1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Pennsylvania Route 73
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Pennsylvania Route 73 is a 62. 32-mile long east–west state highway in southeastern Pennsylvania. It runs from PA61 in Leesport southeast to the New Jersey state line on the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge over the Delaware River in Philadelphia, where it continues as New Jersey Route 73. The route passes through areas of Berks County, crossing U. S. Route 222 in Maiden Creek before continuing southeast through Oley. PA73 continues into Montgomery County and intersects PA100 in Gilbertsville, the route passes through Skippack and intersects US202 in Center Square, PA309 in Springfield Township, and PA611 near Jenkintown. PA73 continues through Northeast Philadelphia on Cottman Avenue, crossing US1, predating the Interstate and U. S. Highway Systems, the Skippack Pike, a modern section of the route, served as the primary connector between Philadelphia and the northwest suburbs. The Skippack Pike dates back to 1713 and was completed as a turnpike in 1855, Legislative Route 197 connected Reading to Philadelphia along the PA73 corridor in 1911. PA73 was designated in 1928 to run from PA23 near Blue Ball to US1 in Philadelphia, heading north to Reading, the route was extended east to the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge after it opened in 1929. The portion of route between Leesport and Maiden Creek became the part of PA383 by 1930. PA73 was shifted to its current alignment in eastern Montgomery County in the 1950s, the western terminus of PA73 was realigned to Leesport by 1966, with the route between Blue Ball and Reading becoming PA625 with most of the remainder between Reading and Oley now unnumbered. PA73 was realigned to its current routing to Tacony-Palmyra Bridge in the 1960s, having previously followed Frankford Avenue and Robbins and Levick streets on a one-way pair. PA73 begins at an intersection with PA61 in Ontelaunee Township, Berks County to the north of the city of Reading, from this intersection, the route heads northeast on two-lane undivided Lake Shore Drive past a mix of farm fields and development. The road heads east into wooded areas and runs along the shore of Lake Ontelaunee. Past the lake, PA73 crosses into Maidencreek Township and comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southerns Evansville Industrial Track as it enters agricultural areas with some homes, the route heads east-southeast and crosses US222 in the community of Maiden Creek. PA73 continues along Main Street and runs through areas in the community of Blandon. Past Blandon, the road south into forested mountain areas. The route turns southeast through wooded areas with residential and commercial development. PA73 continues east through rural land to Oley Township, where it reaches a junction with PA662. At this point, PA662 joins PA73 for a concurrency, at the east end of Oley, PA662 splits to the southeast and PA73 continues east on West Philadelphia Avenue past residential development
3.
New Jersey Route 73
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Route 73 is a state highway in the southern part of the U. S. state of New Jersey. What is today Route 73 between the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge and Berlin was legislated as Route S41 in 1927, a spur of Route 41, an extension of this spur called Route S41A was designated in 1938 to continue south from Berlin to Route 42 in Folsom. In 1953, both routes became Route 73 in order to match Pennsylvania Route 73. The portion of Route 73 between Berlin and the Atlantic City Expressway became a highway by 1969. By the 2000s, Route 73 was extended south along County Route 561 Spur to U. S. Route 322, several traffic circles along Route 73 have been modified or replaced over time. Among these was the Berlin Circle, which was turned into an intersection in 2006. The Marlton Circle at Route 70, which was modified in 1974 to allow Route 73 to pass through the circle, was replaced with an interchange completed in 2011 and this portion of the route is officially considered a part of Route 73 but is not signed as such. The road runs through forested areas of the Pine Barrens with some homes and farms, following this intersection, the road continues northwest as Mays Landing Road, crossing over a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line. It enters a corner of Hammonton before it crosses into Winslow Township in Camden County. Here, Route 73 crosses over a Southern Railroad of New Jersey railroad line, after the Atlantic City Expressway, Route 73 becomes officially signed and maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, although County Route 561 Spur is still signed along the route. It heads to the north as an undivided road, passing through wooded areas with some residences and businesses and crosses CR723. The route continues to an intersection with CR561, where it widens into a four-lane divided highway. At this junction, CR561 Spur ends and Route 73 forms a concurrency with County Route 561, the road intersects CR722 and CR721, becoming Camden Road at the latter junction. It heads north through rural areas, meeting CR720. North of Cedar Brook, the route traverses CR536, becoming Cedarbrook Road and it intersects CR680 and CR711 before widening into a divided highway prior to a junction where CR712 heads northeast and CR561 splits from Route 73 by heading north on Cedarbrook Road. Past this intersection, Route 73 becomes a road and encounters CR710 at a four-way intersection. A short distance later, the route enters Waterford Township and comes to a cloverleaf interchange with U. S. Route 30. Following US30, Route 73 passes through a corner of Berlin Boro before it goes under New Jersey Transit’s Atlantic City Line near the Atco station
4.
