1.
Swissair
–
Swissair AG/S. A. was for many years the national airline of Switzerland. It was formed from a merger between Balair and Ad Astra Aero, in 1931, the airline thrived into the 1980s, when it was one of the Seven Sisters of Western European commercial aviation. It was headquartered at Zurich Airport and in Kloten, in 1997 the Swissair Group was renamed SAirGroup, with four subdivisions, SAirlines, SAirServices, SAirLogistics and SAirRelations. The airline was kept alive until 31 March 2002 by the Swiss Federal government, on 1 April 2002 successor airline Swiss International Air Lines was founded on the base of former Crossair, taking over most of the routes, planes and staff of the former Swissair. Today, The SAirGroup company still exists and is in the process of being liquidated, Swiss International Air Lines was taken over by the German airline Lufthansa in 2005. On March 26,1931, Swissair - Schweizerische Luftverkehr AG was founded through the fusion of the airlines Ad Astra Aero, the founding fathers were Balz Zimmermann and the Swiss aviation pioneer Walter Mittelholzer. In contrast to other airlines, it did not receive support from the government, the name Swissair was the proposal of Dr. Alphonse Ehinger, president of the directorial board of the Balair, although Swissair was first deemed un-Swiss. In the first operational year 64 people were employed including ten pilots, seven radio operators, in total, their planes offered 85 seats and operation was maintained only from March to October. The route network had a length of 4,203 kilometres, on April 17,1932 Swissair bought two Lockheed Orions, making them the second European airline to use American planes, after the Czechoslovak operator CSA purchased a Ford Trimotor in 1930. The Orion was the fastest commercial airplane of its time and was put to use on the Express line and this led Lufthansa to ask Heinkel for a model that could top the Orions speed, leading to the Heinkel He 70. In 1933, the first trans-Alpine route was introduced in 1933, for the first time in Europe, flight attendants were employed aboard the Curtiss Condor beginning in 1934. Nelly Diener, first flight attendant of Europe, became world-famous and she lost her life after just 79 flights in a crash near Wurmlingen, Germany, on July 27,1934. The cause of the crash was material fatigue, in 1936, Douglas DC-2s were acquired and London was added to the route network. In 1937, the bigger Douglas DC-3 was bought, in the same year, both founding fathers died, Walter Mittelholzer during mountaineering in the Steiermark, Austria, and Balz Zimmermann succumbed to an infectious disease. On August 27,1939, days before World War II broke out, Swissair was forced to suspend service to Amsterdam, Paris and London. Two days later, Swissair service was closed completely, of 180 employees,131 had to serve in the army. In spite of the war, some routes were re-introduced, such as Munich, Berlin, Rome, in 1940, an invasion of Switzerland was feared, and Swissair moved their operations to the Magadino plains in Ticino. Operations were suspended definitively in August 1944, when a Swissair DC-2 was destroyed in Stuttgart during an American bombing raid, on July 30,1945 Swissair was able to resume commercial aviation
2.
Aktiengesellschaft
–
Aktiengesellschaft is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership and may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol and it is also used in Luxembourg, though the French-language equivalent, Société Anonyme, is more common. An English translation can therefore be share corporation, in German the use of the term Aktien for shares is restricted to Aktiengesellschaften. Shares in other types of German companies are called Anteile rather than Aktien, in Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German Aktiengesetz or the Austrian Aktiengesetz. In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form. German AGs have a two-tiered board structure, consisting of a supervisory board, the supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon. The general meeting is the governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors and the external auditors, the board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company. Chapter 4, The History of Corporate Ownership and Control in Germany, a History of Corporate Governance around the World, Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Ownership and Control of German Corporations
3.
Airline codes
–
This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
4.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
5.
Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
6.
Geneva Airport
–
Geneva Airport, formerly and still unofficially known as Cointrin Airport, is the international airport of Geneva, the second most populous city in Switzerland. It is located 4 km northwest of the city centre and it reached 15 million passengers for the first time in December 2014 and serves as a hub for Swiss International Air Lines, easyJet Switzerland and Etihad Regional. Its northern limit runs along the Swiss–French border and the airport can be accessed from both countries, the freight operations are also accessible from both countries, making Geneva a European Union freight hub although Switzerland is not a member of the EU. The airport is partially in the commune of Meyrin and partially in the commune of Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva airport was created in 1919 as a simple field in Cointrin, near the city of Geneva covering an area of 54 hectares. From 1926 to 1931, the sheds were replaced by three concrete ones. At the time, there was an amount of air traffic, with Lufthansa flying from Berlin to Barcelona via Halle, Leipzig, Geneva. Swissair also flew the Geneva–Lyon–Paris route in a codeshare with Air Union, in 1930 there were six airlines that flew to Geneva Airport, flying seven different routes. 1937 saw construction of the first concrete runway, it measured 405 by 21 metres, in 1938 eight airlines were flying to Geneva, Swissair, KLM, Lufthansa, Air France, Malert, AB Aerotransport, Alpar and Imperial Airways. A further 200 metres of runway was added near the end of the war as well as provision for expansion to a length of 2,500 metres. As part of the Federal Governments post-war planning for the nations airports, Cointrin was noted as being well suited for extension and did not require a triangular runway arrangement as the prevailing winds are very regularly along a single axis. In 1947 the first service to New York started with a Swissair Douglas DC-4, on July 17,1959, the first jet aircraft landed in Geneva, an SAS Caravelle, and it was followed,11 years later, by a TWA Boeing 747 which landed in 1970. To provide for jet traffic, in 1960 the runway was extended to its current length of 3,900 m and this is unusually long for an airport of this size, and could only be built after some territory was exchanged between France and Switzerland. The northeastern end of the 1946 runway had also been the frontier between Geneva and the neighbouring French commune of Ferney-Voltaire, in this way, Switzerland remained exactly the same size, and its neutrality remained unsullied. In the process, the old hamlet of La Limite disappeared, in 1968 the construction of a second runway and a mid-field round terminal were proposed, but ultimately the concept was never realised. On May 7,1968, Geneva Main Terminal was inaugurated and this number was reached in 1985. Despite there never being a regular Concorde service in Switzerland, the aircraft twice landed in Geneva. On August 31,1976, more than 5000 people came to see the Concorde land, in 1987, Geneva airport was linked to the Swiss rail system, with a new station built close to the main terminal. Since then, a number of changes have been made, two of the three in-field terminals have been upgraded with jet bridges, and a new terminal has been built in front of the main terminal with 12 jet bridges, plus two ground floor gates
7.
