1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Aeroflot
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OJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines, commonly known as Aeroflot, is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Russian Federation. The carrier operates domestic and international passenger and services, mainly from its hub at Sheremetyevo International Airport, Aeroflot is one of the oldest airlines in the world, tracing its history back to 1923. During the Soviet era, Aeroflot was the Soviet national airline, following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier has been transformed from a state-run enterprise into a semi-privatised company which ranked 19th most profitable airline in the world in 2007. Aeroflot is still considered the de facto national airline of Russia and it is 51%-owned by the Russian Government. As of September 2013, the Aeroflot Group had 30,328 employees, the company has embarked on a fleet modernisation programme, extensive route restructuring, and an image overhaul. The airline joined SkyTeam in April 2006, becoming the 10th member of the alliance, on 17 January 1921, the Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic published About Air Transportation. The document signed by Lenin set out the regulations on air transport over the territory of the RSFSR. The document was significant as it was the first time that a Russian state had declared sovereignty over its airspace, in addition, the document defined rules for the operation of foreign aircraft over the Soviet Unions airspace and territory. After Lenin issued an order, a State Commission was formed on 31 January 1921 for the purpose of civil aviation planning in the Soviet Union. This was followed by the formation of Deruluft-Deutsch Russische Luftverkehrs A. G. in Berlin on 11 November 1921, as a joint venture between the Soviet Union and Germany. The company, whose aircraft were registered in both Germany and the Soviet Union, began operations on 1 May 1922 with a Fokker F. III flying between Königsberg and Moscow, the service was initially operated twice a week and restricted to the carriage of mail. On 3 February 1923 Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, the artist Alexander Rodchenko became involved in the ODVF at this time. He designed posters encouraging citizens to buy stock in Dobrolet and the famous Winged Hammer, regular flights by Dobrolet from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod commenced on 15 July 1923. During the same period, an additional two airlines were established, Zakavia being based in Tiflis, and Ukrvozdukhput based in Kharkov, during 1923 an agreement was signed establishing a subdivision of Dobrolet to be based in Tashkent, which would operate to points in Soviet Central Asia. Services between Tashkent and Alma Ata began on 27 April 1924, and by the end of 1924 the subdivision had carried 480 passengers and 500 kilograms of mail and freight, in March 1924, Dobrolet began operating flights from Sevastopol to Yalta and Yevpatoriya in the Crimea. Dobrolets route network was extended during the 1925–1927 period to include Kazan, plans were made for Dobrolet flights to Kharkov to connect with Ukrvozdukhput services to Kiev, Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. Expansion of air routes which had taken shape in the late 1920s, the agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany relating to Deruluft expired on 1 January 1937 and wasnt renewed, which saw the joint venture carrier ceasing operations on 1 April 1937. On that date Aeroflot began operations on the Moscow to Stockholm route, under the third Five-Year Plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced
3.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
4.
Dushanbe International Airport
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Dushanbe International Airport is an airport in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. Dushanbe Airport is a hub for Somon Air and Tajik Air. Tajik Air has its office on the property. In 1924 the first airport was built in the country, in the city known as Dushanbe. In November 1929 a new airport was built to serve Stalinabad, in 1964 the current airport complex was put into operation. Over the years the airport has been reconstructed several times, a new French-built terminal, which can serve 1.5 million passengers a year, was opened on 3 September 2014. Work has begun on upgrading facilities at the airport, funds made available from unnamed sources will finance enhancements to the runway and apron and the upgrade of the terminal buildings to handle modern western aircraft. A new airport has scheduled to be built to the west of Dushanbe by Indian contractors. This project is being implemented with the support of France. Tajikistans own contribution will be €19 million, construction was completed ahead of schedule and the new terminal, which can serve 1.5 million passengers a year, was opened on 3 September 2014. Transport in Tajikistan List of the busiest airports in the former USSR Airport information for UTDD at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
5.
Khujand Airport
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Khujand International Airport is an airport serving Khujand, the second-largest city in Tajikistan. It is located out of the city, in the town of Chkalovsk. The airport resides at an elevation of 442 m above sea level. It has one runway designated 08/26 with a surface measuring 3,200 x 50 m. Transport in Tajikistan List of the busiest airports in the former USSR Current weather for UTDL at NOAA/NWS Accident history for LBD at Aviation Safety Network
6.
Politics of Tajikistan
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The politics of Tajikistan takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in both the branch and the two chambers of parliament. Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992-93, by 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik government and the UTO successfully negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik non-commissioned officers and soldiers, both Tajikistans presidential and parliamentary elections, in 1999 and 2000, respectively, were widely considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. Tajikistan is the only Central Asian country in which a religiously affiliated political party is represented in Parliament, prior to the overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, the civil war in Afghanistan produced cross-border effects that threatened to destabilize Tajikistans fragile and hard-won peace. In the summers of 1999 and 2000, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan used Tajikistan as a ground for an insurgency campaign against the government of Uzbekistan. At the same time, Taliban advances in northern Afghanistan threatened to inundate Tajikistan with thousands of refugees, the sections that follow incorporate text from the Library of Congress Country Study, Tajikistan Country Profile, which is a United States government publication in the public domain. The president, who is elected, is both the head of state and the head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and all the members of the government, Tajikistan is thus a presidential republic. Tajikistan held a referendum on 22 June 2003 and the 2003 Constitution, among other amendments. Rahmon holds the title of Leader of the Nation and is exempt from Presidential term limits. This title also grants him and his family Legal immunity, in this geographically divided country, the ceremonial position of prime minister traditionally is held by a person from the north to nominally balance President Emomali Rahmon’s southern origin. In 2004 the executive branch fell further under the control of the party as appointments by Rakhmon left the opposition with only 5 percent of major government positions. This event followed the expiration of the 1997 peace guarantee that the United Tajik Opposition would occupy at least 30 percent of top government positions, after the election, Rakhmon abolished 10 ministries and five state committees and reappointed Oqil Oqilov as prime minister. Rakhmon is said to have accumulated substantial informal power through patronage, the bicameral Supreme Assembly includes the 63-seat Assembly of Representatives, which meets year-round, and the 33-seat National Assembly, which meets at least twice per year. The bicameral legislature was introduced in the September 1999 Constitution and prior to that Tajikistan had a unicameral legislature, the members of the Assembly of Representatives are chosen by direct popular election for a five-year term. The remaining members are appointed directly by the president, the pro-government People’s Democratic Party continued to control both houses of the parliament after the elections of 2005, that party gained 52 of the 63 seats in the Assembly of Representatives
7.
Dushanbe
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Dushanbe — is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means Monday in the Tajik language and it was so named because it grew from a village that originally had a popular market on Mondays. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe, as of 2014, Dushanbe had a population of 778,500. Situated at the confluence of two rivers, Varzob and Kofarnihon, Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, the first written mention of the village of Dushanbe occurred in 1676. It was at the crossroads, where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe-Bazar from Dushanbe, in the village, there were more than 500 households and a population of about 8,000 people. By 1826, the town was called Dushanbe Qurghan Russified as Dyushambe, the first map showing Dyushambe was drafted in 1875. At that time, the town was a fortress on a bank on the left bank of the Varzob River with 10,000 residents. In 1920, the last Emir of Bukhara briefly took refuge in Dyushambe after being overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution and he fled to Afghanistan after the Red Army conquered the area the next year. A Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic separate from the Uzbek SSR was created in 1929, in the years that followed, the city developed at a rapid pace. The Soviets transformed the area into a centre for cotton and silk production, the population also increased with thousands of Tajiks migrating to Tajikistan following the transfer of Bukhara and Samarkand to the Uzbek SSR as part of national delimitation in Central Asia. On 10 November 1961, Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe, the name it retains to this day, severe rioting occurred in February 1990, after it was rumored that the Soviet government planned to relocate tens of thousands of Armenian refugees to Tajikistan. In January 2017, Rustam Emomali, current President Emomali Rahmons son, was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, Dushanbe features a Mediterranean climate, with strong continental climate influences. The summers are hot and dry and the winters are chilly, the climate is damper than other Central Asian capitals, with an average annual rainfall over 500 millimetres as moist air is funnelled by the surrounding valley during the winter and spring. Winters are not as cold as further north owing to the shielding of the city by mountains from extremely cold air from Siberia, January 2008 was particularly cold, and the temperature dropped to −22 °C. Tajik Air has its office on the grounds of Dushanbe Airport in Dushanbe. Somon Air has its office in Dushanbe. Tajikistans principal railways are in the region and connect Dushanbe with the industrial areas of the Gissar and Vakhsh valleys and with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan
8.
Tajikistan
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Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2. It is bordered by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the south, the Republic of Uzbekistan to the west, the Kyrgyz Republic to the north, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, a civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability, Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Most of Tajikistans 8 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group, many Tajiks also speak Russian as their second language. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country and it has a transition economy that is highly dependent on remittances, aluminium and cotton production. Tajikistan means the Land of the Tajiks, the suffix -stan is Persian for place of or country and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic tribe. Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991 and this is due to a transliteration from the Russian, Таджикистан. In Russian, there is no single letter j to represent the phoneme /ʤ/ and дж, Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in English literature derived from Russian sources. Tadjikistan is the spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts, the way of writing Tajikistan in the Perso-Arabic script is. The earliest recorded history of the dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all. After the regions conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, northern Tajikistan was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of tribes, moved into the region. Central Asia continued in its role as a crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north. It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680, the Samanid Empire,819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara which became the cultural centres of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania and ruled between 999–1211, during Genghis Khans invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia
9.
Director general
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It is commonly used in many countries worldwide, but often with different meanings. In most Australian states, the director-general is the most senior civil servant in any government department, in Victoria and the Australian Government, the equivalent position is the secretary of the department. A director general in the government is typically not the most senior civil servant in a department. Directors general typically report to a senior civil servant, such as an assistant deputy minister or associate deputy minister. Deputy ministers are the highest level bureaucrat within the Canadian civil service at the federal, provincial and territorial levels, deputy Ministers are not politicians but professional bureaucrats. Outside the federal, provincial and territorial civil services, some public sector such as school boards in Quebec use the title the director general. In the European Commission and the Council of the European Union and this is roughly equivalent to a British permanent secretary. In France, the similar word président-directeur général means the highest person in a company, from 2001 the two charges may be disjointed. The directeur général délégué has a similar to a chief operating officer. French ministries are divided in general directorates, sometimes named central directorates or simply directorates, headed respectively by a directeur général, a directeur central, or a directeur. In Germany, Generaldirektor may be used for the CEO of a large and established concern, corporation, company or enterprise, the title is, however, unofficial and by now largely out of use. Officially a GmbH has a Geschäftsführer and an Aktiengesellschaft a board of directors with a chairman. The term is used by German Institute Taipei, Germanys informal representative mission to the Republic of China. In India, there is a Director General of Police and Director General of Income Tax in each state, Indian Coast Guard is headed by Director General of Indian Coast Guard. In Italian provinces and greatest communes direttore generale is an administrative officer nominated by president of province or by mayor. The title of direttore generale is also given to the executive of an azienda sanitaria. The word Director-General was used in the Philippines as a Highest Rank Law Enforcer which means the head of law enforcement agency, the position exists for all Commonwealth of Independent States legal forms except for sole proprietorships. The general director is the executive body of a company
10.
