1.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
New South Wales
–
New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Sydney
–
Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
4.
Port Jackson
–
Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head. The Cammeragal lived on the side of the harbour. The area along the banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora occupied Port Jackson, south to the Georges River, the first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour, was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 - Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson. His ships log notation states at noon we were. about 2 or 3 miles from the land, eighteen years later, on 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to examine Cooks Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed over night at Camp Cove, then moved down the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove, Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, in 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom nets central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process, a second midget submarine came to grief in Taylors Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago before leaving the harbour, in November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydneys Northern Beaches. The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour. The conning tower of one of the submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island. Fort Denison is a former site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Harbour
5.
Hyde Park, Sydney
–
Hyde Park, the oldest public parkland in Australia, is a 16. 2-hectare park in the central business district of Sydney, New South Wales. Hyde Park is on the side of the Sydney city centre. It is the southernmost of a chain of parkland that extends north to the shore of Sydney Harbour via The Domain, Hyde Park is approximately rectangular in shape, being squared at the southern end and rounded at the northern end. It is bordered on the west by Elizabeth Street, on the east by College Street, on the north by St. James Road and Prince Albert Road, around the parks boundaries lie the Supreme Court of New South Wales, St. It is divided in two by the east-west running Park Street, Hyde Park contains well-kept gardens and approximately 580 trees, a mixture of Hills Figs, palms, and other varieties. It is famed for its magnificent fig tree lined avenues, Sandringham Gardens sit on the eastern side of the park, close to the intersection of Park Street and College Street. Hyde Park was named after the original Hyde Park in London, busbys Bore was built between 1827 and 1837 using convict labour and fresh water from Lachlan Swamp to the city. From the very early days of the colony, the area to the south east of the settlement was a favorite place for sport. It was known variously as The Common, the Exercising Ground, the Cricket Ground and he kept the Domain for his own exclusive use. The quoit players, in particular, used a close to the cricket pitch. In 2005 a number of disease-affected trees were discovered and felled, following investigations a significant proportion of the trees were found to be infected with three different fungi. In 2006, a Tree Management Plan recommended the removal of about 230 diseased trees, seven Arab horses taken on board the First Fleet at the Cape Colony were the first horses to be brought to Australia. The first thoroughbred to be brought to Australia was Rockingham in 1799, by 1800 there were 200 horses in the colony which grew to 1100 by 1810. A race ground on the Hawkesbury River near Richmond was probably Australias first racecourse being used as early as 1806, match races were run there as part of a holiday at Parramatta in April 1810. The meetings to devise the rules and organise the event were held in the officers mess, the race meeting consisted of a series of heats with weights set depending on the sex and age of a horse. There were also a number of races between two horses and sweepstake prizes offered. Governor Macquarie himself attended each day of the meeting and this format for race meetings was followed in the colony for the next 50 years. Owners mostly rode their own horses and the courses were marked by flags, meetings continued to be held at Hyde Park up until the formation of the Sydney Turf Club in 1825 when they were moved to the Bellevue course
6.
Sydney central business district
–
The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
7.
Sydney Cove
–
Sydney Cove is a small bay on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour, one of several harbours in Port Jackson, on the coast of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Cove was named after the British Home Secretary, The 1st Baron Sydney, today, the exact site where the flag was planted is not apparent, as in its place is Circular Quay and buildings of the CBD. Phillips instructions were to establish the settlement at Botany Bay, a large bay down the coast, but Phillip discovered that Botany Bay offered neither a secure anchorage nor a reliable source of fresh water. Sydney Cove offered both of these, being serviced by a creek which was soon to be known as Tank Stream. The site of the settlement was Sydney Cove and it was one of the smaller inlets, chosen because it had fresh water and good anchorage for ships close into the land. Today the Tank Stream is encased in a drain beneath the streets of the central business district. The head of the cove is occupied by the Circular Quay ferry terminal, on Bennelong Point at the northern end of the eastern shore of the cove stands the Sydney Opera House. On the western shore is the district known as The Rocks. The Hyundai A-League football team Sydney FCs active supporter group The Cove takes its name from the site, wedgwood found it excellent, and made a commemorative medal that became known as the Sydney Cove Medallion. Sydney Cove is a point for community celebrations, due to its central Sydney location between the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is one of the main points for Sydney New Years Eve. Water Polo by the Sea is held every year by Australian Water Polo with the Australia mens national water polo team take on the International All Stars. Sydney FC draw support from right across Sydney, and is one of the most heavily supported clubs in Australia, the largest supporter group of Sydney FC is known as The Cove, and are located at the Paddington end of Sydney Football Stadium in bays 22 –26. The name came from the name given to the colonial settlement of Sydney — Sydney Cove. Destiny in Sydney, An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia
8.
Circular Quay
–
Circular Quay is a harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the northern edge of the Sydney central business district on Sydney Cove, between Bennelong Point and The Rocks. It is part of the government area of the City of Sydney. The Circular Quay area is a neighbourhood for tourism and consists of walkways, pedestrian malls, parks. It hosts a number of ferry quays, bus stops, despite its name, the waterfront at the quay is roughly square in shape. Sydney Cove, on which Circular Quay is located, was the site of the landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. The governors temporary canvas house was erected on the east side of the cove and it was the focal point from which the city of Sydney grew. The first wharf on the shore of Sydney Cove probably dated from around 1792, in 1802 it was replaced with a timber framed wharf called Hospital Wharf, the first public wharf of the colony. Late 18th century Scottish constitutional reformer Thomas Muir was sentenced to transportation to Sydney for sedition, Thomas Muir escaped from the colony in 1796 aboard an American brig, the Otter. In the early 19th century, the eastern shore of Circular Quay was part of the Governors Domain. The western shore, being adjacent to the settlement now known as the Rocks, was busier. The Commissariat Stores and Australias first naval dock were also located on the western shore, the naval dockyard was expanded in 1818-1822 under Governor Macquarie, with four repairing docks. Circular Quay was constructed in 1837-1844 by reconstructing the southern section of Sydney Cove with an artificial shoreline, the mouth of the Tank Stream, which flowed into Sydney Cove at the western end of Circular Quay, was in-filled. The harbour was known as Semi-Circular Quay, this being the actual shape of the quay. The name was shortened for convenience, wharves were built on the southern shore. Reflecting Circular Quays status as the harbour for Sydney, the Customs House was built on the southern shore in 1844-5. During the construction of Circular Quay the eastern side of the cove was used as a quarry, after the governors residence was moved up the hill to the present Government House, in the 1840s and 1850s Macquarie Street was extended north through the Governors Domain to Fort Macquarie. This led to the development of the area between the street and the shore into a working wharf dominated by the wool trade. This part of Macquarie Street became known as the wool store end, wool and bond stores and warehouses appeared on the site
9.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
10.