Miles & More
–
Miles & More is the largest traveler loyalty program in Europe with 25 million members as of March 2014. It offers rewards to passengers of the Star Alliance travelling on certain types of tickets, the program was launched by Lufthansa in 1993 and is used by 13 European airlines. The programme enables its members to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles on all of the fully integrated airlines, customers are able to build status, which gives them access to certain privileges. Miles & More is free of charge and these are miles that can be collected in the account of a member and be used to buy flights, upgrades, merchandise from the Lufthansa WorldShop and other Miles & More partners. For standard Miles & More members they retain validity for 36 months, for Frequent Travellers, Senators and HON Circle Card holders, the miles have no expiration date. However, as soon as a customer does not hold any of these cards anymore, for Miles & More Credit Card holders issued in several countries, miles have no expiration date as long as the card is held and/or used. After the credit card expires, the expiry date of the miles is reinstated. Status miles can only be earned when flying on the fully integrated partner airlines or on Star Alliance members, there is no other way to earn these miles. In addition, status miles expire at the end of calendar year. They are used to identify the frequent flyers and members that are able to qualify for a status on the basis of the status miles that they have collected in one year. HON Circle miles can only be earned when flying in business or first class on the fully integrated partner airlines and they are necessary to attain the top-tier status on Miles & More – HON Circle. Until April 1,2006 it was possible to collect this type of mile on United Airlines. HON-miles have to be accumulated within two calendar years, only Senators with an account balance of more than 300,000 status miles over two years, and existing HON Circle members, can see these miles on their account statement. HON Circle qualifying miles balance is also visible to Frequent Traveller, the miles that a member receives after having completed a flight depend on the Airline issuing ticket, mileage flown, the class of service and the booking class. Tables show the number of miles earned with Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, the number of miles earned with other airlines can be calculated using the Mileage Calculator available at the Miles & More website. These mileages apply for flights operated by Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, there is the possibility to earn 10,000 miles on all flights operated by the Lufthansa Private Jet. Lufthansa always has a number of promotions, most lasting for 1–2 months only and they include double mileage on new routes, extra miles for using electronic check-in and alike. Some of the promotions are restricted to residents of certain countries, there are other ways to collect award miles when not travelling
8.
Airline alliance
–
An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries and this branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft. In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in RPK, followed by SkyTeam with 20. 4% and Oneworld with 17. 8%, benefits can consist of, An extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks, cost reduction from sharing of, sales offices maintenance facilities operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in, investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. Traveler benefits can include, lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, more departure times to choose from on a given route. Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers, a wider range of airport lounges shared with alliance members faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as, less frequent flights, for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline, E. g. flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The ability of an airline to join an alliance may be restricted by laws, competition law issues must also be considered in some countries. The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil, the first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. Normally landing rights are granted for a number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, in return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the barriers and lack of antitrust immunity. The Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999, in 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines. Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin would join one of the existing alliances, in December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million. On February 14,2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name, US Airways participation in the Star Alliance lapsed
9.
Star Alliance
–
Star Alliance is one of the worlds largest global airline alliances. Founded on 14 May 1997, its current CEO is Mark Schwab and its headquarters is in Frankfurt am Main, as of 7 August 2016, Star Alliance is the second largest global alliance by passenger count with 641.1 million, after SkyTeam and ahead of Oneworld. Its slogan is The Way The Earth Connects, the alliance has a two-tier rewards program, Silver and Gold, with incentives including priority boarding and upgrades. Like other airline alliances, Star Alliance airlines share airport terminals, on 14 May 1997, an agreement was announced forming Star Alliance from five airlines on three continents, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. The alliance chose Young & Rubicam for advertising, with a budget of $25 million, the airlines shared the star logo from the beginning, with its five points representing the founding airlines. The alliance adopted its first slogan, The Airline Network for Earth, with its goal an alliance that will take passengers to major city on earth. The now defunct Brazilian airline VARIG joined the Star Alliance network on 22 October 1997, also joining were Ansett Australia and Air New Zealand, expanding Star Alliance to Australia and the Pacific. With the addition of the two carriers, the alliance served 720 destinations in 110 countries with a combined fleet of 1,650 aircraft. The next airline to join was All Nippon Airways, the groups second Asian airline, during the early 2000s, a number of airlines joined Star Alliance, the Austrian Airlines Group joined on 26 March 2000 and Singapore Airlines on 1 April. BMI and Mexicana Airlines joined on 1 July, bringing the membership to 13. The addition of BMI made London Heathrow the only European hub with two alliances, during the year, Emirates considered joining Star Alliance, but decided against it. That year the now-defunct BWIA West Indies Airways, which had entered an alliance with United Airlines, considered becoming a member, in 2000, the alliance also opened its first three business centers and announced the formation of an Alliance Management Team, the partnerships executive body. In September 2001, Ansett Australia left Star Alliance due to bankruptcy and that year, Star Alliance announced the appointment of a new CEO, Jaan Albrecht. Asiana Airlines joined the alliance on 1 March 2003, Spanair on 1 May, around this time, Mexicana Airlines left the alliance after deciding not to renew a codeshare agreement with United Airlines, later joining Oneworld. US Airways joined the alliance in May 2004, becoming its second US-based airline, in November Adria Airways, Blue1 and Croatia Airlines joined the alliance as its first three regional members. Although Star Alliance invited Lineas Aereas Azteca in 2005 to join in mid-2007, TAP Portugal joined on 14 March 2005, adding African destinations to the network. In April 2006 Swiss International Air Lines, the alliances sixth European airline, by May 2007, Star Alliances 10th anniversary, its members had a combined 16,000 daily departures to 855 destinations in 155 countries and served 406 million passengers annually. VARIG left the alliance on 31 January 2007, and the two Chinese airlines Air China and Shanghai Airlines joined on 12 December
10.
Edelweiss Air
–
Edelweiss Air is a Swiss leisure airline wholly owned by Swiss International Air Lines and the Lufthansa Group. It operates flights to European and intercontinental destinations from its base at Zürich Airport, the airline was founded on 19 October 1995 in Bassersdorf, Switzerland, with just one aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas MD-83. The companys name is derived from the Swiss unofficial national flower, the Edelweiss, the fleet was subsequently expanded and renewed. In 1998, new Airbus A320-200s were introduced to replace the MD-83s, for seven consecutive years between 2001 and 2008, Edelweiss Air received the golden Travelstar Award for its excellent achievements. As of March 2011, Edelweiss Air added the larger Airbus A330-300 to its fleet, in July 2015, it has been announced that Edelweiss will receive four Airbus A340-300s between 2017 and 2018 previously operated by its parent Swiss International Air Lines. The aircraft will be used to expand the route network, in November 2015, Edelweiss introduced a revised livery on one of its Airbus A320-200s which will be applied on their entire fleet. In December 2016, Edelweiss Air phased out their sole Airbus A330-200, as of December 2016, the Edelweiss Air fleet consists of the following aircraft, Media related to Edelweiss Air at Wikimedia Commons Official website
11.