Airline
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An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body, Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, the largest airline currently is American Airlines Group. DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the worlds first airline and it was founded on November 16,1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. The first fixed wing scheduled air service was started on January 1,1914 from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, the four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands KLM, Colombias Avianca, Australias Qantas, and the Czech Republics Czech Airlines. The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, using a fleet of former military Airco DH. 4A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the fuselage, it operated relief flights between Folkestone and Ghent. On 15 July 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the English Channel, flown by Lt. H Shaw in an Airco DH.9 between RAF Hendon and Paris - Le Bourget Airport, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. On 25 August 1919, the company used DH. 16s to pioneer a regular service from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Le Bourget, the airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil airmail contract, six Royal Air Force Airco DH. 9A aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between Hawkinge and Cologne. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force, the first French airline was Société des lignes Latécoère, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was Deutsche Luft-Reederei established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919, in its first year, the D. L. R. Operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a length of nearly 1000 miles. Network was more than 3000 km long, and included destinations in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, another important German airline was Junkers Luftverkehr, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer Junkers, which became a company in 1924. It operated joint-venture airlines in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the Dutch airline KLM made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator Albert Plesman, it was awarded a Royal predicate from Queen Wilhelmina. Its first flight was from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam, using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel DH-16, in 1921, KLM started scheduled services
11.
Bukhara
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Bukhara, is one of the cities of Uzbekistan. Bukhara is a city-museum, with about 140 architectural monuments, the nations fifth-largest city, it had a population as of 31 August 2016 of approximately 247,644. Humans have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, the mother tongue of the majority of people of Bukhara is yet Persian Language. Located on the Silk Road, the city has served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture. UNESCO has listed the center of Bukhara as a World Heritage Site. Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th- and early 20th-century English publications, according to the Encyclopædia Iranica the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi in his History of Bukhara mentions, Bukhara has many names. One of its name was Numijkat and it has also been called Bumiskat. It has 2 names in Arabic, one is Madinat al Sufriya meaning - the copper city and another is Madinat Al Tujjar meaning - The city of Merchants. But, the name Bukhara is more known than all the other names, in Khorasan, there is no other city with so many names Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known as Buḫārā / بخارا in Arabic and Persian sources. The modern Uzbek spelling is Buxoro, the history of Bukhara stretches back millennia. It is now the capital of Bukhara Region of Uzbekistan, located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the golden age of the Samanids, Bukhara became an intellectual center of the Islamic world. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites, Bukhara has been one of the main centres of world civilisation from its early days in 6th century BCE. From the 6th century CE, Turkic speakers gradually moved in and its architecture and archaeological sites form one of the pillars of Central Asian history and art. The region of Bukhara was a part of the Persian Empire for a long time, the origin of many of its current inhabitants goes back to the period of Aryan immigration into the region. The Samanid Empire seized Bukhara, the capital of Greater Khorasan, Genghis Khan besieged Bukhara for fifteen days in 1220 CE. Bukhara was the last capital of the Emirate of Bukhara and was besieged by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. During the Bukhara operation of 1920, an army of well-disciplined, on 31 August 1920, the Emir Alim Khan fled to Dushanbe in Eastern Bukhara
12.
Junkers F.13
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The Junkers F.13 was the worlds first all-metal transport aircraft, developed in Germany at the end of World War I. It was an advanced cantilever-wing monoplane, with enclosed accommodation for four passengers and it was in production for thirteen years and in commercial service for almost twenty. The F.13 was an advanced aircraft when built. Even later in the 1920s, it and other Junkers types were unusual as unbraced monoplanes in a biplane age and it was the worlds first all-metal passenger aircraft and Junkers first commercial aircraft. The designation letter F stood for Flugzeug, aircraft, it was the first Junkers aeroplane to use this system, earlier Junkers notation labelled it J13. Russian-built aircraft used the designation Ju 13, internally, the wing was built up on nine circular cross-section duralumin spars with transverse bracing. All control surfaces were horn balanced, behind the single engine was a semi-enclosed cockpit for the crew, roofed but without side glazing. There was an enclosed and heated cabin for four passengers with windows, passenger seats were fitted with seat belts, unusual for the time. The F.13 used a fixed conventional landing gear with a rear skid. The F13 first flew on 25 June 1919, powered by a 127 kW Mercedes D IIIa inline upright water-cooled engine, the first production machines had a wing of greater span and area and had the more powerful 140 kW BMW IIIa upright inline water-cooled motor. Many variants were built using Mercedes, BMW, and Junkers liquid-cooled inline engines, the variants were mostly distinguished by a two letter code, the first letter signifying the airframe and the second the engine. Junkers L5-engined variants all had the second letter -e, so type -fe was the long fuselage -f airframe with a L5 engine. Any manufacturer of civil aircraft immediately after World War I was faced with competition from the large numbers of surplus warplanes that might be cheaply converted – for example. Junkers picked up orders abroad in 1919 in Austria, Poland and the USA and, in the years with SCADTA. John Larsen Aircraft in the USA purchased a licence, their machines being designated JL-6. In 1922 there were sales in England, France Italy and Japan, in Bolivia, LABs first airplane was a Junkers F-13, first flight took off from Cochabamba on September 23,1925. Junkers set up its own airline – Junkers Luftverkehr AG in 1921 – to encourage the acquisition of the F.13 by German airlines which was flying 60 of them by 1923 and they also established a branch of this airline in Iran. Other marketing techniques were used, providing F. 13s on cheap leases and free loans, when Junkers Luftverkehr merged into Luft Hansa in 1926,9.5 million miles had been flown by them
13.
Kulob
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Kulob, also Kulyab, is a city in Kulob District, Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Located 203 km south-east of the capital Dushanbe on the Yakhsu River, the town is served by Kulob Airport. The historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari refers to the city as early as 737AD, throughout its history, Kulob was known by the name Khatlān or Khatlon in modern Tajik, with its modern name only about 250 years old. Part of the Khanate of Bukhara since the 16th century, the city changed its name from Khatlon to Kulob in 1750. Following the Russian conquest of Central Asia and the creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR in 1929, during the civil war in the country in the early 1990s, the city served as the main base of the Popular Front militias. Danghara, a village in the Kulob area, is the birthplace of Tajikistans president Emomali Rahmon, in September 2006, Kulob celebrated its 2700th anniversary. After Tajikistans independence in 1991, Kulob was one of the three cities in the country where the Russian 201st Motor Rifle Division was deployed, following a number of scandals with local residents, Russia unexpectedly pulled its troops from Kulob in November 2015, effectively abandoning the base there. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for Kulob is Csa or a Mediterran Climate, the average annual temperature is 15.8 °C. The warmest month is July with a temperature of 28.3 °C. The average annual precipitation is 468.4 mm and has an average of 72.8 days with precipitation, the wettest month is March with an average of 94.2 mm of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 0 mm of precipitation. Mavzuna Chorieva, boxer List of cities in Tajikistan Habib Borjian, Kulab, in Encyclopædia Iranica
14.
Gharm
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Gharm is a city and jamoat in the Rasht Valley area of central Tajikistan. From the 1920s until 1955 there was a Gharm Oblast in Tajikistan, Gharm is also the former name of the Rasht District in central Tajikistan. During the 1920s Gharm was a hotbed for the Basmachi, the resistance in Central Asia. In 1929 Basmachi commander Faizal Maksum crossed from Afghanistan into Tajikistan and briefly captured Gharm, only to later be expelled by Soviet forces. During the Civil War in Tajikistan from 1992-1997, Gharm was a hotbed for the force. In October 2010, the Tajik Interior Ministry asserted it had killed three militants on the outskirts of Gharm amid an alleged rise in Islamic militancy in the region
15.
Lisunov Li-2
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The Lisunov Li-2, originally designated PS-84, was a license-built version of the Douglas DC-3. It was produced by Factory #84 in Moscow-Khimki and, after evacuation in 1941, the project was directed by aeronautical engineer Boris Pavlovich Lisunov. The Soviet Union received its first DC-2 in 1935, although a total of 18 DC-3s had been ordered on 11 April 1936, the government of the USSR purchased 21 DC-3s for operation by Aeroflot before World War II. A production license was awarded to the government of the USSR on 15 July 1936, Lisunov spent two years at the Douglas Aircraft Company, between November 1936 and April 1939 translating the design. One of the engineers who accompanied him to Douglas was Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev, design work and production were undertaken at State Aviation Factory 84 in Khimki. The Soviet version was given the designation PS-84 - Passazhirskiy Samolyot 84, customary units to suit Soviet standards. No small task for Vladimir Myasishchev to accomplish, the Russian standard design practice also usually mandated fully shuttered engines in order to cope with the extreme temperatures. A slightly shorter span was incorporated but many of the alterations were less evident. The passenger door was moved to the side of the fuselage. The structural reinforcement included slightly heavier skins necessitated since the metric skin gauges were not exact duplicates of the American alloy sheet metal. Standard Russian metric hardware was different and the various steel substructures such as engine mounts and landing gear, wheels, later modifications allowed the provision of ski landing gear in order to operate in remote and Arctic regions. The first PS-84s began to emerge from the GAZ-84 production line by 1939, by the time Germany invaded the USSR on 22 June 1941,237 PS-84s had been built at GAZ-84, all in civil passenger configuration. After a monumental struggle, the factory was producing PS-84s again by January 1942, some military versions of the Li-2 also had bomb racks and a dorsal turret, unlike the military C-47 development of the DC-3. The PS-84 had flown with Aeroflot primarily as a passenger transport before World War II, when Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 many of the PS-84s were taken into military use and redesignated the Lisunov Li-2 in 1942. The military models were equipped with a 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun, the aircraft were used for transport, partisan supply, bombing, and as ambulance aircraft. A version designated Li-2VV had a nose for extra defensive armament. Smaller bombs could be carried inside the fuselage and thrown out of the hatch by the crew. A total of 4,937 aircraft were produced of all Li-2 variants between 1940 and 1954 and it saw use in Eastern Europe until the 1960s
16.
Junkers Ju 52
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The Junkers Ju 52/3m is a German trimotor transport aircraft manufactured from 1931 to 1952. Initially designed with an engine but subsequently produced as a trimotor it saw both civilian and military service during the 1930s and 1940s. In a civilian role, it flew with over twelve air carriers including Swissair and Deutsche Luft Hansa as an airliner, in a military role, it flew with the Luftwaffe as a troop and cargo transport and briefly as a medium bomber. The Ju 52 continued in service with military and civilian air fleets well into the 1980s. The Ju 52 was similar to the companys previous Junkers W33, in 1930, Ernst Zindel and his team designed the Ju 52 at the Junkers works at Dessau. The aircrafts unusual corrugated duralumin metal skin, pioneered by Junkers during World War I, the Ju 52 had a low cantilever wing, the midsection of which was built into the fuselage, forming its underside. It was formed around four pairs of circular cross-section duralumin spars with a surface that provided torsional stiffening. A narrow control surface, with its outer section functioning as the aileron, the inner flap section lowered the stalling speed and the arrangement became known as the Doppelflügel, or double wing. The outer sections of this operated differentially as ailerons, projecting slightly beyond the wingtips with control horns, the strutted horizontal stabilizer carried horn-balanced elevators which again projected and showed a significant gap between them and the stabilizer, which was adjustable in-flight. The fuselage was of rectangular section with a domed decking, all covered with corrugated light alloy, there was a port side passenger door just aft of the wings, with windows stretching forward to the pilots cockpit. The main undercarriage was fixed and divided, some aircraft had wheel fairings, there was a fixed tailskid, or a later tailwheel. Some aircraft were fitted with floats or skis instead of the main wheels, in its original configuration, designated the Ju 52/1m, the Ju 52 was a single-engined aircraft, powered by either a BMW IV or Junkers liquid-cooled V-12 engine. However, the model was underpowered, and after seven prototypes had been completed. Originally powered by three Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines, later models mainly received 574 kW BMW132 engines. Export models were built with 447 kW Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp and 578 kW Bristol Pegasus VI engines. In 1932, James A. Richardsons Canadian Airways received CF-ARM and it was used to supply mining and other operations in remote areas with equipment too big and heavy for other aircraft then in use. The Ju 52/1m was able to land on wheels, skis or floats, before the nationalisation of the German aircraft industry in 1935, the Ju 52/3m was produced principally as a 17-seat airliner. It was used mainly by Luft Hansa and could fly from Berlin to Rome in eight hours, the Luft Hansa fleet eventually numbered 80 and flew from Germany on routes in Europe, Asia and South America
17.
