladimir, had predeceased his father. Iziaslav was one of the authors of Pravda Yaroslavichiv – a part of the first legal code of Rus and he is also credited with the foundation of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev ceded the whole mountain to Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople and he chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew. In 1043 his father Veliki Kniaz Yaroslav made an agreement with King Casimir I of Poland that recognized Cherven as part of Kiev, the agreement was sealed with a double marriage—Casimir to Dobronega, Yaroslavs sister, and Iziaslav to Gertrude, Casimirs sister. From this marriage were born three children, Iziaslavs son Yaropolk, Mstislav and Sviatopolk, as a result of the popular uprising in 1068, Iziaslav was deposed and fled to Poland. In 1069 he retook Kiev with the help of the Polish army, however, Iziaslav turned to the German king Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Polish king Bolesław II the Bold, and Pope Gregory VII, for help on several occasions. Iziaslav became the first King of Rus in 1075 when the Pope sent him a crown and he succeeded in retaking Kiev once again in 1076, but soon died in an internecine war against Princes Oleg Sviatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich. Iziaslav had the children with Gertrude, Yaropolk Mstislav, was a Prince of Novgorod which he lost to Vseslav of Polotsk. He had a son Rostislav Mstislavich that died in 1093, eupraxia, may have been married to Mieszko Bolesławowic, son of Bolesław II the Bold in 1088. Sviatopolk List of Ukrainian rulers List of Russian rulers Martin, Janet, medieval Russia, 980–1584 Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra – Official site Genealogy of Yaroslav descendants Izyaslav Yaroslavich at hrono. info
5.
Vsevolod I of Kiev
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Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev from 1078 until his death. He was the fifth and favourite son of Yaroslav I the Wise by Ingigerd Olafsdottir, on his seal from his last years, he was named Andrei Vsevolodu in Greek, implying that his baptismal name was Andrew. However, the couples son Vladimir Monomakh bore the name of the Roman/Byzantine emperor. Together with his elder brothers Iziaslav and Sviatoslav he formed a sort of triumvirate which jointly waged war on the steppe nomads, polovtsy. In 1055 Vsevolod launched an expedition against the Torks who had in the previous years expelled the Pechenegs from the Pontic steppes and he also made peace with the Cumans who appeared for the first time in Europe in the same year. The Cumans invaded his principality in 1061 and routed Vsevolod in a battle, Vsevolod persuaded his brother, Iziaslav, and their distant cousin, Vseslav to join him and they together attacked the Torks in 1060. In 1067 Vsevolods Greek wife died and he married a Kypchak princess. She brought him another son, who drowned after the Battle of the Stugna River, the Cumans again invaded Kievan Rus in 1068. The three brothers united their forces against them, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River, after their defeat, Vsevolod withdrew to Pereyaslav. However, its citizens rose up in rebellion, dethroned Iziaslav. Vsevolod and Sviatoslav made no attempt to expel the usurper from Kiev and they forced their brother to flee from Kiev in 1073. Feodosy, the hegumen or head of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev remained loyal to Iziaslav. Iziaslav granted Sviatoslavs former principality to Vsevolod, but Sviatoslavs sons considered the Principality of Chernigov as their own patrimony or otchina, Oleg Sviatoslavich made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Chernigov. Iziaslav came to Vsevolods rescue and they forced Oleg to retreat, after Iziaslavs death, Vsevolod, as their fathers only surviving son, took the Kievan throne, thus uniting the three core principalities—Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl—in Kievan Rus. He appointed his eldest son, Vladimir Monomach to administer Chernigov, Vsevolod spoke five foreign languages, according to Vladimir Monomachs Autobiography. Historian George Vernadsky, these probably included Greek and Cuman, because of the nationality of his two wives, and he likely spoke Latin, Norse and Ossetian. He lost most of his battles, his eldest son, Vladimir Monomakh, the last years of his reign were clouded by grave illness, and Vladimir Monomakh presided over the government. Vsevolod and his first wife Anastasia had only one known son, ianka or Anna Vsevolodovna who was engaged to Constantine Dukas in 1074, but she never married She became a nun and started a school for girls
6.