Lufthansa
–
It operates services to 18 domestic destinations and 197 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, using a fleet of more than 270 aircraft. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the name of the company is derived from Luft, and Hansa. Combined with its subsidiaries, the group has 656 aircraft, as of February 2016, in 2014, the group carried over 106 million passengers. Lufthansas registered office and corporate headquarters are in Cologne, the main operations base, called Lufthansa Aviation Center, is at Lufthansas primary hub at Frankfurt Airport. The majority of Lufthansas pilots, ground staff, and flight attendants are based there, Lufthansas secondary hub is Munich Airport. Lufthansa was a state-owned enterprise until 1994, in 2014, 60% of Lufthansas shares were held by institutional investors. The remaining 40% were held by individual stock owners, since 1970, Lufthansa has involved its employees in profit sharing, giving them the opportunity to choose between cash and preference shares. When Lufthansa was privatised, employees received more than 3% of its shares, Lufthansa traces its history to 1926 when Deutsche Luft Hansa A. G. was formed in Berlin. DLH, as it was known, was Germanys flag carrier until 1945 when all services were suspended following the defeat of Nazi Germany, West Germany had not yet been granted sovereignty over its airspace, so it was not known when the new airline could become operational. Nevertheless, in 1953 Luftag placed orders for four Convair CV-340s and four Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellations and set up a maintenance base at Hamburg Airport. On 6 August 1954, Luftag acquired the name and logo of the liquidated Deutsche Lufthansa for DM30,000, on 1 April 1955 Lufthansa won approval to start scheduled domestic flights, linking Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich. In August 1958 fifteen Lufthansa 1049Gs and 1649s left Germany each week to Canada, the special status of Berlin meant that Lufthansa was not allowed to fly to either part of Berlin until 1989. Originally thought to be only a matter, the Division of Germany turned out to be long. East Germany tried to establish its own airline in 1955 using the Lufthansa name, but this resulted in a dispute with West Germany. East Germany instead established Interflug as its national airline in 1963, in 1958 Lufthansa ordered four Boeing 707s and started jet flights from Frankfurt to New York City in March 1960. Boeing 720Bs were later bought to back up the 707 fleet, in February 1961 Far East routes were extended beyond Bangkok, Thailand, to Hong Kong and Tokyo. Lagos, Nigeria and Johannesburg, South Africa were added in 1962, Lufthansa introduced the Boeing 727 in 1964 and that May began the Polar route from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Anchorage. In February 1965 the company ordered twenty-one Boeing 737s that went into service in 1968, Lufthansa was the first customer for the Boeing 737 and was one of four buyers of the 737-100s
12.
EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg
–
It is located in France, on the administrative territory of the commune of Saint-Louis near the Swiss and German borders. The airport serves as a base for easyJet Switzerland and Belair, which operates on behalf of Air Berlin, plans for the construction of a joint Swiss–French airport started in the 1930s, but were halted by the Second World War. In 1946 talks resumed and it was agreed that an airport would be built 4 kilometres north of Blotzheim, France would provide the land and the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt would cover the construction costs. Basel-Stadts Grand Council agreed to pay the costs for a provisional airport even before a treaty was signed. Construction began on 8 March 1946 and an airport with a 1. The first enlargement project was approved by referendum in Basel in 1960 and, over the following decades, the north–south runway was extended further to 3,900 metres in 1972. In 1984, a total of 1 million passengers was reached. In 1987, the trademark name EuroAirport Basel–Mulhouse–Freiburg was introduced, in 1992 a total of 2 million passengers used the airport. By 1998, this number rose up to 3 million, a decision was made to enlarge the terminals again with a new Y-finger dock. The first phase was completed in 2002 and the phase in 2005. Crossair was based at Basel and was its largest airline, in 2004 the low cost carrier EasyJet opened a base at Basel and the passenger totals rose again, reaching 4 million in 2006. From 2007 until 2009, Ryanair also flew to the airport for the first time, however, as result of a dispute over landing fees, the airline closed all eight routes. More recently Ryanair announced it would return in April 2014, with the resumption of Basel–Dublin route as well as the new route Basel – London–Stansted, since then, Ryanair has hinted at the possibility of adding new routes in the foreseeable future. In December 2014, Swiss International Air Lines announced it would cease all operations at Basel by 31 May 2015 due to competition from low-cost carriers. Swiss faced direct competition on five out of its six Basel routes, the Lufthansa Group announced it would set up Eurowings first base outside Germany at the EuroAirport as a replacement. However these plans were cancelled in favour of Vienna International Airport. In January 2017, it has announced that Air Berlin including its Swiss subsdiary Belair are cancelling Basel/Mulhouse from their schedules entirely as part of restructuring measures. EuroAirport is one of the few airports in the world operated jointly by two countries, in this case France and Switzerland and it is governed by a 1949 international convention
13.
Basel
–
Basel is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerlands third-most-populous city with about 175,000 inhabitants, located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany. In 2014, the Basel agglomeration was the third largest in Switzerland with a population of 537,100 in 74 municipalities in Switzerland, the official language of Basel is German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. Basel has been the seat of a Prince-Bishopric since the 11th century, the city has been a commercial hub and important cultural centre since the Renaissance, and has emerged as a centre for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the 20th century. It hosts the oldest university of the Swiss Confederation, There are settlement traces on the Rhine knee from the early La Tène period. The unfortified settlement was abandoned in the 1st century BC in favour of an Oppidum on the site of Basel Minster, probably in reaction to the Roman invasion of Gaul. In Roman Gaul, Augusta Raurica was established some 20 km from Basel as the administrative centre. The city of Basel eventually grew around the castle, the name of Basel is derived from the Roman-era toponym Basilia, first recorded in the 3rd century. It is presumably derived from the personal name Basilius, the Old French form Basle was adopted into English, and developed into the modern French Bâle. The Icelandic name Buslaraborg goes back to the 12th century Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan, Basel was incorporated into Germania Superior in AD83. Roman control over the area deteriorated in 3rd century, and Basel became an outpost of the Provincia Maxima Sequanorum formed by Diocletian, the Alamanni attempted to cross the Rhine several times in the 4th century, but were repelled. In a great invasion of AD406, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine river a final time, conquering and then settling what is today Alsace, from this time, Basel has been an Alemannic settlement. The Duchy of Alemannia fell under Frankish rule in the 6th century, and by the 7th century, based on the evidence of a third solidus with the inscription Basilia fit, Basel seems to have minted its own coins in the 7th century. Under bishop Haito, the first cathedral was built on the site of the Roman castle, at the partition of the Carolingian Empire, Basel was first given to West Francia, but passed to East Francia with the treaty of Meerssen of 870. The city was plundered and destroyed by a Magyar invasion of 917, the rebuilt city became part of Upper Burgundy, and as such was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire in 1032. Since the donation by Rudolph III of Burgundy of the Moutier-Grandval Abbey and all its possessions to Bishop Adalbero II in 999 till the Reformation, in 1019, the construction of the cathedral of Basel began under German Emperor Heinrich II. In 1225–1226, the Bridge over the Rhine was constructed by Bishop Heinrich von Thun, the bridge was largely funded by Basels Jewish community which had settled there a century earlier. For many centuries to come Basel possessed the only permanent bridge over the river between Lake Constance and the sea, the Bishop also allowed the furriers to found a guild in 1226
14.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
15.
Revenue
–
In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
16.
