1.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
2.
Swinton, Greater Manchester
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Swinton is a town in Greater Manchester, England. At the 2011 Census, Swinton had a population of 25,362, for centuries Swinton was a small hamlet in the township of Worsley, parish of Eccles and hundred of Salfordshire. The name Swinton is derived from the Old English Swynton meaning swine town, in the High Middle Ages, Swinton was held by the religious orders of the Knights Hospitaller and Whalley Abbey. Farming was the industry, with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom woollen weaving in the domestic system. Collieries opened in the Industrial Revolution and Swinton became an important industrial area with coal providing the fuel for the spinning and brickmaking industries. Bricks from Swinton were used for projects including the Bridgewater Canal. Following the Local Government Act 1894, Swinton was united with neighbouring Pendlebury to become a district of Lancashire. Swinton and Pendlebury received a charter of incorporation in 1934, giving it borough status. Swinton has continued to grow as the seat of Salford City Council and as a town, supported by its transport network. The name Swinton derives from the Old English swin, pigs and tun, during the Middle Ages, Swinton belonged to Whalley Abbey. Later, lands at Swinton were granted to Thurston Tyldesley, then of Wardley Hall, documents record that certain areas belonged to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1817 some Swinton weavers joined in the Blanketeers demonstration and marched to London to put their grievances to the Prince Regent, in 1842 some Swinton people took part in Chartist agitations and tried to destroy a local colliery. Sunday schools and libraries were established in Swinton at quite an early period, the Swinton Industrial School was visited by Charles Dickens. The school was created by the Manchester Poor Law Union, in contrast with other institutions for the poor around that time, which were places of final resort, the Swinton Industrial School was built in response to a more enlightened attitude. The Manchester Poor Law Union saw the value of a place where children could be cared for, the school opened in 1843 and survived until the 1920s. During demolition of the buildings in the early 1930s, the foundations proved particularly difficult. Finally explosives were used, which resulted in a number of rats being disturbed. It was a number of weeks before council workers could remove the rats from the surrounding streets, huge nests of baby rats were carried out of the rafters of many buildings
3.
City of Salford
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The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. The city has a population of 218,000, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton, the current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts. It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell, which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south, the metropolitan boroughs of Wigan, Bolton and Bury lie to the west, northwest and north respectively. Some parts of the city, which lies directly west of Manchester, are highly industrialised and densely populated and this is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss. Salford has a history of human activity stretching back to the Neolithic age, there are over 250 listed buildings in the city, including Salford Cathedral, and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments. With the Industrial Revolution, Salford and its neighbours grew along with its textile industry, the former County Borough of Salford was granted city status in 1926. The city and its industries experienced decline throughout much of the 20th century, since the 1990s, parts of Salford have undergone regeneration, especially Salford Quays, home of BBC North and Granada Television, and the area around the University of Salford. Salford Red Devils are a rugby league club in Super League. Although the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford was a 20th-century creation, Neolithic flint arrow-heads and tools, and evidence of Bronze Age activity has been discovered in Salford. In 1142, a cell and priory dedicated to St. Leonard was established in Kersal, Salford became a free borough in about 1230, when it was granted a charter as a free borough by the Earl Ranulph of Chester. The cell in Kersal was sold in 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a 16th-century manor house, called Kersal Cell, was built on the site of the priory. In the English Civil War between King Charles I and parliament, Salford was Royalist, during the Industrial Revolution, Salford grew as a result of the textile industry. Although Salford experienced an increase in population, it was overshadowed by the dominance of Manchester, on 15 September 1830, Eccles was site of the worlds first railway accident. Although Huskisson was taken to Eccles for treatment he died of his injuries, in 1894, the Manchester Ship Canal was opened, running from the River Mersey to Salford Quays, when it was complete it was the largest navigation canal in the world. Along the route of the canal, it was necessary to create an aqueduct carrying the Bridgewater Canal over the Ship Canal, the Barton Swing Aqueduct, designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams, is 100 metres long and weighs 1,450 metric tons. At the start of the 20th century, Salford began to due to competition from outside the UK. A survey in 1931 concluded that parts of Salford were amongst the worst slums in the country, Salford was granted city status in 1926. During World War II, Salford Docks were regularly bombed, in the decades following the Second World War there was a significant economic and population decline in Salford
4.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
5.