Delaware River
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The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, not including Delaware Bay, the rivers length including its two branches is 388 miles. The Delaware River is one of nineteen Great Waters recognized by the Americas Great Waters Coalition, the Delaware River rises in two main branches that descend from the western flank of the Catskill Mountains in New York. The West Branch begins near Mount Jefferson in the Town of Jefferson in Schoharie County, the rivers East Branch begins at Grand Gorge near Roxbury Delaware County. These two branches flow west and merge near Hancock in Delaware County and the waters flow as the Delaware River south. The river meets tide-water at the junction of Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, the rivers navigable, tidal section served as a conduit for shipping and transportation that aided the development of the industrial cities of Trenton, Camden, and Philadelphia. The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary of Delaware Bay is 11,550 cubic feet per second, in 1609, the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a route to Cathay. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the section of river. Both colonial powers called the river the South River, compared to the Hudson River, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colonys council president, John Ratcliffe, and attacked the colonys fledgling settlements. Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colonys original settlers at Jamestown from giving up, the name of barony is pronounced as in the current spelling form Delaware and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre. It has often reported that the river and bay received the name Delaware after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch. However, the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641, the state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penns Pennsylvania colony. In 1682, the Duke of York granted Penns request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The Delaware Rivers watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. This total area constitutes approximately 0. 4% of the mass in the United States. In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, there are 216 tributary streams and creeks—an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks—in the watershed. The waters of the Delaware Rivers basin are used to fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation
5.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
6.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
7.
Palmyra, New Jersey
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Palmyra is a borough in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Palmyra was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 19,1894, from portions of Cinnaminson Township, on February 20,1923, Palmyra was reincorporated as a borough. The area that is now Palmyra was settled in the late 17th century by Swedes, a farmhouse built in 1761 by the third generation settlers still remains as the oldest house in Palmyra. Palmyra was the name of an ancient trading center located in central Syria, the post office was established in 1851. What is now Palmyra was part of Chester Township, which was created in 1694 and was one of the original 104 townships in New Jersey incorporated in 1798, Palmyra became a part of Cinnaminson Township when that township was set off from Chester in 1860. Palmyra Township was set off from Cinnaminson in 1894, and Palmyra was incorporated as a borough in 1923. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 2.550 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include West Palmyra, the borough borders Cinnaminson Township and Riverton in Burlington County, Pennsauken Township in Camden County, and Philadelphia across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. The city is connected to the Tacony section of Philadelphia via Route 73 by the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, the bridge was completed in 1929 at a cost of $4 million. The park is open dawn to dusk, no pets or bicycles are allowed. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,398 people,3,156 households, the population density was 3,968.4 per square mile. There were 3,392 housing units at a density of 1,819.5 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 37% of the population,31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.97. In the borough, the population was out with 19. 5% under the age of 18,7. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,31. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.0 years, for every 100 females there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.2 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $61,990 and the median family income was $74,265. Males had an income of $53,295 versus $48,417 for females
8.
Burlington County Bridge Commission
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The Burlington County Bridge Commission is a public agency responsible for the operation and maintenance of several bridges in Burlington County, New Jersey across the Delaware River. It now manages eight bridges, including the Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, the Burlington-Bristol Bridge, minor bridges operated by the Commission are the Pennsauken Creek Bridge, Pompeston Creek Bridge, Route 73 Overpass, Swede Run Bridge and the Twin Pipe Culvert, all along County Route 543. Tolls are collected in New Jersey for traffic heading towards Pennsylvania at the Tacony-Palmyra, no tolls are collected for traffic crossing into New Jersey. Tolls range from $2.00 for two-axle cars, vans, light trucks and motorcycles. E-ZPass is accepted for payment of tolls, tolls will be increasing on September 15,2015. Two-Axle cars will be $3.00 with EZPass / $4.00 cash, in 1962, the Commission built a single-span bridge over Route 73 and a multi-span bridge over Pennsauken Creek, on River Road. This acquisition also included the movable Riverside-Delanco Bridge across the Rancocas Creek and this arrangement with the County was agreed upon by the Commission because River Road was considered to be a feeder road for both the Burlington-Bristol and Tacony-Palmyra Bridges. Of the eight bridges, the Commission has one each of the three types of movable bridges. The Tacony-Palmyra Bridge has a double leaf bascule span, the Burlington-Bristol Bridge has a lift span
9.