Swiss franc
–
The franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione dItalia. The Swiss National Bank issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins, the smaller denomination, a hundredth of a franc, is a Rappen in German, centime in French, centesimo in Italian, and rap in Romansh. The ISO code of the used by banks and financial institutions is CHF, although Fr. is used by most businesses and advertisers. Given the different languages used in Switzerland, Latin is used for inscriptions on the coins. In 1798, the Helvetic Republic introduced a currency based on the Berne thaler, the Swiss franc was equal to 6 3⁄4 grams of pure silver or 1 1⁄2 French francs. This franc was issued until the end of the Helvetic Republic in 1803, in order to solve this problem, the new Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 specified that the federal government would be the only entity allowed to make money in Switzerland. This was followed two years later by the first Federal Coinage Act, passed by the Federal Assembly on 7 May 1850, the franc was introduced at par with the French franc. It replaced the different currencies of the Swiss cantons, some of which had been using a franc which was worth 1 1⁄2 French francs. In 1865, France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland formed the Latin Monetary Union, the currency was devalued by 30% following the devaluations of the British pound, U. S. dollar and French franc. In 1945, Switzerland joined the Bretton Woods system and pegged the franc to the U. S. dollar at a rate of $1 =4.30521 francs and this was changed to $1 =4.375 francs in 1949. The Swiss franc has historically considered a safe-haven currency with virtually zero inflation. However, this link to gold, which dates from the 1920s, was terminated on 1 May 2000 following a referendum. By March 2005, following a gold selling program, the Swiss National Bank held 1,290 tonnes of gold in reserves which equated to 20% of its assets. In November 2014, the referendum on the Swiss Gold Initiative which proposed a restoration of 20% gold backing for the Swiss franc was voted down, in March 2011 the franc climbed past the US$1.10 mark. In June 2011 the franc climbed past US$1.20 as investors sought safety amidst the continuation of the Greek sovereign-debt crisis, demand for francs and franc-denominated assets was so strong that nominal short-term Swiss interest rates became negative. In response to the announcement the franc fell against the euro, to 1.22 francs from 1.12 francs, the intervention stunned currency traders since the franc had long been regarded as a safe haven. The franc fell 8. 8% against the euro,9. 5% against the dollar and it was the largest plunge of the franc ever against the euro. The SNB had previously set an exchange rate target in 1978 against the Deutsche mark and maintained it, although at the cost of high inflation
17.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
18.
National airline
–
The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
19.
Flag carrier
–
The term also refers to any carrier that is or was owned by a government, even long after their privatization when preferential rights or privileges continue. Flag carriers may be known as such due to maritime law requiring all aircraft or ships to display the flag of the country of their registry. A flag carrier may also be known as an airline or a national carrier. The first definition is rooted in the fact that pursuant to Article 17 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered. U. S. law requires American air carriers to operate aircraft registered in the United States and most countries have similar laws. Article 3 of Tokyo Convention declares that The State of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over “offenses, the American definition of U. S. -flag air carrier service contained in 48 CFR47. 403-1. is based on this first definition. The U. S. requirements under the Fly America Act, are consistent with requiring that Title 18 of the United States Code would protect U. S. government employees on flights to foreign countries. The second and more broadly used definition of flag carrier is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies, governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned, Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers as they were the national airline. The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are negotiated between governments, denying airlines the right to an open market. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israels El Al or Lebanons Middle East Airlines for nationalist reasons, or to aid the countrys economy, in many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited, in the last two decades, however, many of these airlines have since been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, or completely privatized. One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve routes with the result that there is no single flag carrier. The chart below lists airlines considered to be a carrier, based on current or former state ownership. International Air Transport Association US Maritime Administration
20.
Crossair
–
It became Swiss International Air Lines after taking over most of the assets of Swissair following that airlines bankruptcy in 2002. It was headquartered at Zürich International Airport in Kloten in 1985 and it added charter services for major shareholder Swissair in November 1995. On 31 March 2002, Swissair passed out of existence as most of its assets were taken over by Crossair which then changed names to Swiss International Air Lines, Crossair flew from Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lugano and Zurich. Crossair was very interested in serving from several hubs and, therefore set up a business plan. Crossair also operated flights between Swiss airports, on 10 January 2000, Crossair Flight 498 crashed just after take-off from Zürich. All 10 people aboard were killed, one survived along with eight other passengers, and suffered minor injuries and third-degree burns. On 10 July 2002, Crossair Flight 850 made a landing at Werneuchen Airfield. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair when it hit an earth bank placed across the runway. Crossair was headquartered on the grounds of EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg in Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin, France, near Basel, in 2002 the name Crossair was replaced with Swiss International Air Lines on the head office building. Swissair Crossair Website - crossair. com Crossair Website - crossair. ch Crossair Website - crossair. ch
21.
International Air Transport Association
–
The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world’s airlines. Consisting of 268 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, at its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, the benchmark standard for the early bilaterals was the 1946 United States-United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition, the first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions. Aviation grew rapidly over the decades and IATA’s work duly expanded. Safety is the number one priority for IATA, the main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit. IOSA has also been mandated at the level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever, the global Western-built jet accident rate was 0.20, the equivalent of one accident every 5 million flights. Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources, in June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014, security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint of the Future, simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, an innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability. This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard that is still the basis of the distribution system /travel agent channel. This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites, a filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments. At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation
22.
International Civil Aviation Organization
–
The International Civil Aviation Organization, is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of air transport to ensure safe. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Quebec, ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Air Navigation Commission is the body within ICAO. The Commission is composed of 19 Commissioners, nominated by the ICAOs contracting states, Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. The development of Aviation Standards and Recommended Practices is done under the direction of the ANC through the process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the Commission, standards are sent to the Council, the forerunner to ICAO was the International Commission for Air Navigation. It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany, at the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin,27 countries attended. The third convention, held in London in 1912 allocated the first radio callsigns for use by aircraft, ICAN continued to operate until 1945. Fifty-two countries signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, in Chicago, Illinois, on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization was to be established, accordingly, PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The 26th country ratified the Convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently PICAO was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, in October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the United Nations linked to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. In April 2013 Qatar offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization, according to the Globe and Mail, Qatars move was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Approximately one month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a proposal to the ICAOs governing council to move the ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14. The 9th edition of the Convention on International Civil Aviation includes modifications from 1948 up to year 2006, ICAO refers to its current edition of the Convention as the Statute, and designates it as ICAO Document 7300/9. The Convention has 19 Annexes that are listed by title in the article Convention on International Civil Aviation, as of March 2016, there are 191 ICAO members, consisting of 190 of the 193 UN members, plus the Cook Islands. Liechtenstein has delegated Switzerland to implement the treaty to make it applicable in the territory of Liechtenstein, Taiwan attended the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2013, but in 2016 was denied such an invitation, despite expressions of support from the United States for Taiwan to participate. However, the Republic of China under the name of Chinese Taipei is a member of International Air Transport Association, the Council of ICAO is elected by the Assembly every 3 years and consists of 36 members elected in 3 categories
23.
Kloten
–
Kloten is a municipality in the district of Bülach in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland, and belongs to the Glatt Valley. Kloten is first mentioned in 1155 as Chlotun, Kloten is located in the Glatt Valley, some 10 km north of the city of Zürich. It is the nearest village to Zürich Airport, and the airport terminal, Kloten has an area of 19.3 km2. Of this area,34. 1% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,38. 2% is settled and the remainder is non-productive. Kloten has a population of 18,412, as of 2007,26. 8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 6. 4%, most of the population speaks German, with Italian being second most common and Serbo-Croatian being third. In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 46. 1% of the vote, the next three most popular parties were the SPS, the CSP and the FDP. The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers make up 19. 2% of the population, while adults make up 68. 3%, in Kloten about 70. 3% of the population have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education. Kloten has an unemployment rate of 3. 12%, the historical population is given in the following table, There is one library providing books, DVDs, newspapers, etc. The passenger terminal of Zürich Airport lie in the west of the municipality of Kloten, a large amount of ground transportation infrastructure, both road and rail, serves the airport and, to a lesser extent, the rest of Kloten. Kloten is linked with Zürich via the A51 motorway and with Bülach via the same motorway and it also lies on roads taking to many places, such as Winterthur to the east. There are three stations within the municipality. Zürich Airport station is situated in the basement of the airport terminal, Kloten station and Balsberg station are served by S-Bahn line S7. The west of the municipality is served by Zürich tram routes 10 and 12. The trams serve stops at Zürich Airport, and at Balsberg station, Swiss International Air Lines has an office on the property of Zürich Airport and in Kloten, consisting of the Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie buildings. Swiss World Cargo has its office in the Alpha and Bravo buildings. Swiss Private Aviation has its office in the Swiss complex. The corporate offices for Swissôtel are located in the Prioria Business Center on the property of Zürich Airport, when Swissair existed, its head office was on the property of Zürich Airport and in Kloten
24.
