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Tambouras
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The tambouras is a Greek traditional string instrument of Byzantine origin. It has existed since at least the 10th century, when it was known in Assyria and Egypt. At that time, it might have between two and six strings, but Arabs adopted it, and called it a Tanbur. The characteristic long neck bears two strings, tuned five notes apart.
Greek playing tambouras, 18th-century painting
Display of Greek tamboura[citation needed] at the right (the inst. left is a tambur).
Display of Greek tamboura[citation needed] at the right (the inst. left is a tambur).
Image: Makriyannis tambouras
Image: Makriyannis tambouras
Pandura
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The pandura or pandore, an ancient string instrument, belonged in the broad class of the lute and guitar instruments. Akkadians played similar instruments from the 3rd millennium BC. Ancient Greek artwork depicts such lutes from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward. Iranian influences are indicated by the Persian origin of the word.
Muse playing a pandoura, detail of a bas relief from Mantineia, 4th century BC (NAMA)
Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus (British Museum)
Terracotta figure of a woman playing a pandoura, ca. 300 BC, Cyprus (British Museum)
Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC.
Ancient Greek Tanagra figurine, 200 BC.
Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date
Short lute-family instrument on a Hellenistic-style plaster sculpture made in Hadda, Afghanistan and now at the Guimet Museum in Paris. Estimated date 1st-2nd century AD.