Steel
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Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steels base metal is iron, which is able to take on two forms, body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the elements, primarily carbon. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an atom in the centre of each cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in steel alloys may contribute up to 2. 1% of its weight. Steels strength compared to pure iron is possible at the expense of irons ductility. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century and this was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron, further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the product. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world and it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations, the noun steel originates from the Proto-Germanic adjective stakhlijan, which is related to stakhla. The carbon content of steel is between 0. 002% and 2. 1% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys and these values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction, too little carbon content leaves iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, while iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are important in steel, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper. Alloys with a higher than 2. 1% carbon content, depending on other element content, cast iron is not malleable even when hot, but it can be formed by casting as it has a lower melting point than steel and good castability properties
10.
Tied-arch bridge
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Therefore, the design is often called a bowstring-arch or bowstring-girder bridge. In addition, since they do not depend on horizontal compression forces for their integrity, tied-arch bridges can be prefabricated offsite, and subsequently floated, hauled or lifted into place. Notable bridges of this include the Fremont Bridge in Portland, Oregon as well as the first computer designed bridge of this type the Fort Pitt Bridge in Pittsburgh. A bowstring truss bridge is similar in appearance to a tied-arch, however, the visual distinction is a tied-arch bridge will not have substantial diagonal members between the vertical members. Both the tied-arch bridge and the suspension bridge place only vertical loads on the anchorage. In addition, problems with electroslag welds, while not isolated to tied-arch bridges, resulted in costly, the structure as a whole was described as nonredundant, failure of either of the two tie girders would result in failure of the entire structure
11.
Annual average daily traffic
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Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
12.
E-ZPass
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E‑ZPass tags are active RFID transponders, made exclusively by Kapsch TrafficCom. They communicate with reader equipment built into lane-based or open-road toll collection lanes by transmitting a unique radio signature, the most common type of tag is an internal tag that can be mounted on the inside of the vehicles windshield in proximity to the rear-view mirror. Transponders may be put in a shirt or jacket pocket, if necessary, in some areas, however, there is no need to slow down, because E‑ZPass users can utilize dedicated traffic lanes that are physically separate from the toll-booth lanes. S. This will result in a violation and possible large fine assessed to the tag holder, in an attempt to avoid this, E‑ZPass tags for commercial vehicles are blue in color, contrasting with the white tags assigned to standard passenger vehicles. The blue E‑ZPass is also used in government employee vehicles, for purposes of interoperability, all agencies are connected to each other by a secure network. This network provides the means to exchange tag data and process toll transactions across the various agencies, tag data is exchanged among the agencies on a nightly basis. This data can take up to 24 hours on the network the unit is issued by. The E‑ZPass transponder works by listening for a signal broadcast by the reader stationed at the toll booth and this 915 MHz signal is sent at 500 kbit/s using the TDM protocol in 256‑bit packets. Transponders use active Type II read/write technology, in April 2013, Kapsch made the protocol available to all interested parties royalty-free in perpetuity and is granting the right to sublicense the protocol. Some issuing agencies offer a packaged E‑ZPass transponder preloaded with toll funds sold over-the-counter at a setting that is valid immediately. According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey,83. 2% of vehicles crossing its five bridges, the notion of electronic tolling had been considered as early as the 1980s, particularly in the New York metropolitan area. The E‑ZPass trademark, however, belongs to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Under the direction of Peter Tufo, chairman of the New York State Thruway from 1989 to 1996, over the following three and a half years, the New York State Thruway Authority installed electronic toll-collection equipment, in stages, along the Thruway. By February 6,1997, E‑ZPass had been installed along the length of the corridor. By December 15,2001, E-ZPass could be used on the length of the mainline Pennsylvania Turnpike. Commercial vehicles were allowed to use the beginning on December 14,2002. On October 6,1998, a U. S. patent for a toll collection system was issued to Fred Slavin. Meanwhile, various agencies began work on similar electronic toll collecting facilities
13.