Credit Suisse
–
Credit Suisse Group is a Swiss multinational financial services holding company, headquartered in Zürich, that operates the Credit Suisse Bank and other financial services investments. Credit Suisse was founded by Alfred Escher in 1856 under the name Schweizerische Kreditanstalt in order to fund the development of Switzerlands rail system and it issued loans that helped create Switzerlands electrical grid and the European rail system. It also helped develop the countrys currency system and funded entrepreneurship, in the 1900s Credit Suisse began shifting to retail banking in response to the elevation of the middle-class and the growing popularity of savings accounts. Credit Suisse partnered with First Boston in 1978, after a large failed loan put First Boston under financial stress, Credit Suisse bought a controlling share of the bank in 1988. In the 1990s, Credit Suisse acquired the Winterthur Group, Swiss Volksbank, Swiss American Securities Inc. in the year 2000, it added the U. S. investment firm Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. The company restructured itself in 2002,2004 and 2006 and it was one of the least affected banks during the global financial crisis, but afterwards began shrinking its investment business, executing layoffs and cutting costs. During the period between 2008 and 2012, Germany, Brazil, and the United States began a series of investigations into the use of Credit Suisse accounts for tax evasion. In May 2014, the company pleaded guilty to decades of conspiring to help US citizens avoid taxes, in 2014, Credit Suisse had 888.2 USD Bn of assets under management according to the Scorpio Partnership. Credit Suisse Group AG is organized as a company registered in Zürich that operates as a holding company. It owns the Credit Suisse bank and other interests in the services business. Credit Suisse is governed by a board of directors, its shareholders, the Board of Directors organize the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders while investors with large stakes in the company determine the agenda. Shareholders elect auditors for one-year terms, approve the report and other financial statements. The Board sets Credit Suisses business strategies and approves its compensation principles based on guidance from the compensation committee and it also has the authority to create committees that delegate specific management functions. Credit Suisse has two divisions, Private Banking & Wealth Management and Investment Banking, a Shared Services department provides support functions like risk management, legal, IT and marketing to all areas. Operations are divided into four regions, Switzerland, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, the Americas, Credit Suisse Private Banking has wealth management, corporate and institutional businesses. Credit Suisse Investment Banking handles securities, investment research, trading, prime brokerage, Credit Suisse Asset Management sells investment classes, alternative investments, real-estate, equities, fixed income products and other financial products. Escher founded Credit Suisse in 1856 primarily to provide funding to railway projects. Escher aimed to start the company with three million shares and instead sold 218 million shares in three days, in its first year of operation,25 percent of the banks revenues was from the Swiss Northeastern Railway, which was being built by Eschers company, Nordostbahn
25.
UBS AG
–
UBS AG is a Swiss global financial services company, incorporated in the Canton of Zurich, and co-headquartered in Zürich and Basel. In Switzerland, these services are offered to retail clients. The name UBS was originally an abbreviation for the Union Bank of Switzerland, the company traces its origins to 1856, when the earliest of its predecessor banks was founded. UBS has over CHF2.2 trillion in invested assets and its assets under management amounted in 2014 to US$1,966.9 billion, representing a 15. 4% increase in AuM compared to the equivalent data of 2013. It is the biggest bank in Switzerland, operating in more than 50 countries with about 60,000 employees around the world, as of 2014. In comparison to other European banks, UBS suffered among the largest losses during the mortgage crisis. The bank received a US$9.7 billion capital injection in 2007 from the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, UBS also received capital from the Swiss government, further complemented by a series of equity offerings in 2007,2008, and 2009. UBS is a joint-stock company pursuant to Swiss laws and its shares are listed at the SIX Swiss Exchange, and the New York Stock Exchange. As of February 2015, UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide, having offices in more than 50 countries, with about 35% of its approx. 60,000 employees working in the Americas, 36% in Switzerland, 17% in Europe, the bank has its major presence in the United States. The companys global business groups are wealth management, investment banking, additionally, UBS is the leading provider of retail banking and commercial banking services in Switzerland, as established already in 2009. Overall invested assets are CHF2.689 trillion, shareholders equity is CHF55.313 billion, in November 2014, the shares in UBS Group AG were listed and started trading as a new holding company on the NYSE and SIX Swiss Exchange. Upon application and with the effect as of 14 January 2015, the shares of the USB AG, Corporate Center focuses on the Group’s control functions, which are mainly finance, risk control and legal. All logistics and support services are located with this division and include operations, information technology, human resources, communications, physical security. UBSs wealth management division offers high-net-worth individuals around the world a range of advisory and investment products, as of the end of 2014, UBS Wealth Managements invested assets totaled CHF947 billion. More than 60% of total invested assets in UBS Wealth Management belong to individuals with a net-worth of CHF10 million or more, UBS offers brokerage services and products as well as asset management and other investment advisory and portfolio management products and services. The business is divided geographically with separate businesses focused on the U. S. Two-thirds of the total invested assets come from Europe and Switzerland with the final one-third coming mainly from the Asia-Pacific region, with its headquarters in Switzerland, UBS Wealth Management is present in nearly 50 countries with approximately 230 offices
26.
Cantons of Switzerland
–
The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte, with the Napoleonic period of the Helvetic Republic the term canton/cantone/Kanton was fully established. From 1833, there were 25 cantons, which became 26 after the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern in 1979. The term canton, now used as English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century, from a word for edge. After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy, English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy dates to the early 17th century. It was increasingly replaced by Stand after 1550, the French term canton was not adopted into German usage prior to 1648, and after that only in occasional use. The prominent usage of Ort and Stand only gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland with the Helvetic Republic, only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848. The term Stand remains in usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament. Republic Some cantonal constitutions provide for a formal name of the state. Most of Romandys cantons and Ticino call themselves république/Repubblica officially, at least within their constitutions, for example, the canton of Geneva refers to itself formally as the République et canton de Genève. Though they were part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximillian in 1499 in Dornach. The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, the cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803, the status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons. Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815, the process of Restoration, completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Liberal Radical Party embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution and this tension, paired with religious issues escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the party resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty, but were no longer allowed to maintain standing armies or international relations. Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, government and courts, most of the cantons legislatures are unicameral parliaments, their size varying between 58 and 200 seats
27.