Antonov An-2
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The Antonov An-2 is a Soviet mass-produced single-engine biplane utility/agricultural aircraft designed and manufactured by the Antonov Design Bureau beginning in 1946. Its remarkable durability, high lifting power, and ability to take off, the An-2 is still produced and remains in service with military and civilian operators around the world. In certain wind conditions it can hover or even fly backwards, the An-2 is used as a light utility transport, parachute drop aircraft, agricultural work and many other tasks suited to this large slow-flying biplane. Its slow flight and good field performance make it suited for short, unimproved fields. Antonov designed a single bay biplane of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit. The first prototype, designated SKh-1 and powered by a Shvetsov ASh-21 radial engine, initial Soviet production was at State Factory 473 in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR where the bulk of up to 5,000 units had been produced by 1960. Later Soviet production was at State Factory 464 at Dolgoprudniy, Russian SFSR, after 1960, however, most An-2s were built at Polands WSK factory in Mielec, with over 13,000 made there before full production ended in 1991. Limited production from parts stocks, as well as spares and maintenance coverage continued until 2001, China also builds the An-2 under licence as the Shijiazhuang Y-5. It has been occasionally and erroneously reported that there was East German production of the An-2, while An-2s were extensively refurbished in East Germany, there were no new aircraft built there. The An-2 was designed as a utility aircraft for use in forestry, however, the basic airframe is highly adaptable and numerous variants have been developed. The most common version is the An-2T 12-seater passenger aircraft, all versions are powered by a 750 kW nine-cylinder Shvetsov ASh-62 radial engine, which was developed from the Wright R-1820. It uses 43 gallons of avgas per hour, the An-2 has design features which make it suitable for operation in remote areas with unsurfaced airstrips, It has a pneumatic brake system to stop on short runways. It has an air line fitted to the compressor, so the pressure in the tires, the batteries are large and easy to remove, so the aircraft does not need a ground power unit to supply power. There is no need for a fuel pump to refuel the aircraft. It has a minimum of complex systems, the crucial wing leading edge slats that give the aircraft its slow flight ability are fully automatic, being held closed by the airflow over the wings. Once the airspeed drops below 64 km/h, the slats will extend because they are on elastic rubber springs, take-off run,170 m, landing run,215 m. A note from the pilots handbook reads, If the engine quits in instrument conditions or at night, the An-2 indeed has no stall speed quoted in the operating handbook. Pilots of the An-2 say one can fly the aircraft in control at 48 km/h
18.
Ilyushin Il-12
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The Ilyushin Il-12 was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport. The Il-12 was developed as a venture by the Ilyushin Design Bureau from autumn 1943 and was intended as a replacement for the Lisunov Li-2. The new aircraft followed a layout for a twin-engine transport, with a metallic structure, monoplane wings. One major improvement over the Li-2 design was the landing gear. Initially the Il-12 was designed for 29 passengers in a pressurized fuselage, the aircraft was to use four M-88B engines already proven in use on the Ilyushin Il-4. However, during development, the M-88B engines had to be replaced by two ACh-31 diesel engines, the plans for a pressurized fuselage were abandoned and the number of passengers reduced to 27. The Il-12 made its flight on 15 August 1945. It was soon decided to re-engine the aircraft with Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engines with the aircraft flying on 9 January 1946. Further problems was the use of magnesium near the engines which in case of fire could cause an uncontrolled fire. However, once these problems were resolved, factory test pilots praised the quality of the new aircraft, the fuselage of the Il-12 had a considerable volume, and was equipped with eight rectangular windows on each side. The crew consisted of three and the aircraft could transport 32 soldiers,32 parachutists or cargo, there was also a civil version, which although designed to carry up to 32 passengers, was limited in Aeroflot service to 21, with normally only 18 carried. At that passenger load, it meant that use of the Il-12 for passenger use was un-economic, a total of 663 Il-12s were manufactured. The aircraft was improved into the Ilyushin Il-14. The Il-12 was revealed to the public on 1 May 1947, performance testing was completed by 20 May, and the first regular passenger service by the Il-12 on Aeroflot began in June 1947. The first regular use of the Il-12 was on the Moscow-Sofia route in 1948. The Il-12 was used on Aeroflots services to Paris from 1954, within the USSR, the Il-12 was placed on Aeroflots longest route, Moscow-Khabarovsk, with the flight lasting 28 hours, including five refueling stops. From 1956, the Il-12 supported the Soviet expeditions to Antarctica, Aeroflot continued to use the Il-12 on some routes until the end of 1970. The first export customer for the Il-12 was LOT Polish Airlines and this was followed by Czech Airlines, who purchased 10 aircraft from 1949–1951, TAROM in Romania from 1949, and at least 20 aircraft to CAAC in China
19.
Ilyushin Il-14
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The Ilyushin Il-14 was a Soviet twin-engine commercial and military personnel and cargo transport aircraft that first flew in 1950, and entered service in 1954. Il-14 was also manufactured in East Germany by VVB Flugzeugbau, in Czechoslovakia as the Avia 14, the Ilyushin Il-14 was typically replaced by the Antonov An-24 and Yakovlev Yak-40. The Il-14 was developed as a replacement for the widespread Douglas DC-3 and its Soviet built version, a development of the earlier Ilyushin Il-12, the Il-14 was intended for use in both military and civil applications. The Il-12 had major problems with poor engine-out behaviour, also, it had less payload capability than was originally planned. The development into the Il-14 was a vast improvement over the Il-12, with a new wing and it was powered by two 1,400 kW Shvetsov ASh-82T-7 radial piston engines. These changes greatly improved performance in engine-out conditions. Total production of the Il-14 was 1,345 aircraft,1,065 in Moscow from 1956 to 1958, licensed production of 80 in East Germany by VEB Flugzeugwerke Dresden from 1956 to 1959 and 203 in Czechoslovakia by Avia, Prague, from 1956 to 1960. It was rugged and reliable, and thus was used in rural areas with poor quality airfields. The type was used by the East German aircraft industry as a test aircraft for the horizontal stabilizer of the Baade 152. Il-14, Twin-engined passenger, cargo transport aircraft, il-14FK / 14FKM, Aerial photography version. Il-14LIK-1 / LIK-2, Navigation aid calibration version, Il-14M, Stretched Il-14P, fitted with a lengthened fuselage, 14-36 seat. Il-14PS / S, VIP versions, based on Il-14P, Avia 14, Ilyushin Il-14Ms built by Avia under licence in Czechoslovakia. Avia 14S, VIP transport aircraft with six seats and a six-seat couch. Avia 14 Super, 1960-model with a cabin for 32,36, or 42 passengers. VEB 14P, Ilyushin Il-14Ps built by VVB Flugzeugbau under licence in East Germany, VEB 14T, VEB 14Ps converted to military transports. The Il-14 operated in the Soviet Union until the 1980s and early 90s, however, the unlicensed Chinese built Y-6 remained in the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force as a trainer until the late 1980s. There are no current military operators of the Ilyushin Il-14,26 were supplied to the Afghan Air Force from 1955 onwards. By 1979, the force was reduced to 10, equipping a single squadron,11 have been operated by the Albanian Air Force from 1957
20.
Ilyushin Il-18
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The Ilyushin Il-18 is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known and durable Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the worlds principal airliners for several decades and was widely exported, due to the aircrafts airframe durability, many examples achieved over 45,000 flight hours and the type remains operational in both military and civilian capacities. The Il-18s successor was the long range Il-62 jet airliner, Two Soviet aircraft shared the designation Ilyushin Il-18. The first Il-18 was an airliner of 1946 but after a year of test flights that programme was abandoned. The two aircraft designs were developed as the Ilyushin Il-18 and the Antonov An-10 and the chosen was the Kuznetsov NK-4 rather than the Ivchenko AI-20. The Il-18 design had started in 1954 before the directive was issued, the design was for a four-engined low-wing monoplane with a circular pressurised fuselage and a conventional tail. The forward retracting tricycle landing gear had four wheels fitted on the main leg bogies, a new feature at the time was the fitting of a weather radar in the nose and it was the first soviet airliner to have an automatic approach system. The aircraft has two doors on the port-side before and after the wing and two overwing emergency exits on each side. The prototype SSSR-L5811 was rolled out in June 1957 and after ground-testing it began taxi test, on 4 July 1957 the prototype first flew from Khodynka. On 10 July 1957 the aircraft was flown to Moscow-Vnukovo Airport to be presented to a Soviet government commission, also present was the prototype Antonov An-10 and the Tupolev Tu-114. The Il-18 type was formally named Moskva and this was painted on the fuselage, the Moscow Machinery Plant No.30 located at Khodynka, near where the Ilyushin design office and the prototype had been built, was chosen to manufacture the aircraft. During 1957 the plant began to reduce its production of the Ilyushin Il-14, the Il-18A was only different from the prototype in minor details, mainly internal configuration to increase the seating from 75 to 89. The first Il-18B flew on 30 September 1958 powered by the AI-20, from April 1961 a TG-18 Auxiliary Power Unit was fitted for ground starting rather than the bank of lead-acid batteries. Some aircraft were modified to allow the APU to be run in flight, with experience of the earlier aircraft a further improvement was the Il-18V variant. The Il-18V was structurally the same but the interior was re-designed including moving the galley, the first Il-18V appeared in December 1959 and was to continue into production until 1965 after 334 had been built. Specialised variants of the aircraft appeared, including aircraft modified for flight calibration. Military variants also appeared including the anti-submarine Ilyushin Il-38, the first Il-18, initially equipped with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, flew on 4 July 1957. On 17 September 1958 the aircraft first flew with the new Ivchenko AI-20 engines, vladimir Kokkinaki was the test pilot
21.