Kiev
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Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974, Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many industries, higher education institutions. The city has an infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport. The citys name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, during its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus, completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours, first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland. The city prospered again during the Russian Empires Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century, in 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1919 Kiev was an important center of the Armed Forces of South Russia and was controlled by the White Army. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, during World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. During the countrys transformation to an economy and electoral democracy. Kievs armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science, Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections. As a prominent city with a history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was derived from Old East Slavic form Kyjev, the name is associated with that of Kyi, the legendary eponymous founder of the city. Early English sources use various names, including Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, on one of the oldest English maps of the region, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae published by Ortelius the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, in the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall, the city is referred to as Kiovia
7.
Chernigov
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Chernihiv also known as Chernigov, a historic city in northern Ukraine, serves as the administrative center of the Chernihiv Oblast, as well as of the surrounding Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance, population,294, 727 Chernihiv stands on the Desna River to the north-north-east of Kiev. The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovitsa Airport, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernigov air base, Chernihiv was first mentioned in the Rus-Byzantine Treaty, but the time of establishment is not known. According to the items uncovered by archaeological excavations of a settlement which included artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate, towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe, was excavated in the 19th century, in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus the city was the second by importance and wealth. The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan and Tmutarakan. The golden age of Chernihiv, when the city peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan. The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353, the areas importance increased again in the middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Hetman State Chernihiv was the city of deployment of Chernihiv Cossack regiment, under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to Tsardom of Russia, with Chernihiv remaining an important center of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate. With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an administrative center of the Russian Empire. According to the census of 1897, in the city of Chernihiv there were about 11,000 Jews out of the population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial, many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in the neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, there were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters. But few were engaged in the factories, during World War II, Chernihiv was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943. The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, dating from the century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods. Likewise built in brick, it has a dome and six pillars. The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters was the exquisite Pyatnytska Church and this graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War, its original medieval outlook was reconstructed to a design by Peter Baranovsky. The earliest residential buildings in the date from the late 17th century
8.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
9.
Gleb Svyatoslavich
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Gleb Svyatoslavich was Prince of Tmutarakan and Novgorod. He ruled Tmutarakan under the authority of his father Sviatoslav Iaroslavich. He was twice expelled from his principality by one of his cousins Rostislav Vladimirovich and his father appointed him prince of Novgorod in 1067 or 1068. He suppressed a rebellion incited by a sorcerer against the bishop of the town, later he was expelled from Novgorod, and was killed by the Chudes. The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that he was kindly toward the poor and hospitable to strangers, zealous toward the church, warm in faith, peaceful, Gleb was the eldest of the fours sons of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov by his first wife, Killikiya. According to historian Martin Dimnik, Gleb was born around 1049 and he was named after his fathers holy uncle, Gleb. His father appointed him to rule Tmutarakan, an important port by the Strait of Kerch, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Glebs cousin Rostislav Vladimirovich fled to Tmutorakan in 1064. He expelled Gleb from Tmutorakan and occupied his principate for himself, although Gleb was restored by his father in 1065, once Sviatoslav Iaroslavich had returned with his army to Chernigov, Rostislav invaded again and displaced Gleb from power once more. However, the Byzantine katepano or governor of Cherson poisoned Rostislav who died on 3 February 1067, according to the Life of Feodosy, the citizens of Tmutorakan requested the monk Nikon the Great to persuade Sviatoslav Iaroslavich to again appoint Gleb as their prince. The saintly monk succeeded and Gleb returned to Tmutarakan, according to the inscription of the Stone of Tmutarakan, Gleb had the width of the frozen Strait of Kerch measured in the winter of 1067-68. Gleb was transferred—according to historian Martin Dimnik, by his father—from Tmutarakan to Novgorod in 1067 or 1068, however, Gleb and the Novgorodians routed him on the brook Gzen near the town. Glebs rule in Novgorod was confirmed when his father became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1073. According to the Hypatian version of the Russian Primary Chronicle, Gleb visited his father in Kiev and he seems to have been on friendly terms with his cousin, Vladimir Monomach whose first son was born in his court at Novgorod. The Russian Primary Source narrates that a magician arrived in Novgorod, the magician planned to murder the prelate but Gleb and his druzhina or retinue remained loyal to him. Gleb dared the sorcerer who had stated that he could foretell the future to predict what was about to happen that very day, the magician declared that he would perform great miracles, but Gleb pull out an axe from his cloth and killed him. After the magicians death, his followers broke up, Glebs father died on 27 December 1076. According to Novgorodian sources, the citizens of the rose in revolt. He fled beyond the lands beyond the river Volkhov, known as Zavoloche and his body was transferred to Chernigov where he was buried in the Holy Savior Chatedral on 23 July
10.