Municipalities of Switzerland
–
Municipalities are the lowest level of administrative division in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the Swiss cantons, which form the Swiss Confederation, in most cantons municipalities are also part of districts or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions. There are 2,294 municipalities as of January 2016 and their populations range between several hundred thousand, and a few dozen people, and their territory between 0.32 km² and 439 km². The beginnings of the municipality system date back to the Helvetic Republic. Under the Old Swiss Confederacy, citizenship was granted by each town and these citizens enjoyed access to community property and in some cases additional protection under the law. Additionally, the towns and the rural villages had differing rights. The creation of a uniform Swiss citizenship, which applied equally for citizens of the old towns and their tenants and servants, led to conflict. The wealthier villagers and urban citizens held rights to forests, common land and other municipal property which they did not want to share with the new citizens, the compromise solution, which was written into the municipal laws of the Helvetic Republic, is still valid today. Two politically separate but often geographically similar organizations were created, the first, the so-called municipality, was a political community formed by election and its voting body consists of all resident citizens. However, the community land and property remained with the local citizens who were gathered together into the Bürgergemeinde. During the Mediation era, and especially during the Restoration era, many political municipalities were abolished and limits were placed on the exercise of political rights for everyone except the members of the Bürgergemeinde. In the Regeneration era, the revolutions of the common people helped to restore some rights again in a few cantons. In other cantons, the Bürgergemeinden were able to power as political communities. In the city of Zurich it wasnt until the Municipal Act of 1866 that the municipality came back into existence. The relationship between the municipality and the Bürgergemeinde was often dominated by the latters ownership of community property. Often the administration and profit from the property were held by the Bürgergemeinden, leaving the political municipality dependent on the Bürgergemeinde for money. It wasnt until the municipality acquired rights over property that served the public and taxes. For example, in the city of Bern, it wasnt until after the property division of 1852 that the municipality had the right to levy taxes
28.
British Airways
–
British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size. When measured by passengers carried, it is second-largest in the United Kingdom behind easyJet, the airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways, after almost 13 years as a state company, British Airways was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987, followed by Dan-Air in 1992, British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam, IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE100 Index. A long-time Boeing customer, British Airways ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998, in 2007 it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement. The centrepiece of the airlines fleet is the Boeing 777. British Airways is the largest operator of the Boeing 747-400, with 51 registered to the airline, on 1 September 1972 the management service functions of both BOAC and BEA were combined under the newly formed British Airways Group. British Airways was established as an airline on 31 March 1974 by the dissolution of BOAC, British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde, and the worlds first supersonic passenger service flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. Services to the US began on 24 May 1976 with a flight to Washington Dulles airport, service to Singapore was established in co-operation with Singapore Airlines as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003, in 1981 the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative Thatcher government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed chairman, while many other large airlines struggled, King was credited with transforming British Airways into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world. The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of the UKs second airline, British Caledonian, in July of that same year. The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a competitor for BA and this campaign included allegations of poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and undermining Virgins reputation in the City. As a result of the case BA management apologised unreservedly, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by his deputy, Colin Marshall, while Bob Ayling took over as CEO. Virgin filed an action in the US that same year regarding BAs domination of the trans-Atlantic routes. In 1992 British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan, was formed in March 1993 to operate between London and Taipei. That same month BA purchased a 25% stake in the Australian airline Qantas and, with the acquisition of Brymon Airways in May, in September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance
29.
KLM
–
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N. V. is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and it is part of the Air France–KLM group, and is a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. KLM was founded in 1919, it is the oldest airline in the still operating under its original name and had 32,505 employees as of 2013. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to approximately 130 destinations, in 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam. The exhibition was a success, after it closed several Dutch commercial interests intended to establish a Dutch airline. In September 1919, Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet-to-be-founded KLM its Royal predicate, Plesman became its first administrator and director. The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920, KLMs first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from Croydon Airport, London, to Amsterdam. The flight was using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel De Haviland DH-16, registration G-EALU. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight, in April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its own pilots, and Fokker F. II and Fokker F. III aircraft. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services, KLMs first intercontinental flight took off on 1 October 1924. The final destination was Jakarta, Java, in the Dutch East Indies, in September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, this was the worlds longest-distance scheduled service by airplane. By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, in 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934, the first experimental transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F. XVIII Snip. The first of the airlines Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936, KLM was the first airline to serve Manchesters new Ringway airport, starting June 1938. When Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, a number of KLM aircraft—mostly DC-3s, five DC-3s and one DC-2 were taken to England. During the war, these aircraft and crew members flew scheduled flights between Bristol and Lisbon under BOAC registration. Some KLM aircraft and their crews ended up in the Australia-Dutch East Indies region, after the end of the Second World War in August 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network
30.
Air France
–
Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
31.
Oneworld
–
Oneworld is an airline alliance founded on 1 February 1999. The alliances stated objective is to be the airline alliance for the worlds frequent international travelers. Its central alliance office is based in New York City in the United States. As of August 2016, Oneworld is the third largest global alliance in terms of passengers more than 557.4 million passengers carried, behind Star Alliance. Its slogan is An alliance of the worlds leading airlines working as one, Oneworld announced the formation of a central alliance team, the Oneworld Management Company, in February 2000, to mark the alliances first anniversary. The oMC was established in May 2000 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and it acts as the alliances central secretariat, with responsibility for driving future growth and the launch of new customer services and benefits. Bruce Ashby, who previously held roles of CEO of Saudi Arabias SAMA Airlines, CEO of Indias IndiGo, rob Gurney succeeded Ashby as CEO in October,2016. Reporting to the CEO are Vice-Presidents for Commercial, Membership and Customer Experience, and Corporate Communications, a Chief Financial Officer, the CEO reports to the Oneworld Governing Board, which is made up of the chief executives of each of the member airlines. The Governing Board meets regularly to set strategic direction and review progress, chairmanship of the board rotates among the alliance members chief executives. Cathay Pacific CEO Ivan Chu currently has the role, Oneworld was unveiled by its founding members, American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas at a press conference in London, United Kingdom, on 21 September 1998. Oneworld was officially launched and became operational on 1 February 1999, at its launch in 1999, Oneworlds member airlines and their affiliates served 648 destinations in 139 countries, and carried 181 million passengers with a fleet of 1,577 aircraft. Finnair, Finlands largest airline and flag carrier, was the alliances first new recruit on 9 December 1998, the alliance welcomed Iberia, Spains flag carrier, as its second recruit on 15 February 1999. Both airlines, together with Iberias franchisee, Iberia Regional Air Nostrum, joined the alliance on 1 September 1999, on 19 May 1999, LanChile became a member-elect, the alliances first representative from Latin America. LanChiles two subsidiaries, LAN Express and LAN Perú, would join the alliance. Irish carrier Aer Lingus was formally elected on board and confirmed as the member of the alliance on 2 December 1999. As LanChile and Aer Lingus joined on 1 June 2000, Canadian Airlines left the alliance, following the purchase by Air Canada. However, Swiss later decided not to proceed with key elements of its agreement with British Airways and was released from its commitment to join Oneworld. Swiss was later taken over by Lufthansa in 2005 and joined Star Alliance in 2006, the mid-2000s saw Oneworld undertake one of the biggest expansions in its history
32.