Tributary
–
A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean, tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean. A confluence, where two or more bodies of water together, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from, distributaries are most often found in river deltas. Right tributary and left tributary are terms stating the orientation of the relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, where tributaries have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks. These are typically designated by compass direction, for example, the American River receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago Rivers North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork, the South Branch has its South Fork, forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream, for instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river, the Strahler Stream Order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third, and higher orders, with the first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary, another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure, stored as a tree data structure
11.
Bridge Street, Sydney
–
Bridge Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Bridge Street runs for 500 metres in an west-east direction with traffic flowing in both directions and it is situated in the northern portion of the central business district. The western terminus of Bridge Street is at George Street, with the terminus at Macquarie Street. From west to east, Bridge Street crosses Pitt and Phillip streets, Bridge Street was named by Governor Macquarie in 1810, derived from a small bridge located near the intersection with Pitt Street. The bridge used to cross the Tank Stream in the days of the colony. Many years before Bridge Street was named, it was the site of Sydneys first Government House and was the abode of first Governor of New South Wales, Captain Arthur Phillip. After establishing the site of the settlement, a temporary government house was located on the corner of what is now Bridge Street. It was built under the direction of James Bloodsworth, a builder responsible for the construction of most of the colonys buildings between 1788 and 1800. This building, the first permanent building in Sydney, was completed by 1789 using English bricks, native stone, after the initial completion the house was of two stories in height, contained six rooms and was the hub of the colony for 56 years. Eight successive governors complained of the conditions within, each making improvements by adding their own extension. It was here on 4 June 1789, that Governor Phillip, in 1845 the entire complex was demolished to allow access and extend the street to Macquarie Street. The foundations of the house were exposed by archaeologists in 1983, the site, on the corner with Phillip Street, is now occupied by the Museum of Sydney. In March 1899, workmen installing a telegraph tunnel discovered a copper plate wedged between two stones and it was later found that it was the foundation stone of the first Government House that was laid 15 May 1788. The plate is now displayed at the Museum of Sydney, Bridge Street has a number of significant buildings and sites. The following were listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate, the Department of Lands building is a sandstone building designed by the Colonial Architect, James Barnet, and built 1877-90. It is three storeys high and features a dome and a clock tower that is a distinctive feature in the area. The building is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register, the Department of Education building is a six-storey, sandstone building designed by the government architect, George McRae. It was built ca.1912 and features a structure of steel
12.
Pitt Street
–
Pitt Street is a major street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Pitt Street is well known for the only retail centre of Pitt Street Mall. The street is one way from Railway Square to Pitt Street Mall and from Circular Quay to Pitt Street Mall, Pitt Street was originally named Pitt Row, and is one of the earliest named streets in Sydney. In 1842, Pitt Street was continued south through to Waterloo with the subdivision of Redfern, in 1853, Pitt Street was extended north from Hunter Street to Circular Quay. Trams operated from Central station running northbound along Pitt Street to Circular Quay forming a loop and these tracks were also used as the city route for some eastern and south-western routes during busy periods. The line closed on 28 September 1957, replaced by a bus service, the line made use of the sandstone viaduct onto the colonnade at Central station, which has been reused by the Dulwich Hill Line as part of Sydneys modern light rail network since 1997. The Strand Arcade Soul Pattinson Building Commonwealth Trading Bank Building Catherine Bishop, shirley Fitzgerald – City of Sydney History Unit
13.
Indigenous Australians
–
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
14.
First Fleet
–
The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships that left England on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip, who was given instructions authorising him to make regulations, the cost to Britain of outfitting and despatching the Fleet was £84,000. Ropes, crockery, agricultural equipment and a miscellany of other stores were needed, the party had to rely on its own provisions to survive until it could make use of local materials, assuming suitable supplies existed, and grow its own food and raise livestock. Scale models of all the ships are on display at the Museum of Sydney, the models were built by ship makers Lynne and Laurie Hadley, after researching the original plans, drawings and British archives. The replicas of the Supply, Charlotte, Scarborough, Friendship, Prince of Wales, Lady Penrhyn, Borrowdale, Alexander, Sirius, Fishburn, nine Sydney harbour ferries built in the mid-1980s are named after First Fleet vessels. The unused names are Lady Penrhyn and Prince of Wales, the people of the fleet included seamen, marines and their families, government officials, and a large number of convicts, including women and children. The majority were British, but there were also African, American, the six convict transports each had a detachment of marines on board. Most of the families of the marines travelled aboard the Prince of Wales, a number of people on the First Fleet kept diaries and journals of their experiences, including the surgeons. There are twelve known journals in existence as well as some letters, the exact number of people directly associated with the First Fleet will likely never be established, as all accounts of the event vary slightly. A total of 1,420 people have identified as embarking on the First Fleet in 1787. The total number of persons embarking on the First Fleet would, therefore, be approximately 1,530 with about 1,483 reaching Sydney Cove. The Scarborough, of 418 tons, had on board 205 male convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 26 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. The Charlotte, of 346 tons, had on board 89 male and 20 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 35 privates, with the principal surgeon of the colony. The Lady Penrhyn, of 338 tons, had on board 101 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants, and 3 privates, with a person acting as a surgeons mate. The Prince of Wales, of 334 tons, had on board 2 male and 50 female convicts,2 lieutenants,3 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 24 privates, with the surveyor-general of the colony. The Friendship, … of 228 tons, had on board 76 male and 21 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 36 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. There were on board, beside these,28 women,8 male and 6 female children, belonging to the soldiers of the detachment, the Fishburn store-ship was of 378 tons, the Borrowdale of 272 tons, and the Golden Grove of 331 tons. Golden Grove carried the chaplain for the colony, with his wife, not only these store-ships, but the men of war and transports were laden with provisions, implements of agriculture, camp equipage, clothing for the convicts, baggage, etc
15.