Roman Svyatoslavich
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Roman Svyatoslavich or Roman the Handsome was prince of Tmutarakan in Kievan Rus. The starting year of his reign is uncertain, but he reigned his principality from around 1073 or 1077, the order of seniority of Sviatoslavs four sons by Killikiya is uncertain, Roman might have been the second or fourth among them. According to historian Martin Dimnik, he was born around 1052 and he was named after his fathers saintly uncle, Boris whose baptismal name was Roman. The starting year of Romans reign in Tmutarakan cannot certainly be determined, according to Martin, he seems to have succeeded his brother Oleg who moved to Vladimir after their father became Grand Prince of Kiev in 1073. However, no source makes mention of Olegs or Romans reign in Tmutarakan in this period, the Russian Primary Chronicle writes that Boris Vyacheslavich fled to join Roman in Tmutorakan after reigning in Chernigov for eight days in May 1077. In less than a year, Romans brother, Oleg also settled in Tmutarakan, Boris and Oleg allied with the Cumans against their uncle, Vsevolod, who had seized Chernigov. However, they were defeated on 25 August, in the summer of 1079, Roman made an alliance with the Cumans against Vsevolod. They advanced as far as the confluence of the rivers Sula and Dnieper, while he was returning to Tmutarakan, the Cumans murdered him on 2 August. Roman advanced with forces as far as Voin, but Vsevolod remained near Pereyaslavl, Roman returned homeward with them, but they killed him on August 2. The bones of Svyatoslavs son and Yaroslavs grandson still lie there even to this day, no source makes mention of Romans marriage or his descendants, implying that he never married and died childless. The Lay of Igors Campaign mentions him as handsome Roman, son of Sviatoslav
11.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
12.
Rurik dynasty
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The Rurik dynasty or Rurikids was a dynasty founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, who established himself in Novgorod around the year AD862. They ruled until 1610 and the Time of Troubles, following which they were succeeded by the Romanovs and they are one of Europes oldest royal houses, with numerous existing cadet branches. The Rurikid dynasty was founded in 862 by Rurik, a Varangian prince, come and reign as princes and have authority over us. Three brothers came with their kin and all the Rus in response to this invitation, Rurik set up rule in Novgorod, giving more provincial towns to his brothers. The Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project of FamilyTreeDNA commercial genetic genealogy company reports that Y-DNA testing of the descendants of Rurikids suggests their non-Slavic origin, Rurik and his brothers founded a state that later historians called Kievan Rus′. By the middle of the century, Kievan Rus′ had dissolved into independent principalities. The dynasty followed agnatic seniority and the izgoi principle, in addition, a line of Polotsk princes assimilated themselves with the princes of Lithuania. In the 10th century the Council of Liubech made some amendments to a succession rule, vsevolods line eventually became better known as the Monomakhovychi and was the predominant one. The line of Svyatoslav later became known as Olegovychi and often claim to the lands of Chernihiv. The Izyaslavychi who ruled Turov and Volhynia were eventually replaced by a Monomakhovychi branch, the Rurikid dynasty… attempted to impose on their highly diverse polity the integrative concept of russkaia zemlia and the unifying notion of a Rus′ people. But Kievan Rus′ was never really a unified polity and it was a loosely bound, ill-defined, and heterogeneous conglomeration of lands and cities inhabited by tribes and populous groups whose loyalties were primarily territorial. This caused the Rurik dynasty to effectively dissolve into several sub-dynasties ruling smaller states in the 10th and 11th centuries and these were the Olgoviches of Severia who ruled in Chernigov, Yuryeviches who controlled Vladimir-Suzdal, and Romanoviches in Galicia-Volhynia. The Olgoviches descended from Oleg I of Chernigov, a son of Sviatoslav II of Kiev and they continued to rule until the early 14th century when they were torn apart by the emerging Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Grand Duchy of Moscow. Vsevolod I of Kiev was the father of Vladimir II Monomakh, two of Vladimir IIs sons were Mstislav I of Kiev and Yuri Dolgorukiy. The Romanoviches were the line of Roman the Great, descended from Mstislav I of Kiev through his son Iziaslav II of Kiev and his grandson Mstislav II of Kiev, father of Roman the Great. The older Monomakhovychi line that ruled Principality of Volhynia, they were crowned kings of Galicia and Volhynia. Romanovychi displaced the line of Izyaslavychi from Turov and Volhynia as well as Rostyslavychi from Galicia. The last were two brothers of Romanovychi, Andrew and Lev II, who ruled jointly and were trying to repel Mongol incursions
13.
