Sybirak
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A sybirak is a person resettled to Siberia. Like its Russian counterpart sibiryák, the word can refer to any dweller of Siberia, but it more specifically refers to Poles imprisoned or exiled to Siberi
Farewell to Europe, by Aleksander Sochaczewski.
Black and white reproduction of Zesłanie Studentów (Students Exile) by Jacek Malczewski from 1891
Christmas Eve in Siberia, by Jacek Malczewski, 1892.
The Prisoners, Jacek Malczewski, 1883
Katorga
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Katorga was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
Sybirak
…A sybirak (Polish: , plural: sybiracy) is a person resettled to Siberia. Like its Russian counterpart sibiryák, the word can refer to any dweller of Siberia, but it more specifically refers to Poles imprisoned or exiled to…
Prisoners at an Amur Cart Road camp, between 1908 and 1913
Bashkirs conducting convicts to Siberia, painted by William Allan, 1814