Mil Mi-4
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The Mil Mi-4. was a Soviet transport helicopter that served in both military and civilian roles. The Mi-4 was designed in response to the American H-19 Chickasaw, while the Mi-4 superficially resembles the H-19 Chickasaw, it is a larger helicopter and is able to lift more weight. The first model entered service in 1952, and replaced the Mi-1, the helicopter was first displayed to the outside world in 1952 at the Soviet Aviation Day in Tushino. One Mi-4 was built with a jettisonable rotor and it served as an experimental vehicle for future pilots means of safety and ejection designs. The Mi-4 went out of service with the development of the Mi-8 and it is not used by the Russian Air Force anymore, though it remained in service in some countries as a utility helicopter or as a military transport a while longer. Albania was thought to be the country using the helicopter. The Mi-4 played an important role in Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. The Mi-4 was the workhorse of the Indian Army at the time, a highly successful heli-borne operation, the Meghna Heli Bridge, using Mi-4s helped the Indian Armys 57 Mountain Division clear the Meghna River. The helilift of a battalion of Indian troops to the outskirts of Sylhet was the first heli-borne operation of the Indian army, an official video of a North Korean Air Force combat flying skills competition released in 2014 shows that the Mi-4 is still in limited service in North Korea. Mi-4AV Armed versions based on the Mi-4A, mi-4GF Factory designation for demilitarised Mi-4 for use in the Civil Air Fleet. Mi-4L Lyukes Six-seat VIP transport version, sometimes converted into an air ambulance helicopter, Mi-4M Armed close-support helicopter, fitted with a gun turret. Designation alternatively applied to the Mi-4VM, and also reused for ambulance variant for the Soviet Ministry of Health, mi-4P / Mi-4VP Civil transport helicopter, with accommodation for between 8 and 11 passengers, plus eight stretchers and a medical attendant for air ambulance duties. Mi-4Skh Multi-role agricultural helicopter, with a large container in the main cabin. Also used as a fire-fighting helicopter, mi-4T Major military production version, equipped with a large diameter main rotor and bulged windows. Mi-4RI Mi-4M equipped with the Rion experimental sonar, mi-4MT Torpedo-carrying ASW attack aircraft derived from Mi-4M. Mi-4MO Search helicopter with Oka sonar, mi-4MS Search helicopter with Soora infra-red sensor. Mi-4Schch Polar version of Mi-4FV for working at the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic research stations, mi-4PG Experimental version equipped with an external load sling system. Mi-4SV Mi-4 with improved heat insulation for working in the Far North, mi-4N Filin Experimental reconnaissance version intended for night-time use
22.
Tupolev Tu-154
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The Tupolev Tu-154 is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as a transport by the air forces of several countries. With a cruising speed of 900 kilometres per hour the Tu-154 is one of the fastest civilian aircraft in use and has a range of 5,280 kilometres. Since 1968 there have been 39 fatal incidents involving the Tu-154, most of which were caused either by factors unrelated to the aircraft, following a crash in 2016 all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Russia were grounded. However, the Tu-154 is still being used as of January 2017, the Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflots requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, the Antonov An-10 and the Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. A takeoff distance of 2,600 metres at maximum weight was also stipulated as a requirement. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154 as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design, the first project chief was Sergey Yeger, in 1964, Dmitryi S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975, the lead role was turned over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt. The Tu-154 first flew on 4 October 1968, the first deliveries to Aeroflot were in 1970 with freight services beginning in May 1971 and passenger services in February 1972. There was still limited production of the 154M model as of January 2009 despite previous announcements of the end of production in 2006,1025 Tu-154s have been built,214 of which were still in service as of 14 December 2009. The last serial Tu-154 was delivered to the Russian Defense Ministry on 19 February 2013 from the Aviakor factory, equipped with upgraded avionics, a VIP interior, the factory has four unfinished hulls in its inventory which can be completed if new orders are received. The Tu-154 is powered by three rear-mounted low-bypass turbofan engines arranged similarly to those of the Boeing 727, but it is larger than its American counterpart. Both the 727 and the Tu-154 use an S-duct for the middle engine, the original model was equipped with Kuznetsov NK-8-2 engines, which were replaced with Soloviev D-30KU-154 in the Tu-154M. All Tu-154 aircraft models have a relatively high thrust-to-weight-ratio which give excellent performance and this became an important factor in later decades as fuel costs grew. The flight deck is fitted with conventional dual yoke control columns, Flight control surfaces are hydraulically operated. The cabin of the Tu-154, although of the same six-abreast seating layout, gives the impression of an interior, with a lower ceiling than is common on Boeing. The passenger cabin accommodates 128 passengers in a layout and 164 passengers in single-class layout. The layout can be modified to what is called a winter version where some seats are taken out, the passenger doors are smaller than on its Boeing and Airbus counterparts
23.
Yakovlev Yak-40
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The Yakovlev Yak-40, NATO reporting name, Codling) is a small, three-engined airliner. It is the worlds first commuter trijet, the maiden flight was made in 1966, and it was in production from 1967 to 1981. Introduced in September 1968, the Yak-40 has been exported since 1970, Aeroflot wanted to replace these elderly airliners with a turbine-powered aircraft, with the Yakovlev design bureau being assigned to design it. High speed was not required, but it would have to be able to safely and reliably out of poorly equipped airports with short unpaved runways in poor weather. The engines were to be the new AI-25 turbofan being developed by Ivchenko at Zaporozhye in Ukraine, the Yak-40 is a low-winged cantilever monoplane with unswept wings, a large T-tail and a retractable tricycle landing gear. The three AI-25 engines are two-shaft engines rated at 14.7 kN, the engines have no jetpipes, and initially no thrust reversers. The pressurized fuselage has a diameter of 2.4 metres, passengers enter the aircraft via a set of ventral airstairs in the rear fuselage. The wings join at the centerline, with the main spar running from wingtip to wingtip The wings house integral fuel tanks with a capacity of 3,800 litres. The aircraft has a fin, which is swept back at an angle of 50 degrees to move the tailplane rearwards to compensate for the short rear fuselage. The horizontal tailplane itself is unswept, the Yak-40 was the first Soviet-built airliner designed to Western airworthiness requirements. The first of five prototypes made its flight on 21 October 1966, with production being launched at the Saratov Aviation Plant in 1967. The type carried out its first passenger service for Aeroflot on 30 September 1968, in the 1972 version, a tailspin was removed. In 1974, new version was introduced, with non-stop flight distance increased, also, the forward door on the right side of the fuselage changed its place – it was located together with the sixth window. In 1975, the last upgrade of Yak-40 took place – the number of windows on the right side changed from nine to eight. By the time ended in November 1981, the factory at Saratov had produced 1,011 or 1,013 aircraft. By 1993 Yak-40s operated by Aeroflot had carried 354 million passengers, as well as being the backbone of Aeroflots local operations, flying to 276 domestic destinations in 1980, the Yak-40 was also an export success. More than this, Yak-40 became the first Russian/Soviet aircraft getting flying certificates of Italy and it was demonstrated in 75 countries of the world, including the USA, where orders on Yak-40 were made. Yak-40 – The first production model, yak-40-25 Military conversion with the nose of a MiG-25R and SRS-4A Elint installation
24.
Antonov An-26
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The Antonov An-26 is a twin-engined turboprop civilian and military transport aircraft, designed and produced in the Soviet Union from 1969 to 1986. After successful operations of the An-24T tactical transport in austere locations, Initial studies for the retractable ramp were carried out as part of the projected An-40 medium transport. When given the go-ahead for the An-26 in March 1968 the Antonov OKB adapted the design of the An-40 to the An-24 fuselage. Particular attention was given to the mission and the majority of early An-26 production was delivered to the VTA. The An-26 made its debut at the 27th Paris Air Show at Le Bourget where the second prototype. The An-26 is also manufactured without an agreement in China by Xian Aircraft Factory as the Y-14. The An-26 has a secondary role with underwing bomb racks. In the bombing role it was used by the Sudanese Air Force during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Also Russian Forces train with the An-26 as a bomber, An-26 Curl-A, Twin-engine tactical transport aircraft. An-26-100 Convertible passenger/cargo aircraft modified from An-26 aircraft at the Kiev plant from 1999, An-26 Nelmo An arctic surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft retrofitted with the Nelmo equipment. An-26 Pogoda Another aircraft for weather control duties, similar to the An-26 Tsiklon, An-26 Sfera A single production aircraft built as laboratory for atmospheric research. An-26 Shtabnoy some An-26s delivered to the Soviet and DDR air forces for use as staff transports/mobile command posts, An-26 Vita A single mobile operating room, surgery and intensive care unit, for the Ukrainian Air Force. An-26A A one-off assault transport prototype with higher performance due to removal of military equipment. An-26ASLK, A modern flight control and monitoring system equipped with automatic calibration and navigation system, recognizable by the distinctive pod low on the forward fuselage side. An-26B A civil cargo version equipped with roller gangs which can be swung up against the walls when not in use. It was also equipped with two ZMDB Progress Al-24VT turboprop power plants to higher thrust. An-26B Mobile Hospital, The prototype An-26B retrofitted as a civilian emergency hospital. An-26B Tsiklon A weather research/control and cloud-seeding aircraft for the Central Aerologic Laboratory and this aircraft was used for rain induction and protection using cloud-seeding chemicals dropped from slab sided pods hung from pylons
25.
Antonov An-28
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The Antonov An-28 is a twin-engined light prop transport aircraft, developed from the Antonov An-14M. It was the winner of a competition against the Beriev Be-30 for use by Aeroflot as a short-range airliner, a total of 191 were built and 16 remain in airline service as at August 2015. After a short pre-production series built by Antonov, it was licence-built in Poland by PZL-Mielec, in 1993, PZL-Mielec developed its own improved variant, the PZL M28 Skytruck. The An-28 first flew as a modified An-14 in 1969, the next pre-production model did not fly until 1975. In passenger carrying configuration, accommodation was provided for up to 15 people, production was transferred to PZL-Mielec in 1978. The first Polish-built aircraft did not fly until 1984, the An-28 finally received its Soviet type certificate in 1986. An-14A The original Antonov designation for an enlarged, twin-turboprop version of the An-14, An-28 Twin-engined short-range utility transport aircraft, three built. An-28RM Bryza 1RM Search and rescue, air ambulance aircraft, an-28PT Variant with Pratt & Whitney engines first flown 22 July 1993. Georgia Georgian Air Force -2 as of December 2016, all of the 22 passengers and 5 crew members were killed. 3 April 2008, An Antonov An-28 operated by Blue Wing Airlines crashes upon landing near Benzdorp in Suriname, all 19 on board are killed. On 15 October 2009, an Antonov An-28 of Blue Wing Airlines departed the runway on landing at Kwamelasemoetoe Airstrip, Suriname, the aircraft was substantially damaged and four people were injured, one seriously. 15 May 2010, An Antonov An-28 operated by Blue Wing Airlines crashed over the district approximately 3 miles north-east of Poketi. The two pilots and six passengers died, list of all PZL M28 aircraft used by Polish Air Force An-28/M28/M28B production list
26.