Yaroslav the Wise
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Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus, known as Yaroslav the Wise or Iaroslav the Wise was thrice grand prince of Veliky Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule. Yaroslavs Christian name was George after Saint George, a son of the Varangian Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his fathers death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Sviatopolk I of Kiev, Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Under Yaroslav the codification of customs and princely enactments was begun. During his lengthy reign, Kievan Rus reached the zenith of its cultural flowering, the early years of Yaroslavs life are shrouded in mystery. He was one of the sons of Vladimir the Great, presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk. It has been suggested that he was a child out of wedlock after Vladimirs divorce from Rogneda and marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita. Yaroslav figures prominently in the Norse sagas under the name Jarisleif the Lame, in his youth, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov but was transferred to Veliky Novgorod, as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. While living there, he founded the town of Yaroslavl on the Volga River and his relations with his father were apparently strained, and grew only worse on the news that Vladimir bequeathed the Kievan throne to his younger son, Boris. In 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kiev and only Vladimirs death, in July 1015, during the course of this struggle, several other brothers were brutally murdered. However, the name is given there as Burizaf, which is also a name of Boleslaus I in the Scandinavian sources. It is thus possible that the Saga tells the story of Yaroslavs struggle against Svyatopolk, Yaroslav defeated Svyatopolk in their first battle, in 1016, and Svyatopolk fled to Poland. But Svyatopolk returned in 1018 with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kiev, Yaroslav at last prevailed over Svyatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kiev. One of his first actions as a prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians, numerous freedoms. Thus, the foundation of the Novgorod Republic was laid, for their part, the Novgorodians respected Yaroslav more than they did other Kievan princes, and the princely residence in their city, next to the marketplace was named Yaroslavs Court after him. It probably was during this period that Yaroslav promulgated the first code of laws in the lands of the East Slavs, a less appealing side of his personality is revealed by his having imprisoned his youngest brother Sudislav for life. Yaroslav and Mstislav then divided Kievan Rus between them, the area stretching left from the Dnieper River, with the capital at Chernihiv, was ceded to Mstislav until his death in 1036. In his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on the Scandinavian alliance, in 1030, he reconquered Red Ruthenia from the Poles and concluded an alliance with King Casimir I the Restorer, sealed by the latters marriage to Yaroslavs sister, Maria
14.
Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden
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Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, also known as Irene, Anna and St. Anna, was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev. She was the daughter of Swedish King Olof Skötkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites, Ingegerd or St. Anna is often confused with the mother of St. Vladimir “the Enlightener” of the Rus. This is mainly because Ingegerd and Yaroslav also had a son named Vladimir, however, St. Vladimir was the father of Ingegerd’s husband Yaroslav I “the Wise”, thus making her St. Vladimir’s daughter-in-law. St. Vladimir was the son of Sviatoslav and Malusha, Ingegerd was born in Sigtuna, Sweden. She was engaged to be married to Norwegian King Olaf II, instead, Ingegerds father quickly arranged for a marriage to the powerful Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod. The marriage took place in 1019, once in Kiev, she changed her name to the Greek Irene. According to several sagas, she was given as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands and she placed her friend, jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, to rule in her stead. Ingegerd initiated the building of the Saint Sophias Cathedral in Kiev that was supervised by her husband and she also initiated the construction of the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. They had six sons and four daughters, the latter of whom became Queens of France, Hungary, Norway, the whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the Saint Sophia. Ingegerd died on 10 February 1050, upon her death, according to different sources, Ingegerd was buried in either Saint Sophias Cathedral in Kyiv or Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. Ingegerd was later declared a saint, by the name of St. Anna, in Novgorod and Kiev. The reason was that she initiated the building of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev as well as the local version, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, along with many good doings. In Sweden she was known as Princess Indegard, she married Yaroslav I “the Wise“, Grand Prince of Kiev and she gave shelter to the outcast sons of British King Edmund, Edwin and Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. She is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of, himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and her daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth of Norway. The whole family was devout and pious. She reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Kiev, as saint, her hymn goes, And 4 stichera, in Tone I, Spec. Feast days,10 February,4 October, sverige och dess regenter under 1.000 år. Commemoration of Our Venerable Mother Anna, Wonderworker of Novgorod, St. Anna of Novgorod | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese
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Volhynia
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Volhynia or Volyn is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, while the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast, Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it has been part of the independent nation of Ukraine, among important cities are Lutsk, Rivne, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Iziaslav, Novohrad-Volynskyi. In other versions, the city was located over 20 km to the west of Volodymyr-Volynskyi near the mouth of Huczwa River, before the partitions of Poland, eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of Sluch River or just east of it. Volhynia is located in basins of Western Bug and Prypyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in northern or western directions, relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia, east of Lesser Poland, and northwest of Podolia. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia. Territories of historical Volhynia are now part of the Volyn, Rivne, major cities include Lutsk, Rivne, Kovel, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Kremenets, and Starokostiantyniv. Before World War II, many Jewish shtetls, such as Trochenbrod, at one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border. The land was mentioned in works of the Arabian scholar Al-Masudi who denoted the local tribe as people of Valin, in his work of 947-948 Al-Masudi mentions that Valinians as an intertribal union were ruled by their leader Madjak. In the opinion of Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase «и оустави по мьстѣ, и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы» reflects the actual route of the Olgas raid against Drevlians further to the west up to the Western Bugs right tributary Luha River. As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod the ruler of the Volhynian Principality and in 988 established the city of Volodymer. The first records can be traced to the Ruthenian chronicles, such as the Primary Chronicle, which mentions tribes of the Dulebe, Buzhan, volhynias early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Halych and Volhynia. These two successor states of the Kievan Rus formed Halych-Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries, after 1569 Volhynia formed a province of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area, the Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375 was established a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria but it was suppressed in 1425, many Orthodox churches joined the latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites date from 1783, after the Third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Volhynia was annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire. It covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometers, many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church, and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed on orders of Empress Catherine II. In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people and it consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs,13.2 percent Jews,6.2 percent Poles, and 5.7 percent Germans
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Triumvirate
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A triumvirate is a political regime ruled or dominated by three powerful individuals known as triumvirs. The arrangement can be formal or informal, though the three are notionally equal, this is rarely the case in reality. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader, in the context of the Soviet Union and Russia, the term troika is used for triumvirate. Originally, triumviri were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from the duties of Roman magistrates. The capitales were first established around 290–287 BCE and they were supervised by the praetor urbanus. These triumviri, or the tresviri nocturni, may also have some responsibility for fire control. The triumviri or tresviri aere argento auro flando feriundo supervised the issuing of Roman coins, three-man commissions were also appointed for purposes such as establishing colonies or distributing land. Triumviri mensarii served as bankers, the full range of their financial functions in 216 BCE. Another form of commission was the tresviri epulones, who were in charge of organizing public feasts on holidays. This commission was created in 196 BCE by a law on behalf of the people. The arrangement had no status, and its purpose was to consolidate the political power of the three and their supporters against the senatorial elite. After the death of Crassus in 53 BCE, the two fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator. The Second Triumvirate was recognized as a triumvirate at the time, a Lex Titia formalized the rule of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. The legal language makes reference to the traditional tresviri, although the constitutional machinery of the Republic was not irrevocably dismantled by the Lex Titia, in the event it never recovered. Lepidus was sidelined early in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in civil war, in various municipalities under the Principate, the chief magistracy was a college of three, styled triumviri. In the Bible triumvirates occurred at some events in both the Old Testament and New Testament. In the Book of Exodus Moses, his brother Aaron and, according to some views their nephew or brother-in-law, Hur acted this way during Battle of Rephidim against the Amalekites. In the Gospels as a leading trio among the Twelve apostles at three occasions during public ministry of Jesus acted Peter, James, son of Zebedee
17.