Captain (Royal Navy)
–
Please see Captain for other versions of this naval rank. Captain is an officer rank of the Royal Navy. It ranks above Commander and below Commodore and has a NATO ranking code of OF-5, the rank is equivalent to a Colonel in the British Army and Royal Marines, and to a Group Captain in the Royal Air Force. There are similarly named equivalent ranks in the navies of other countries. In former times Royal Navy officers who were Captains by rank and in command of a vessel were referred to as Post-Captains. In the Ministry of Defence, and in Joint Service establishments, the rank insignia features four rings of gold braid with a loop in the upper ring. When in mess dress or mess undress, officers of the rank of Captain and above wear gold-laced trousers, and may wear the undress tailcoat
16.
Arthur Phillip
–
Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia. After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales, in January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson. Phillip was a governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected and his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them. Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales, Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany and he was a languages teacher who may also have served in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and pursers steward. His mother Elizabeth was the widow of a seaman, John Herbert. At the time of Arthur Phillips birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London, there are no surviving records of Phillips early childhood. His father Jacob died in 1739, after which the Phillip family may have fallen on hard times, on 22 June 1751 he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers. In keeping with the curriculum, his education was focused on literacy, arithmetic and navigational skills. He was a competent student and something of a perfectionist and his headmaster, Rev. Francis Swinden observed that in personality, Phillip was unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes. Phillip remained at the Greenwich School for two and a half years, considerably longer than the student stay of twelve months. At the end of 1753 he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune and he left the Greenwich School on 1 December and spent the winter aboard Fortune awaiting the commencement of the 1754 whaling season. Phillip spent the summer of 1754 hunting whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea, as an apprentice, his responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels. Food was scarce and Fortunes thirty crew members supplemented their diet with eggs, scurvy grass. The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754, the whaling crew were paid off and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. As an apprentice, Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook a trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains. The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that years whale hunt, Phillip was still a member of the crew, but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July
17.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
18.
Botany Bay
–
Botany Bay, an open oceanic embayment, is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,13 km south of the Sydney central business district. The total catchment area of the bay is approximately 55 km2, despite its relative shallowness, the bay serves as greater metropolitan Sydneys main cargo seaport, located at Port Botany, with facilities managed by Sydney Ports Corporation. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay, Botany Bay National Park is located on the northern and southern headlands of the bay. The area surrounding the bay is generally managed by Roads and Maritime Services, the land adjacent to Botany Bay was settled for many thousands of years by the Tharawal and Eora Aboriginal peoples and their associated clans. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cooks first landing of HMS Endeavour on the mass of Australia. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony, out of these plans came the first European habitation of Australia at Sydney Cove. Archaeological evidence from the shores of Botany Bay has yielded evidence of Aboriginal settlement dating back 5,000 years, the Aboriginal people of Sydney were known as the Eora with sub-groups derived from the languages they spoke. The people living between the Cooks River and the Georges River were the Bidjigal clan, on the shores of the bay were the Gweagal clan. An artefact collected on Cooks first voyage in Botany Bay is the bark shield left behind by a member of a local Aboriginal tribe. This very rare object is now in the British Museums collection and was the subject of a programme in the BBC radio series A History of the World in 100 Objects. Lieutenant James Cook first landed at Kurnell, on the banks of Botany Bay, on Sunday 29 April 1770. Cooks landing marked the beginning of Britains interest in Australia and in the colonisation of this new ‘southern continent’. Initially the name Sting Ray Harbour was used by Cook and other journal keepers on his expedition and that name was also recorded on an Admiralty chart. Cooks log for 6 May 1770 records The great quantity of these sort of found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Stingrays Harbour. Eighteen years later, in 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip sailed the armed tender HMS Supply into the bay on 18 January, two days later the remaining ships of the First Fleet arrived to found the planned penal colony. However, the land was ruled unsuitable for settlement as there was insufficient fresh water. Phillip decided instead to move to the excellent natural harbour of Port Jackson to the north, on the morning of 24 January the French exploratory expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse was seen outside Botany Bay. On 26 January, the Supply left the bay to move up to Port Jackson, on the afternoon of 26 January, the remaining ships of First Fleet arrived at Sydney Cove
19.