Ilyushin Il-76
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The Ilyushin Il-76 is a multi-purpose four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Unions Ilyushin design bureau. It was first planned as a freighter in 1967, as a replacement for the Antonov An-12. It was designed to deliver heavy machinery to remote, poorly served areas, Military versions of the Il-76 have been widely used in Europe, Asia and Africa, including use as an aerial refueling tanker or command center. The Il-76 has seen service as a commercial freighter for ramp-delivered cargo. It has also used as an emergency response transport for civilian evacuations as well as for humanitarian aid. Because of its ability to operate from unpaved runways, it has been useful in undeveloped areas, specialized models have also been produced for aerial firefighting and zero-G training. It was intended to replace the An-12, another intended version was a double-decked 250-passenger airliner but that project was cancelled. The Il-76 first flew on March 1971, Production of Il-76s was allocated to the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, then a republic of the Soviet Union. Some 860 of the basic transport variants were manufactured, the prototype of the Il-76MF, conducted its first flight on 1 August 1995. All production operations ceased during the late 1990s, in 2005, the Peoples Republic of China placed an order for 34 new Il-76MDs and four Il-78 tankers. In June 2013, Russian military export agency Rosoboronexport announced an order by China for 12 Il-76MD aircraft, the Il-76 has also been modified into an airborne refuelling tanker, designated the Il-78, around 50 aircraft having been produced. A variant of the Il-76 also serves as a firefighting waterbomber and its airframe was used as a base for the Beriev A-50 Mainstay AEW&C aircraft, around 25 aircraft were made. Another application for the type was found in Antarctic support flights, Beriev and NPO Almaz also developed an airborne laser flying laboratory designated A-60, of which two were built, much of this projects details remaining classified. At that point, the construction of two Il-76MD-90A prototypes had begun at the Ulyanovsk facility, the 1st serial production Il-76MD-90A was rolled out at Aviastars Ulyanovsk plant on 16 June 2014. On 29 April 2015, it was reported that the Russian Air Force received the first Il-76MD-90A built at the Ulyanovsk plant Aviastar-SP from the 2012 contract for 39 aircraft, first aircraft were delivered to the Soviet Air Force in June 1974. Next it became the main Soviet strategic transport aircraft, from 1976 it was operated by Aeroflot. Between 1979 and 1991, the Soviet Air Force Il-76s made 14,700 flights into Afghanistan, transporting 786,200 servicemen, the Il-76 carried 89% of Soviet troops and 74% of the freight that was airlifted. As Afghan rebels were unable to shoot down high-flying Il-76s, their tactics were to try, building on that experience, the bulk of the Canadian Forces equipment into Afghanistan was flown in using civilian Il-76
27.
Mil Mi-8
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The Mil Mi-8 is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union, and now produced by Russia. In addition to its most common role as a helicopter, the Mi-8 is also used as an airborne command post, armed gunship. Along with the related, more powerful Mil Mi-17, the Mi-8 is among the worlds most-produced helicopters, as of 2015, it is the third most common operational military aircraft in the world. Due to the position of the engine, this enabled Mikhail Mil to justify redesigning the front half of the aircraft around the single engine. The prototype, which was named V-8, was designed in 1958, powered by an AI-242,010 kW Soloviev turboshaft engine, the single engined V-8 prototype had its maiden flight in June 1961 and was first shown on Soviet Aviation Day parade in July 1961. During an official visit to the United States in September 1959, on Khrushchevs return, he ordered the creation of a similar helicopter, which was to be ready for the return visit by the American president, to save face. A luxury version of the Mi-4 was quickly created and Khrushchev took an inspection flight, however, it would be necessary to have a second engine for reliability. In May 1960, the order was given for Mikhail Mil to create his twin engine helicopter, the Sergei Isotov Design Bureau accepted the task of creating the engines. The second prototype flew in September 1961, the aircraft completed its factory based testing in February 1963. The fifth and final prototype was a production prototype for the passenger market. In November 1964, all joint testing had completed and the soviet government began mass production. Production started in the Kazan Production Plant, with the first aircraft completed by the end of 1965 and it was only then that the Soviet military rushed a troop-carrying variant of the Mil Mi-8 into production. By 1967, it had introduced into the Soviet Air Force as the Mi-8. There are numerous variants, including the Mi-8T, which, in addition to carrying 24 troops, is armed with rockets, the Mil Mi-17 export version is employed by around 20 countries, its equivalent in Russian service in the Mi-8M series. The only visible difference between the Mi-8 and Mi-17 is that the rotor is on the starboard side of the Mi-8. Also Mi-17 also has some improved armour plating for its crew, the naval Mil Mi-14 version is also derived from the Mi-8. The Mi-8 is constantly improving and the newest version still remains in production in 2016, the Mi-8 family of helicopters became the main Soviet and later Russian helicopter covering a large range of roles in both peace time and war time. Large fleets of Mi-8 and its derivatives are employed by military and civil operators
28.
Boeing 737 Classic
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The Boeing 737 Classic is the -300/-400/-500 series of the Boeing 737, so named following the introduction of the -600/-700/-800/-900 series. They are short- to medium-range, narrow-body jet airliners produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the Classic series was introduced as the new generation of the 737. Produced from 1984 to 2000,1,988 aircraft were delivered, development began in 1979, and in 1980 preliminary aircraft specifications were released at the Farnborough Airshow. In March 1981, USAir and Southwest Airlines each ordered 10 aircraft, the wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wing tip was extended 9 inches, the leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted. The flight deck was improved with the optional EFIS, and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those on the Boeing 757, Boeing selected the CFM56-3 to exclusively power the 737-300 variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, the overall thrust was also reduced, from 24,000 to 20,000 lbf, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio. The prototype of the -300 rolled out of the Renton plant on January 17,1984, after it received its flight certification on November 14,1984, USAir received the first aircraft on November 28. A very popular aircraft, Boeing received 252 orders for it in 1985, the 300 series remained in production until 1999 when the last aircraft was delivered to Air New Zealand on December 17,1999, registration ZK-NGJ. The 737-300 can be retrofitted with Aviation Partners Boeing winglets, the 737-300 retrofitted with winglets is designated the -300SP. Used passenger -300 aircraft have also converted to freighter versions. The 737-300 has been replaced by the 737-700 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family, the 737-400 design was launched in 1985 to fill the gap between the 737-300 and the 757-200, and competed with the Airbus A320 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80. It stretched the 737-300 another 10 ft to carry up to 188 passengers and it included a tail bumper to prevent tailscrapes during take-off, and a strengthened wing spar. The prototype rolled out on January 26,1988, and flew for the first time on 19 February 1988, the aircraft entered service on September 15,1988, with launch customer Piedmont Airlines. The 737-400F was not a model delivered by Boeing, but a 737-400 converted to freighter, the Boeing 737-400 never included winglets as an option, just like the Boeing 737-600. Alaska Airlines was the first to one of their 400s from regular service to an aircraft with the ability to handle ten pallets. The airline has also converted five more into fixed combi aircraft for half passenger and these 737-400 Combi aircraft are now in service. The 737-400 was replaced by the 737-800 in the Boeing 737 Next Generation family, the fuselage length of the -500 is 1 ft 7 in longer than the 737-200, accommodating up to 140 passengers
29.
Delhi
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Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi or NCT, is a city and a union territory of India. It is bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east, the NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres. According to 2011 census, Delhis city population was about 11 million, Delhis urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundary to include an estimated population of over 26 million people making it the worlds second largest urban area. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the top or second most productive metro area of India. Delhi is the second wealthiest city after Mumbai in India, with a wealth of $450 billion. Delhi has been inhabited since the 6th century BC. Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and it has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and modern Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. New Delhi is jointly administered by the government of India and the local government of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is a unique interstate regional planning area created by the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985, Delhi ranks among the cities with the worst air pollution in the world. There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi, one of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after himself. The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal, according to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali, another theory suggests that the citys original name was Dhillika. The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas, the city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring, aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty. The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before the second millennium BC, the city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata. According to Mahabharata, this land was initially a huge mass of forests called Khandavaprastha which was burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha, the earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period, in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight cities have been discovered in Delhi
30.
Indira Gandhi International Airport
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Indira Gandhi International Airport serves as the primary civilian aviation hub for the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. The airport, spread over an area of 5,106 acres, is situated in Palam,15 km south-west of the New Delhi railway station and 16 km from New Delhi city centre. Named after Indira Gandhi, a former Prime Minister of India and it is busiest airport in the country in terms of cargo traffic in the recent year overtaking Mumbai during late 2015. With the commencement of operations at Terminal 3 in 2010, it became Indias and South Asias largest aviation hub, the planned expansion program will increase the airports capacity to handle 100 million passengers by 2030. The airport handled over 48 million passengers in the fiscal year 2015–16, in calendar year 2016, the airport was the 21st busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic and 10th busiest airport in Asia handling over 55 million passengers. The airport was operated by the Indian Air Force before its management was transferred to the Airports Authority of India, in May 2006, the management of the airport was passed over to Delhi International Airport Limited, a consortium led by the GMR Group. In September 2008, the airport inaugurated a 4,430 m runway, the Terminal 3 building, which commenced operations in 2010, has a capacity to handle 34 million passengers annually. Terminal 3 is the worlds 8th largest passenger terminal, the airport uses an advanced system called Airport Collaborative Decision Making to help keep takeoffs and landings timely and predictable. In 2010, IGIA was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, the airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015, IGI also stood first in the new rankings for 2015 Airport Service Quality Awards. Safdarjung Airport was built in 1930 and was the airport for Delhi until 1962. Due to increasing passenger traffic at Safdarjung, civilian operations were moved to Palam Airport in 1962, Palam Airport had been built during World War II as RAF Station Palam and after the British left, it served as an Air Force Station for the Indian Air Force. Palam Airport had a capacity of around 1,300 passengers per hour. Owing to an increase in air traffic in the 1970s, a terminal with nearly four times the area of the old Palam terminal was constructed. With the inauguration of a new terminal, on 2 May 1986. On 2 May 2006, the management of Delhi and Mumbai airports were handed over to the private consortia, Delhi International Airport Limited is a consortium of the GMR Group, Fraport and Malaysia Airports, and the Airports Authority of India retains a 26% stake. Nine years later, in May 2015, Malaysia Airports chose it exit from DIAL venture, following this GMR Groups stake at DIAL increased to 64%. Earlier GMR indicated that it was interested in buying out the 10% stake of Fraport, the old domestic airport is known as Terminal 1 and handles domestic flights for all budget airlines
31.
Tehran
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Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area, in the Classical era, part of the present-day city of Tehran was occupied by a Median city that in the Avesta occurs as Rhaga. It was destroyed by the Mongols in the early 13th century, the capital has been moved several times throughout the history, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. The city was the seat of the Qajars and Pahlavis, the two last imperial dynasties of Iran. It is home to historical collections, such as the royal complexes of Golestan, Sadabad. Large scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s, and Tehran has been a destination for the migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century. Tabiat Bridge, which was completed in 2014, is considered the third symbol of the city. There have been plans to relocate Irans capital from Tehran to another area, due mainly to air pollution, to date, no definitive plans have been approved. A2016 survey of 230 cities by consultant Mercer ranked Tehran 203rd for quality of living, according to the Global Destinations Cities Index in 2016, Tehran is among the top ten fastest growing destinations. The origin of the name Tehran is uncertain, the settlement of Tehran dates back over 7,000 years. The present-day city of Tehran was a suburb of an important Median city that was known as Rhaga in Old Persian, in the Avestas Videvdat, Rhaga is mentioned as the twelfth sacred place created by the Ohrmazd. In Old Persian inscriptions, Rhaga appears as a province and it was a major area for the Iranian tribes of Medes and Achaemenids. From Rhaga, Darius the Great sent reinforcements to his father Hystaspes, in some Middle Persian texts, Rhaga is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster, although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoroaster in Khorasan. Derived into Modern Persian as Rey, it now as a city located towards the southern end of the modern-day city of Tehran. Mount Damavand, the highest peak of Iran, which is located near Tehran, is an important location in Ferdowsis Shahname, the long Iranian epic poem that is based on the ancient epics of Iran. It appears in the epics as the birthplace of Manuchehr, the residence of Keyumars, the place where Freydun binds the dragon fiend Aži Dahāka, during the Sassanid era, in 641, Yazdgerd III issued his last appeal to the nation from Rey, before fleeing to Khorasan. Rey was dominated by the Parthian Mihran family, and Siyavakhsh—the son of Mihran the son of Bahram Chobin—who resisted the Muslim Invasion, because of this resistance, when the Arabs captured Rey, they ordered the town to be destroyed and ordered Farrukhzad to rebuild the town anew. In the 9th century, Tehran was a well known village, but less known than the city of Rey, the medieval writer Najm od Din Razi declared the population of Rey about 500,000 before the Mongol Invasion
32.
Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport
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Along with Mehrabad International Airport, it is one of the two major commercial airports serving Tehran and the busiest international air passenger gateway to Iran. As of December 2016, it serves international destinations in Asia, all domestic flights in and out of Tehran are currently served by Mehrabad Airport. The airport features one passenger terminal, two runways and several logistics and maintenance facilities. Operated by the Iran Airports Company, its one of the bases of Iran Air, Meraj Airlines, Mahan Air, Iran Aseman Airlines, Qeshm Airlines, Taban Air. Construction of the airport prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution. The original designers were Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, an American engineering and architectural consulting partnership, a local joint venture was formed between TAMS and local firm Abdol Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates called TAMS-AFFA, to carry out the full design and supervision of construction. Following the Iranian revolution, however, the project was abandoned until the government of Iran decided to design, french firm ADP was selected to head the local designers and engineering firms. A turnkey design and build contract was awarded to a general contractor company, Kayson Co. to carry out. After two years this contract was abandoned and was awarded to a bonyad, the Mostazafan Foundation, the original opening was scheduled for 11 February 2004, the onset of the auspicious Ten-Day Dawn celebrations, marking the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Just prior to the opening on 8 May, two local airlines refused to switch to the new airport, economic Hayat-e No daily quoted Ali Abedzadeh, director of semi-privately-owned Iran Aseman Airlines, as saying We are not flying from an airport run by foreigners. TAV officials were ordered to withdraw their personnel and equipment from the airport on 7 May 2004, I think they were given false reports that the Turks were still on the site, while they had all evacuated the airport by Friday, airport manager Hossein Pirouzi said. Only one Emirates flight from Dubai was allowed to land, the rest of the flights were diverted to Mehrabad. In 2016, as a result of worsening ties between Saudi Arabia and Iran, all Hajj flights from Iran were terminated, rendering IKA the only gateway to Tehran. In 2013, the airport handled 4.756 million passengers and this made it the eleventh busiest airport by international passenger traffic in the Middle East. The airport handled 98,904 tonnes of cargo in 2013, the total number of commercial aircraft movements was 36,827 in 2013. Subsequent to the lifting of nuclear-related sanctions in mid January 2016, on 21 June 2016, Central Asian airlines including Uzbekistan Airways and Air Astana started IKA-bound flights too. Furthermore, various airlines including British Airways, KLM, China Southern Airlines, Lufthansa. IKIAs first active terminal has an annual handling capacity of 6.5 million passengers and 120,000 tonnes of cargo
33.
Almaty
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Almaty /ˈælməti/, formerly known as Alma-Ata /ˌælmə. əˈtɑː/ and Verny, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,703,481 people, containing 9% of the countrys total population. Almaty is considered a World City with a Beta - classification according to GaWC and it served as capital of the Kazakh state in its various forms from 1929 to 1997, under the influence of the then Soviet Union and its appointees. Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted, in 1997, the government relocated the capital to Astana in the north of the country. Almaty continues as the commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan. From 1929 to 1936, Almaty was the capital of Kazakh ASSR, from 1936 to 1991 it was the capital of Kazakh SSR. After Kazakhstan became independent in 1991, Almaty continued as the capital until 1997, Almaty remains the largest, most developed, and most ethnically and culturally diverse city in Kazakhstan. The city is in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau in the extreme south-east and it has a relatively mild climate with warm summers and quite cold winters. Since the city is in an active area, it has an endemic risk of earthquakes. Although most do not cause any significant damage, Almaty has suffered some large destructive earthquakes, in 1997 the capital was moved to Astana in the north-central part of the country. Since then Almaty has been referred to as the capital of Kazakhstan. The name Almaty has its roots in the medieval settlement Almatu, a disputed theory holds that the name is derived from the Kazakh word for apple, and is often translated as full of apples. Originally it was Almatau which means Apple Mountain, the Russian version of the name was Alma-Ata, however, since independence Russian has tended to use the Kazakh Almaty. There is great diversity among the wild apples in the region surrounding Almaty. The wild Malus sieversii is considered a candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple. The citys name was written as آلماتی in Turkish and Persian written with the Perso-Arabic script, during 1000–900 BC in the Bronze Age, the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements in the territory of Almaty. During the Saka period, these lands were occupied by the Saka and later Wusun tribes, evidence of these times can be found in the numerous burial mounds and ancient settlements, especially the giant burial mounds of the Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds have been the The Golden man, also known as The Golden Warrior, from the Issyk Kurgan, the Zhalauly treasure, the Kargaly diadem, during the period of Saka and Wusun governance, Almaty became an early educational centre. During the Middle Ages, a city developed in Almaty
34.
Almaty International Airport
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Almaty International Airport is the largest international airport in Kazakhstan. It is about 15 km northeast of Almaty, the countrys largest city, Almaty airport accounts for half of passenger traffic and 68% of cargo traffic to Kazakhstan. In 2012, the airport handled 4,003,004 passengers, including 1,997,570 arriving passengers, Almaty International Airport JSC is 100% owned by Venus Airport Investments B. V. a company registered in Amsterdam. Aibol Anuarovich Bekmukhambetov, President and Director Bakhtiyer Kadyrov, Vice President of Finance E. L, the airport was built in 1935, for all small civil/military flying ships. Up to 1990 it was the part of Kazakh Department of Civil Aviation, since 1993 it has run as an independent business unit. In 1994, it was reorganized into OJSC Almaty Airport and later renamed to JSC Almaty International Airport, the supersonic transport Tupolev Tu-144 began service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu-144s 55th, following a runway reconstruction in 1998, Almaty airport was awarded II category and status of an International Airport. /// On 9 July 1999 a fire started in the kitchen of the airport restaurant. The terminal building burned down in just a few hours, fortunately without major injuries, construction of a new terminal was completed in 2004. On 30 September 2008 a second runway was opened with a first departure of a BMI flight bound for London Heathrow and this runway is the longest in central Asia. The new runway can accept all types of aircraft without limitation of take-off weight, growth in connectivity is in danger of being compromised by airport infrastructure that is comparatively expensive and not keeping pace with demand growth. IATA is urging the Kazakhstan government to follow ICAO principles and eliminate differential ANSP charges between domestic and international carriers, currently, it is 18% more expensive to turn around an Airbus A320 in Almaty than at similarly-sized airports in Europe. The differential rises to 43% for a Boeing 767, there were plans to build a new passenger terminal for international flights with six loading bridges and capacity up to 2,500 passengers per hour in the near future. A developed infrastructure complex consisting of a Marriott Hotel, conference halls, business center, shopping center, the new terminal was to be located along Kuldja Road to help reduce traffic on the way to the airport. However the terminals construction was delayed due to lack of handling the projects construction. The airport is looking for a new manager to handle the construction. There are now plans to new airport in Kapchagai reservoir which is 48 km away from Almaty. 7 July 1980, Aeroflot flight 4227, All 163 occupants of a Tupolev Tu-154B-2, tail number CCCP-85355,30 August 1980, Aeroflot Flight CCCP-65129, Tupolev Tu-134 crashed on approach to Almaty after a flight from Chelyabinsk where all 90 passengers and crew died
35.
Bishkek
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Bishkek, formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek is also the center of the Chuy Region. The province surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the province, but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. According to post-Soviet research, the name is thought to derive from a Kyrgyz word for a used to make fermented mares milk. The city was founded in 1825 as the Khokand fortress of Pishpek in order to control local caravan routes, on 4 September 1860, the fortress was destroyed by Russian forces led by colonel Zimmermann, with the approval of the Kyrgyz. In 1868 a Russian settlement was founded on the spot, under its original name. It lay within the General Governorship of Russian Turkestan and its Semirechye Oblast, in 1925, the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was created in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926, the city was given the name Frunze, after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze, in 1936, the city of Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament changed the name to Bishkek. Bishkek is situated at an altitude of about 800 meters, just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too range and these mountains rise to a height of 4,855 meters and provide a spectacular backdrop to the city. North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan, the Chui River drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan-Siberia Railway by a spur line, Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous Soviet-style apartment blocks surrounding interior courtyards. Mostly outside the city center, there are thousands of smaller privately built houses. It is laid out on a pattern, with most streets flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels that water the innumerable trees that provide shade in the hot summers. Originally a caravan rest stop on one of the branches of the Silk Road through the Tian Shan range, in the last years of Kokhand rule, the fortress was led by Atabek, the Datka. In 1860, the fort was conquered and razed by the forces of Colonel Zimmermann when Tsarist Russia annexed the area. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the fort and put field Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The site was redeveloped from 1877 onward by the Russian government, in June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe ethnic riots in southern Kyrgyzstan that threatened to spread to the capital
36.
Manas International Airport
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Manas International Airport is the main international airport in Kyrgyzstan located 25 kilometres north-northwest of the capital Bishkek. The first plane landed at Manas in October 1974, with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin on board, aeroflot operated the airports first scheduled flight to Moscow–Domodedovo on 4 May 1975. Coalition forces arrived in late December 2001 and immediately the airport saw unprecedented expansion of operations, the derelict aircraft were rolled into a pasture next to the ramp to make room for coalition aircraft, and large, semi-permanent hangars were constructed to house coalition fighter aircraft. Additionally, a Marsden Matting parking apron was built along the Eastern half of the runway, along with a large cargo depot, a tent city sprang up across the street from the passenger terminal, housing over 2,000 troops. The American forces christened the site Ganci Air Base, after New York Fire Department chief Peter J. Ganci and it was later given the official name of Manas Air Base, renamed Transit Center at Manas in 2009, and closed and handed over to Kyrgyz authorities in 2014. In 2004, a new parking ramp was added in front of the terminal to make room for larger refueling and transport aircraft such as the KC-135. Around the same time the Kyrgyz government performed a major expansion and renovation of the passenger terminal, several restaurants, gift shops, and barber shops sprang-up in the terminal catering to the deployed troops. The airport terminal underwent renovation and redesign in 2007, the contemporary IATA codename FRU originates from the Soviet name of the city of Bishkek, then called Frunze. In 2012, the airport handled 1,056,000 passengers, the airport is operational 24 hours and its ILS system meets ICAO CAT II standards, which enables aircraft operations in low ceiling and visibility. During its existence Kyrgyzstan Airlines had its office on the airport property. On 2 January 2002 the airline moved its office to the Kyrgyzstan Airlines Sales Agency building of Manas International Airport. Previously the head office was also on the grounds of the airport, in the predawn hours of 23 October 2002, an IL-62 airliner operated by the Tretyakovo Air Transport Company crashed on takeoff after running off the end of the runway. There were no passengers aboard and all crew members escaped. The pilot was pulled from the aircraft by responding U. S. Air Force Security Forces personnel of the 111th SFS from the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, the injured were treated at the joint US Air Force and South Korean army clinic at Manas Air Base. The wreckage was bulldozed by Kyrgyz personnel and left at the site, Airport operations resumed before the crash site had finished smoldering. On 26 September 2006, a Kyrgyzstan Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft taking off for Moscow–Domodedovo collided on the runway with a US Air Force KC-135 tanker that had just landed. The Tupolev, with 52 passengers and nine crew on board, lost part of its wing but was able to take off, the KC-135, with three crew members and a cargo consisting entirely of highly-flammable jet fuel, caught fire and was destroyed. There were no injuries on either aircraft, on 24 August 2008, Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 heading to Tehran with 90 people aboard crashed 3 kilometres from the airport, killing 68
37.