Oghuz Turks
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The Oghuz, Oguz or Ghuzz Turks were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in central Asia, the name Oghuz is a Common Turkic word for tribe. Byzantine sources call the Oghuz the Uzes, by the 10th century, Islamic sources were calling the Muslim, as opposed to shamanist or Christian, Oghuz the Turkmens. By the 12th century this term had passed into Byzantine usage, the Oghuz confederation migrated westward from the Jeti-su area after a conflict with the Karluk branch of Uigurs. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were descendants of the Oghuzes, in the 9th century, the Oghuzes from the Aral steppes drove Bechens from the Emba and Ural River region toward the west. In the 10th century, they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, a clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the 11th century entered Persia, where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire. Similarly in the 11th century, a Tengriist Oghuz clan—referred to as Uzes or Torks in the Russian chronicles—overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the Russian steppe, the Oghuz seem to have been related to the Pechenegs, some of whom were clean-shaven and others of whom had small goatee beards. According to the book Attila and the Nomad Hordes, Like the Kimaks they set up many carved wooden funerary statues surrounded by simple stone balbal monoliths. Oghuz warriors served in almost all Islamic armies of the Middle East from the 1000s onwards, in Byzantium from the 800s, and even in Spain and Morocco. In later centuries, they adapted and applied their own traditions and institutions to the ends of the Islamic world and emerged as empire-builders with a constructive sense of statecraft. The term Oghuz was gradually supplanted among the Turks themselves by Türkmen, Turcoman, from the mid 900s on, a process which was completed by the beginning of the 1200s. The Ottoman dynasty, who took over Anatolia after the fall of the Seljuks, toward the end of the 13th century. The original homeland of the Oghuz was the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, various scholarly theories link the Xiongnu to Turkic peoples and/or the Huns. The first usage of the word Oghuz appears to have been the title of Oğuz Kağan, given in 220 BCE to the Xiongnu king Modu Shanyu, who founded the Xiongnu Empire. According to a theory with few scholarly adherents, one transliteration of Yuezhi, as Hu-chieh. However, the Yuezhi are widely believed to have spoken an Indo-European language or languages, a number of subsequent tribal confederations bore the name Oghuz, often affixed to a numeral indicating the number of united tribes included. These include references to the Sekiz-Oghuz and the Dokuz-Oghuz, the tribes of the Sekiz-Oghuz and the Dokuz-Oghuz originally occupied different areas in the vicinity of the Altai Mountains. By the time of the Orkhon inscriptions Oghuz was being applied generically to all inhabitants of the Göktürk Khaganate, within the khaganate, the Oghuz community gradually expanded, incorporating other tribes
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Vseslav of Polotsk
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Vseslav of Polotsk or Vseslav Bryachislavich, also known as Vseslav the Sorcerer or Vseslav the Seer, was the most famous ruler of Polotsk and was briefly Grand Prince of Kiev in 1068–1069. Together with Rostislav Vladimirovich and voivode Vyshata made up a coalition against the Yaroslaviches triumvirate, polotsks Cathedral of Holy Wisdom is one of the most enduring monuments on the lands of modern Belarus and dates to his 57-year reign. Vselav was the son of Bryachislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Polotsk and Vitebsk, 1030–1039 in Polotsk and married around 1060. In 1065, he laid siege to Pskov but was thrown back, the attack also forced the young Mstislav, then enthroned in Novgorod, to flee back to his father, Iziaslav, in Kiev, and was thus and affront to the Kievan grand prince. He was then imprisoned in Kiev, returning with an army seven months later, Iziaslav retook his throne, and Vseslav fled back to Polotsk. After several years of complicated struggle with Iziaslav of Kiev, he finally secured Polotsk in 1071, during the last 30 years of his reign, his chief enemies were Vsevolod Yaroslavich and his son Vladimir Monomakh. He was buried in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Polotsk, Vseslav had six sons, Roman, Prince of. Roman perished either in Ryazan or Murom and his widow became a nun and lived in Polotsk, Saint Sophia Cathedral where she opened her charity. Gleb