Tacony, Philadelphia
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Tacony is a historic neighborhood in Northeast Philadelphia, about 8 miles from downtown Philadelphia. It is bounded by Frankford Avenue on the northwest, Cottman Avenue on the northeast, Robbins Street on the southwest, taconys ZIP code, along with Wissinoming, is 19135. The neighborhood has a large Irish American and Italian American population, a substantial influx of German and German-American inhabitants helped to swell the population after 1855. About 18,000 people now live in Tacony, the name Tacony is derived from a Lenape word for wilderness, it may possibly originate from the Lenape word tèkëne meaning forest or woods. John Keen, great-great grandson of Hans, born at Tacony in 1747, Tacony resident John Lardner crossed the Delaware with General Washington and fought at Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown. Farmer John Knowles fought in the war and was a prisoner of the British in 1778, in the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy and influential families established country seats along the river in Tacony. The British Army raided farms there for horses during its Revolutionary War occupation of Philadelphia in 1778, not yet a part of the City of Philadelphia, Tacony was then a village in Oxford Township, Philadelphia County. By at least 1836, the Buttermilk Tavern, a vacation hotel, banned from traversing the District of Kensington southbound to connect with other rail lines, the Philadelphia and Trenton built Tacony Depot, an important early transportation hub. The depot and the community grew around it was, for a short time, called Buena Vista. A waterfront mansion on the property was converted to the Washington House Hotel at the foot of what would become Disston Street, through passengers traveling from New York de-trained at Tacony and took a steamboat to Walnut Street, where they could connect with stagecoaches and other rail lines. Steamboats and steam ferries stopped at Tacony several times a day for eight decades. German-American Catholics formed the Saint Vincents Orphan Asylum Society in 1855 and they purchased 49 acres from two farmers and William H. Gatzmers land association, comprising an area from Princeton Avenue to Cottman Avenue, the railroad to the river. They formed the Tacony Cottage Association, and sub-divided the land into building lots which sold to cover the establishment of St. Vincent’s Orphanage at the foot of St. Vincent Street. In 1854, the City of Philadelphia consolidated the surrounding county into the city, three vessels named Tacony saw naval duty, one of them for the South during the Civil War. In 1863, Confederate forces captured the merchant vessel Tacony and used it as a raider, CSS Florida No.2. It was burned when the crew upgraded to a larger vessel, a 2004 book, Seawolf of the Confederacy, chronicles its exploits. Also in 1863, a gunboat named Tacony, built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, was commissioned, during World War I, a sizeable yacht owned by industrialist Jacob Disston was donated to the government for the length of the war. It was refitted, armed, and assigned to patrol duty as USS Tacony
14.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
15.
Ralph Modjeski
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Ralph Modjeski was a Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States. He was born in Bochnia, then in Galicia, Austrian Empire, on January 27,1861, to Gustav Sinnmayer Modrzejewski, in 1865 his mother left Sinnmayer, and in 1868 she married Count Karol Bożenta Chłapowski. In July 1876 they emigrated to America, where, as a matter of convenience and he was a classmate of Ignacy Jan Paderewski in Poland and was a formidable pianist in his own right. The son returned to Europe to study at lEcole des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris and it was in 1883, while studying at Paris, that he obtained American citizenship. However, he maintained contact with Poland, wrote much in Polish. In 1885 he graduated from the School of Bridges and Roads at the top of his class, the same year, he married Felicie Benda, the couple had three children. He would later marry Virginia Mary Giblyn, Modjeski returned to America to begin his career, working first under the father of American bridge-building, George S. Morison. In 1893, in Chicago, Modjeski opened his own design office, modjeskis first project as chief engineer was the railroad bridge across the Mississippi River at Rock Island, Illinois. During his career, he served as chief or consulting engineer on dozens of bridges around the country and he took over the mis-designed Quebec Bridge after the 1907 disaster that killed 75 workers, and succeeded in creating the longest truss span in the world. It is still the longest cantilever bridge in the world, Modjeski was world-famous as a designer of bridges and rail lines. He built nearly 40 bridges spanning the rivers of North America. He trained succeeding generations of American bridge designers and builders, including Joseph B, strauss, chief engineer of San Franciscos Golden Gate Bridge. Modjeski was considered Americas greatest bridge builder and he was the recipient of numerous awards and honorary degrees. He died June 26,1940, in Los Angeles, California, chief Engineer Government Bridge Thebes Bridge Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge 9.6, Bridge 8.8 and Bridge 5. Long Bridge Blue Water Bridge Consulting Engineer Manhattan Bridge Market Street Bridge Ambassador Bridge San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge List of Poles Glomb, a man who spanned two eras, The story of bridge engineer Ralph Modjeski. Ralph Modjeski — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
16.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
17.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
18.