Joseph Banks
–
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS was a British naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks made his name on the 1766 natural history expedition to Newfoundland and he took part in Captain James Cooks first great voyage, visiting Brazil, Tahiti, and, after 6 months in New Zealand, Australia, returning to immediate fame. He held the position of President of the Royal Society for over 41 years and he advised King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and by sending botanists around the world to collect plants, he made Kew the worlds leading botanical gardens. He is credited with introducing the eucalyptus, acacia, and the named after him, Banksia. Approximately 80 species of plants bear his name and he was the leading founder of the African Association and a member of the Society of Dilettanti which helped to establish the Royal Academy. Banks was born on Argyle Street in London to William Banks, a wealthy Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons and he had a younger sister, Sarah Sophia Banks, born in 1744. Banks was educated at Harrow School from the age of 9 and at Eton College from 1756, as a boy, Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside and developed a keen interest in nature, history and botany. When he was 17, he was inoculated with smallpox, but he became ill, in late 1760, he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner at the University of Oxford. At Oxford, he matriculated at Christ Church, where his studies were focused on natural history rather than the classical curriculum. Determined to receive instruction, he paid the Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764. Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763 and he continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree. He began to make friends among the men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus. As Bankss influence increased, he became an adviser to King George III and urged the monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands and he became a Freemason sometime before 1769. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and his diary, describing his expedition to Newfoundland, was rediscovered recently in the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia. Banks also documented 34 species of birds, including the great auk, on 7 May, he noted a large number of penguins swimming around the ship on the Grand Banks, and a specimen he collected in Chateau Bay, Labrador, was later identified as the great auk. Banks was appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour and this was the first of James Cooks voyages of discovery in that region. Banks funded seven others to him, the Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander. The voyage went to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, bougainvillea, and to other parts of South America
20.
James Cook
–
Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
21.
Elizabeth Street, Sydney
–
Elizabeth Street is a major street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The street continues south of the business district, through the inner city suburbs of Surry Hills, Redfern and Waterloo. Elizabeth Street lies within the City of Sydney local government area, Elizabeth Street runs south from Hunter Street, past Hyde Park and David Jones, and reaches the CBD boundary at Central station. The street continues south and is approximately 8.6 kilometres long. Between Eddy Avenue and Redfern Street, the street carries southbound traffic only, the speed limit on Elizabeth Street varies between 40 kilometres per hour to 50 kilometres per hour. Elizabeth Street was originally known as Mulgrave Street, but was renamed by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810 for his second wife, Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell. In 2016, it became the route for Sydneys Anzac Day parade with the route via George Street unavailable due to CBD. Martin Place Special Area, this street is historically significant as a site of various monuments and it was established as a meeting place in front of the GPO in 1863. Further development and evolution took place through the 1880s and 1930s, St James station, started by the Chief Engineer of Metropolitan Railway Construction, St James was a vital link in the City Circle. It was built on two levels, work commenced in 1916 but was held up by lack of funds. The station has a heritage listing. Hyde Park, this is the oldest park in Australia, having been named by Governor Macquarie in 1810, the designer, Norman Weekes, won a 1926 design competition. The park includes the Oddfellows War Memorial, the Archibald Fountain and Sandringham Gardens, museum station, this station was designed by John Bradfield as part of the City Circle rail system. It was built between 1922 and 1926 and has a heritage listing. David Jones Market Street Store, designed by Mackellar and Partridge in 1938, plus Crawford H. Mackellar 1941, the lower six floors were built between the wars, the upper floors were built after World War II. It represents one of the first examples of aluminium-framed windows in Sydney, the building has a state heritage listing. Former Registrars Office, built late 1850, designed by Alexander Dawson, Colonial Architect, with a Tudor Gothic stone exterior, additions were by James Barnet in 1877 and 1886. Obelisk, this obelisk was based on Cleopatras Needle in London and it is actually a sewerage vent in the Victorian Egyptian style
22.
Market Street, Sydney
–
Market Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sussex Street near Darling Harbour in the west, Market Street is located in the heart of the Sydney central business district shopping precinct. The two flagship David Jones department stores in Sydney are located in Market Street, diagonally across the Castlereagh Street intersection, Market Street provides the southern border of Pitt Street Mall and features such shopping centres as Centrepoint, the Queen Victoria Building and Sydney Central Plaza. The State Theatre is located between Pitt and George Street intersections, a footbridge at the end of Market street provides a direct link to Pyrmont Bridge and Darling Harbour. All traffic travels one way along Market Street, from east to west, a flyover is located at the end Market Street which links traffic to the Western Distributor and then Ultimo, Pyrmont, the Anzac Bridge and beyond. Market Street is where prominent cricketer Victor Trumper owned a sporting goods store and it was at this store in a series of meetings between Trumper, J J Giltinan and others, that the creation of the New South Wales Rugby Football League was conceived
23.
Park Street, Sydney
–
Park Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from George Street in the west to College Street in the east, Park Street bisects Hyde Park, the oldest park in Australia. The park was created in 1810 by Governor Macquarie and has a heritage listing. Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and its successor, Consolidated Media Holdings, had their headquarters at 54 Park Street. An electric tramway ran down Park Street between Elizabeth and College Streets. Australian Roads portal Shirley Fitzgerald - City of Sydney History Unit
24.
George Street, Sydney
–
George Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It was Sydneys original high street, and remains one of the busiest streets in the city centre and it is about 3 km long, and connects a number of the citys most important buildings and precincts. There are more high rise buildings here than on any street in Australia. Amongst Australias 100 largest listed companies, more are located here than on any other street, from here Broadway is the continuation of George Street turning westwards, leading to the western suburbs as Parramatta Road. The origins of George Street lie in the layout of the Sydney Cove colony, captain Arthur Phillip placed the convicts and marines on the rocky western slopes of the bay. This track that eventually became George Street is one of the two thoroughfares, along with the track that became Bridge Street. It is possible that George Street was the first street in Australia, the Street was formally named for King George III of the United Kingdom by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810. In 1937, Frank Jenner committed to telling ten different people on George Street about Christianity every day thenceforward, until 2016, George Street was the route for Sydneys Anzac Day parade until made unavailable by to CBD and South East Light Rail construction work. It now proceeds via Elizabeth Street, being a major street through central Sydney, George Street is often seen in terms of a number of distinct sections or precincts. From south to north, they include, Railway Square, the end of George Street is a confluence of several busy streets. It is so-named because it is adjacent to the Sydney Central station, Railway Square is today ringed by hotels and small-scale retail, and is also the site of a campus of the Sydney Institute of TAFE. Chinatown, Sydneys traditional, main Chinatown is located in Haymarket, the Chinatown precinct is situated mostly to the west of the street but also extends to the east of the street. Close by is the Capitol Theatre, which hosts the Sydney runs of international musicals. The Haymarket Library of the City of Sydney, which is the branch of the City library service for Chinese language materials, is located on George Street. The Cinema District also houses many video arcades, Internet cafes, fast food restaurants and these are well served by Town Hall railway station. The surrounding area features large scale operations, such as the main Sydney store of the department store Myer. Pitt Street Mall, a retail precinct, is located close by. An important cross street in this precinct is Martin Place, the location of the Cenotaph, Wynyard railway Station is located in the northern part of this precinct
25.