Vseslavich, Prince of Minsk, Rogvolod-Boris, Prince of Drutsk, some historians believe that Boris is baptized name of Rogvolod and both of them one and the same person. Davyd, Prince of Polotsk, Sviatoslav, Prince of Vitebsk and he presumably was the Prince of Lukoml and later in 1129 sent by Vladimir II Monomakh to Byzantium with the rest of Vseslaviches. Who was his wife is uncertain as well as his descendants and she founded a number of monasteries in Polotsk and the surrounding region and is considered one of the patron saints of Belarus. Vseslav had a reputation for sorcery. In modern Belarusian he is known as Usiasłaŭ the Sorcerer, in Russian he is Vselav Charadei or Vseslav Veshchii, Vseslav also appears in the 12th-century epic The Tale of Igors Campaign, where, as in several byliny or folk-tales, he is depicted as a werewolf. In The Igor Tale, his defeat at the Nemiga River is shown to illustrate that inter-princely strife is weakening the Russian land. Vseslav is also said to be able to hear the bells of his cathedral at Polotsk all the way from Kiev. On the Nemíga the sheaves are laid out with heads, men thresh with flails in hedgerows, on the barn-floor they spread out life, on the blood-stained Nemíga the banks were sown with bane, —sown with the bones of the sons of Russia. To him at Polotsk they rang the bells early for matins at Saint Sophia, Vseslav may also be the basis for the bogatyr Volkh Vseslavich or Volga Sviatoslavich, who is found in a cycle of byliny. Volkhvs were priests of the pre-Christian Slavic religion and were thought to possess magical powers and this fact may be tied to Vseslavs alleged magical as well as his lupine aspects
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Cumans
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The Cumans were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation. After the Mongol invasion, many sought asylum in Hungary, as many Cumans had settled in Hungary, Bulgaria, the Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the Eurasian steppe who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated and militarily powerful, the Cumans also had a pre-eminent role in the Fourth Crusade and in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Cuman and Kipchak tribes joined politically to create the Cuman-Kipchak confederation, the Cuman language is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early Turkic languages. The Codex Cumanicus was a manual that was written to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cuman people. The basic instrument of Cuman political success was military force, which dominated each of the warring Balkan factions. It is also unclear whether a particular name refers to the Cumans alone. However, in Turkic languages qu, qun, qūn, quman or qoman means pale, sallow, cream coloured, pale yellow, in East Slavic languages and Polish, they are known as the Polovtsy, derived from the Slavic root *polvъ pale, light yellow, blonde. Polovtsy or Polovec is often said to be derived from the Old East Slavic polovŭ yellow, the old Ukrainian word polovtsy, derived from polovo straw – means blond, pale yellow. The western Cumans, or Polovtsy, were also called Sorochinetses by the Rus, a similar etymology may have been at work in the name of the Sary people, who also migrated westward ahead of the Qun. An alternative etymology of Polovtsy is also possible, the Slavic root *pȍlje field, in Germanic languages, the Cumans were called Folban, Vallani or Valwe – all derivations of old Germanic words for pale. In the German account by Adam of Bremen, and in Matthaios of Edessa, the Hungarian term for the Cumans is Kun, which in Old Hungarian meant nomad, but was later applied solely to the Cumans. This confederation and their living together may have made it difficult for historians to write exclusively about either nation, the latter seven clans eventually settled in Hungary. The ethnic origins of the Cumanians are uncertain, Robert Wolff states that it is conjectured that ethnically the Cumans may not originally have been Turkic. The Greek philosopher Strabo refers to the Darial Gorge as Porta Caucasica, the writings of al Marwazi state that the Qun people came from the northern Chinese borders – the land of Qitay. After leaving the lands of the Khitans, they entered the territory of the Shari/Sari people, Marwazi wrote that the Qun were Nestorian Christians. It cannot be established whether the Cumans conquered the Kipchaks or whether they represent the western mass of largely Kipchak-Turkic speaking tribes. A victim of the Cuman migration to the west was the Kimek Khanate, due to this, Kimek tribal elements were represented amongst the Cuman-Kipchaks
20.