Khujand
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Khujand, formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan and the capital of the northernmost province of Tajikistan, now called Sughd. Khujand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, dating back about 2,500 years and it is situated on the Syr Darya at the mouth of the Fergana Valley and was a major city along the ancient Silk Road. Khujand is the site of Cyropolis which was established when king Cyrus the Great founded the city during his last expedition against the Saka tribe of Massagetae shortly before his death. Alexander the Great later built his furthest Greek settlement near Cyropolis in 329 BC, the city would form a bastion for the Greek settlers against the nomadic Scythian tribes who lived north of the Syr Darya River. According to the Roman writer Curtius, Alexandria Ultima retained its Hellenistic culture as late as 30 BCE, the city became a major staging point on the northern Silk Road. It also became a hub and several famous Persian poets and scientists came from this city. Khujand was captured by the Muslim armies in the early 8th century under Qutayba ibn Muslim, in the late 9th century, however, it reverted to local rule and eventually incorporated into the Samanid Empire. It came under the rule of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in 999 but after the division of Kara Khanids in 1042, it was part of Eastern Kara Khanids. Karakhitans conquered it in 1137, but it passed to Khwarazmshahs in 1211, in the 14th century, the city was part of the Chagatai Khanate until it was incorporated into the Timurid Dynasty in the late 14th century. The Shaybanid dynasty of Bukhara next annexed Khojand, until it was taken over by the Kokand Khanate in 1802, in 1866, as most of Central Asia was occupied by Russian Empire, the city became part of the Russian Governorate of Turkestan. The threat of forced conscription during World War I led to protests in the city in July 1916, in 1929, it was incorporated into the Soviet Republic of Tajikistan after being part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic between 1924 and 1929. The city was renamed Leninabad on 10 January 1936 and it remained part of the Soviet Union until 1991, with the independence of Tajikistan, Khujand became the second largest city in the nation. It reverted to its original name in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union. In 1996 the city experienced the Ashurov protests during which citizens called for the President, the popular protests were followed by a protest from the citys prisoners, many of whom had been sentenced to long jail terms for minor crimes and who were living in poor conditions. The protest led to the Khujand prison riot in which between 24 and 150 prisoners were killed, in the early 2000s many residents of Khujand had little to no access to water, and what water they did have was unsafe to drink and had to be boiled. Residents pay for their supply, which in turn helps Khujands municipal water company to continue to renovate. The project is in its stage of development, and should be completed by 2017. Khujand Airport has regularly scheduled flights to Dushanbe as well as international destinations. There is also a connection between Khujand and Samarkand in Uzbekistan on the way to Dushanbe
38.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
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Domodedovo International Airport
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Domodedovo International Airport is an international airport located on the territory of Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia,42 kilometres south-southeast from the centre of Moscow. Domodedovo is one of the three major Moscow airports along with Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo, as well as one of the largest airports in Russia and the former USSR in terms of passenger and cargo traffic. In 2015 it served 30,504,515 passengers, a reduction of 7. 7% compared to 2014, Domodedovo is Moscows only privately owned airport, believed to be owned by Russian businessman Dmitry Kamenshchik. The airport is named after the town of Domodedovo, on the territory of which it is located, survey work on the construction of the new Capital Airport began in 1948, after the relevant decision of the Politburo. Then it was described as a special facility №306, in 1951 the first preparatory work on its construction began, cutting firebreaks, the construction of access roads, including roads branch from Paveletskaya. In 1958 a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers instructed to complete construction of the first stage of the airport in 1962, therefore, April 7,1962 is considered the official birthday of the airport. By the end of 1962, after the official approbation, the airport began send and receive postal, services from Domodedovo began in March 1964 with a flight to Sverdlovsk using a Tupolev 104. The airport, intended to handle the growth of domestic traffic in the Soviet Union, was officially opened in May 1965. A second runway, parallel to the one, was put into service 18 months after the opening of the airport. On 26 December 1975, Domodedovo Airport was selected for the flight of the Tupolev Tu-144 to Alma Ata. Since 1998, the runways, air control, and communication facilities are formally on a lease to the subsidiary of East Line Group. Later, in 2005 and 2008, the legality of these deals with East Line Group was contested by the Russian Rosimushchestvo government agency supervising the state property. East Lines strategic goal to stabilize the airports future and to establish Domodedovo as an important international and multi-modal transportation hub was gradually achieved throughout the 2000s, in the 2000s, East Line Group began to heavily invest in reconstruction and modernization of the outdated airport facilities. In 2000, as a result of reconstruction, the capacity of the complex has reached 6000 passengers per hour, MVL -2800 passengers per hour. As a result of this work Domodedovo airport terminal was the first in Russia to successfully pass the certification to ISO9001,2000. In 2003, the authoritative British magazine Airline Business has recognized the dynamics of growth in traffic of Domodedovo highest among the 150 largest airports in the world. By 2009, the floor space was expanded to 135,000 sq. meters from 70,000 sq. meters in 2004. Domodedovo topped Sheremetyevo Airport in terms of passenger traffic becoming the busiest airport in Russia, by 2010, the traffic at Domodedovo spiked to over 22 million passengers per year from 2.8 million in 2000
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Novosibirsk
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Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,754 as of the 2010 Census and it is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. It is split into ten districts and occupies an area of 502.1 square kilometers and it superseded nearby Krivoshchekovskaya village, which was founded in 1696. The bridge was completed in the spring of 1897, making the new settlement the regional transport hub, the importance of the city further increased with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway in the early 20th century. The new railway connected Novonikolayevsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea, at the time of the bridges opening, Novonikolayevsk had a population of 7,800 people. Its first bank opened in 1906, and a total of five banks were operating by 1915, in 1907, Novonikolayevsk, now with a population exceeding 47,000, was granted town status with full rights for self-government. During the pre-revolutionary period, the population of Novonikolayevsk reached 80,000, the city had steady and rapid economic growth, becoming one of the largest commercial and industrial centers of Siberia. It developed a significant agricultural processing industry, as well as a station, iron foundry, commodity market, several banks. In 1913, Novonikolayevsk became one of the first places in Russia to institute compulsory primary education, the Russian Civil War took a toll on the city. There were wartime epidemics, especially of typhus and cholera, that thousands of lives. In the course of the war the Ob River Bridge was destroyed, for the first time in the citys history, the population of Novonikolayevsk began to decline. The Soviet Workers and Soldiers Deputies of Novonikolayevsk took control of the city in December 1917, in May 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions rose in opposition to the revolutionary government and, together with the White Guards, captured Novonikolayevsk. The Red Army took the city in 1919, retaining it throughout the rest of the Civil War, Novonikolayevsk began reconstruction in 1921 at the start of Lenins New Economic Policy period. It was a part of Tomsk Governorate and served as its center from December 23,1919 to March 14,1920. Between June 13,1921 and May 25,1925, it served as the center of Novonikolayevsk Governorate. The city was given its present name on September 12,1926, since then, it has served as the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. The Monument to the Heroes of the Revolution was erected in the center of the city and has one of the chief historic sites. Neglect in the 1990s while other areas were redeveloped helped preserve it in the post-Soviet era, during Joseph Stalins industrialization effort, Novosibirsk secured its place as one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia
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Tolmachevo Airport
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Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport is situated in the town of Ob,16 km from the center of Novosibirsk, an industrial and scientific center in Siberia and Russias third largest city. There are two runways in Tolmachevo Airport, along with 1 large passenger terminal with two connected sections,2 cargo terminals and 61 aircraft stands. Runway 16 is equipped with an ILS CAT II, which enables aircraft operations in low ceiling, the airport is situated in the middle of the route from some important East-Asian cities to Europe which makes it attractive for cargo airlines to use it for refueling stops. It serves also as an airport on Polar route 1. Tolmachevo is the busiest airport in Siberia and the eighth busiest airport in Russia, in 2016, the airport served 4,097,490 passengers and handled 24,882 tons of cargo. Detailed data for years 2003-2016 is in the Traffic Statistics section below, operations began on July 12,1957 with the first passenger flight of Tupolev Tu-104 from Novosibirsk to Moscow. The airport was owned by United Tolmachevo Aviation Enterprise and Ministry of Civil Aviation of the USSR until 1992, the airport then became a joint stock company in 1995, with 51% owned by the state. The domestic terminal was renovated in 2006. Tolmachevo Airport is also the first Russian airport to receive ISO 9002-96 certificate, on November 29,2012, first time in history the airport received its three-millionth annual passenger. During 2014-2015 the former terminal was enlarged and merged with the domestic terminal which allowed to double its passenger capacity. The airport celebrated its annual passenger on December 21,2016. Plans for its development include construction of a new rapid-exit taxiway and 4 stands for wide-body aircraft. The airport is home to the 337th Independent Helicopter Regiment flying Mil Mi-24Ps. Source, Tolmachevo media centre Public transportation to the city is provided by a number of bus routes, as well as by private and municipal taxis
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Saint Petersburg
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Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
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Pulkovo Airport
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Pulkovo Airport is an international airport serving Saint Petersburg, Russia. It consists of one terminal, Terminal 1 which is located 23 km south of the city centre, the airport serves as a hub for Rossiya Airlines, and as focus city for Nordavia. Pulkovo International Airport is responsible for serving the citizens of Saint Petersburg, as well as the Leningrad Oblast, Pulkovo Airport was officially opened on June 24,1932, as a state-owned domestic airport. In 2013,12,854,366 passengers traveled through Pulkovo airport, making it the 3rd busiest airport in Russia, Pulkovo had a passenger traffic rate of 9,874,941 as of September 1,2014. The airport holds the title of being one of the largest airports in Russia and this aerodrome was at first named Shosseynaya Airport, the name coming from the nearby Shosseynaya railway station. Soon after the airport opened regular flights to Petrozavodsk, Pudozh, Arkhangelsk, in 1936, a foundation for a new terminal was laid out. Leningrad′s airport was provided with new G-2s and PS-84s. In 1941, a new completely commercial passenger route between Moscow and Leningrad was opened, before it was a mixed passenger-mail route, construction of the new terminal thrived between 1937 and 1941. The architects of the new terminal were Aleksandr Ivanovich Gegello. Construction was abruptly put on hold in July 1941, one month after Nazi Germany′s invasion of the USSR on June 22,1941, the airport was the front line in the German Siege of Leningrad. There were no flights between 1941 and 1944, the nearby Pulkovo hills were occupied by the Germans and were used by German long-range artillery for daily bombardments of Leningrad. The airport was cleared of the Germans in January 1944, and resumed cargo, in February 1948, after the damage was completely repaired, the airport resumed scheduled passenger flights. In 1949, there were scheduled flights to 15 major cities of the USSR, in 1949 Shosseynaya Airport recorded a passenger traffic rate of 6,305,333 tons of mail, and 708 tons of cargo. In 1951, the construction of the new terminal was complete, on March 15,1959, the USSR-42419 Tu-104 was the first commercial jet airplane to take off from the Shosseynaya Airport. In the early 1960s long-distance airplanes such as the An-24 and Yak-40 began to appear in the airport, flights to Vladivostok began to emerge in the flight lists. ICAO category 1 standards were implemented in 1965, making way for international operations, by the late 1960s, over 60 airlines had flights to and from Saint Petersburgs airport. On February 8,1971, Shosseynaya was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, the airport was renamed Pulkovo Airport on April 24,1973. In May 1973, the new Pulkovo 1 terminal was opened, the famous 5-cup Pulkovo 1 was designed by Alexandr Zyk