King Street, Sydney
–
This article is for the city street in Sydney central business district. For the street in the suburb of Newtown, see King Street, King Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It stretches from King Street Wharf and Lime Street near Darling Harbour in the west, King Street was named after Governor King, the third Governor of NSW. The Watsons Bay tramway ran down King Street until its closure, King Street provides the northern border of Pitt Street Mall. The MLC Centre is a skyscraper that sits on the corner of Castlereagh Street, other prominent buildings along King Street include the Supreme Court of New South Wales, St. James Church, Sydney and St. James campus of the Sydney Law School
26.
Busby's Bore
–
Busbys Bore was Sydneys second water supply. The heritage-listed bore was built by convict labour between 1827 and 1837, by the 1820s the Tank Stream, Sydneys original water supply, had become little more than an open sewer, and the growing colony had become reliant on wells or water carted from the Lachlan Swamps. In 1826, John Busby recommended that water from the Lachlan Swamps be delivered to a reservoir at the Racecourse via a tunnel, the reservoir was not approved but construction of the tunnel began in September 1827. The Bore was not completed until 1837 but began supplying water in 1830.5 kilometres. From there, a line of pipe supported on trestles extended to a point near the corner of Park, the Bore was built by convict labour, mostly through solid sandstone. It averaged 1.5 metres high by 1.2 metres wide, the completed Bore delivered about 1.5 megalitres water per day. In 1833, pipes were laid to the Port to allow ships to be supplied, starting in 1844, reticulation pipes were laid, allowing houses to be connected, as well as the establishment of a number of public fountains. In 1854, supply was supplemented with the installation of a pumping station at the lower end of the swamp. In 1872, the Bore was cleaned and some irregularities removed, starting in 1859, Busbys Bore was supplemented and later supplanted by water pumped from Botany Swamps. In 1934, part of the Bore under Oxford Street was filled with sand to remove the risk of subsidence under the tram lines, the Bore remains under the ownership of Sydney Water. It is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register and the former Register of the National Estate and is protected by a Permanent Conservation Order. 1827 Work started at Hyde Park 1830 First water from springs encountered 1833 Pipes from Hyde Park to supply shipping 1837 Tunnel completed,1.5 to 1, reference and article on Busbys Bore in the Dictionary of Sydney Wooden pipe section display Powerhouse Museum
27.
Sydney Water
–
Sydney Water has historically held a monopoly over the supply of water within the Sydney region, although legislation has recently been passed to open the market to competition. Sydney Waters management received extensive of criticism following the 1998 Sydney water crisis regarding what was believed to be the large scale contamination of Sydneys raw water supply, the supposed contamination was heightened levels of cryptosporidium and giardia in Sydneys Warragamba Dam. This meant the public had to take steps in their own homes to ensure tap water was safe to drink. After this event, the Sydney Catchment Authority was created to manage Sydneys dams, reservoirs, raw water, the Chairman of Sydney Water, David Hill resigned ten days after the crisis and denied any responsibility, claiming he was leaving only to concentrate on his political career. Since June 2009 Sydney Water replaced water restrictions with Water Wise Rules, the Rules are, All hoses must now have a trigger nozzle. Hand held hoses, sprinklers and watering systems may be used only before 10 am and after 4 pm on any day – to avoid the heat of the day No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths, fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only. Sydney Water has imposed fines of $200 for violations of the rules for individuals, $500 for businesses, Rules are enforced by Sydney Water staff through random checks. The central location of Sydney Water in Sydney reflected the organisations strategic significance as the organisation in planning Sydneys growth. Without water services, no residential or business growth could occur in Sydney, Sydney Waters headquarters hence were relocated to Parramatta in May 2009. The developer, Brookfield Multiplex, valued the project at A$176 million, the former Water Board high rise building in Sydney still stands, though is due to be demolished with a new residential tower built in its place. In early 2010 operations of the Sydney Desalination Plant began, with a licence granted to Veolia Water Australia Pty Ltd to operate the plant, the terms of the A$2.3 billion lease lock Sydney Water into a 50–year water supply agreement with DSP
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
30.
Broken Bay
–
Broken Bay is the first major bay north of Sydney Harbour. Broken Bay has its origin at the confluence of the Hawkesbury River, Pittwater, the total catchment area of the bay is approximately 17.1 square kilometres. The entrance to Broken Bay lies between the northern Box Head and Barrenjoey Head to the south, Barrenjoey Lighthouse was constructed in 1881 to guide ships away from the prominent headland. The bay comprises three arms, being the prominent estuary of the Hawkesbury River in the west, Pittwater to the south and these three arms are flooded rivers formed at a time when the sea level was much lower than it is at the present day. The Hawkesbury River flows from the confluence of the Grose and Nepean Rivers at the base of the Blue Mountains, Pittwater extends south from Broken Bay and is the northernmost extent of the greater Sydney area. Pittwaters calm waters make it a popular sailing area, west Head, west of Barrenjoey Head, marks the divide between Pittwater and the Hawkesbury. Brisbane Water is the arm of Broken Bay and has the towns of Gosford. Lion Island, named for its profiles resemblance to a Sphinx from some viewpoints, is located at the entrance of Broken Bay, lion Island Nature Reserve covers the entire island, and is home to a colony of fairy penguins. James Cook recorded broken land seen north of Port Jackson just before sunset on 7 May 1770, however, there has been some controversy over whether what is now known as Broken Bay was what was sighted by Cook. Matthew Flinders, The colonists have called this place Broken Bay, ray Parkin in his book H. M. Bark Endeavour claims that the modern Broken Bay was passed unremarked at night, and that Cook was in fact referring to the area around Narrabeen Lagoon. Matthew Flinders placed Cooks Broken Bay at 33°42 South, near to the mouth of Narrabeen Lagoon, whatever the case, Governor Phillip was the first to examine the present day Broken Bay in a longboat from the Sirius on 2 March 1788. Lay claimed to have confirmed that copper wiring found at the site was consistent with that used in similar Japanese vessels
31.