Miscellany
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A miscellany is a collection of various pieces of writing by different authors. Meaning a mixture, medley, or assortment, a miscellany can include pieces on many subjects, Manuscript miscellanies are important in the Middle Ages, and are the sources for most surviving shorter medieval vernacular poetry. They may have written as a collection, or represent manuscripts of different origins that were later bound together for convenience. Their numbers increased until their peak of importance in the 18th century, the printed miscellany gradually morphed into the format of the regularly published magazine, and many early magazines used the word in their titles. The broadest distinction is between manuscript and printed miscellanies, Printed miscellanies, which evolved in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were compiled by editors and published by booksellers in order to make a profit. However, the production of literary miscellanies came into its established form in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although literary miscellanies would often contain critical essays and extracts of prose or drama, their focus was popular verse. At this time poetry was still a dominant literary form, for low and high literature, and its variety and accessibility further suited it to miscellaneous publication. Most medieval miscellanies include some religious texts, and many consist of nothing else, a few examples are given here to illustrate the range of material typically found. The Theological miscellany was made in late 8th century Italy with 202 folios of patristic writings in Latin, the Nowell Codex is an Old English manuscript of about 1000 to 1010. It is one of the four Old English Poetic Codices from which the bulk of surviving Old English poetry comes, the lavishly illuminated late 13th century North French Hebrew Miscellany contains mostly biblical and liturgical texts, but also legal material, over 200 poems, and calendars. Verse miscellanies are collections of poems or poetic extracts that vary in authorship, genre, the Devonshire Manuscript is a verse miscellany that was produced in the 1530s and early 1540s, and contains a range of works, from original pieces and fragments to translations and medieval verse. Compiled by three eminent women, it is one of the first examples of men and women collaborating on a literary work, also prominent is the Arundel Harington manuscript, containing the writings of Sir Thomas Wyatt, Queen Elizabeth, and Sir Philip Sidney. Into the 17th century, the two Dalhousie Manuscripts are also of significance, as they contain the largest sustained contemporary collection of John Donne’s verse. Printed verse miscellanies arose in the half of the 16th century. One of the most influential English Renaissance verse miscellanies was Richard Tottel’s Songes and Sonettes, First printed in 1557, it ran into nine further editions before 1587, it was not then printed again until the 18th century. Within a miscellany, editors and booksellers would often exercise considerable freedom in reproducing, altering, throughout the 18th century, the miscellany was the customary mode through which popular verse and occasional poetry would be printed, circulated, and consumed. Including songbooks, the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature lists almost 5000 verse miscellanies which were printed between 1701 and 1800, due to the sheer number and variety of miscellanies printed in the 18th century, there are few generalizations that can be made about them
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Lyubech
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Liubech or Lyubech is a small ancient town connected with many important events since the times of Kievan Rus. It is located in Ripky Raion, in Chernihiv Oblast of northern Ukraine, Liubech is 250 kilometers north of the capital of Ukraine, Kiev, and located near the Belarusian border. In 1097 the Council of Liubech, also known as the Congress of Rus Princes, was held here and it was initiated by Vladimir II Monomakh and divided the land of the Kievan Rus between the princes. In the 14th century, Lyubech became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1632, Polish King Sigismund III Vasa granted Lubecz city rights. It was a city of Poland. From 1635 to 1667 it was part of the Chernihiv Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown, st. Anthony of the Caves also known as Antony Pechersky, was born in Liubech in 983. He established the first Ukrainian monastery known now as Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Любеч and article in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
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