Bristol, Pennsylvania
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Bristol is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania,23 miles northeast of Center City Philadelphia, opposite Burlington, New Jersey on the Delaware River. All these factors spurred development of Bristol and nearby towns, explaining in part the industries which developed in the region, although its charter was revised in 1905, the original charter remains in effect, making Bristol one of the older boroughs in Pennsylvania. 7,104 people lived in Bristol in 1900,9,256 in 1910,10,273 in 1920, the population was 9,726 at the 2010 census. The current Mayor is Patrick Sabatini Sr. Samuel Clift founded Bristol, the grant became effective on March 14,1681 or March 4,1681 at the same time as William Penns Charter from Charles II became effective. Clift was required by the grant to maintain ferry service across the Delaware River to Burlington, New Jersey, the inn later became known as the George II. Bristol was platted in 1697, and named after Bristol, England and it was originally used as a port and dock. Bristol is rich in history, boasting many historic and restored houses that line the streets of Radcliffe, until 1725 Bristol served as county seat of Bucks County. From its earliest days Bristol was a center of mills, foundries, milling. Its docks also had regular services to New Jersey and other points east from as early as 1681 until 1931. Since Bristols long established docks were accessible to the Delaware, the town became the Delaware Canals southern terminal end. By the 1880s Bristol was home to factories, including companies manufacturing wall paper. In World War I, the Bristol docks had sufficient space for a shipyard to construct twelve building slips for the construction of merchant vessels. The residential area developed around the shipyards was soon named Harriman, Pennsylvania. In 1922 Harriman was annexed by Bristol, most of the shipping was finished too late to enter World War I, but some of the shipyards output was used post-war in relief and troop support missions. The majority of the contracts were canceled in 1919, and the ship yards rapidly became excess real estate, during World War II the old shipyards were used to build those and other airplanes, but most of the manufacturing in WW-II was not directly war related. In 1961, Bristol gained national attention when the song Bristol Stomp, the song remains a local favorite, and it is often played at ceremonies, parades, and sporting events. The Merchant Shipbuilding site returned to the news in the 1990s when the Bucks County Redevelopment Authority using state, the project also established a park with four monuments celebrating the towns past in the redevelopment. Various annual festivals, in particular keep a multi-ethnic cultural identity alive, Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal is also designated a National Historic Landmark District
19.
Betsy Ross Bridge
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The Betsy Ross Bridge, also known as the Ross Memorial Bridge is a continuous steel truss bridge spanning the Delaware River from the City of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania to Pennsauken, New Jersey. Construction began in 1969, and was completed in 1974, however, the bridge did not open to traffic until April 30,1976 due to numerous problems with the communities where the bridges ramps to and from Richmond Street were located. The problems were related to the highway routes planned extension to the northwest from the Delaware River. Currently, the route serves as a high-level multi-lane bypass of the three-lane Tacony-Palmyra Bridge, construction in 1988 connected the bridge to New Jersey Route 90, allowing drivers to use NJ90 to access Route 73, rather than via U. S. Route 130. The bridge has a length of 8,485 feet. Though originally constructed with eight lanes, the bridge was reduced to six lanes with two shoulders in 2000, the bridge is owned and operated by the Delaware River Port Authority. When approaching the exits from I-95 in Philadelphia for this bridge, drivers see signs referring to NJ Route 90. Beyond the toll plaza, which is on the New Jersey side, NJ90 continues as an expressway with maximum speed limit of 50 mph, the toll plaza is 12 lanes wide, and since 2000 has been a participating E-ZPass facility. A $5.00 one-way toll is charged entering Pennsylvania for passenger vehicles, an $18 credit was previously given on a per tag basis for DRPA-issued E-ZPass tags that crossed one of the four DRPA bridges 18 times in a calendar month. Trucks, commercial vehicles, mobile homes, and recreational vehicles pay $7 cash per axle, seniors aged 65 and over can use a ticket program to pay $2.00 per trip. Upon approval of the contract by the DRPA Board, the study is expected to take 30 months, no cost estimates or time frame for the actual redecking project have been announced. List of crossings of the Delaware River Delaware River Port Authority, Betsy Ross Bridge Betsy Ross Bridge historic overview Betsy Ross Bridge at Structurae
20.