Middle Harbour
–
The catchment area of Middle Harbour is approximately 100 square kilometres. There are only a few patches of flat land on its shores. There are many creeks draining the surrounding hills, but no significant rivers flow into Middle Harbour. Middle Harbour is a significant physical barrier between Sydney and the known as the Northern Beaches area which lie north and east of Middle Harbour. There are only two bridges - the Spit Bridge and the Roseville Bridge, because of this obstacle, historically the main transport between Manly and Sydney was by ferry. Since the 1920s, most of the land on the ridge-tops around Middle Harbour have been developed for suburban housing, much of the rugged shore of the Middle Harbour remains covered with bushland, most of it now protected by parks and reserves. Middle Harbour is an area for recreational boating and fishing. Middle Harbour Creek Middle Harbour Public School Sydney Harbour and Parramatta River catchment, NSW State of the Beaches 2011–2012, Sydney Estuarine Beaches region p.242 Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority
32.
Port Hacking
–
Port Hacking, an open youthful tide dominated, drowned valley estuary, is located in southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia approximately 30 kilometres south of Sydney central business district. Its tidal effect is terminated at the weir at Audley, in the Royal National Park, the lower estuary features a substantial marine delta, which over time has prograded upstream. There is also a substaial fluvial of the Hacking River at Grays Point, the two deltas are separated by a deep basin. The total catchment area of Port Hacking is approximately 165 square kilometres, while the area to the north of Port Hacking is urbanised, the area to the south is relatively pristine and forms the northern boundary of the Royal National Park. The land adjacent to Port Hacking was occupied for thousands of years by the Tharawal and Eora Aboriginal peoples. They used the bay as an important source of food and a place for trade, for more than 8,000 years prior to 1840, the Tharawal people occupied the catchment area evidenced by hundreds of Aboriginal artefacts, middens, rock carvings and cave paintings. In the mid 19th century shell grit was in demand as a source of lime for building in the Sydney district. Consequently, mud and oyster rocks were collected in numbers from Port Hacking catchment destroying a number of aboriginal midden sites in the region. Matthew Flinders and George Bass explored there in early April 1796 and they called it Port Hacking after Henry Hacking who was the principal game hunter in the colony and who first told them of a large river he had seen inland on kangaroo hunting expeditions. Hacking was the quartermaster on HMS Sirius, part of the First Fleet under the command of Governor Arthur Phillip, Hacking became a skilled, adventurous bushman, who led many hunting expeditions to supplement meat rations for Australia’s first settlers. He was amongst the party found the lost government cattle at Cowpastures in 1795. He was also the man who in 1802 killed Pemulwuy an Aboriginal resistance fighter and a Bediagal man who had killed and harassed settlers, Port Hacking has been closed to commercial fishing for about a century, and there are other catch/harvesting closures throughout the Port. The northern headland, located at Cronulla is called Bass and Flinders Point, Port Hacking effectively forms the southern boundary of Sydneys suburban sprawl. The southern bank is largely undeveloped land within the Royal National Park, although the communities of Bundeena. Warumbul and Gundamaian are other localities on the bank, in the Royal National Park. Cronulla and National Park Ferry Cruises operates a passenger ferry service that crosses Port Hacking, connecting Cronulla. They also operate cruises along Port Hacking that depart from Cronulla, Port Hacking is a drowned river valley, with a water surface area of 11 square kilometres. Port Hacking is a recreational area, where many activities can be enjoyed such as swimming, fishing and boating
33.
Bantry Bay (New South Wales)
–
The Bantry Bay is a bay located in the Garigal National Park in Middle Harbour within Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia. A spectacular view is found at the end of the Bluff Track, the track starts at the end of Grattan Crescent Frenchs Forest. There is a steep but beautiful walk down to a wharf on the bay and it was named after Bantry Bay in Ireland. Aboriginal occupation of the area is evident through the abundance of middens along the foreshore, Bantry Bay was used to store military explosives. The storage complex consisted of nine explosives magazines which replaced old hulks that had used to store explosives in nearby Powder Hulk Bay on Sydney Harbour. In 1915 the works were handed over to the state Explosives Department, in 1973 operations at Bantry Bay were discontinued and the facility was closed. The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service currently maintains the site, as of 2006 the site remained closed to the public due to old explosive contamination at the site. However, there are views of the site from the eastern side of Bantry Bay, which can be accessed from the Timbergetters track. Walking tracks also go around the west side of the magazines, prior to the creation of Garigal National Park, the area had been preserved for some time as a reserve of 250 hectares, which was listed on the Register of the National Estate
34.
Canada Bay
–
The Canada Bay is an estuarine bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is the innermost inlet of the larger Hen and Chicken Bay, the City West Link Road, a major arterial road, runs along the southern shore of the bay. A suburb on the shore of the bay is named after it, as is the City of Canada Bay, the name Canada Bay honours a link between Australia and Canada. Following the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 to 1838, two Irish and 58 French Canadian rebels were deported to Australia, at the request of the local Catholic bishop, they were brought to Sydney. Imprisoned at Longbottom Stockade, the convicts broke stone for the construction of Parramatta Road, in 1842, the French Canadians were allowed to work outside the prison. Between 1843 and 1844, all received pardons and, except for two people who died and one who settled in Dapto all returned to Canada. After the rebellions, the Australian Governor General and High Commissioner to Canada recommended that Britain grant responsible self-government to the Union of Upper and Lower Canada, in the 1850s, the Australian colonies achieved responsible government and parliamentary democracy. Many parts of Canada Bay are a reminder of history, Exile Bay, France Bay, Durham Street, Marceau Drive, Polding Street. Bayview Park, occupying the headland at the end of the bay, has a plaque that honours the exiles
35.