Heathrow Airport
–
Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, Heathrow lies 14 miles west of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres. London Heathrow is the hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, in July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow and the government approved a third runway in October 2016. Heathrow is 14 mi west of central London, near the end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway, Heathrow falls entirely under the TW postcode area. As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, for a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of Heathrow Airport. Heathrow Airport originated in 1929 as an airfield on land south-east of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there, there was a Heathrow Farm about where Terminal 1 is now, a Heathrow Hall and a Heathrow House. This hamlet was largely along a lane which ran roughly along the east. Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended, the government continued to develop the airport as a civil airport, it opened as London Airport in 1946 and was renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries, the airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four terminals and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrows 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers, the busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram, from the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways
33.
Regional airline
–
Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. Operating as an independent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated communities, examples of this are Peninsula Airways, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands. Regional airlines began by operating propeller-driven aircraft over short routes, sometimes on flights of less than 100 miles, in the early days of commercial aviation few aircraft had ranges greater than this, and airlines were often formed to serve the area in which they formed. That is, there was no distinction between a regional airline and any other airline. This changed with the introduction of aircraft, which led to the development of the flag carrier airlines, such as British Overseas Airways Corporation. As the flag carriers grew in importance with increasing passenger traffic. This arrangement was formalized, forming the regional airlines. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs, notably the DC-3, were replaced by more capable turboprop or jet-powered designs like the Fokker F27 Friendship or BAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines, in the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of todays passenger air system. The U. S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network. A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the title Commuter Airlines of the United States, by R. E. G. One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airlines brand was Air Alpes of France, during 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery of Air France. NLMs KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years and this is encouraged with the Essential Air Service program that subsidizes airline service to smaller U. S. communities and suburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service. S. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay. It is common in the U. S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportations designation of major, national, the airlines fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets. To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, the definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media, beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges, some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past
34.
Swiss Global Air Lines
–
Swiss Global Air Lines is a Swiss airline and a subsidiary of Swiss International Air Lines and therefore also of the Lufthansa Group. Like its parent, Swiss Global is part of the Star Alliance and it has its legal headquarters in Basel, the physical head office is on the grounds of Zurich Airport and the town of Kloten. Swiss Global Air Lines was founded in 2005 as Swiss European Air Lines, on 11 March 2009, the Lufthansa Group board announced that it planned to gradually replace the current Avro RJ100 fleet flown by Swiss Global with aircraft of the Bombardier CSeries from 2014. The replacement of the twenty RJ100s was planned to take two years, while an additional ten aircraft would be delivered thereafter to allow for capacity expansion, the new aircraft would allow Swiss to continue serving restricted destinations such as London City Airport or Florence Perétola Airport. With the delays to the Bombardier CSeries development this date was postponed to 2015 and it was further postponed, with the first delivery, of a CS100, taking place in June 2016 with the first revenue flight on 15 July. The Lufthansa Group is a customer for this aircraft type. On 3 February 2015 Swiss International Air Lines announced the rebranding of Swiss European Air Lines to Swiss Global Air Lines and it was also confirmed on the same date, that Swiss Internationals six ordered Boeing 777-300ERs would be operated by Swiss Global Air Lines. These are the first aircraft for flights in Swiss Global Air Lines fleet. A further three Boeing 777-300ER aircraft were ordered in 2015, bringing the commitment up to nine aircraft, by April 2015, Swiss Global Air Lines requested traffic rights for flights to the United States to utilize the 777s on its parents intercontinental routes. The rights were granted by June 2015 and first used for flights to New York City from 2016, at the 2015 Paris Air Show, the airline announced it was switching 10 of its 30 orders for the Bombardier CS100 to the larger CS300. Another 5 orders for CS100 were converted to CS300 on 4 June 2016, on 29 June 2016, Swiss Global received its first CS100 as the worldwide launch customer. The first revenue service took place on 15 July 2016 from Zürich to Paris, media related to Swiss Global Air Lines at Wikimedia Commons Official website of Swiss International Air Lines
35.
Swiss Private Aviation
–
Swiss Private is also the new platform for operation of the Lufthansa Private Jet fleet, formerly operated by Swiss European Air Lines. The airline currently has eight employees and its head office is located in the Swiss International Air Lines Zurich office in Kloten, Switzerland. As of February 2011, Swiss Private Aviation has ceased operations as a result of internal reconstruction, the airline had been founded in 1984 as Servair Private Charter AG and was acquired by Swiss International Air Lines and renamed to Swiss Private Aviation on 17 July 2008. From February 2011, Swiss Private Aviation ceased to operate as a result of internal reconstruction, the company recommended Lufthansa Private Jet Service as a succedaneum. The fleet of Swiss Private Aviation consists of the aircraft types
36.
Airbus A330
–
The Airbus A330 is a medium- to long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliner made by Airbus, a division of Airbus Group. Versions of the A330 have a range of 5,000 to 13,430 kilometres, the A330s origin dates to the mid-1970s as one of several conceived derivatives of Airbuss first airliner, the A300. The A330 was developed in parallel with the four-engine A340, which shared many common airframe components, both airliners incorporated fly-by-wire flight control technology, first introduced on an Airbus aircraft with the A320, as well as the A320s six-display glass cockpit. In June 1987, after receiving orders from customers, Airbus launched the A330. The A330 was Airbuss first airliner that offered a choice of three engines, General Electric CF6, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, and Rolls-Royce Trent 700. The A330-300, the first variant, took its flight in November 1992. Airbus followed up with the slightly shorter A330-200 variant in 1998, subsequently-developed A330 variants include a dedicated freighter, the A330-200F, a military tanker, the A330 MRTT, and a corporate jet, ACJ330. Since its launch, the A330 has allowed Airbus to expand market share in wide-body airliners, competing twinjets include the Boeing 767 and 777, along with the 787, which entered service in late 2011. The long-range Airbus A350 XWB was planned to succeed both the A330 and A340, the current A330 is to be replaced by the A330neo, which includes new engines and other improvements. As of February 2017, A330 orders stand at 1,682, the largest operator is Turkish Airlines with 60 A330s in its fleet. Airbuss first airliner, the A300, was envisioned as part of a family of commercial aircraft. In pursuit of this goal, studies began in the early 1970s into derivatives of the A300, before introducing the A300, Airbus identified nine possible variations designated B1 through B9. A tenth variant, the A300B10, was conceived in 1973, Airbus then focused its efforts on single-aisle studies, conceiving a family of airliners later known as the Airbus A320 family, the first commercial aircraft with digital fly-by-wire controls. During these studies Airbus turned its focus back to the aircraft market. In the mid-1970s Airbus began development of the A300B9, a derivative of the A300. The B9 was essentially a lengthened A300 with the same wing and it was targeted at the growing demand for high-capacity, medium-range, transcontinental trunk routes. It was also considered as a successor to the A300. At the same time, a 200-seat four-engine version, the B11 was also under development, to differentiate from the SA series, the B9 and B11 were re-designated as the TA9 and TA11, with TA standing for twin aisle
37.