Northern (train operating company)
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Northern, the trading name of Arriva Rail North is the primary train operator in Northern England. A subsidiary of Arriva UK Trains, it operating the Northern franchise on 1 April 2016. Northern operates more stations than any other operating company in the United Kingdom. In August 2014, the Department for Transport announced that Abellio, Arriva, in May 2016, the Competition and Markets Authority launched what The Times called an. unprecedented investigation into the transport departments decision to award the Northern Rail network to Arriva. Northern will staff some currently unstaffed stations, the first stations to be staffed will be Baildon and Ben Rhydding, both in West Yorkshire. Northern has committed to introducing free Wi-Fi on trains, and new ticketing options including the ability for customers to print their own tickets, Arriva will provide new services across the North of England. In October 2017, the Cleethorpes to Barton-on-Humber service will transfer to East Midlands Trains. The transfer will include Barrow Haven, Barton upon Humber, Goxhill, Great Coates, Grimsby Docks, Habrough, Healing, New Clee, New Holland, Stallingborough, Thornton Abbey, the routes transferred from the TransPennine franchise will also be part of the Northern Connect network. Northern inherited the stock operated by Northern Rail, namely Class 142,144,150,153,155,156 and 158 diesel multiple units. To operate services transferred from the TransPennine Express franchise, 185s are sublet from that franchise to Northern, Class 37/4 locomotives and Mark 2 carriages are hired from Direct Rail Services until 2017 for Cumbrian Coast line services. Northern will take delivery of 98 Class 195 and Class 331 trains built in Spain by CAF between 2018 and 2020 and they will be a mix of two and three car diesel multiple units and three and four car electric multiple units all based on the Civity UK platform. The units will primarily be deployed on Northern Connect regional express services, the Class 323 units will be returned to leasing company Porterbrook at the end of 2018 when their leases expire. An additional 18 two carriage DMUs are due to join the fleet by December 2022, northerns fleet is maintained at Allerton, Heaton, Newton Heath and Neville Hill depots. The RMT are unhappy about this change, as roles currently undertaken by guards would instead by undertaken by drivers and have called industrial action over the change
6.
Transport for Greater Manchester
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Transport for Greater Manchester is the public body responsible for co-ordinating transport services throughout Greater Manchester, in North West England. The organisation traces its origins to the Transport Act 1968, when the SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive was established to co-ordinate public transport in, the strategies and policies of Transport for Greater Manchester are set by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and its Transport for Greater Manchester Committee. Transport for Greater Manchester is responsible for investments in improving services and facilities. It is the arm of the Transport for Greater Manchester Committee which funds. The authority is made up of 33 councillors appointed from the ten Greater Manchester districts, infrastructure and services owned and/or operated by TfGM include, Manchester Metrolink, tram system operational in 1992. Entirely subsidised by TfGM without a government grant and operated by RATP Group and it carries over 29 million passengers a year. With 93 stations it is the largest local network in the United Kingdom after the London Underground. Further expansion to Trafford Park and Stockport is envisaged, new services were provided in Bolton, Oldham and Stockport after success of the service in Manchester. Entails installation, maintenance and management of traffic signals, road safety, incident response, SELNEC stood for South East Lancashire North East Cheshire, a joint authority of the various local councils. Prior to this the conurbation surrounding Manchester was divided between the two counties of Lancashire and Cheshire and a number of county boroughs. The S logo was coloured differently in each division, magenta for Northern, blue for Central, the scheme aimed to link the two main railway stations, Piccadilly and Victoria with a tunnel. The project was cancelled on grounds of cost. On 1 January 1972, SELNEC PTE acquired National Bus Companys North Western Road Car subsidiary with buses, services and depots in Altrincham, Glossop, Oldham, Stockport, the corporate orange and white livery was applied, with the S logo in brown and the name Cheshire. When the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 the executive was renamed GMPTE, the public branding applied to buses and signage used the shorter name Greater Manchester Transport, displayed in upper and lower case helvetica letters next to a distinctive orange double M logo. The PTE also acquired the bus operations of Wigan Corporation with 130 vehicles, further expansion saw the acquisition of Warburtons Coaches in November 1975 and Lancashire United Transport and Godfrey Abbot in January 1976. In the same year, deregulation of the bus market saw bus operations transferred to an arms length operated company. This idea was extended to a full re-design of the bus stop flag in 2000, resulting in a unified corporate appearance containing the double M logo on bus, train. GMPTE and the GMPTA worked with the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities to produce a bid for monies from the Transport Innovation Fund, within the bid were proposals to introduce Congestion charging in Greater Manchester
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National Rail