Cockle Bay (Sydney)
–
Cockle Bay is a small bay in inner-city Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the edge of the Sydney central business district. Cockle Bay is one of the bays in Darling Harbour, which opens into the much larger Sydney Harbour, the locality around the bay is also known as Darling Harbour. The bay is known for Cockle Bay Wharf, a waterfront entertainment area designed by Eric Kuhne that includes a wide variety of restaurants, pubs, clubs, cafes. When the First Fleet reached Sydney Cove in January 1788, the convict transport Scarborough also carried 5,000 bricks and 12 wooden moulds for making bricks. This token consignment sufficed for the first settlers to make a start on the colony’s first buildings, brick-making required a plentiful supply of clay and a ready source of fresh water. Approximately a mile from the settlement, at the head of a long cove and this site was later named Cockle Bay, and still later, Darling Harbour. Official Cockle Bay Wharf website Kirsty Harris - University of Melbourne
36.
Dolans Bay
–
The Dolans Bay is a cove on the Burraneer Bay adjacent to the lower estuarine Hacking River of Port Hacking in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The bay is surrounded by the suburbs of Caringbah South to the north, Dolans Bay and Port Hacking to the southwest, houses overlook the bay and some line the waters edge together with boatsheds. Boats are moored in the bay, which provides protection from the southerly wind, Burraneer Bay features a private marina and slipway with full repair facilities. Notable residents that have lived in the area surrounding Dolans Bay include cricket players Ricky Ponting, Dolans Bay was named after a land owner in the area called Dominick Dolan. In 1858 Mary and Andrew Webster paid 108 pounds and 15 shillings plus a yearly peppercorn quit rent for their land in this area, the Websters sold their land to Dominick Dolan in 1863
37.
Double Bay, New South Wales
–
Double Bay is a harbourside eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 4 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district. It is the centre of the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra. Double Bay has the most expensive real-estate in Australia and takes its name from the bay of Sydney Harbour and it refers to the two geographical formations between Point Piper and Darling Point, which are interrupted by a miniature point in between. The eastern part is known as Blackburn Cove. Double Bay developed soon after initial European Settlement in 1788, in the early years of the colony, Double Bay was used as shelter for fishermen who would regularly fish around the harbour. Charles Amos Messenger was the champion of Victoria, in 1881 Rowing Champion of New Zealand. Charles Amos also established the first boatshed on Sydney Harbour at Balmain, the early life of Double Bay, revolved around the Messenger boatshed. Charles Amos was the father of the renowned Dally Messenger, Rugby League and Rugby Union superstar, and his younger brother Wally Messenger, according to the 2011 census, there were 4,687 residents in Double Bay. The most common ancestries in Double Bay were English 23. 6%, Australian 17. 8%, the most common occupations of residents included Professionals 42. 5%, Managers 20. 4%, and Clerical and Administrative Workers 12. 5%. The commercial area runs along New South Head Road and extends along surrounding streets of Knox Street, Cross Street and it features hotels and shopping, restaurants, supermarket, and coffee shops. Double Bay features a ferry wharf for Eastern Suburbs ferry services, bus services operate via New South Head Road to Bondi Junction, Watsons Bay and the City. Double Bays former residents include Dally Messenger, one of the most famous Rugby League players of all time who was born, raised and he attended Double Bay primary school and became a local celebrity in the first half of the 20th century. Another former resident is who shares the joy of sailing and racing 18 foot skiffs, starting here at the 18 Foot Sailing Club launched L-J into a career of sailing Sydney to Hobart Yacht Races. Her oldest daughter attended Double Bay Public school, emma Linder Palmer Littlejohn, feminist, journalist and radio commentator Sandy Pearce, rugby league footballer and boxer, after whom Pearce Street is named
38.
Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales
–
Elizabeth Bay is a harbourside suburb in eastern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Elizabeth Bay is located 3 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government area of the City of Sydney. The suburb of Elizabeth Bay takes its name from the bay on Sydney Harbour, Macleay Point separates Elizabeth Bay from Rushcutters Bay. The suburb of Elizabeth Bay is surrounded by the suburbs of Rushcutters Bay, kings Cross is a locality on the south-western border and Garden Island is a locality, to the north. Elizabeth Bay was named in honour of Governor Lachlan Macquarie’s wife, the area was originally known by the Aboriginal name Yarrandabby and what is now Macleay Point was Jerrewon. Alexander Macleay, the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, was granted 54 acres here in 1828 and he commissioned architect John Verge to build Elizabeth Bay House, a Regency style home that was completed in 1837. Elizabeth Bay House is a historic home managed by the Historic Houses Trust and it was designed by John Verge in the Regency style and is listed on the Register of the National Estate. Ashton, located at the bottom of Elizabeth Bay Road, was designed by Thomas Rowe in the Victorian Italianate style and built circa 1875. It was originally part of a group of villas built for well-off clients who included Thomas Rowe, John Grafton Ross, Charles Henry Hoskins and Sir Cecil Harold Hoskins. In more recent years, the character of the area was changed radically by the building of blocks of flats and it has a New South Wales State Heritage listing. Across the road from Ashton is Tresco, a home designed by Thomas Rowe. It was constructed by Italian stonemasons who were brought to Australia by the Joubert brothers, in 1913 it became the official residence of the Flag Officer in Charge, Royal Australian Navy, Eastern Australia. Like Elizabeth Bay House, it is heritage-listed, boomerang is perhaps the best surviving suburban estate of its period on the harbour foreshores. It was designed by Neville Hampson in 1926 for Frank Albert and this Hollywood Spanish Mission style dwelling and flats are of stuccoed brick with vaguely classical windows and decoration, under a terracotta hipped roof. The exterior colour is dull brown, the interior maintains the theatrical air with rooms decorated in different styles from various historical eras. The gardens, now mature, are an amalgamation of palm trees, shrubs and fountains with tennis court, a private residence, it sold for A$20.7 million in 2005 to Lindsay Fox. It has been used as a backdrop for Hollywood movies, including Mission Impossible II, at the 2011 census, there were 5,093 residents in Elizabeth Bay. Many people travelled to work by public transport, and walking to work was also popular, the majority of dwellings in Elizabeth Bay were units or apartments and there were only 18 separate houses in the suburb
39.