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Surgut
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Surgut is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River. It is one of the few cities in Russia to be larger than the capital or the center of its federal subject in terms of population, economic activity. It was founded in 1594 by order of Tsar Feodor I and is one of the oldest settlements in Siberia, the name of the city, according to one tradition, originates from the Khanty words sur and gut. Surgut at the end of the 16th century was a fortress with two gates, four deaf ones and one carriageway. In 1596 the Gostiny Dvor was built, at the end of the XVI century - a small fortress. In the XVII-XVIII centuries - one of the centers of the Russian development of Siberia, the fortification, built of strong wood, was located on the cape, so that it was impossible to approach it unnoticed either from the river or from the land. In the central square of the ancient settlement there was a cult place, throughout the perimeter, the fortress was surrounded by a moat, which was blocked by the structures of the defensive system. Outside the village there were special buildings - handicraft workshops, in particular, by the name list of 1625 there were 222 servicemen living here. Subsequently, due to mortality, the population of Surgut gradually decreased. In 1627,216 people lived, in 1635-200 people, in 1642-199, in the second half of the 17th century the population fluctuated around 200 people, by the end of the century there were 185 inhabitants in Surgut. Since 1782, the county town of the Surgut district of the Tobolsk province, province, has been formed, in 1785, the citys coat of arms was approved. At the end of the XVIII century, in connection with the development of southern Siberian cities, since 1868 - district, and since 1898 - the county town of Tobolsk province. The inhabitants of Surgut, like other Siberians, were on state security, the servants received an annual salary of money, bread and salt. The inhabitants were supplied with weapons and ammunition, at the end of the XIX century, the population of Surgut was 1.1 thousand people. The main occupation of the inhabitants was fishing, gathering of plants, trade, cattle breeding. Since November 3,1923 the city became the center of the district of Tobolsk district of the Ural region, since April 5,1926, in connection with a small population, Surgut was transformed into a district village. In 1928, on the basis of the section, the first industrial enterprise was created - the fish canning factory. In 1929 a collective farm was organized, in 1930 - a forest site, in the 30-ies of the XX century in Surgut, attempts were made to extract minerals
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Surgut International Airport
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Surgut Airport, also listed as Surgut North Airport, is an airport in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia located 10 km north of Surgut. In 2016 Surgut Airport handled 1,489,395 passengers, Surgut International Airport has runway that can accommodate modern aircraft, such as Boeing-737, Boeing 757, Boeing 767, Airbus A319, Airbus A320, Airbus A321, as well as helicopters of all types. The airport’s capacity is 660 passengers per hour for domestic flights and 200 passengers per hour for international flights, in the terminal building, there are VIP, as well as shops, cafes, pharmacies. In 1931, arrival of the first aircraft to the village of Surgut, in 1937, the first building of the Surgut airport was built and put into operation. In 1964, Surgut United Air Squadron was established, in 1970, the State Commission commissioned the runway of the new city airport. In 1972, first regular flight Surgut-Moscow performed by Tu-134 airplane, in 1975, commissioning of a new terminal building at the Surgut airport. In 1979, installation, on the facade of the terminal, in 1998, Airport Surgut was awarded a certificate of honor at the results of the contest The Best Airport in 1998 in CIS countries. In 2000, Airport Surgut is recognized as the winner in the contest The best airport of the year of the CIS countries in the nomination Intensively developing airport, in 2001, Surgut Airport is open for international flights. The first flight was made by the airline UTair UT777 - Kiev, in 2003, overhaul of the runway. In 2004, full commissioning of the complex of the Surgut airport. In 2007, opening of the telescopic ladder Thyssen Krupp Airport Systems. Putting into operation of a vehicle access control system to the station square. In 2008, Surgut airport for the first time congratulated the millionth passenger serviced during the year, in 2009, creation and beginning of production activity of branches. Formed five branches, Berezovsky, Cape Kamensky, Noyabrsk, Tazovsky, in 2011, the hall of the waiting area for passengers of the international sector was built and put into operation. The duty-free shop Duty-Free opened in the sector of the terminal. In 2012, Airport Surgut started servicing domestic and international long-haul wide-body aircraft Boeing-767-200, according to the results of work in 2015, the passenger traffic of Surgut Airport amounted to 1,976,389 people, exceeding the total of 2014 by 3. 8%. On 1 January 2011, Kolavia Flight 348 suffered an explosion, the aircraft was taxiing before departing Surgut on a flight to Domodedovo International Airport, Moscow when the fire started and quickly engulfed the entire plane, which then burned to the ground. Despite a quick evacuation,3 persons were killed, List of the busiest airports in Russia List of the busiest airports in the former USSR Official website Current weather for USRR at NOAA/NWS Airport information for USRR at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006. Source, DAFIF, Airport information for USRR at Great Circle Mapper
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Yekaterinburg
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At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 1,349,772. Yekaterinburg is the industrial and cultural centre of the Ural Federal District. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was named Sverdlovsk after the Communist party leader Yakov Sverdlov, Vasily Tatishchev and Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg in 1723 and named it after the wife of Tsar Peter the Great, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I. The official date of the foundation is November 18,1723. It was granted town status in 1796, the city was one of Russias first industrial cities, prompted at the start of the eighteenth century by decrees from the Tsar requiring the development in Yekaterinburg of metal-working businesses. The city was built, with use of iron, to a regular square plan with iron works. These were surrounded by fortified walls, so that Yekaterinburg was at the time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It therefore found itself at the heart of Russias strategy for development of the entire Ural region. With the growth in trade and the administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated, following the October Revolution, the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II were sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day, on July 16,1918, the Czechoslovak legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. The Bolsheviks executed the deposed imperial family, believing that the Czechoslovaks were on a mission to rescue them, the Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. In 1977, the Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin, Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998. On August 24,2007, the BBC reported that Russian archaeologists had found the remains of two children of Russias last Tsar, the discoveries in 2007 are thought to be those of Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria. Archaeologist Sergei Pogorelov said bullets found at the site indicate the children had been shot. He told Russian television the newly unearthed bones belonged to two people, a young male aged roughly 10–13 and a young woman about 18–23. The Tsars remains were given a funeral in July 1998. During the 1930s, Yekaterinburg was one of several developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry
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Koltsovo Airport
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Koltsovo International Airport is the international airport serving Yekaterinburg, Russia, located 16 km southeast of the city. Being the largest airport in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Koltsovo also serves nearby towns such as Aramil, Sysert, in general, the airport is responsible for serving approximately 4,290,000 people. The airport is a hub for Ural Airlines, RusLine and Aviacon Zitotrans, due to its location in the center of Russia, Yekaterinburgs airport is included in the Priority Airports list of Russias Federal Air Transport Agency. Koltsovo was officially exploited as a civil Airport on July 10,1943, Koltsovo is a member of Airports Council International. In 2014, Koltsovo Airport had a traffic of 4,526,167. Domestic passenger traffic of 2014 made up for 2,407,429 passengers, in 2014 Koltsovo operated 25,531 tonnes of cargo, a -8. 1% decrease from that of last year. Koltsovo operated 3,600 tonnes of mail, a 250% increase from that of 2013, in 2013, it handled 4,293,002 passengers and 27,800 tonnes of cargo, representing a +13. 5% increase compared to the previous year. The airport is in the top 7 busiest airports in Russia, construction of Koltsovos original aerodrome was between 1928-1930 by demand of the Air Force Institute of the USSR. It was primarily built as a military aerodrome, one day after Nazi Germany declared war on the USSR, entangling the Soviet Union into World War II, construction of a 1 km runway was announced. Construction began the day and the runway was completed in 3 months. On May 15,1942, USSRs first jet engine plane, the new aircraft was manually operated by Grigory Bakhchivadzhi. A1,1 scale replica of the BI-1 jet plane was recreated in the front square of the airport in honour of the BI-1, the monument stands to present day. On July 10,1943, the airport gained domestic status and this made Koltsovo the first airport in the USSR to have civil and military status at once. Flights from Yekaterinburg to Moscow were conducted on a daily basis, in December 1943, on the way back from Tehran, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stayed overnight at the Koltsovo airport. During World War II the airport acted as a joint in the route between Fairbanks, Alaska and Moscow, Russia, in which C-47 aircraft were imported into the USSR. By January 1944 Koltsovo owned 4 aircraft, granted by the USSR Ministry of Civil Aviation for the purpose of domestic flights, two LI-2 and two Junkers. After the surrender of Nazi Germany, Koltsovo was used as joint for the relocation of aircraft to the Pacific Front for the combating of the Japanese Empire. Between 1943-1945, despite the high traffic rates for an airport of such size
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Boeing 757-200
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The Boeing 757 is a mid-size, narrow-body twin-engine jet airliner that was designed and built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the manufacturers largest single-aisle passenger aircraft and was produced from 1981 to 2004. Intended to replace the smaller three-engine 727 on short and medium routes, the 757 was designed concurrently with a wide-body twinjet, the 767, and owing to shared features pilots can obtain a common type rating that allows them to operate both aircraft. The 757 was produced in two fuselage lengths, the original 757-200 entered service in 1983, the 757-200PF, a package freighter variant, and the 757-200M, a passenger-freighter combi model, debuted in the late 1980s. The stretched 757-300, the longest narrow-body twinjet ever produced, began service in 1999, passenger 757-200s have been modified to special freighter specification for cargo use, while military derivatives include the C-32 transport, VIP carriers, and other multi-purpose aircraft. Private and government operators have also customized the 757 for research, all 757s are powered by Rolls-Royce RB211 or Pratt & Whitney PW2000 series turbofans. Eastern Air Lines and British Airways placed the 757 in commercial service in 1983, the narrow-body twinjet succeeded earlier single-aisle airliners, and became commonly used for short and mid-range domestic routes, shuttle services, and transcontinental U. S. flights. After regulators granted approval for extended flights over water in 1986, major customers for the 757 included U. S. mainline carriers, European charter airlines, and cargo companies. The airliner has recorded eight hull-loss accidents, including seven fatal crashes, production of the 757 ended in October 2004, after 1,050 had been built for 54 customers. The 757-200 was by far the most popular model, with 913 built, diminished sales amid an airline industry trend toward smaller jetliners led Boeing to end production without a direct replacement, in favor of the 737 family. The last 757 was delivered to Shanghai Airlines in November 2005, in July 2015,738 of the narrow-body twinjets were in airline service, Delta Air Lines is the largest operator with 138 aircraft. In the early 1970s, following the launch of the wide-body 747, designed for short and medium length routes, the three-engined 727 was the best-selling commercial jetliner of the 1960s and a mainstay of the U. S. domestic airline market. Studies focused on improving the 189-seat 727-200, the most successful 727 variant, two approaches were considered, a stretched 727-300, and an all-new aircraft code-named 7N7. United Airlines provided input for the proposed 727-300, which Boeing was poised to launch in late 1975, although the 727-300 was offered to Braniff International Airways and other carriers, customer interest remained insufficient for further development. Instead, airlines were drawn to the high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, new flight technologies, lower weight, improved aerodynamics. These features were included in a parallel development effort for a new mid-size wide-body airliner, code-named 7X7. Work on both proposals accelerated as a result of the airline industry upturn in the late 1970s, by 1978, development studies focused on two variants, a 7N7-100 with seating for 160, and a 7N7-200 with room for over 180 seats. New features included a wing, under-wing engines, and lighter materials, while the forward fuselage, cockpit layout