WCAU
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WCAU, channel 10, is an NBC owned-and-operated television station, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Both networks are owned by NBCUniversal, a division of the locally based media firm Comcast, WCAU maintains studios on Monument Road in Bala Cynwyd, along the Philadelphia/Montgomery County line, and its transmitter is based in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia. In 1946, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin secured a permit for channel 10. The picture changed dramatically in 1947, when The Philadelphia Record folded, the Bulletin inherited the Records goodwill, along with the rights to buy the WCAU radio stations from their longtime owners, brothers Isaac and Leon Levy. The Bulletin sold the less-powerful WPEN and WCAU-FM, with the latter being renamed WPEN-FM, the Bulletin kept its FM station, renaming it WCAU-FM to match its new AM sister. The newspaper also kept its construction permit for channel 10, renaming it WCAU-TV, WCAU-TV went on the air on May 23,1948 as Philadelphias third television station. It secured an affiliation with CBS through the influence of the Levy brothers, WCAU radio had been one of CBSs original 16 affiliates when the network premiered in 1927. A year later, the Levy brothers persuaded their brother-in-law, William S. Paley, the Levy brothers were shareholders and directors at CBS for many years. Due to this relationship, channel 10 signed on as CBSs third television affiliate. In the late 1950s, the Federal Communications Commission collapsed northern Delaware, southern New Jersey, the Bulletin realized that channel 10s original tower, atop the PSFS Building in Center City, was not nearly strong enough to serve this larger viewing area. In 1957, WCAU-TV moved to a new 1, 200-foot tower in Roxborough, which added most of Delaware, the Jersey Shore, also in 1957, the Bulletin formed a limited partnership with the Megargee family, owner of CBS affiliate WGBI-TV in Scranton. As part of the deal, channel 22s call letters were changed to WDAU-TV, soon afterward, the FCC ruled that the Bulletin could not keep both stations due to a large signal overlap in the Lehigh Valley. Although the Bulletin had only bought a minority stake in channel 22, the Bulletin could not afford to get a waiver to keep both stations, so it opted to keep its stake in WDAU-TV and sell the WCAU stations to CBS. CBS had to seek a waiver to buy the WCAU stations, however, in its application for a waiver, CBS cited NBCs then-ownership of WRCV-TV in Philadelphia and WRCA-TV in New York City. The FCC readily granted the waiver, and CBS took control in 1958, from 1965 to 1986, WCAU-TV was the only network-owned station in Philadelphia. As such, it was the station in the city that did not heavily or moderately preempt network programming. It ran an hour of Saturday morning cartoons during the 7 a. m. hour on a delay to run the hour-long locally produced childrens program, The Gene London Show. Beginning in 1978, WCAU-TV began preempting an hour of Sunday morning cartoon reruns, by 1980, the station was running the entire Saturday morning cartoon lineup again and by early in 1981, the Sunday morning hour of childrens programs was brought back
21.