Gymea Bay
–
The plant was called Gymea by the local Eora people and became the inspiration for the suburbs name, by government surveyor W. A. B. The Gymea Lily has been adopted as a symbol of the area, development in the area has eradicated most of these lilies but some can still be found, a few kilometres south in the Royal National Park. Gymea Bay is home to the heritage-listed Gymea Bay Baths, at the shore of Gymea Bay Baths Reserve at the intersection of Gymea Bay Road, Gymea Bay Amateur Swimming Club has been using the baths for over 40 years. The bay and Port Hacking estuary are used extensively for such as wakeboarding
40.
Hen and Chicken Bay
–
Hen and Chicken Bay is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It lies approximately 8 kilometres due west of Sydneys central business district and it is surrounded by the suburbs of Abbotsford, Drummoyne, Wareemba, Five Dock, Canada Bay, Concord and Cabarita. In the early days of the colony of New South Wales, it was known as Stonequarry Cove. This may have been there was once a nearby quarry in Five Dock. Much of the land around the bay is publicly accessible foreshore or parkland, the bay is a popular location for rowing regattas
41.
Homebush Bay
–
Homebush Bay is a bay on the south bank of the Parramatta River, in the western suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Homebush Bay is located 16 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, Homebush and Homebush West are separate suburbs. The bay has natural and artificial shoreline on the side of the Parramatta River between the former suburb of Homebush Bay and the suburb of Rhodes. Fishing is prohibited in Homebush Bay for health reasons, other contamination includes phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT and heavy metals. The eastern shore of the bay was remediated starting in 2008 to remove about 75% of the dioxin from the bay, Homebush was established in the 1800s by the colonys assistant surgeon Darcy Wentworth. According to local government historian Michael Jones, Wentworth is popularly credited with having called the area after his home in the bush, in the 20th century, Homebush Bay became a centre of heavy industry, with large scale land reclamations to accommodate industrial facilities. When industrial operations scaled down, the bay became a ground for a large range of unwanted material - from waste to broken up ships. Union Carbide had manufactured chemicals, including Agent Orange, on the site, a drive to regenerate and rehabilitate the bay began in the 1980s. This led to the construction of Bicentennial Park, including a program to regenerate some of the mangrove wetlands, in preparation for the 2000 Sydney Olympics, it was decided to site Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay, which spurred the further regeneration and rehabilitation of the bay. A range of residential and commercial developments also began around the bay, including the development of a shopping centre. The former Auburn Council sought public comment on a proposal to rename the suburb of Homebush Bay, as well as removing connotations, the waterfront residential area was renamed Wentworth Point on 2 October 2009, consistent with the gazetting of the northern part of the peninsula in 1976. The area encompassing Sydney Olympic Park was given autonomy as a suburb and this effectively brought the official suburb of Homebush Bay to an end. Homebush Bay is located on the shore of Parramatta River. Immediately to the east is Bray Bay, which is separated from Homebush Bay by a peninsula that forms the suburb of Rhodes. It is across the Parramatta River from Meadowbank and it is the westernmost of the major bays on the Parramatta River. Several tributaries enter Parramatta River at Homebush Bay, Powells Creek, the shoreline of Homebush Bay is in large parts artificial, with large scale land reclamations for industrial purposes occurring throughout the 20th century. Its history of use for industry and as dumping ground has left the bay heavily contaminated, including with dioxin, fishing is prohibited in Homebush Bay for health reasons. Other contamination includes phthalates, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DDT, remediation from 2008-2010 removed about 75% of the dioxin from the bay
42.
Iron Cove
–
Iron Cove is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 5 kilometres due west of Sydneys central business district and it is surrounded by the suburbs of Birchgrove, Balmain, Rozelle, Lilyfield, Haberfield, Five Dock, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Drummoyne. The bay extends from Longnose Point to the south-west, in the early days of the colony of New South Wales, the area was sometimes known as Long Cove, presumably for its long narrow shape. The origin of the name Iron Cove is unclear, however, he goes on to note that this is merely a surmise. Another possible explanation for the name is that it was derived from the Ironbark trees that used to grow there, the island in the middle of the bay is called Rodd Island, in honour of Brent Clements Rodd. Iron Cove is crossed by the Iron Cove Bridge, which was first opened in 1882 and links Rozelle, the original bridge was replaced in the 1950s. The Australian warships HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Goulburn were broken up for scrap in the bay in 1953, the land around the bay is mostly made up of publicly accessible foreshore or parkland. This forms a 7 kilometres jogging circuit known as The Bay Run, according to the University of Sydneys School of Geosciences, this bay and its catchment area are the most heavily polluted in Sydney Harbour. In particular, very high levels of copper, zinc, some of this pollution is contained in road dust, which is washed into the bay in stormwater. Iron Cove Creek also suffers from organic and hydrocarbon pollutants, a proposal has been put forward for a water filtration device to be installed at Iron Cove Creek. According to Professor Gavin Birch from the University of Sydneys School of Geosciences, hawthorne Canal Iron Cove Creek Blaxell, Gregory. The River, Sydney Cove to Parramatta
Tank_Stream_Fountain_at_Circular_Quay.jpg)