Embraer
–
Embraer S. A. is a Brazilian aerospace conglomerate that produces commercial, military, executive and agricultural aircraft and provides aeronautical services. It is headquartered in São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, seeking to develop a domestic aircraft industry, the Brazilian government made several investments in this area during the 1940s and 50s. However, it was not until 1969 that Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica was created as a government-owned corporation and its first president, Ozires Silva, was a government appointee, and the company initially produced a turboprop passenger aircraft, the Embraer EMB110 Bandeirante. The Brazilian Government contributed to Embraers early growth by providing production contracts, the company sold solely to the domestic market until 1975. Aimed at the market, this plane was the first of Embraers highly successful small airliners. In 1974, the company started to produce Piper Aircraft light planes under license, Piper first put together knock-down kits in their US factory for Embraer to assemble and market in Brazil and Latin America. By 1978, most of the parts and components were being sourced locally, between 1974 and 2000, nearly 2,500 license-built Pipers were produced by Embraer. Born from a Brazilian government plan and having been state-run from the beginning and this was a period of privatization for many state-controlled companies in Brazil. Embraer was sold on December 7,1994, which helped it avoid a looming bankruptcy, the company continued to win government contracts. The Brazilian government retains interest through possession of golden shares, which allow it veto power, in 2000, Embraer made simultaneous initial public offerings on the NYSE and BM&F Bovespa stock exchanges. In the mid-1990s, the company pursued a line more focused on small commercial planes over the military aircraft that had previously made up the majority of its manufacturing. It soon expanded to the production of larger airliners, with 70–110 seats. Today, the company manufactures for both defense and commerce, at the 2000 Farnborough Airshow, Embraer launched the Legacy 600, a business jet variant of the ERJ. In 2002, a business unit was organised as Embraer Executive Jets as the Legacy was introduced. In 2005, the Phenom 100 was then conceptualised as an air taxi like the Eclipse 500, competing with Cessna and it was introduced in 2008 and is the basis of the larger Phenom 300. The midsize Legacy 450 and Legacy 500 were jointly developed as clean sheet designs, in 2016, Embraer delivered its 1, 000th executive jet and have a market share of 17% by volume, acknowledging it lacks an ultra-long-range large cabin jet. On April 19,2007, Embraer announced it was considering the production of a military transport. Work began in May 2009 with funding from the Brazilian Air Force, correios, the Brazilian postal service, has shown interest in buying this aircraft
38.
Embraer ERJ family
–
The Embraer ERJ145 family is a series of twin-engine regional jets produced by Embraer, a Brazilian aerospace company. Family members include the ERJ135, ERJ140, and ERJ145, as well as the Legacy business jet, the ERJ145 is the largest of the group. Each jet in the series is powered by two turbofan engines, the familys primary competition comes from the Bombardier CRJ regional jets. In order to reduce the development cost, it used the EMB120 nose, the ERJ145 was launched at the Paris Airshow in 1989 as a stretched and turbofan-powered modification of the EMB120 Brasilia. Key components of this included, Straight wing Rear Fuselage-mounted engines Range of 2500 km. 75% parts commonality with the EMB120. By 1990, Embraer engineers found that results from wind-tunnel testing were less than satisfactory, the proposed modified design included a slightly swept wing with winglets, as well as engines mounted in underwing nacelles. This second design showed markedly better aerodynamic performance, but the combination of swept wings, the design evolved until late 1991, at which time it was frozen. However, the aircraft has sold well thus overcoming the initial setbacks, Embraer delivered 892 units of all variants through 2006, and predicted that another 102 units would be delivered in the 2007-2016 time period. The ERJ140 is based on the ERJ145 with 96% parts commonality, the only significant changes are a shorter fuselage, a slightly derated engine and an increased range. At launch, Embraer estimated the cost of an ERJ140 to be approximately US$15.2 million, the estimated cost of development of the ERJ140 was US$45 million. The ERJ135, with an entry date of 1999, has 95% parts commonality with the ERJ145. The ERJ145 seats 50 passengers, the ERJ140 seats 44, in 2003, Embraer entered a partnership with the Harbin Aircraft Industry Group of Harbin, China. After 13 years, its last delivery was done in March 2016, the EMB-145 Family of aircraft generally come equipped with two Rolls-Royce AE3007 series turbofan engines. The engines have a ratio of 5,1. The engines are controlled by two FADECs, the FADECs control virtually all aspects of the engine and send engine data to be displayed on the EICAS for the pilot. The Embraer ERJ145 Family typically comes equipped with the Honeywell Primus 1000 Avionics suite, the suite normally consists of five CRT display units or screens. From left to right, the system consists of a Primary Flight Display, Multi-Function Display, Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System, Multi-Function Display, the DUs are normally CRTs but can be upgraded to lighter LCD displays. These upgraded DUs also have added functionality, the first flight of the ERJ145 occurred on August 11,1995, with the first delivery in December 1996 to ExpressJet Airlines
39.
Saab Group
–
Saab Group is a Swedish aerospace and defence company, founded in 1937. From 1947 to 1990 it was the parent company of automobile manufacturer Saab Automobile, between 1968 and 1995 the company was in a merger with commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis, known as Saab-Scania. The two were de-merged in 1995 by the new owners, Investor AB, despite the demerger, both Saab and Scania share the right to use the griffin logo, which originates from the coat of arms of the Swedish region of Scania. Svenska Aeroplan AB was founded in 1937 in Trollhättan, with the merger of Svenska Aero AB, the style Saab replaced SAAB around 1950. Originally manufacturing aircraft, the company sought ways in which to diversify its business, in the late 1940s the company began manufacturing cars at its Saab Automobile division, based in Trollhättan. The first car was the Saab 92, full-scale production started December 12,1949, in the late 1950s Saab ventured into the computer market with Datasaab. The company was a partly of the need to make a computer that would be small enough to mount in an aeroplane as navigational equipment. During the 1960s several computers were developed and sold to European countries, the aircraft computer was used in 1971 in the Viggen. The company was sold in 1975 to Sperry UNIVAC, while Saab retained its flight computer development, in May 1965, the company name was changed to Saab AB to reflect its broad range of activities. In 1968 Saab AB merged with the Swedish lorry, bus and heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturer Scania-Vabis, in 1990 General Motors bought 51 percent of the car division Saab Automobile, and acquired the rest a decade later. In 1991 Investor AB completed a buyout of Saab-Scania AB. Investor AB acquired all the shares in Saab-Scania for approximately SEK21 billion. Saab-Scania became a wholly owned subsidiary of Investor AB and the company was de-listed, in 1995 Saab-Scania was divided by Investor AB into two independent companies, de-merging into Scania AB and Saab AB. The intention by Investor AB was to broaden ownership in the two companies later, following the sale of 50% of the car division Saab Automobile AB to General Motors, the main reason behind the merger with lorry manufacturer Scania-Vabis in 1968 had disappeared. Saab Military Aircraft and British Aerospace formed in 1995 the joint venture company Saab-BAe Gripen AB, to manufacture, market and this co-operation was extended in 2001 with the formation of Gripen International for the same purpose. From 1998 until 2005 the largest shareholder in Saab was the British aerospace company BAE Systems, following its acquisition of a 35% stake from Investor AB by its predecessor, in January 2005, BAE Systems reduced its shareholding to 20%. Investor AB maintained a 20% share,16 November 1999, Saab announced its intention is to purchase Celsius AB and the acquisition was concluded by early March 2000. In December 2005 Saab joined the Dassault nEUROn project as a major partner, in October 2008 the company announced its intention to merge its operations with that of Simrad Optronics
CHF 4,799 million (2016)[5]
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Media related to Swiss International Air Lines at Wikimedia Commons