NBCUniversal
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NBCUniversal is an American multinational media conglomerate. It has a significant presence in broadcasting through a portfolio of domestic and international properties, including terrestrial, via the Universal Parks & Resorts division, the company is also the third-largest operator of amusement parks in the world. NBC Universal was formed on May 12,2004 by the merger of General Electrics National Broadcasting Company with Vivendis Vivendi Universal Entertainment, as of March 19,2013, it is wholly owned by Comcast who bought GEs ownership stake. NBC and Universal Television had a long-standing partnership dating back to 1950 and this partnership continued throughout a number of name changes and changes of ownership. NBC Universal Television has its roots in a series of expansions undertaken by NBC. In the late 1980s, NBC began pursuing a strategy of diversification, NBC also had partial ownership of several regional sports channels and other cable channels such as American Movie Classics and Court TV. In 1995, NBC began operating NBC Desktop Video, a news service that delivered live video to personal computers. The following year, NBC announced an agreement with Microsoft to create an all-news cable television channel, a separate joint venture with Microsoft included establishing a news website, MSNBC. com. In 1998, NBC partnered with Dow Jones & Co, the two companies combined their financial news channels outside the US. The new networks included NBC Europe, CNBC Europe, NBC Asia, CNBC Asia, NBC Africa, in 1999, NBC took a 32% stake in the Paxson group, operator of PAX TV. Five years later, NBC decided to sell its interest in PAX TV and end its relationship with PAX owner, in 2001, NBC acquired the US Spanish-language broadcaster Telemundo, which included the bilingual Mun2 Television. That same year NBC acquired the cable channel Bravo, the sale and resulting merger formed NBC Universal. The new company was 80% owned by GE, and 20% owned by Vivendi, Universal Music Group was not included in the deal and is not part of NBC Universal. On August 2,2004, the divisions of NBC. NBC Studios series bought into the company include the NBC dramas Las Vegas, Crossing Jordan, Universal Network Television bought the Law & Order franchise and The District—in fact, Universal Network Television had co-produced American Dreams with NBC before the merger. Entertainment shows produced by the new group include The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Last Call with Carson Daly, and Saturday Night Live. The formation of NBC Universal saw the establishment of NBC Universal Cable, which oversees the distribution, marketing, NBC Universal Cable also manages the companys investments in The Weather Channel and TiVo. The cable division also used to operate NBC Weather Plus until 2008 and it also owned a 50% stake in Canal+ and also owned a 15% stake in A+E Networks until 2012
22.
Virginia Quarterly Review
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The Virginia Quarterly Review is a literary magazine in the United States. It was founded in 1925 by James Southall Wilson, at the request of University of Virginia president E. A. Alderman. He appealed to financial backers of the university for financial contributions, as contributors to its pages men and women everywhere who think through things and have some quality of expressing their thoughts in appealing and arresting fashion. Blackford 1974-2003 Ted Genoways 2003-2012 Donovan Webster 2012 W. Ralph Eubanks 2013- Since 2005, in 2012, Maisie Crows video Half-Lives, produced for the VQR website, received the Overseas Press Club Award for Best Use of Online Video. Over that same span the magazine has nominated three times for Best Writing. In 2005, VQR received the Folio Award for Best Redesign, during July 2010 Managing Editor Kevin Morrissey repeatedly complained to University officials about Editor Ted Genoways treatment of him. On July 30,2010, Morrissey shot himself, after first calling 911 to report his own shooting, Press reports accused Genoways of harassing and bullying Morrissey. Genoways denied the bullying and in an August 1 e-mail to VQR writers said he did not feel responsible for Morrisseys death, after staffers had completed most work on the VQR Fall issue to be published in Morrisseys memory, in August 2010 Genoways took charge of the issue. Staffers removed their names from the masthead in protest, and subsequently the entire staff resigned, National and local media devoted extensive coverage to the situation and the conflicting accounts of what happened. A documentary titled What Killed Kevin revisited Genoways relationship with Morrissey, New University President Teresa Sullivan called for a thorough review of both financial and managerial practices at the magazine. In the meantime the University had put the Winter issue of VQR on hold, the university later stated that it was cancelling the Winter issue, and stated it might publish a bonus issue at some future date, or reimburse subscribers for the cancelled issue. Morrisseys death, the University would not fire Mr. Genoways—and Mr. Genoways wrote in an e-mail to the New York Times that he would be “remaining on as editor. ”The University stated its intent to reorganize VQR under a new reporting structure, bring its finances under outside supervision, and revise how employees report and receive assistance. Despite the temporary suspension, VQR never skipped an issue and resumed publication in late January 2011, marking the start of its 87th year of continuous publication. In April 2012 Genoways resigned, saying, I look back on my nine years as editor with pride, in 2013, VQR named W. Ralph Eubanks, then director of publishing at the Library of Congress, as the ninth editor of VQR. He joined publisher Jon Parrish Peede, deputy editor Paul Reyes, web editor Jane Friedman, for its 2012 issues, VQR received numerous awards, including a Pushcart Prize as well as selections for the Best American Science Writing anthology and the Best American Travel Writing anthology. List of literary magazines Virginia Quarterly Review Website
PA 73 and 
Route 73, and 2 sidewalks
Media related to Tacony–Palmyra Bridge at Wikimedia Commons
